[go: up one dir, main page]

WO2025251029A1 - Capture de dioxyde de carbone - Google Patents

Capture de dioxyde de carbone

Info

Publication number
WO2025251029A1
WO2025251029A1 PCT/US2025/031782 US2025031782W WO2025251029A1 WO 2025251029 A1 WO2025251029 A1 WO 2025251029A1 US 2025031782 W US2025031782 W US 2025031782W WO 2025251029 A1 WO2025251029 A1 WO 2025251029A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
gas
liquid
cch
packing
contactor
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
PCT/US2025/031782
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Chris Bowman
Timothy FRAME
Frank M. Kulick, Iii
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Carbon Engineering Ulc
Original Assignee
Carbon Engineering Ulc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Carbon Engineering Ulc filed Critical Carbon Engineering Ulc
Publication of WO2025251029A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025251029A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/14—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by absorption
    • B01D53/1456—Removing acid components
    • B01D53/1475—Removing carbon dioxide
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/14—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by absorption
    • B01D53/1425—Regeneration of liquid absorbents
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/14—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols by absorption
    • B01D53/18—Absorbing units; Liquid distributors therefor
    • B01D53/185—Liquid distributors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/26—Drying gases or vapours
    • B01D53/263—Drying gases or vapours by absorption
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2252/00—Absorbents, i.e. solvents and liquid materials for gas absorption
    • B01D2252/20—Organic absorbents
    • B01D2252/204—Amines
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2252/00—Absorbents, i.e. solvents and liquid materials for gas absorption
    • B01D2252/30—Ionic liquids and zwitter-ions
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2252/00—Absorbents, i.e. solvents and liquid materials for gas absorption
    • B01D2252/40—Absorbents explicitly excluding the presence of water
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2252/00—Absorbents, i.e. solvents and liquid materials for gas absorption
    • B01D2252/50—Combinations of absorbents
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2252/00—Absorbents, i.e. solvents and liquid materials for gas absorption
    • B01D2252/60—Additives
    • B01D2252/602—Activators, promoting agents, catalytic agents or enzymes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
    • B01D2257/50—Carbon oxides
    • B01D2257/504—Carbon dioxide
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
    • B01D2257/80—Water
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2258/00—Sources of waste gases
    • B01D2258/06—Polluted air
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
    • Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
    • Y02C20/40—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of CO2

Definitions

  • This disclosure describes systems, apparatus, and methods for capturing carbon dioxide.
  • Capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere is one approach to mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and slowing climate change.
  • CO2 carbon dioxide
  • many technologies designed for CO2 capture from point sources of emissions, such as from flue gas of industrial facilities are generally ineffective in capturing CO2 from the atmosphere due to the significantly lower CO2 concentrations and large volumes of atmospheric air required to process.
  • Some of these direct air capture (DAC) systems use a solid sorbent where an active agent is attached to a substrate.
  • These DAC systems typically employ a cyclic adsorption-desorption process where, after the solid sorbent is saturated with CO2, it releases the CO2 using a humidity or thermal swing and is regenerated.
  • DAC systems use a liquid sorbent (sometimes referred to as a solvent) to capture CO2 from the atmosphere.
  • a liquid sorbent sometimes referred to as a solvent
  • An example of such a DAC system would be one where a fan is used to draw air across a high surface area packing that is wetted with a solution comprising the liquid sorbent. CO2 in the air is absorbed and reacts with the liquid sorbent to generate a CO2 rich solution. The rich solution is processed to regenerate a lean solution and to release a concentrated carbon stream, for example, CO, CO2 or other carbon products.
  • a gas-liquid contactor for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from a dilute gas source includes: a housing including a plurality of housing walls and at least one airflow inlet, the plurality of housing walls including an upper wall and at least one side wall defining an interior of the housing; at least one packing section disposed adjacent the upper wall and beneath the at least one airflow inlet within the interior; a liquid distribution system supported at least in part by the housing and configured to flow a CO2 capture solution through the at least one packing section along the plurality of packing sheets in a downward direction, the CO2 capture solution configured to absorb CO2 from the dilute gas source into the CO2 capture solution to form a CO2 -rich solution; at least one liquid collection device configured to receive the CO2 -rich solution from the at least one packing section; and at least one gas-circulating device in fluid communication with the interior of the housing and operable to flow the dilute gas source through the at least one airflow inlet and in the downward direction through a plurality
  • the at least one gascirculating device is positioned at or in the at least one airflow outlet.
  • the at least one gas-circulating device is a fan.
  • the housing includes at least one bottom wall positioned beneath the at least one packing section and configured to direct the CCh-lean stream from the downward direction to the upward direction.
  • the at least one bottom wall is angled relative to a horizontal plane to deflect the CCh-lean stream towards the at least one airflow outlet.
  • the at least one liquid collection device includes a bottom basin having a recessed collection enclosure, and the at least one bottom wall sloped towards the recessed collection enclosure.
  • the at least one bottom wall is vertically spaced apart from the at least one packing section to define a void therebetween.
  • t he housing includes a pair of plenum walls extending vertically and being spaced apart to at least partially define a plenum beneath the at least one gas-circulating device, the plenum being in fluid communication with the void to receive the CCh-lean stream.
  • the at least one bottom wall includes a first bottom wall and a second bottom wall, the first and second bottom walls angled to form a funnel section to receive the CCh-rich solution from the at least one packing section.
  • the funnel section includes an outlet over the at least one liquid collection device.
  • a bottom edge of the at least one packing section is spaced apart from one of the first bottom wall and the second bottom wall to define a void therebetween.
  • the CCh-lean stream flows through the void in the downward direction.
  • the at least one packing section includes a first packing section and a second packing section; and the at least one bottom wall includes: a first bottom wall disposed beneath the first packing section and vertically spaced from the first packing section to define a first void beneath the first packing section; and a second bottom wall disposed beneath the second packing section and vertically spaced from the second packing section to define a second void beneath the second packing section.
  • the first and second packing sections are spaced apart to define a plenum therebetween and beneath the at least one gas-circulating device, the plenum being in fluid communication with the first void and the second void and positioned laterally therebetween.
  • the at least one airflow inlet extends through the upper wall.
  • the at least one side wall includes at least one side inlet, the at least one side inlet disposed along the at least one side wall and configured to receive the dilute gas source and direct the dilute gas source towards the at least one packing section.
  • the at least one side wall includes: a first side wall includes a first side inlet; and a second side wall including a second side inlet, the second side wall opposite the first side wall on the housing.
  • the gas-liquid contactor is a dual cell gas-liquid contactor.
  • the gas-liquid contactor is a single cell gas-liquid contactor.
  • the liquid distribution system includes one or more spray nozzles configured to distribute the CO2 capture solution over the at least one packing section.
  • Another aspect combinable with one, some, or all of the previous aspects includes a drift elimination system supported by the housing and positioned downstream of the at least one packing section and upstream of the at least one airflow outlet, the drift elimination system being configured to reduce or remove aerosolized particles entrained with the CCh-lean stream.
  • Another aspect combinable with one, some, or all of the previous aspects includes at least one energy transfer module supported by the housing and positioned across a flow path of the dilute gas source and of the CCh-lean stream to transfer at least one of moisture, heat or chemical energy to the dilute gas source before flowing through the at least one packing section, and to recover at least one of moisture, heat or chemical energy from the C Ch-lean stream before flowing through the at least one airflow outlet.
  • the at least one energy transfer module is at least one of a thermal energy wheel or a desiccant wheel.
  • a gas-liquid contactor for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from a dilute gas source includes: a housing including a plurality of housing walls, at least one inlet and at least one outlet, the plurality of housing walls including an upper wall and a plurality of side walls defining an interior of the housing; at least one packing section disposed adjacent the upper wall and beneath the at least one inlet within the interior of the housing, the at least one packing section including a plurality of packing sheets attached together and defining airflow channels between adjacent packing sheets; a liquid distribution system supported at least in part by the housing and configured to flow a CO2 capture solution through the at least one packing section along the plurality of packing sheets, the CO2 capture solution configured to absorb CO2 from the dilute gas source into the CO2 capture solution to form a CCh-rich solution; at least one basin including a bottom basin positioned lower than the at least one packing section and configured to receive the CCh-rich solution; and at least one fan in fluid communication with the interior of the housing and operable to flow the di
  • the at least one inlet includes a first inlet and a second inlet
  • the fan is operable to flow the dilute gas source through the first inlet in the first direction and through the second inlet in a third direction that is substantially orthogonal to the first and second directions.
  • the fan is positioned at or in the outlet.
  • the housing includes at least one bottom wall positioned beneath the at least one packing section and configured to direct the CCh-lean stream from the first direction to the second direction.
  • the at least one bottom wall is angled downwardly with respect to a horizontal axis to deflect the CO2- lean stream towards the at least one outlet.
  • the at least one bottom wall includes a first bottom wall and a second bottom wall, the first and second bottom walls angled to form a funnel section to receive the CCh-rich solution from the at least one packing section.
  • the funnel section includes an outlet over the at least one basin.
  • a bottom edge of the at least one packing section is spaced apart from the funnel section to define a void therebetween.
  • the at least one basin includes a recessed collection enclosure, and the at least one bottom wall is sloped towards the recessed collection enclosure.
  • the at least one inlet includes at least one upper inlet disposed along the upper wall and at least one side inlet disposed along a side wall of the plurality of side walls, the at least one side inlet being configured to receive the dilute gas source and direct the dilute gas source towards the at least one packing section.
  • the plurality of side walls includes a first side wall that includes a first side inlet and a second side wall that includes a second side inlet and is opposite the first side wall on the housing.
  • the gas-liquid contactor is a dual cell gas-liquid contactor.
  • the gas-liquid contactor is a single cell gas-liquid contactor.
  • the liquid distribution system includes one or more spray nozzles configured to distribute the CO2 capture solution over the at least one packing section.
  • a method for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from atmospheric air includes: flowing atmospheric air in a downward direction through at least one packing section; flowing a CO2 capture solution in the downward direction along the at least one packing section to absorb CO2 from the atmospheric air into the CO2 capture solution and to form a CCh-lean gas stream; and deflecting the CCh-lean gas stream from the downward direction to an upward direction to flow the CCh-lean gas stream in the upward direction through at least one airflow outlet.
  • CO2 carbon dioxide
  • flowing atmospheric air in the downward direction through at least one packing section includes operating a fan to flow the atmospheric air through at least one inlet in an upper wall of a gas-liquid contactor.
  • flowing atmospheric air in the downward direction through at least one packing section includes operating a fan to flow atmospheric air through at least one side inlet in a side wall of a gas-liquid contactor.
  • flowing the atmospheric air in the downward direction through the at least one packing section includes impacting the atmospheric air against a plenum wall of the gas-liquid contactor.
  • absorbing CO2 into the CO2 capture solution produces a CCh-rich solution
  • the method includes receiving the CCh-rich solution from the at least one packing section into a liquid collection device.
  • flowing the CO2 capture solution in the downward direction includes forming the CCh-lean gas stream including a plurality of aerosolized particles; and deflecting the CCh-lean gas stream from the downward direction to the upward direction includes removing at least a portion of the plurality of aerosolized particles from the CCh-lean gas as a liquid component.
  • Another aspect combinable with one, some, or all of the previous aspects includes collecting the liquid component in a liquid collection device.
  • collecting the liquid component includes flowing the liquid component along a funnel section into the liquid collection device.
  • deflecting the CCh-lean gas stream from the downward direction to the upward direction includes operating a fan to change the direction of flow of the CCh-lean gas stream from the downward direction to the upward direction and through the at least one airflow outlet.
  • deflecting the CCh-lean gas stream from the downward direction to the upward direction includes changing the direction of flow of the CCh-lean gas stream within a funnel section of a gas-liquid contactor.
  • deflecting the CCh-lean gas stream from the downward direction to the upward direction includes flowing the CCh-lean gas stream against at least one bottom wall positioned beneath the at least one packing section.
  • a direct air capture (DAC) system for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from atmospheric air includes: at least one gas-liquid contactor including: a housing including a plurality of housing walls, at least one airflow inlet and at least one airflow outlet, the plurality of housing walls including an upper wall and at least one side wall defining an interior of the housing, and the upper wall including the at least one airflow inlet; at least one packing section disposed adjacent the upper wall and beneath the at least one airflow inlet within the interior of the housing, the at least one packing section including a plurality of structured packings, each structured packing of the plurality of structured packings including a plurality of packing sheets coupled together to form a plurality of airflow channels between adjacent packing sheets; a liquid distribution system supported at least in part by the housing and configured to flow a CO2 capture solution through the at least one packing section along the plurality of packing sheets in a downward direction, the CO2 capture solution configured to absorb CO2 from a dilute gas source into the CO2 capture solution to form
  • the housing includes at least one bottom wall positioned beneath the at least one packing section and configured to direct the CCh-lean stream from the downward direction to the upward direction.
  • the at least one bottom wall is angled downwardly with respect to a horizontal axis.
  • the bottom liquid collection device includes a recessed collection enclosure, and the at least one bottom wall is sloped towards the recessed collection enclosure.
  • the at least one bottom wall includes a first wall and a second wall, the first and second walls angled to form a funnel section to receive the CCh-rich solution from the at least one packing section.
  • the funnel section includes an outlet over the bottom liquid collection device.
  • a bottom edge of the at least one packing section is spaced apart from one of the first wall and the second wall to define a void therebetween.
  • the at least one side wall includes at least one side inlet, the at least one side inlet disposed along the at least one side wall and configured to receive the dilute gas source and direct the dilute gas source towards the at least one packing section.
  • the at least one side wall includes a first side wall that includes a first side inlet and a second side wall that includes a second side inlet and is opposite the first side wall on the housing.
  • the gas-liquid contactor is a dual cell gas-liquid contactor.
  • the gas-liquid contactor is a single cell gas-liquid contactor.
  • the at least one gas-liquid contactor includes a plurality of gas-liquid contactors
  • the DAC system includes at least one contactor wall including the plurality of gas-liquid contactors positioned side by side, the at least one contactor wall extending along a wall axis.
  • the at least one contactor wall includes a plurality of dividing walls, each dividing wall of the plurality of dividing walls being upright, the plurality of dividing walls separating respective plenums of the plurality of gas-liquid contactors of the at least one contactor wall.
  • the at least one contactor wall includes a plurality of contactor walls, each contactor wall of the plurality of contactor walls spaced apart from an adjacent contactor wall of the plurality of contactor walls.
  • the regeneration system including an electrochemical system configured to regenerate the CO2 capture solution and produce a CO2 product stream, the electrochemical system including: a carbonate separation subsystem configured to receive the CO2 capture solution and separate at least a portion of carbonate products from the CO2 capture solution; and an electrochemical cell fluidly coupled to the carbonate separation subsystem, the electrochemical cell configured to: receive a feed solution and a water stream; and yield at least two product streams including a first product stream that includes a regenerated CO2 capture solution.
  • the electrochemical cell is configured to yield the regenerated CO2 capture solution including hydroxide for the plurality of gas-liquid contactors.
  • the CO2 capture solution includes KOH, NaOH, or a combination thereof.
  • the regeneration system includes at least one reactor configured to react, via a causticization reaction, slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) and the CO2 rich solution to produce hydroxide and calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) solids.
  • the regeneration system includes a calciner configured to calcine the calcium carbonate solids and produce an exhaust gas stream including a CO2 product stream.
  • the regeneration system is configured to provide a CO2 product stream.
  • a gas-liquid contactor for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from a dilute gas source includes: a housing including a plurality of housing walls and at least one airflow inlet, the plurality of housing walls including an upper wall and at least one side wall defining an interior of the housing; at least one packing section disposed adjacent the upper wall and beneath the at least one airflow inlet within the interior, the at least one packing section including at least one structured packing, the at least one structured packing including a plurality of packing sheets coupled together to form a plurality of airflow channels between adjacent packing sheets; a liquid distribution system supported at least in part by the housing and configured to flow a CO2 capture solution through the at least one packing section along the plurality of packing sheets in a downward direction, the CO2 capture solution configured to absorb CO2 from the dilute gas source into the CO2 capture solution to form a CCh-rich solution; at least one liquid collection device configured to receive the CCh-rich solution from the at least one packing section; and at least one fan in fluid communication with the interior
  • a gas-liquid contactor for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from a dilute gas source includes: a housing including a plurality of housing walls and at least one airflow inlet, the plurality of housing walls including an upper wall, at least one side wall and at least one bottom wall defining an interior of the housing; at least one packing section disposed adjacent the upper wall and beneath the at least one airflow inlet within the interior, the at least one packing section including at least one structured packing, the at least one structured packing including a plurality of packing sheets coupled together to form a plurality of airflow channels between adjacent packing sheets; a liquid distribution system supported at least in part by the housing and configured to flow a CO2 capture solution through the at least one packing section along the plurality of packing sheets in a downward direction, the CO2 capture solution configured to absorb CO2 from the dilute gas source into the CO2 capture solution to form a CO2-rich solution; at least one liquid collection device configured to receive the CCh-rich solution from the at least one packing section; and at least one fan in
  • Implementations of systems and methods for capturing carbon dioxide according to the present disclosure may include one, some, or all of the following features.
  • gas-liquid contactors with the features described herein can reduce the amount of drift exiting the gas-liquid contactor.
  • gas-liquid contactors with the features described herein can reduce the amount of CO2 -lean gas that is re-ingested into the gas-liquid contactor.
  • gas-liquid contactors with the features described herein can maximize the wetted surface area, which improves efficiency of the carbon capture by the gas-liquid contactor.
  • the gas-liquid contactors with the features described herein can improve the weather resistance of the gas-liquid contactors.
  • gas-liquid contactors with the features described herein can have a reduced height compared to standard gas-liquid contactors, which enables the gas-liquid contactors described herein to better withstand high wind gusts and other adverse weather.
  • the gas-liquid contactors described herein reduce the amount of particulate intrusion into the gas-liquid contactor, including into the housing of the gas-liquid contactor. By reducing the amount of particular intrusion into the gas-liquid contactor, the gas-liquid contactors described herein can reduce filtration and other cleaning needs of the gasliquid contactor.
  • the overall footprint defined by the housing to the gasliquid contactors described herein is reduced, which can improve production efficiency of the gasliquid contactor per square meter.
  • the gas-liquid contactors described herein can be more closely to one another or to other equipment, allowing increased density and corresponding increased production on a particular geographic plot.
  • the gas-liquid contactors described herein enable intake of air with an increased CO2 concentration and/or intake of air with a blended composition.
  • the gas-liquid contactors described herein can enable increased longevity of packing.
  • the gas-liquid contactors described herein enable reduced UV degradation of the components of the contactor.
  • the gas-liquid contactors described herein allow for reduced air and liquid sealing treatments. In some implementation, the gas-liquid contactors described herein provide improved ability to harden against hail damage easier. In some implementation, the gas-liquid contactors described reduce packing supports. In some implementation, the gas-liquid contactors described herein enable faster installation. In some implementation, the gas-liquid contactors can be built without a collection basin and directly to piping. In some implementation, the gas-liquid contactors described herein allow for 24/7 visual inspection of the distribution system. In some implementation, the gas-liquid contactors described herein allow for at least a portion (e.g., half) of the gas-liquid contactor to be serviced with the other portions of the gas-liquid contactor remain in operation.
  • the gas-liquid contactors described herein allow for at least a portion (e.g., half) of the gas-liquid contactor to be serviced with the other portions of the gas-liquid contactor remain in operation.
  • the gas- liquid contactors described herein allow for improved health, safety and environmental (HSE) operation by continuously providing fresh air to a worker positioned along a top of the gas-liquid contactor.
  • HSE health, safety and environmental
  • the gas-liquid contactors described herein enables reduced fouling of nozzles.
  • FIG. 1 shows an example gas-liquid contactor with co-current air flow according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 2 shows a perspective view of the structural frame of the example gas-liquid contactor of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of the structural frame of FIG. 2 with units of structured packing coupled to the frame.
  • FIG. 4 shows another example gas-liquid contactor with co-current air flow according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 5 shows another example gas-liquid contactor with co-current air flow according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 6 shows another example gas-liquid contactor with co-current air flow according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 7 shows another example gas-liquid contactor with co-current air flow according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 8 is a graphic representation of a CO2 mass concentration profile of a CO2- laden air flowing in and out of a gas-liquid contactor with co-current air flow according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 9 is a top view of the of another example gas-liquid contactor with co-current air flow according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of a direct air capture (DAC) system for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from atmospheric air, the DAC system including a gas-liquid contactor of the present disclosure.
  • DAC direct air capture
  • FIG. 11 is another schematic illustration of a DAC system including a gas-liquid contactor according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 12 is another schematic illustration of a DAC system of the present disclosure including a gas-liquid contactor of the present disclosure and a solvent-based regeneration system.
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic illustration of a DAC system of the present disclosure including a gas-liquid contactor of the present disclosure and an electrochemical regeneration system.
  • FIG. 14 is a side view of an example contactor wall of a DAC system of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 15 is a top-down view of a DAC system of the present disclosure comprising multiple contactor walls.
  • FIG. 16 is a schematic flow diagram of a method for capturing CO2 from atmospheric air.
  • FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram of a control system (or controller) for a gas-liquid contactor that includes a drift elimination system according to the present disclosure.
  • the present disclosure describes systems and methods for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) with a gas-liquid contactor 100, from the atmosphere (e.g., ambient or atmospheric air) or from another fluid source that contains dilute concentrations of CO2.
  • concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere are dilute, in that they are presently in the range of 400-420 parts per million (“ppm”) or approximately 0.04-0.042% v/v.
  • Such concentrations of CO2 in the atmosphere may vary depending on anthropogenic emissions of CO2, and are typically less than 1% v/v.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 is operated to capture the dilute CO2 present in ambient air by ingesting the ambient air as a flow of CCh-laden air 101, and by treating the CCh-laden air 101 so as to transfer CO2 present therein to a CO2 capture solution 114 (e.g., a CO2 sorbent) via absorption. Some or all of the CO2 in the CO2- laden air 101 is removed, and a treated CCh-laden air is then discharged by the gas-liquid contactor 100 as a flow of CCh-lean gas 105 (or, CO2-IOW air).
  • CO2 capture solution 114 e.g., a CO2 sorbent
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 may sometimes be referred to herein as an “air contactor” because it facilitates absorption of CO2 from the atmospheric air into the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 functions primarily to achieve mass transfer of CO2 from the atmospheric air to the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 can be used as part of a direct air capture (DAC) system 1200, 1300, 1400, described in greater detail below in reference to FIGS. 10 to 15.
  • DAC direct air capture
  • Implementations of the present disclosure relate to forming a CCh-laden capture solution 111 upon contacting the CO2 capture solution 114 with the CCh-laden air 101 and recovering CO2 from the CCh-laden capture solution 111 for downstream use.
  • the recovered CO2 can be delivered downhole and sequestered in a geological formation, subsurface reservoir, carbon sink, or the like.
  • the recovered CO2 can be used for enhanced oil recovery by injecting the recovered CO2 into one or more wellbores to enhance production of hydrocarbons from a reservoir.
  • recovered CO2 can be fed to a downstream fuel synthesis system, which can include a syngas generation reactor.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 is a caustic solution. In some implementations, the CO2 capture solution 114 has a pH of 10 or higher. In some implementations, the CO2 capture solution 114 has a pH of approximately 14. The CO2 capture solution 114 includes at least one absorption compound in solution for reacting with CO2.
  • Non-limiting examples of the CO2 capture solution 114 include aqueous alkaline solutions (e.g., KOH, NaOH, or a combination thereof), aqueous amines, aqueous amino acid salt solutions, non-aqueous solutions of amines, non-aqueous organic liquids/solutions (e.g., dimethyl sulfoxide or DMSO), aqueous carbonate and/or bicarbonate solutions, phenoxi des/phenoxide salts, ionic liquids, non-aqueous solvents, diamines with an aminocyclohexyl group (e.g., IPDA), or a combination thereof.
  • aqueous alkaline solutions e.g., KOH, NaOH, or a combination thereof
  • aqueous amines e.g., aqueous amino acid salt solutions
  • non-aqueous solutions of amines e.g., non-aqueous organic liquids/solutions (e.g., dimethyl sulfox
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 may include promoters and/or additives that increase the rate of CO2 uptake.
  • promoters include carbonic anhydrase, amines (primary, secondary, tertiary), and boric acid.
  • additives include chlorides, sulfates, acetates, phosphates, surfactants, oxides and metal oxides.
  • a surfactant can be added to the CO2 capture solution 114 to lower the surface tension of the CO2 capture solution 114 to improve the ability of the CO2 capture solution 114 to wet the material of the packing.
  • rate-enhancing additives include carbonic anhydrase, piperazine, monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), zinc triazacycles, zinc tetraazacycles, copper glycinates, hydroxopentaaminecobalt perchlorate, formaldehyde hydrate, saccharose, fructose, glucose, phenols, phenolates, glycerin, arsenite, hypochlorite, hypobromite, or other oxyanionic species.
  • the density of the CO2 capture solution 114 is greater than the density of water at the same reference temperature. At comparable reference temperatures, in some implementations, the density of the CO2 capture solution 114 is at least 10% greater than the density of water. In some implementations, at comparable reference temperatures, the density of the CO2 capture solution 114 is approximately 10% greater than the density of water. The density and the viscosity of the CO2 capture solution 114 can vary depending on the composition of the CO2 capture solution 114 and the temperature.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 or a CCE-laden capture solution 111 can comprise 1 M KOH and 0.5 M K2CO3 and can have a density ranging from 1115 kg/m 3 - 1119 kg/m 3 and a viscosity ranging from 1.3 mPa-s - 2.3 mPa-s.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 or the CO2-laden capture solution 111 can comprise 2 M KOH and 1 M K2CO3, and can have a density ranging from 1260 kg/m 3 - 1266 kg/m 3 and a viscosity ranging from 1.8 mPa-s - 3.1 mPa-s.
  • water has a density of 998 kg/m 3 and viscosity of 1 mPa-s at 20°C.
  • CO2 from the CO2-laden air 101 is captured by contacting the CO2-laden air 101 with the CO2 capture solution 114 in the gas-liquid contactor 100. Reacting the CO2 from the CCh-laden air 101 with an alkaline CO2 capture solution 114 (for example) can form a CCE-laden capture solution 111.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 comprises, or is, an ionic solution with one or both of cations and anions present in an aqueous solution.
  • the at least one absorption compound of the CO2 capture solution 114 comprises an alkali hydroxide, and CO2 is absorbed and further reacted with the alkali hydroxide to form a carbonate-rich capture solution (e.g., K2CO3, Na2COs, or a combination thereof).
  • the CCh-laden capture solution 111 can include the carbonate-rich capture solution and is thus sometimes referred to herein as the “carbonate-rich capture solution 111”.
  • the CCh-laden capture solution 111 can be processed to recover the captured CO2 for downstream use and to regenerate the at least one absorption compound, e.g. the at least one alkali hydroxide, for use in the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the CCh-laden capture solution 111 can also include other components in smaller amounts, such as hydroxide ions, alkali metal hydroxide (e g., KOH, NaOH), water, and impurities.
  • the carbonate-rich capture solution 111 can comprise between 0.4 M to 6 M K2CO3 and between 1 M to 10 M KOH.
  • the carbonate- rich capture solution 111 can comprise an aqueous Na2CO3-NaOH mixture.
  • the carbonate-rich capture solution 111 can comprise a mixture of K2CO3 and Na2COs.
  • the capture kinetics of capturing CO2 from the CO2-laden air 101 to form carbonate can be improved by the introduction of an additive such as a promoter species in the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • a promoter species include carbonic anhydrase, amines (primary, secondary, tertiary), zwitterionic amino acids, and boric acid.
  • the resulting carbonate-rich capture solution 111 produced by the gas-liquid contactor 100 includes carbonates and bicarbonates and includes the promoter as well.
  • An example composition of such a carbonate-rich capture solution 111 can include K2CO3/KHCO3 and a promoter.
  • the carbonate-rich capture solution 111 resulting from such a CO2 capture solution 114 can have a pH in the range of 11-13 and can have little residual hydroxide from the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • additives that are not considered promoters can be used to improve the uptake of CO2 in the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 includes a housing 102.
  • the housing 102 defines part of the corpus of the gas-liquid contactor 100 and provides structure thereto.
  • the housing 102 includes exterior structure or walls that partially enclose any combination of interconnected structural members 115.
  • the structural members 115 provide structural support and stability to the gas-liquid contactor 100, and provide a body for supporting components of the gas-liquid contactor 100 within the housing 102 or surrounding the housing 102.
  • the structural members 115 can include, but are not limited to, walls, panels, beams, frames, etc.
  • the structural members 115 can define a plenum 108 of the housing 102 and support other elements extending from the housing 102, such as a fan stack 107.
  • the structural members 115 can further support one or more sections of packing 106.
  • the structural members 115 of the housing 102 may define internal or external framing, such as a structural frame and a plenum structure, by including interconnecting members. It is noted that, when an element is said herein to be supported by the housing 102, such element can be fastened to, mounted on, operatively connected to and/or contacting one or more structural members 115 of the housing 102.
  • the housing 102 can include other components as well, such as cladding, panels, etc. which help to close off parts of the housing 102 and define the enclosure of the housing 102. Still referring to FIG. 1, the housing 102 at least partially encloses and defines an interior 113 of the housing 102.
  • the interior 113 of the housing 102 is an inner volume or inner space (e.g., a void) in which components of the gas-liquid contactor 100 are positioned.
  • the vertical height 172 of the gas-liquid contactor 100 is in a range of 9 feet to 75 feet. In some implementations, the vertical height 172 of the gas-liquid contactor 100 is a maximum 50 feet.
  • the height 172 of the gas-liquid contactor 100 is configured to enable the gas-liquid contactor 100 to withstand high winds and hurricanes.
  • the horizontal width 178 of the gas-liquid contactor 100 is in a range of 10 feet to 175 feet. In some implementations, the horizontal width 178 of the gasliquid contactor 100 is 134 feet.
  • the depth 179 of the gas-liquid contactor 100 is in a range of 8 feet to 75 feet. In some implementations, the depth 179 of the gas-liquid contactor 100 is 40 feet. In some implementations, the footprint defined by the gasliquid contactor 100 is in a range of 80 square feet to 13,125 square feet.
  • the term “vertical” refers to a direction or an orientation that is parallel or substantially parallel with the force of gravity and the term “horizontal” refers to a direction or an orientation that is perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the force of gravity.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 also includes openings 103 that allow for movement of gases into and out of the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • the housing 102 has one or more inlet(s) 1031, 103IU.
  • the one or more inlet(s) 1031, 103IU are formed by some of the openings 103, such that the inlet(s) 1031, 103IU may be referred to herein as one or more inlet opening(s) 1031, 103IU through which the CO2- laden air 101 enters the interior 113 of the housing 102.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 has one or more outlet(s) 1030.
  • the one or more outlet(s) 1030 are formed by remaining openings 103, such that the outlet(s) 1030 may be referred to herein as one or more outlet opening(s) 1030 through which the COz-lean gas 105 exits the interior 113 of the housing 102 through the fan stack 107.
  • the gasliquid contactor 100 has four inlets 103 (1031, 103IU) and one outlet 1030.
  • the housing 102 of the gas-liquid contactor 100 has one or more side inlets 1031 extending through one or more side walls 170A, 170B of the housing 102.
  • the one or more side inlets 1031 are vertically aligned with one or more packing sections 106 positioned in the interior 113 of the housing 102.
  • the one or more side inlets 1031 through the side walls 170A, 170B of the housing 102 are vertically aligned with one or more respective air chambers 119 of the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • the housing 102 also includes one or more upper inlets 103IU extending through an upper wall 171 of the housing 102 and laterally aligned with one or more packing sections 106 positioned in the interior 113 of the housing 102.
  • the one or more upper inlets 103IU which extend through the upper wall 171 are directly above the one or more packing sections 106.
  • the upper wall 171 is at least one upper wall 171 that includes multiple upper walls 171.
  • the upper wall 171 includes, or is composed of, a plurality of upper wall segments, where the one or more upper inlets 103IU are defined by one or more of the upper wall segments.
  • the upper wall 171 or the upper wall segments can be cladding or panelling for the housing 102 which delimit the openings 103 above the packing sections 106 which form the one or more upper inlets 103IU.
  • the cladding or panelling can also be used as internal panels being secured to support members (e.g., the structure members 115) forming the structural frame (e g., exoskeleton), thereby providing a smooth internal surface to encase the at least one packing section.
  • Advantages associated with such design can include reduction/removal of air bypass, improvement of the performance of the gas-liquid contactor 100 and facilitating construction of the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 can be positioned next to and in contact with (or close to) other gas-liquid contactors 100 or other equipment.
  • the one or more upper inlets 103IU along the upper wall 171 may allow for abutting multiple gas-liquid contactors 100 against one another to form an array or train of gas-liquid contactors 100 (such as the contactor walls 1502 of FIGS. 14 and 15).
  • the one or more outlet(s) 1030 can be defined by at least one component of the gas-liquid contactor 100, being for example the fan stack 107.
  • the fan stack 107 extends upwardly from the housing 102 with a vertically upright orientation (e.g., in an orientation substantially parallel to the direction of gravity), and facilitates the discharging of the CCh-leangas 105 from the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • the fan stack 107 includes a fan cowling 117 that encloses a gas-circulating device, that can be or include a fan 212, that functions to move or circulate gas flows into and out of the interior 113 of the housing 102 of the gas-liquid contactor 100 through the outlet 1030 that is positioned along the fan stack 107.
  • the fan cowling 117 has a vertical height in a range of 0 feet to 18 feet.
  • the gas-circulating device e.g., fan 212
  • the gas-circulating device is positioned so as to be in fluid communication with the interior 113 of the housing 102 and allow the CO2-laden air 101 to become the CO2-lean gas 105 by following a flow path 104 through the at least one packing section 106 being encased in the interior 113 of the housing 102.
  • the fan stack 107 is at least partially recessed within the housing 102.
  • the gas-liquid contactor includes a fan ring and does not include a fan stack.
  • the gas-circulating device can include at least one blower.
  • the at least one blower can be used instead of or in combination with at least one fan 212.
  • the CCh-laden air 101 enters the interior 113 of the housing 102 near the top of the gas-liquid contactor 100 by flowing along a substantially vertical direction (e.g., downwardly) through one or more of the upper inlets 103IU in the upper wall 171.
  • a substantially vertical direction e.g., downwardly
  • the CCh-laden air 101 also enters the interior 113 of the housing 102 along the side of the gas-liquid contactor 100 by flowing along a substantially horizontal direction through one or more of the side inlets 1031 in the side walls 170A, 170B.
  • the side walls 170A, 170B are solid walls that enclose the sides of the housing 102 from external elements except through the side inlets 1031 in the side walls 170A, 170B.
  • the side inlets 1031 in the side walls 170A, 170B are positioned near the top of the housing 102, or closer to the top of the housing 102 than to the bottom of the housing 102.
  • the side inlets 1031 in the side walls 170A, 170B are positioned between (e.g., midway between) an upper edge of a top packing section 106 and a bottom edge of a bottom packing section 106 that is beneath the top packing section 106.
  • the side inlets 1031 are configured to be metered or closed off to avoid potential reingestion, for example during wind direction events that cause reingestion at these locations or to manage CO2 capture performance.
  • CC>2-laden air 101 enters the interior 113 of the housing 102 along a substantially vertical direction through one or more of the upper inlets 103IU in the upper wall 171
  • the CO2-laden air 101 passes through at least a portion of the packing section 106 to form CCh-lean air 105 before combining with CCh-laden air 101 entering the interior 113 through one or more side inlets 1031 in the side walls 170A, 170B.
  • the CCh-laden air 101 entering the interior 113 through the one or more side inlets 1031 in the side walls 170A, 170B mixes with CCh-lean air 105 flowing vertically downward through the portion of the packing section 106 in the air chambers 119 before forming a collective (e.g., mixed) gas stream that flows vertically downward through remaining portions of the packing section 106.
  • the respective flowrates through the upper inlet(s) 103IU and side inlet(s) 1031 can be modulated to provide multiple air flow conditions and vary a ratio of inlet flowrates.
  • CCh-lean gas 105 flows out of the packing section 106 (e g., downwardly), is deflected from a downward flow to an upward flow by turning at a 180° angle and exits the interior 113 along a substantially vertical direction (e.g., upwardly) through the outlet 1030.
  • the outlet 1030 is located at the upper extremity of the fan stack 107.
  • the outlet 1030 can be located elsewhere.
  • Other configurations for the upper inlets 103IU, side inlets 1031 and outlets 1030 of the gas-liquid contactor 100 are possible.
  • the housing 102 at least partially encloses and protects components of the gasliquid contactor 100 positioned in the interior 113 of the housing 102.
  • a component is the packing section 106, which is protected from the surrounding atmosphere by the housing 102.
  • one or more packing sections 106 which are sometimes referred to herein collectively as “fill 106” or “packing 106”, are located within the interior 113 in a position adjacent to the upper wall 171 and beneath at least one of the one or more upper inlets 103IU.
  • the term “adjacent” refers to objects in contact with or proximate with one another. In some implementations, and referring to FIG.
  • the one or more packing sections 106 are directly beneath the one or more upper inlets 103IU in the upper wall 171. In this position, the one or more packing sections 106 receive the CCh-laden air 101 which enters the interior 113 via the one or more inlets 1031, 103IU.
  • the one or more packing sections 106 function to increase transfer of CO2 present in the CCh-laden air 101 to a flow of the capture solution 114, in that the one or more packing sections 106 provide a large surface area for the capture solution 114 to disperse upon, thereby increasing the reactive area between the CCh-laden air 101 and the capture solution 114.
  • the capture solution 114 transforms the CCh-laden air 101 into the CCh-lean gas 105 which is further discharged from the one or more outlet(s) 1030 of the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • the packing sections 106 receives the CO2 capture solution 114 and facilitates absorption of the CO2 present in the CO2-laden air 101 into the CO2 capture solution 114 on the packing sections 106, as described in greater detail below.
  • an example arrangement of the packing sections 106 includes two or more packing sections 106A, 106B.
  • Each packing section 106A, 106B is positioned adjacent to and downstream of the one of the upper inlets 103IU in the upper wall 171.
  • the packing sections 106 A, 106B are spaced apart from each other laterally within the housing 102, i.e., in a direction parallel to the horizontal width 178.
  • the space or volume defined between the packing sections 106A, 106B and/or one or more structural members of the housing 102 is the plenum 108.
  • the plenum 108 is flanked by the packing sections 106A, 106B.
  • the plenum 108 is a space defined by structural members 115 of the housing 102 into which gases flow downstream of the packing sections 106A, 106B (e.g., the CCh-lean gas 105), and from which the CCh-lean gas 105 flows out of the housing 102 through the outlet 1030.
  • the plenum 108 is part of the interior 113 of the housing 102.
  • the volume of the plenum 108 is less than a volume of the interior 113. In some implementations, the volume of the interior 113 of the housing 102 is approximately equal to the combined volume of the packing sections 106A, 106B, the at least one void 169 and the plenum 108.
  • the plenum 108 can include an upper plenum portion 108U that is an uppermost portion of the plenum 108, and a lower plenum portion 108L that is a lowermost portion of the plenum 108.
  • a total height of the plenum 108 is defined as the height of the upper plenum portion 108U plus the height of the lower plenum portion 108L.
  • the upper plenum portion 108U is defined, at least in part, by housing plenum walls 102W of the housing 102, and a remainder of the upper plenum portion 108U is defined by the portion of the fan stack 107 positioned beneath the fan 212. Referring to FIG. 1, in some implementations, the housing plenum walls 102W extend upwardly above the upper wall 171.
  • the housing plenum walls 102W are the uppermost portion of the housing 102.
  • the height of the upper plenum portion 108U includes a lower height portion defined by the housing plenum walls 102W, and an upper height portion defined by the portion of the fan stack 107 positioned beneath the fan 212.
  • the lower height portion defined by the housing plenum walls 102W is two thirds of the height of the upper plenum portion 108U
  • the upper height portion defined by the portion of the fan stack 107 positioned beneath the fan 212 is one third of the height of the upper plenum portion 108U.
  • This example configuration of the upper plenum portion 108U can reduce reingestion of part of the CCh-lean gas 105 at the inlets 1031, 103IU.
  • the plenum 108 is sized for proper airflow and drift removal velocities.
  • the plenum 108 is sized based upon the fan size required to provide a particular air flow.
  • the plenum 108 is sized based upon a size of a drift elimination system 700 that is positioned within, or across, the plenum 108 (see, for example, FIG. 1).
  • the plenum 108 is sized based upon the configuration of an energy transfer module 20 located within, or across, the plenum 108 and beneath the fan (see, for example, FIG. 7).
  • the discharge velocity through the plenum 108 and fan stack 107 and elevation of the fan stack 107 can be selected to help reduce reingestion of CCh-laden air 101 with lower concentrations of CO 2
  • the CCh-lean gas 105 flows through the plenum 108 before being discharged to the ambient environment via the outlet 1030.
  • the plenum can be absent.
  • the gasliquid contactor 100 can include one or more portions of passive and/or electrostatic drift elimination systems 700 to remove or reduce liquid (e g., droplets or aerosolized particles of the CO2 capture solution 114) that may be entrained in the CCh-lean gas 105 flowing through the plenum 108.
  • liquid e g., droplets or aerosolized particles of the CO2 capture solution 11
  • the CO2- laden air 101 enters the interior 113 of the housing 102 along a substantially horizontal direction through one or both of the side inlets 1031 extending through the side walls 170A, 170B of the housing 102 and the CCh-laden air 101 enters the interior 113 of the housing 102 along a substantially vertical direction through one or both of the upper inlets 103IU extending through the upper wall 171 of the housing 102.
  • the CCh-laden air 101 flows through the packing sections 106A, 106B along a substantially vertical (downward relative to gravity) direction, where the CO2 present in the CCh-laden air 101 contacts the CO2 capture solution 114 present on the packing sections 106A, 106B.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 enters the interior 113 of the housing via the liquid distribution system 120.
  • the CCh-laden air 101 entering the upper inlets 103IU along the upper wall 171 travels substantially downward through the packing sections 106A, 106B.
  • the CCh-laden air 101 entering the side inlets 1031 along the side walls 170A, 170B preliminary flows along a substantially horizontal direction until the CCh-laden air 101 is entrained downwardly by the incoming CC -laden air 101 that has entered the upper inlets 103IU, and then travels in a substantially downward direction through the packing 106.
  • the CCh-laden air 101 entering the interior 113 through one or more side inlets 1031 in the side walls 170A, 170B mixes with C02-laden air 101 flowing vertically downward through the remaining portion of the packing sections 106, thereby mixing the two gas streams and forming a collective gas stream that has a higher concentration of CO2 than the CCh-lean air 105, and a lower concentration of CO2 than the CO2-laden air 101.
  • the collective gas stream with the higher concentration of CO2 then flows vertically downward through remaining portions of the packing section 106.
  • FIG. 8 provides a schematic gradient characterization of the CO2 mass concentration along a flow path 104 of the CO2-laden air 101/ CCh-lean air 105.
  • the exposed surface of the liquid film on the packing sections 106A, 106B is a gas-liquid interface (also referred to as gas-sorbent interface) between the CCh-laden air 101 and the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • CO2 from the CO2- laden air 101 is absorbed into the liquid film to form the carbonate-rich capture solution/CCh-laden capture solution 111 and the CCh-lean gas 105.
  • the CCh-laden capture solution 111 flows downwardly off the packing sections 106A, 106B as a mixed solution including unreacted absorption compound(s) and carbonate(s).
  • the CCh-laden capture solution I l l is then collected in the liquid collection device 110.
  • the housing 102 of the gas-liquid contactor 100 can include at least one bottom wall, for example a pair of bottom walls 173, 175, that is angled with respect to a horizontal axis and incline in a downward direction to deflect the CCh-lean gas 105 stream towards the at least one outlet 1030.
  • the bottom walls 173, 175 define a funnel section 174 of the gas-liquid contactor 100 that is positioned downstream of and adjacent to the packing sections 106A, 106B.
  • the at least one bottom wall 173, 175 is downwardly tapered towards the bottom basin at an angle of at most 10%, at most 9%, at most 8%, at most 7%, at most 6%, or at most 5% with respect to the horizontal axis.
  • the funnel section 174 includes open spaces 169a, 169b.
  • the open spaces 169a, 169b can be referred to as voids or rain zones 169 within the interior 113 of the housing 102 that allows the CCh-lean gas 105 to flow through the interior 113 of the housing 102 towards the bottom walls 173, 175, and that allows the CCh-laden capture solution 111 to flow away from the at least one packing section 106 towards the liquid collection device 110.
  • the interior 113 of the housing 102 of the gas-liquid contactor 100 can include at least one void 169 being defined between the at least one packing section 106 and a vertically spaced bottom wall 173, 175 of the housing 102.
  • the at least one void 169 extends in a horizontal direction between one side wall 170a, 170b and the plenum 108, while being in fluid communication with the plenum 108.
  • the void 169 extends in a vertical direction between a bottom surface of a lowermost section of packing 106 and the bottom walls 173, 175.
  • the depth of the void 169 corresponds to the depth of the housing 102 between a front surface of the housing 102 and a rear surface of the housing 102 such that the depth of the void 169 corresponds to the depth of the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • each open space/void 169a, 169b is positioned directly underneath one of the packing sections 106A, 106B.
  • the open spaces/voids 169a, 169b are on opposite sides of the plenum 108.
  • the void 169 is free of structure.
  • the void 169 allows for the CCh-lean gas 105 exiting the packing sections 106A, 106B to flow unhindered towards the bottom walls 173, 175, thereby allowing for the CCh-lean gas 105 to change its flow direction with minimal resistance, and consequently, minimal pressure losses.
  • the CCh-lean gas 105 As the CCh-lean gas 105 exits the packing sections 106A, 106B, the CCh-lean gas 105 flows in a substantially downward direction through the voids 169a, 169b of the funnel section 174 towards bottom walls 173, 175 of the housing 102. As the CCh-lean gas 105 travels through the voids 169a, 169b of the funnel section 174 towards the bottom walls 173, 175 of the housing 102, the fan 212 operates to cause the flow of CCh-lean gas 105 to turn approximately 180 degrees and travel upwards through the plenum 108.
  • the interior 113 of the housing 102 is filled with the at least one packing section 106 from the at least one upper wall 171 to the at least one bottom wall 173, 175, such that no void is considered to be present between the at least one packing section 106 and said bottom wall 173, 175.
  • the CO2-lean gas 105 flowing through the plenum 108 and the fan stack 107 can include aerosolized particles (or droplets) of CO2 capture solution 114 and/or of CCh-laden capture solution 111 entrained in the CCh-lean gas 105.
  • the aerosolized particles entrained in the CO2- lean gas 105 are referred to herein as drift and can include liquid aerosolized droplets, containing chemicals that are derived from the CO2 capture solution 114, such as potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and/or combinations thereof, and/or from the CO2-laden capture solution 111.
  • the aerosolized particles can include any liquid (component) that may or may not contain unreacted absorption compound.
  • solid particles including, but not limited to, solid particles formed from the processes disclosed herein, as well as non-process elements or “NPEs” may be entrained in the CCh-lean gas 105 as solid airborne particles.
  • the funnel section 174 defined by the bottom walls 173, 175 includes an opening 177 that is positioned over a liquid collection device 110.
  • Aerosolization of the CO2 capture solution 114 and/or the CCh-laden capture solution 111 by the airflow refers herein to the formation of liquid droplets of the CO2 capture solution 114 and/or the CCh-laden capture solution 111 being small and light enough to be suspended in the stream of the CCh-lean gas 105, such liquid droplets being thus referred to herein as aerosolized particles, aerosolized sorbent particles or aerosolized liquid particles.
  • particles can include, but is not limited to, aerosolized liquid particles (droplets) being derived from entrained CCh-capture solution 114 and/or CCh-laden solution 111, and to solid particles entrained as airborne particles with the CCh-laden air 101.
  • any liquid (from the CO2 capture solution 114 and/or the CCh-laden capture solution 111) entrained in the CCh-lean gas 105 and further caused to exit the CCh-lean gas 105 upon deflecting the flow of CCh-lean gas 105 from the downward direction to the upward direction and upstream of the at least one outlet 1030 can be referred to as a liquid component that is directed to the liquid collection device 110.
  • the liquid collection device 110 is a reservoir or basin, and is sometimes referred to herein as a “bottom basin 110.”
  • the bottom basin 110 includes a recessed collection enclosure 197 positioned below the funnel section 174 and configured to collect CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the bottom basin 110 is an open-topped pipe.
  • the bottom basin 110 is a perforated pipe. The perforated pipe can lead into, or define, a trough, so that collected fluid is stored in a remote tank.
  • the bottom basin 110 can include protrusions positioned along an angled surface (e.g., the bottom walls 173, 175) to prevent splashing and/or liquid aspiration into the interior 113 of the housing 102 below the at least one packing section 106.
  • an angled surface e.g., the bottom walls 173, 175
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 of FIG. 1 can be considered a dual-cell (because of the two packing sections 106A, 106B), co-current and cross-flow air contactor (because the CO2-laden air 101 flows both across the packing sections 106 and downwardly through them in the same direction as the CO2 capture solution 114).
  • Other configurations of a gas-liquid contactor are possible, as described in greater detail below.
  • Each packing section 106 defines a packing depth 106D, which represents the distance traversed by the CO2-laden air 101 as it flows through the packing section 106.
  • the packing depth 106D can be in the range of 1 foot to 40 feet.
  • Each packing section 106 also defines a packing liquid travel dimension 106L (sometimes referred to herein as the “packing LTD 106L”), which represents the distance traversed by the capture solution 114 as it flows through the packing section 106.
  • the packing depth 106D In the gas-liquid contactor 100 of FIG. 1, the packing depth 106D is parallel to the packing LTD 106L. In the gas-liquid contactor 100 of FIG. 1, the packing depth 106D is defined along a substantially vertical direction, and the packing LTD 106L is also a vertical dimension.
  • the packing depth 106D is the same as the packing LTD 106L.
  • the packing LTD 106L (e g., the height of each packing section 106) is greater than 2 m.
  • the packing LTD 106L is greater than 5 m.
  • the packing LTD 106L is between 2 m and 20 m.
  • the packing depth 106D is greater than 2 m.
  • the packing depth 106D is greater than 5 m.
  • the packing depth 106D is between 2 m and 20 m.
  • the packing depth 106D and the packing LTD 106L may be defined differently.
  • each packing section 106 includes one or more structured packings 116.
  • each packing section 106 includes multiple structured packings 116.
  • each structured packing 116 is arranged adjacent to another structured packing 116.
  • the structured packings 116 of each packing section 106 can be arranged adjacent to each other in the direction of one or more of the packing depth 106D, the packing LTD 106L, and a direction perpendicular to both of the packing depth 106D and the packing LTD 106L.
  • one structured packing 116 is attached to another structured packing 116.
  • the structured packings 116 of each packing section 106 are arranged next to one another with minimal separation or gaps along one or more of the packing depth 106D, the packing LTD 106L, and a direction perpendicular to both of the packing depth 10D and the packing LTD 106L.
  • the structured packings can be arranged to form packing sections 106 of any desired shape or configuration.
  • the structured packings 116 are arranged such that each packing section 106A, 106B includes at least one arrangement of the structured packings 116.
  • support structures can be provided between one or more of the packing sections 106 to provide additional support to the packing sections 106. Referring to FIG.
  • each structured packing 116 includes, oris composed of, multiple packing sheets 118 attached together to form a three-dimensional structured packing.
  • the packing sheets 118 of each structured packing 116 can be made of any suitable material, or have any suitable configuration, to achieve the function ascribed to the packing sections 106 herein. Some or all of the packing sheets 118 can be made from PVC, which is relatively light, moldable, affordable, and resists degradation caused by many chemicals.
  • the packing sheets 118 of the packing section 106 are arranged, constructed, treated or otherwise configured to promote spreading of the liquid CO2 capture solution 114 into a liquid film on the surfaces of the packing sheets 118, which can enable maximum exposure of the liquid CO2 capture solution 114 to the CO2 present in the CCh-laden air 101.
  • the liquid-gas interface surface of one or more of the packing sheets 118 can be treated with a coating, have shapes or formations, and/or be made of a material that vary the surface energy (e.g., increase the surface energy) of portions of the packing sheet 118 and/or lower the contact angle of the liquid CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the hydrophilicity of the liquid-gas interface surface of one or more of the packing sheets 118 can be increased by applying a coating to increase the surface free energy.
  • Coatings can be applied to some or all of the structured packing 116 to make the structured packing 116 even more suitable for low liquid loading rates ranging from 0.5 L/m 2 s to 2.5 L/m 2 s.
  • surface treatments and modifications described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2022/0176312 the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Such “film-type” packing sheets are suitable for DAC systems since they have the capacity for more effective mass transfer per unit volume of fill space.
  • film-type fill offers a relatively high ratio of specific surface area to volume, the ratio defined in units of m 2 /m 3 .
  • a high specific surface area helps to expose more CO2 to the surface of the CO2 capture solution 114, and also has cost and structural implications.
  • the packing sheets 118 support and direct the CO2 capture solution 114 as it flows along the packing sheets 118.
  • the packing sheets 118 are shaped, sized, formed, and configured to assist with the transfer of CO2 from the CCh-laden air 101 to the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the packing sheets 118 are thus a medium intended to optimise CO2 from the flowing atmospheric air being absorbed into the flowing CO2 capture solution 114.
  • Other fill sheets for example, those used in water cooling tower applications, function primarily to transfer heat between water and atmospheric air, with little or no mass transfer occurring between the constituent gases of the air flow and the water being cooled.
  • the packing sheets 118 described herein can achieve lower pressure losses of air flowing across the packing sheet 118 and more optimal distribution of the CO2 capture solution 114, compared to if the mass transfer of CO2 was attempted with a fill sheet optimised for heat transfer.
  • the packing sheets 118 may be referred to using other terms similar to “sheet”, such as panel, pane, plate, and layer.
  • the packing sheets 118 in some implementations are also shaped, sized, formed, and configured to assist with the transfer of CO2 from the CCh-laden air 101 to the CO2 capture solution 114 at low liquid loading rates (e.g., 0.5 L/m 2 s to 2.5 L/m 2 s) compared to the higher liquid loading rates (often greater than 15 L/m 2 s) of cross-flow water cooling tower applications.
  • low liquid loading rates e.g., 0.5 L/m 2 s to 2.5 L/m 2 s
  • higher liquid loading rates often greater than 15 L/m 2 s
  • the packing sheets 118 forming the structured packing 116 are arranged such that the air flow passages through the structured packing that are defined by packing sheets 118 are misaligned from one another.
  • the packing sheets 118 can be arranged such that the air flow passages through the structured packings defined by the packing sheets are offset from one another, orthogonal to one another, or positioned at another angular orientation relative to one another.
  • a block of structured packing 116 is rotated (e.g., 90 degrees) relative to a vertically adjacent block of structured packing 116 in order to misalign at least a portion of the packing sheets 118 of the packing section 106 from one another.
  • This misalignment of at least a portion of the packing sheets 118 of the packing section 106 from one another can assist with breaking up streaming or rivulet flow as the CO2 capture solution 114 flows downwardly along the surfaces of the vertically adjacent blocks of structured packing 116.
  • the structured packing 116 includes anti-nesting features and/or honeycomb features in order to misalign at least a portion of the packing sheets 118 of the packing section 106 from one another.
  • the structured packing 116 and the packing sheets 118 forming the structured packing 116 are configured to reduce the air travel depth through the packing 106. As a result of the reduced air travel depth through the packing 106, the speed of the fan 212 that is required to flow the CCh-laden air 101 through the packing 106 can be reduced. In some implementations, the air travel depth through the packing 106 is in a range of 1 foot to 40 feet.
  • one or more of the packing sections 106 are formed of random packing (also referred to as dumped packing). In some implementations, one or more of the packing sections 106 is formed of one or more styles of random packing that are positioned in tiers of packing. In some implementations, one or more of the packing sections 106 are formed of structured packing. In some implementations, one or more of the packing sections 106 includes corrugated packing. In some implementations, one or more of the packing sections 106 includes non-corrugated packing. In some implementations, one or more of the packing sections 106 includes cross-fluted, parallel plate packing.
  • one or more of the packing sections 106 include multiple types of packing.
  • one or more of the packing sections 106 includes both structured packing and random packing.
  • different types of packing can be used to form adjacent structured packings 116.
  • a first structured packing 116 is formed of a first type of packing (e.g., a packing type optimized for mass transfer) and a second structured packing 116 that is positioned vertically adjacent to the first structured packing 116 is formed of a second type of packing (e.g., a packing type optimized from liquid dispersion).
  • multiple types of packing sheets 118 can be used to form the structured packing 116.
  • multiple types of structured packings 116 can be used to form the packing sections 106A, 106B.
  • the structured packings 116 includes a mix of cross-fluted packing, offset-fluted packing, and/or vertical fluted packing, which can enable improved management of liquid, air, and system balance.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 has, includes components of, or is operatively connected to, a liquid distribution system 120.
  • the liquid distribution system 120 is configured to move, collect, and distribute the CO2 capture solution 114 and/or the CCh-laden capture in solution 111.
  • At least some of the features of the liquid distribution system 120 can be supported by the housing 102.
  • the support provided by the housing 102 includes structural support, in that components of the liquid distribution system 120 are structurally supported by the housing 102, such as by the structural members 115, so that loads generated by these components are supported by the housing 102.
  • Some or all of the features of the liquid distribution system 120 can be part of the gas-liquid contactor 100, or part of a DAC system (such as DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400 of FIGS. 10 to 15).
  • the liquid distribution system 120 includes a network of pressurized pipes with openings or spray nozzles 129 which distribute the CO2 capture solution 114 over the uppermost portions of the packing sections 106.
  • the spray nozzles 129 for example pressurized spray nozzles 129 as part of a pressurized nozzle system consisting of distribution piping in the form of headers and laterals, are positioned directly above the uppermost portion of the packing sections 106 to flow the CO2 capture solution 114 directly to the uppermost portion of each of the packing sections 106A, 106B.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 is circulated via the spray nozzles 129 (e.g., through pumping, gravity flow or both) downwards, through the packing sections 106 and ultimately into the bottom basin 110.
  • a process stream is formed by contacting the CO2-laden air 101 and the liquid CO2 capture solution 114, where the process stream is or includes the CCh-laden capture solution 111 having CO2 absorbed from the CCh-laden air 101 by the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • one or more bottom basins 110 are positioned at the bottom of the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • the bottom basin 110 is positioned at a height relative to the ground that is less than a height of the packing sections 106.
  • the bottom basin 110 acts as a collection tank for the process stream (e.g., the CO2-laden capture solution 111).
  • the bottom basin 110 includes a recessed collection enclosure 197 positioned below the funnel section 174 and configured to collect CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the CO2-laden capture solution 111 including absorbed CO2 as carbonates, as well as unreacted absorption compounds from the CO2 capture solution, collects in the bottom basin 110, and can then be pumped or otherwise moved out of the bottom basin 110 for further processing. For example, at least a portion of the liquids collected in the bottom basin 110 can be processed and then pumped for recirculation over the packing sections 106 for use in CO2 capture.
  • some or all of the liquids collected in the bottom basin 110 is pumped to the spray nozzles 129 without being processed, for recirculation over the packing sections 106 for CO2 capture.
  • CO2 capture solution 114 entrained in the CCE-lean gas 105 is caused to exit the CCE-lean gas 105 and fall downwards to be collected in the bottom basin 110.
  • the liquids collected in the bottom basin 110 are pumped to components of a DAC system (such as DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400 of FIGS. 10 to 15) for further processing, as described in greater detail below.
  • the bottom basin 110 can be compatible with a containment structure and prevent loss of various CO2 capture solutions 114, many of which have corrosive, caustic or high pH properties.
  • the bottom basin 110 can be lined or coated with one or more materials that are resistant to caustic induced corrosion or degradation.
  • components can be kept out of the bottom basin 110 holding the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 can be designed to keep most or all the structural components out of the wettable area of the gas-liquid contactor 100, e.g., any portion of the gas-liquid contactor 100 that is in contact with the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • Examples of wettable areas of the gas-liquid contactor 100 includes components supporting the packing sections 106.
  • FIG. 1 depicts a single bottom basin 110. However, other configurations and numbers of bottom basins 110 are possible.
  • the housing 102 of the gas-liquid contactor defines one or more air chambers 119 positioned between vertically spaced apart packing sections.
  • Each packing section 106A, 106B includes an air chamber 119, which is positioned in the vertical spacing between portions of each packing section 106A, 106B.
  • each air chamberl l9 divides each packing section 106A, 106B into at least a top section and a bottom section.
  • Each air chamberl 19 is located vertically between the upper wall 171 and the bottom basin 110.
  • the liquid collection devices of the liquid distribution system 120 includes one or more redistribution basins configured for redistribution of the CO2 capture solution 114 between the vertically-spaced apart packing.
  • the redistribution basins include basin walls, redistribution apertures, and redistribution nozzles.
  • a distribution piping system can be used to introduce the CO2 capture solution 114 at one or more secondary locations along the packing 106.
  • the CO2 capture solution 1 14 flows over the packing sections 106 in a direction that is parallel with the direction along which the CCh-laden air 101 flows through the packing sections 106, also known as a “co-current flow” configuration.
  • the packing 106 can be more uniformly and consistently wetted due to the flow of the C Ch-laden air 101 and the CO2 capture solution 114 flowing in the same direction, which maximizes the wetted surface area and, as a result, improves the efficiency of carbon capture by the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • the improved management of the CO2 capture solution 114 provided by the co-current flow design can provide increased efficiency by increasing the mass transfer performed by the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 may not require the use of louvers for reducing CO2 capture solution 114 from splashing out of the gasliquid contactor 100 (but optionally may be included) as is more common in cross-flow gas-liquid contactors.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 can include supports positioned within the packing sections 106.
  • the packing sections 106 can include additional support, such as one or more structural members 115, for a specific portion of the packing sections 106, such as for an upper portion of the packing sections 106, so that the loads (e.g., the weight of the portion of structured packings 116 when dry plus the weight of the liquid hold up of the CO2 capture solution 114 on the portion of the structured packings 116) do not bear upon another portion of the packing sections 106 (e.g., a bottom portion of the packing sections 106).
  • the packing sections 106 may not include the support.
  • at least one structural support can be positioned between the structured packings 116 of the packing sections 106.
  • the liquid distribution system 120 can include any suitable componentry, such as piping, weir(s), pump(s), valve(s), manifold(s), etc., fluidly coupled in any suitable arrangement, to achieve the functionality ascribed to the liquid distribution system 120 herein.
  • suitable componentry such as piping, weir(s), pump(s), valve(s), manifold(s), etc.
  • One non-limiting example of such componentry is one or more pump(s) 122, an example of which is shown in FIG. 1.
  • the pumps 122 function to move liquids under pressure, such as the CO2 capture solution 114 and/or the CO2-laden capture solution 111, from their source to where they are used.
  • Non-limiting examples of functions of the pumps 122 include moving the CO2 capture solution 114 to be redistributed over the top of the packing sections 106, moving the process streams from the bottom basin 110 to redistribution basins, moving the CO2 capture solution 114 and/or the CCh-laden capture solution 111 from the bottom basin 1 10 for redistribution over the packing sections 106, moving the CO2 capture solution 114 and/or the CCh-ladcn capture solution 111 from the bottom basin 110 to components of the DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400 for further processing, and any combination of the preceding flows.
  • the pumps 122 can thus be used to move liquid to, from and within the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • a control system (e.g., control system 999 shown in FIG. 1) can be used to control the flow of fluid by the pumps 122 of the liquid distribution system 120.
  • a control system can be used to control the pumps 122 in order to pump the CO2 capture solution 114 from the bottom basin 110 to the spray nozzles 129.
  • the flow of the CO2- capture solution 114 to the liquid distribution system 120 is maintained at a constant flow rate.
  • the pumps 122 can also be controlled such that a constant flow rate is provided to the liquid distribution system 120 regardless of changes of liquid flow throughout the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • the pumps 122 can help to distribute the CO2 capture solution 114 over the packing sections 106 at relatively low liquid flow rates, which can help to reduce costs associated with pumping or moving the CO2 capture solution 114. Further, low liquid flow rates of the CO2 capture solution 114 over the packing sections 106 can result in a lower pressure drop of the CCh-laden air 101 as it flows through the packing sections 106, which reduces the energy requirements of the device used for moving the CCh-laden air 101 across the packing sections 106 (e.g., a fan 212 described below).
  • the pumps 122 can be configured to generate intermittent or pulsed flow of the CO2 capture solution 114 over the packing sections 106, which can allow for intermittent wetting of the packing sections 106 using relatively low liquid flow rates.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 sprayed, flowed, or otherwise distributed over the packing sections 106 is collected in the bottom basin 110 and can then be moved by the pumps 122 back to the spray nozzles 129, or sent downstream for processing.
  • the one or more pump(s) 122 of the liquid distribution system are operable to flow the CO2 capture solution 114 over each packing section 106 at a liquid loading rate ranging, e.g., from 0.5 L/m 2 s to 10 L/m 2 s.
  • the liquid loading rate is between, e.g., 2 L/m 2 s and 6 L/m 2 s.
  • the units L/m 2 s of the liquid loading rate refer to a given volume of the CO2 capture solution 114 covering a given area of the packing section 106, each second.
  • the given area of the packing section 106 may refer to a plane area of a top of the packing section 106, such as the area of the packing section 106 underneath the spray nozzles 129 (i.e. looking down on the top part of the packing section 106 from the spray nozzles 129).
  • a liquid loading rate of 2 L/m 2 s means that the pump(s) 122 is configured to flow the CO2 capture solution 114 over each packing section 106 such that every second each square meter of the plane area of the packing section 106 receives 2 L of the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the given area of the liquid loading rate may not refer to the area of a surface of the structured packing 116.
  • the liquid loading rate may refer to, or be reflective of, an initial flow condition where the CO2 capture solution 114 is applied to the top of the packing section 106.
  • the liquid loading rate may not reflect subsequent flow conditions present lower down the packing section 106.
  • the liquid process streams in the gas-liquid contactor 100, as well as process streams within any downstream processes with which the gas-liquid contactor 100 is fluidly coupled, can be flowed using one or more flow control systems (e.g., control system 999).
  • a flow control system can include one or more flow pumps (including or in addition to the pumps 122), fans, blowers, or solids conveyors to move the process streams, one or more flow pipes through which the process streams are flowed and one or more valves to regulate the flow of streams through the pipes.
  • Each of the configurations described herein can include at least one variable frequency drive (VFD) coupled to a respective pump that is capable of controlling at least one liquid flow rate.
  • VFD variable frequency drive
  • liquid flow rates are controlled by at least one flow control valve.
  • a flow control system can be operated manually. For example, an operator can set a flow rate for each pump or transfer device and set valve open or closed positions to regulate the flow of the process streams through the pipes in the flow control system. Once the operator has set the flow rates and the valve open or closed positions for all flow control systems distributed across the system, the flow control system can flow the streams under constant flow conditions, for example, constant volumetric rate or other flow conditions. To change the flow conditions, the operator can manually operate the flow control system, for example, by changing the pump flow rate or the valve open or closed position.
  • a flow control system can be operated automatically.
  • the flow control system can be connected to a computer or control system (e.g., control system 999) to operate the flow control system.
  • the control system can include a computer- readable medium storing instructions (such as flow control instructions and other instructions) executable by one or more processors to perform operations (such as flow control operations).
  • An operator can set the flow rates and the valve open or closed positions for all flow control systems distributed across the facility using the control system.
  • the operator can manually change the flow conditions by providing inputs through the control system.
  • the control system can automatically (that is, without manual intervention) control one or more of the flow control systems, for example, using feedback systems connected to the control system.
  • a sensor such as a pressure sensor, temperature sensor or other sensor
  • the sensor can monitor and provide a flow condition (such as a pressure, temperature, or other flow condition) of the process stream to the control system.
  • a flow condition such as a pressure, temperature, or other flow condition
  • the control system can automatically perform operations. For example, if the pressure or temperature in the pipe exceeds the threshold pressure value or the threshold temperature value, respectively, the control system can provide a signal to the pump to decrease a flow rate, a signal to open a valve to relieve the pressure, a signal to shut down process stream flow, or other signals.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 has a gas-circulating device which functions to move or circulate gas flows into and out of the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • the gas-circulating device of the gas-liquid contactor 100 is a fan 212.
  • the fan 212 operates to circulate gases like ambient air, such that the CCh-laden air 101 is caused by the fan 212 to flow into the gas-liquid contactor 100 through the one or more inlets 1031, 103IU, and such that the CCh-lean gas 105 is caused by the fan 212 to be discharged from the gasliquid contactor 100 through the one or more oulets 1030.
  • the fan 212 thus functions to flow the CO2-laden air 101 and the CO2-lean gas 105 in the manners described herein.
  • the fan 212 is rotatable about a fan axis defined by a fan shaft.
  • the fan axis has an upright or vertical orientation. Other orientations for the shaft and for the fan axis are possible.
  • the fan 212 is positioned upstream of the end of the fan stack 107 that defines the outlet 1030 and functions to induce a flow of the CO2-lean gas 105 through the outlet 1030.
  • the fan 212 is positioned elsewhere between the vertically-opposite ends of the fan stack 107 and upstream of the outlet 1030, such that the fan 212 flows the CCh-lean gas 105 through the outlet 1030.
  • the fan 212 is positioned downstream of, and above, the upper plenum portion 108U. Rotation of the fan 212 about the fan axis causes gases to circulate into the inlets 1031, 103IU and through the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • rotation of the fan 212 causes the CCh-laden air 101 to be drawn into the gas-liquid contactor 100, and causes the CCh-lean gas 105 to be discharged from the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • the fan 212 can cause the CCh-laden air 101 to enter the packing sections 106 at airspeeds below 5 m/s.
  • the fan 212 can cause the CCh-laden air 101 to enter the packing sections 106 at airspeeds between 0.1 m/s and 5 m/s.
  • rotation of the fan 212 causes the flow of CCh-lean gas 105 exiting the packing sections 106 in a downward direction to turn and travel upwards through the plenum 108, which results in CO2 capture solution 114 entrained in the CCh-lean gas 105 exiting the CC -lean gas 105 and collecting in the bottom basin 110.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 includes a drift elimination system 700 that is positioned downstream of the packing 106 and that functions to eliminate drift (z.e., remove 100% of aerosolized particles) or to reduce the amount of drift (i.e.. remove less than 100% of aerosolized particles) exiting the gas-liquid contactor 100 through the outlet 1030.
  • the drift elimination system 700 mechanically removes (“knocks down”) aerosolized particles entrained in the CO2-lean gas 105 from the CO2- lean gas 105 as the CO2-lean gas 105 flows through the drift elimination system 700.
  • the gas-liquid contactor system includes a counterflow drift elimination system. In some implementations, the gas-liquid contactor system includes a crossflow drift elimination system.
  • the drift elimination system 700 includes, or is, an electrostatic drift elimination system coupled to a source of electrical power (e.g., electrical power source 1231 of FIG. 11) that applies an electrical charge to the electrostatic drift elimination system 700.
  • a source of electrical power e.g., electrical power source 1231 of FIG. 11
  • the CCh-lean gas 105 passes through the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 and the electrical field generated by the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 causes the molecules in the aerosolized particles (e.g., of CO2 capture solution 114) entrained in the CCh-lean gas 105 to develop an electrical charge.
  • the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 ionizes the atoms/molecules in the CO2 capture solution 1 14 entrained as aerosolized particles in the CCh-lean gas 105 when the CCh-lean gas 105 passes through the electrostatic drift elimination system 700.
  • the electrical charge applied to the atoms/molecules of the aerosolized particles can cause the aerosolized particles to coalesce into larger droplets that impact and collect on surfaces of the electrostatic drift elimination system 700.
  • the increased weight of the larger droplets of CCh-laden capture solution 111 that coalesce on surfaces of the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 flow via gravity downward through a collection pipe.
  • the CCh-laden capture solution 11 Iflowing through the collection pipe is provided to the bottom basin 110.
  • some or all of the CCh-laden capture solution l l lcollected in the bottom basin 110 can then be moved by the pumps 122 back to the spray nozzles 129 for flowing back over the packing 106.
  • At least a portion of the CCh-laden capture solution 111 can be recycled in the liquid distribution system 120 as the CO2 capture solution 114. As previously discussed, some or all of the CCh-laden capture solution 111 collected in the bottom basin 110 can then be moved by the pumps 122 to a regeneration system (such as regeneration system 1230 of the DAC system 1200 of FIG. 11, the regeneration system 1330 of the DAC system 1300 of FIG. 12, or the regeneration system 1430 of the DAC system 1400 of FIG. 13).
  • a regeneration system such as regeneration system 1230 of the DAC system 1200 of FIG. 11, the regeneration system 1330 of the DAC system 1300 of FIG. 12, or the regeneration system 1430 of the DAC system 1400 of FIG. 13).
  • any aerosolized particles removed from the CCh-lean gas 105 by the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 as the liquid component can be recirculated through the gas-liquid contactor 100, or through the DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400 resulting in reduced loss of CO2 capture solution 114 and improved efficiency of the gas-liquid contactor 100.
  • the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 is configured to deionize the ionized molecules in the collected CO2 capture solution 114 before flowing the CO2 capture solution 114 from the drift elimination system 700 to the bottom basin 110.
  • the electric power source coupled to the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 can be controlled to stop providing electrical charge to the electrostatic drift elimination system 700, which deionizes the molecules in the CO2 capture solution 114 collected on the surface of the electrostatic drift elimination system 700.
  • the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 is configured to remove aerosolized particles from the CCh-lean gas 105 that have an effective diameter of less than 10 pm. In some implementations, the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 is configured to remove aerosolized particles from the CCh-lean gas 105 that have an effective diameter of less than 2.5 pm. In some implementations, one or more factors such as the pore size of components of the electrostatic drift elimination system 700, the strength of the electric field generated by the electrostatic drift elimination system 700, and the proximity of ionizing and collecting features of the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 can be modified or optimised to capture specific particle sizes of the aerosolized particles entrained in the CCh-lean gas 105.
  • the electrical voltage applied to the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 is constant. In some implementations, the electrical voltage applied to the electrostatic drift elimination system is determined based on the speed or flow rate of CCh-lean gas 105 passing through the fan stack 107, as controlled by the fan 212. The speed of the fan 212 and the voltage applied to the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 can be coordinated to result in improved efficiency in removing aerosolized particles from the CCh-lean gas 105.
  • the electrical power source can be controlled by a control system (e. ., control system 999).
  • a control system can be used to control the electrical power source to apply electrical charge to the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 during a particular time duration, and control the electrical power source to automatically stop applying electrical charge to the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 once the particular time duration has elapsed.
  • the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 is coupled to the fan cowling 117 of the fan stack 107 upstream of the fan 212, in that the CCh-lean gas 105 with entrained CO2 capture solution 114 flows through the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 before flowing through the fan 212.
  • the electrostatic drift elimination system is formed of, or includes, a stretchable mesh that is stretched across the fan stack 107 and coupled to the fan cowling 117 and forms a plurality of openings that allow the CCh-lean gas 105 to pass through the electrostatic drift elimination system 700.
  • the openings formed in the mesh of the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 are sized to remove aerosolized particles (e.g., of the CO2 capture solution 114) from the CCh-lean gas 105 that have an effective diameter of less than 10 pm. In some implementations, the openings formed in the mesh of the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 are sized to remove aerosolized particles from the CCh-lean gas 105 that have an effective diameter of less than 2.5 pm. In some implementations, the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 includes two meshes with opposing electrical charges. [00179] For example, the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 can include a first mesh that is charged by an electrical power (e.g., electrical power source 1231 of FIG.
  • an electrical power e.g., electrical power source 1231 of FIG.
  • the aerosolized particles impact the second collecting mesh, and then after consolidation on the second mesh flow down via gravity through a drainage device, such as a collection pipe.
  • a drainage device such as a collection pipe.
  • the ionizing first mesh and the collecting second mesh can be suitably charged (e.g., with positive of negative charge) to better attract one or both of the cations and anions in the ionic solution.
  • the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 includes two or more ionizing first meshes and two or more collecting second meshes, arranged in any position relative to each other.
  • the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 includes a charged first mesh and a grounded second mesh.
  • the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 can include a first mesh that is charged by an electrical power (e.g., electrical power source 1231 of FIG. 11) to impart a negative charge to the molecules of the aerosolized particles, and a second mesh that is positioned downstream of the first mesh (relative to the flow direction of the CCh-lean gas 105) and is grounded.
  • the CCh-lean gas 105 As CCh-lean gas 105 passes through the fan stack 107, the CCh-lean gas 105 first passes through the charged first mesh of the electrostatic drift elimination system 700, which causes the molecules of at least a portion of the aerosolized particles entrained in the CCh-lean gas 105 to become negatively charged. As the CCh-lean gas 105 passes through the grounded second mesh of the drift elimination system 700, the negatively charged molecules of said portion of aerosolized particles are attracted to the grounded second collecting mesh of the electrostatic drift elimination system 700. The aerosolized particles impact the second collecting mesh, and then after consolidation on the second mesh flow down via gravity through the collection pipe.
  • electrostatic drift elimination system 700 has been depicted in FIG. 1 as being positioned upstream of the fan 212, the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 can be positioned differently relative to the fan 212 in other implementations.
  • the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 can be coupled to the fan cowling 117 downstream of the fan 212 and upstream of the outlet 1030.
  • the electrostatic drift elimination system 700 can function to cause aerosolized particles (e.g., water) entrained in the CO2-lean gas 105 to coalesce and be captured by the electrostatic drift elimination system 700, in addition to reducing or eliminating emissions of aerosolized particles from the CO2 capture solution 114 and/or the CCh-laden capture solution 111 with the CCh-lean gas 105.
  • aerosolized particles e.g., water
  • the drift elimination system 700 is coupled to the fan cowling 117 adjacent the outlet 1030. In some implementations, drift elimination system 700 is positioned downstream of the outlet 1030. In some implementations, the drift elimination system 700 is positioned adjacent an inlet of the fan cowling 117. In some implementations, the drift elimination system 700 is positioned within the plenum 108 upstream of the fan stack 107. For example, the drift elimination system 700 can be positioned to span horizontally across the lower plenum portion 108L. In some implementations, the drift elimination system 700 is coupled to the lower plenum portion 108L and arranged vertically.
  • one or more drift elimination systems 700 can extend vertically across a portion of the lower plenum portion 108L proximate the location at which the flow of CCh-lean gas 105 turns from travelling downwards to travelling upwards.
  • the drift elimination system 700 is oriented diagonally across the fan stack 107 or plenum 108. Irrespective of its position relative to the fan 212 or its orientation, the drift elimination system 700 can function to cause aerosolized particles entrained in the CCh-lean gas 105 to coalesce and be captured by the drift elimination system 700, in addition to reducing or eliminating emissions of aerosolized particles from the CO2 capture solution 114 and/or the CCh-laden capture solution 111 with the CCh-lean gas 105.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 has been depicted in FIG. 1 as including a single drift elimination system 700, in some implementations, the gas-liquid contactor 100 includes multiple drift elimination systems. In some implementations, the gas-liquid contactor 100 includes one or more passive drift elimination systems upstream or downstream of the drift elimination system 700. In some implementations, for example referring to FIG. 4, the gas-liquid contactor 2000 does not include a drift elimination system, and the change in direction of the flow of CCh-lean gas 105 exiting the packing sections 106 from a downward direction to travel upwards is sufficient to eliminate drift in the CCh-lean gas 105 exiting the gas-liquid contactor 2102, or at least reduce drift to acceptable levels.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100 includes a spray system (e.g., spray nozzles 129) that increases droplet size of the CCh capture solution 114 , which allows for easier capture of the entrained CC capture solution 114 by the drift elimination system 700.
  • a spray system e.g., spray nozzles 129 that increases droplet size of the CCh capture solution 114 , which allows for easier capture of the entrained CC capture solution 114 by the drift elimination system 700.
  • one or more energy transfer modules are positioned in the gas-liquid contactor. Energy is transferred between the CCh-laden air 101 and the CCh-lean gas 105 based on, for example, one or more psychrometric characteristics of CCh-laden air 101 and/or the CCh-lean gas 105, one or more flow characteristics of CCh-laden air 101 and/or the CCh-lean gas 105, or other operating parameters of the gas-liquid contactor.
  • waste heat energy that would otherwise be lost to the atmosphere can be recycled to more efficiently capture the carbon dioxide with the liquid sorbent.
  • moisture that would otherwise be lost to the atmosphere can be transferred between the dilute fluid source and the output gas stream. Such moisture recapture can reduce an amount of make-up water (or other liquid) that is conventionally required for gas-liquid contactors.
  • operating efficiencies of a gas-liquid contactor in a DAC system can be optimized or improved.
  • Energy can be transferred in one, some, or all of the example forms described herein.
  • energy includes (all, substantially, or primarily) chemical energy that is transferred between airflows by the transfer of moisture from one airflow to another airflow.
  • a transfer of chemical energy may include no or an insignificant amount of thermal energy (e.g., sensible heat, latent heat, enthalpy, or a combination thereof).
  • the transfer of chemical energy can be caused by a transfer of energy inherent in mass that is transferred (e.g., as moisture) from one airflow to another airflow through the energy transfer module.
  • energy includes (all, substantially, or primarily) sensible heat that causes an increase of temperature (e.g., dry bulb temperature) in one airflow flowed through the one or more energy transfer modules with a corresponding decrease of temperature (e.g., dry bulb temperature) in another airflow flowed through the one or more energy transfer modules.
  • energy includes (all, substantially, or primarily) latent heat that causes an increase of temperature (e.g., wet bulb temperature) in one airflow flowed through the one or more energy transfer modules with a corresponding decrease of temperature (e.g., wet bulb temperature) in another airflow flowed through the one or more energy transfer modules.
  • energy can include both sensible and latent heat transferred from one airflow to another airflow through the one or more energy transfer modules.
  • energy includes (all, substantially, or primarily) enthalpy that causes an increase of temperature (e.g., dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, or both) in one airflow flowed through the energy transfer module with a corresponding decrease of temperature (e.g., dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, or both) in another airflow flowed through the energy transfer module.
  • energy can include a combination of two or more of sensible heat, latent heat, and enthalpy transferred from one airflow to another airflow through the energy transfer module.
  • the at least one energy transfer module 20 is a thermal transfer wheel 200 that can be a thermal energy wheel (e.g., that transfers sensible heat, latent heat, enthalpy, or a combination thereof) or a desiccant wheel (e g., that transfers chemical energy).
  • the at least one energy transfer module 20 is positioned within the housing 5102 and across the flow path 104 of the CCh-laden air 101 and CCh-lean gas 105.
  • the at least one energy transfer module 20 can be positioned upstream of the one or more airflow upper inlets 5103IU and outlet 51030 such that moisture, heat, and/or chemical energy can be provided to the CO2-laden air 101 before entering the packing 5106 and can be recovered from the CO2-lean gas 105 before entering the at least one fan stack 5107.
  • the at least one energy transfer module 20 can be at least one thermal transfer wheel 200.
  • the at least one energy transfer module 20 includes two adjacent thermal transfer wheels 200 that are laterally spaced across the gas-liquid contactor 5000, so as to be positioned above the upper wall 5171 and beneath the fan stack 5107 in a symmetric fashion with respect to vertical plane 5177.
  • the positioning of the liquid distribution system 120 for supplying the CO2 capture solution 114 to the spray nozzles 5129 that are mounted about the upper wall 5171 can be adapted to bypass the energy transfer module 20 and be positioned downstream of the energy transfer module 20.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 5000 includes multiple fan stacks 5107, for example a pair of fan stacks 5107a, 5107b, each fan stack 5107a, 5107b receiving the CCh-lean gas stream 105 exiting a corresponding thermal transfer wheel 200 located below each fan stack 5107.
  • a partition wall 5176 is positioned between the thermal transfer wheels 200 such that the CCh-lean gas stream 105 exiting one thermal transfer wheel 200 is not communicated to the laterally adj acent thermal transfer wheel 200 and/or the fan stacks 5107a, 5107b.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 5000 includes a top member or layer 202 being a slanted inlet, grid, screening or cellular louvers to protect the upper inlet 5103IU and componentry adjacent thereto (e.g., the liquid distribution system 120, spray nozzles 129, the thermal transfer wheel 200, etc.) from solid debris (animals, hail, etc.) that may be ingested by the gas-liquid contactor 5000.
  • the at least one upper wall 171, 5171 can be configured as the top member or layer preventing debris from entering the interior of the housing 102, 5102.
  • the at least one upper wall 171, 5171 can be, or include, the layer 202 such that it forms a screen or includes screen sections.
  • some componentry of the gasliquid contactor 5000 is arranged vertically as follows relative to the upper inlets 51O3IU. As the CCh-laden air 101 flows into the gas-liquid contactor 5000 via its upper end, the CCh-laden air 101 first flows through the layer 202, then through the thermal transfer wheel 200, then by the liquid distribution system 120 and spray nozzles 129, before finally flowing into the packing section 5106.
  • the CCh-lean gas 105 exiting the packing sections 5106 is further deflected from a downward flow to an upward flow (180° turn) along the plenum 5108 to exit the corresponding outlets 51030 of the fan stacks 5107a, 5107b.
  • the at least one thermal transfer wheel 200 includes a thermal energy wheel.
  • the thermal energy wheel is an enthalpy wheel.
  • the thermal energy wheel is a sensible wheel.
  • the at least one thermal transfer wheel 200 includes an enthalpy wheel and a sensible wheel.
  • the at least one thermal transfer wheel 200 can include multiple thermal transfer wheels 200 being coaxial and stacked on one another to transfer at least one of moisture/heat/chemical energy between airflows.
  • FIGS. 7 and 9 show two adjacent thermal transfer wheels 200
  • the one or more energy transfer modules 20 can include one or more thermal transfer wheels 200 having various configurations and positioning within the housing 102, 2102, 3102, 4102, 5102 in accordance with the various configurations of the gas-liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 to transfer sensible heat, latent heat, and enthalpy transferred from one airflow to another airflow through the energy transfer module 20.
  • the features of the one or more energy transfer modules 20 and related one or more thermal transfer wheels 200 reference is further made to the description, claims and figures being part of U.S. Patent Application No. 63/684,059 and any applications claiming priority therefrom, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein.
  • a gas-liquid contactor 2000 is configured to intake CO2- laden air 101 only through one or more upper inlets 2103IU through the upper wall 2171 of the housing 2102, as depicted in FIG. 4.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 2000 depicted in FIG. 4 does not include inlets form CCh-laden air 101 along the side walls 2170A, 2170B of the housing 2102.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 2000 depicted in FIG. 4 has side walls 2170A, 2170B that are free of apertures or air openings.
  • the CCh-laden air 101 is admitted into the gas-liquid contactor 2000 through the openings 2103 (e.g., upper inlets 2103IU) through the upper wall 2171 at the top of the gas-liquid contactor 2000.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 2000 can be positioned next to and in contact with (or close to) other gas-liquid contactors or other equipment, as described above.
  • the fan 2112 rotates to draw the CCh-laden air 101 through one or more of the inlets 2103IU in a downward direction to contact the packing section 2106.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 also circulates downwards by, for example, gravity flow, uniform or laminar flow, etc., within the packing 2106 and eventually flows into one or more bottom basins 2110.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 of FIG. 4 is distributed from above the packing section 2106 using spray nozzles 2129, and/or a reservoir of CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 As the CO2 capture solution 114 circulates through and over the packing 2106, the CCh-laden air 101 is flowing (e.g., by action of the fan 2112) downward through the packing 2106 to contact the CO2 capture solution 114. Thus, the flow of the CO2 capture solution 114 through the packing 2106 in FIG. 4 is co-current (or parallel) to the flow of the CCh-laden air 101 through the packing 2106. [00198] A portion of the CO2 within the CCh-laden air 101 is transferred to (e.g., absorbed by) the CO2 capture solution 114, and the fan 2112 moves the CO2 lean gas 105 out of the gasliquid contactor 2000 to an ambient environment. The CO2 rich solution flows into the at least one bottom basin 2110.
  • the bottom basin 2110 includes a recessed collection enclosure 2197 positioned below the funnel section 2174 and configured to collect CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the CCE-lean gas 105 flows in a substantially downward direction through a funnel section 2174 defined by the bottom walls 2173, 2175 of the housing 2102.
  • the funnel section 2174 includes open spaces 2169a, 2169b.
  • the open spaces 169a, 169b collectively define or forma void 2169 within the interior of the housing 2102 that allows the CCh-lean gas 105 to flow through the interior of the housing 2102 towards the bottom walls 3173, 3175.
  • the void 2169 is defined by the structural members of the housing 2102, including the bottom walls 2173, 2175 of the housing 2102.
  • the void 2169 extends in a horizontal direction between the side walls 2170a, 2170b and is in fluid communication with the plenum 2108.
  • the void 169 extends in a vertical direction between a bottom surface of a lowermost section of packing 2106 and the lower walls 2173, 2175.
  • the depth of the void 2169 corresponds to the depth of the housing 2102 between a front surface of the housing 2102 and a rear surface of the housing 2102 such that the depth of the void 2169 corresponds to the depth of the gas-liquid contactor 2000.
  • Each open space 2169a, 2169b is positioned directly underneath one of the packing sections 2106A, 2106B.
  • the open spaces 2169a, 2169b are on opposite sides of the plenum 108.
  • the void 2169 is free of structure.
  • the void 2169 allows for the CCh-lean gas 105 exiting the packing sections 2106A, 2106B to flow unhindered towards the bottom walls 2173, 2175, thereby allowing for the CCh-lean gas 105 to change its flow direction with minimal resistance, and consequently, minimal pressure losses.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 3000 is configured to intake CCh-laden air 101 only laterally through one or more side inlets 1031 through the side walls 2170A, 2170B of the housing 2102.
  • the gasliquid contactor 3000 depicted in FIG. 5 does not include upper inlets for the CCh-laden air 101 along the upper wall 3171 of the housing 3102. Rather the CCh-laden air 101 is admitted into the gas-liquid contactor 3000 along its side or upright walls, for example, through the openings 3103 (e.g., side inlets 31031) through the side walls 3170A, 3170B of the housing 3102.
  • the fan 3112 rotates about a horizontal fan axis to draw the CCh-laden air 101 through one or more of the side inlets 31031 in a substantially horizontal direction to contact the packing sections 3106.
  • the fan 3112 is upstream of the packing section 3106 relative to the flow direction of the CCh-laden air 101.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 3000 employs forced draft in which the fan 3112 rotates about a horizontal fan axis to “push” the CC -laden air 101 through the side inlet 3103, 31031 in a substantially horizontal direction to contact the packing section 3106.
  • the CO2-laden air 101 flows along a substantially horizontal direction until the CCh-laden air 101 impacts the plenum walls 3102W.
  • the flow of the CC -laden air 101 and/or of the CCh-lean gas 105 is deflected and travels in a substantially vertical (downward) direction through a remainder of the packing 3106.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 circulates downwards by, for example, gravity flow, uniform or laminar flow, etc., within the packing 3106 and eventually flows into one or more bottom basins 3110.
  • the bottom basin 3110 includes a recessed collection enclosure 3197 positioned below the funnel section 3174 and configured to collect CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the CCh-laden air 101 is flowing (e.g., by action of the fan 3112) first substantially horizontally through the packing 3106 and then substantially downward through the packing 3106 upon impacting the plenum walls 3102W.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 of FIG. 5 may be referred to as a “cross flow” configuration and a “co-current flow” configuration.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 of FIG. 5 can be distributed from above the packing section 3106 using spray nozzles 3129, and/or a reservoir of CO2 capture solution 114.
  • a portion of the CO2 within the CCh-laden air 101 is transferred to the CO2 capture solution 114, and the fan 3112 moves the CCE-lean gas 105 out of the gas-liquid contactor 3000 to an ambient environment.
  • the CO2 rich solution flows into the at least one bottom basin 3110.
  • the CCE-lean gas 105 flows in a substantially downward direction through a funnel section 3174 beneath the packing sections 3106 and towards bottom walls 3173, 3175 of the housing 3102.
  • the funnel section 3174 includes open spaces 3169a, 3169b.
  • the open spaces 3169a, 3169b collectively define or form a void 3169 within the interior of the housing 3102 that allows the CCh-lean gas 105 to flow through the interior of the housing 3102 towards the bottom walls 3173, 3175.
  • the void 3169 is defined by the structural members of the housing, including the bottom walls 3173, 3175 of the housing 3102.
  • the void 3169 extends in a horizontal direction between the side walls 3170a, 3170b and is in fluid communication with the plenum 3108.
  • the void 3169 extends in a vertical direction between a bottom surface of a lowermost section of packing 106 and the lower walls 3173, 3175.
  • the depth of the void 3169 corresponds to the depth of the housing 3102 between a front surface of the housing 3102 and a rear surface of the housing 3102 such that the depth of the void 3169 corresponds to the depth of the gas-liquid contactor 3000.
  • Each open space 3169a, 3169b is positioned directly underneath one of the packing sections 3106A, 3106B.
  • the open spaces 3169a, 3169b are on opposite sides of the plenum 108.
  • the void 3169 is free of structure.
  • the void 3169 allows for the CCh-lean gas 105 exiting the packing sections 3106A, 3106B to flow unhindered towards the bottom walls 3173, 3175, thereby allowing for the CCh-lean gas 105 to change its flow direction with minimal resistance, and consequently, minimal pressure losses.
  • the bottom walls 3173, 3175 obstruct any additional downward travel of the CCh-lean gas 105, and the fan 3112 operates to cause the flow of CO2- lean gas 105 to turn and travel upwards through the plenum 3108 and the fan stack 3107.
  • C Ch-lean gas 105 changes direction to flow upwards through the plenum 3108 and through outlet 31030, the density of the CO2 capture solution 114 causes CO2 capture solution 114 entrained in the in the CO2-lean gas 105 to exit the CO2-lean gas 105 and fall downwards into a bottom basin 3110 of the housing 3102.
  • the co-current/cross flow of CO2-lean gas 105 reduces drift of the CO2 capture solution 114 exiting the gas-liquid contactor 3000.
  • gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 5000 have been depicted as including multiple packing sections and forming multiple cells, the gas-liquid contactor can include a single packing section, or form a single-cell.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 4000 has only one packing section 4106 and may therefore be referred to as a “single cell” gas-liquid contactor 4000.
  • the housing 4102 of the gas-liquid contactor 4000 includes the one or more side inlets 41031 through a side wall 4170 of the housing 4102 and one or more upper inlets 41031 extending through an upper wall 4171 of the housing 4102 and laterally aligned with the packing section 4106.
  • the fan 4112 of the gas-liquid contactor 4000 rotates about a horizontal fan axis to draw the CCh-laden air 101 through one or more of the side inlets 41031 in the side wall 4170 in a substantially horizontal direction and to draw the CCh-laden air 101 through one or more of the upper inlets 4103IU in the upper wall 4171 in a downward direction to contact the packing section 4106.
  • the CCh-laden air 101 travels through the packing 4106, the CCh-laden air 101 flows through the packing 4106 in a substantially vertical direction.
  • the CCh-laden air 101 travels in a substantially downward direction through the packing 4106.
  • the CO2- laden air 101 passes through at least a portion of the packing 4106 to form CO2-lean air 105 before combining with CCh-laden air 101 entering the interior through one or more side inlets 41031 in the side wall 4170.
  • the CCh-laden air 101 entering the interior through one or more side inlets 41031 in the side wall 4170 mixes with CCh-lean air 105 flowing vertically downward through the packing section 106 in an air chamber 4119 before flowing vertically downward through one or more lower portions of the packing section 4106.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 circulates downwards by, for example, gravity flow, uniform or laminar flow, etc., within the packing 4106 and eventually flows into one or more bottom basins 4110.
  • the bottom basin 4110 includes a recessed collection enclosure 4197 positioned below the funnel section 4174 and configured to collect CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 of FIG. 6 can be distributed from above the packing section 4106 using spray nozzles 4129, and/or a reservoir of CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 circulates through the packing 4106, the CCh-laden air 101 drawn in through the upper inlets 4103IU in the upper wall 4171 flows substantially vertically through the packing 4106 and the CCh-laden air 101 drawn in through the side inlets 41031 in the side wall 4170 flows (e.g., by action of the fan 4112) substantially horizontally through the packing 4106 to thereby contact the CO2 capture solution 114 and then substantially downward through the packing 4106 upon impacting the plenum walls 4102W.
  • the flow of CO2 capture solution 114 through the packing 4106 in FIG. 6 may be referred to as a “cross flow” configuration and a "cocurrent flow” configuration.
  • a portion of the CO2 within the CO2-laden air 101 is transferred to the CO2 capture solution 114, and the fan 4112 moves the CO2-lean gas 105 out of the gas-liquid contactor 4000 to an ambient environment.
  • the CO2 rich solution flows into at least one bottom basin 4110.
  • the CCh-lean gas 105 exits the packing section 4106 the CCh-lean gas 105 flows in a substantially downward direction through a funnel section 4174 defined by a bottom wall 4173 of the housing 4102 and positioned beneath the packing section 4106.
  • the funnel section 3174 includes an open space 4169.
  • the open space 4169 defines or form a void 4169 within the interior of the housing 4102 that allows the CO2-lean gas 105 to flow through the interior of the housing 4102 towards the bottom walls 4173.
  • the void 4169 is defined by the structural members of the housing, including the bottom wall 4173 of the housing 4102.
  • the void 4169 extends in a horizontal direction between the side wall 4170 and is in fluid communication with the plenum 4108.
  • the void 1469 extends in a vertical direction between a bottom surface of a lowermost section of packing 4106 and the lower wall 4173.
  • the depth of the void 4169 corresponds to the depth of the housing 4102 between a front surface of the housing 4102 and a rear surface of the housing 4102 such that the depth of the void 4169 corresponds to the depth of the gas-liquid contactor 4000.
  • the open space 4169 is positioned directly underneath one of the packing sections 4106.
  • the void 4169 is free of structure. In such implementations, the void 4169 allows for the CCh-lean gas 105 exiting the packing sections 4106 to flow unhindered towards the bottom wall 4173, thereby allowing for the CCh-lean gas 105 to change its flow direction with minimal resistance, and consequently, minimal pressure losses.
  • the fan 4112 operates to cause the flow of CCh-lean gas 105 to turn and travel upwards through the plenum 4108 and the fan stack 4107 of the housing 4102.
  • the density of the CO2 capture solution 114 causes CO2 capture solution 114 entrained in the in the CO2-lean gas 105 to exit the CO2-lean gas 105 and fall downwards into a bottom basin 4110 of the housing 4102.
  • the co-current/cross flow through of CO2- lean gas 105 reduces drift of the CO2 capture solution 114 exiting the gas-liquid contactor 4000.
  • gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 have been described as having an upper wall 171, 2171, 3171, 4171, 5171 with at least one outlet 1030, 21030, 31030, 41030, 51030, in some implementations, the gas-liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 does not include an upper wall and CO2-laden air 101 (e.g., ambient air) flows freely into the packing 106 through the open top of the housing 102, 2102, 3102, 4102 in response to movement ofthe fan 212, 2112, 3112, 4112, 5112.
  • CO2-laden air 101 e.g., ambient air
  • the gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 have been described as including a bottom basin 110, 2110, 3110, 4110, 5110 in some implementations, the gas-liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 does not include a bottom basin.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 collected from the packing sections 106, 2106, 3106, 4106, 5106 and entrained CO2 capture solution 114 exiting the CCh-lean gas 105 can be funneled (e.g., by using bottom walls 173, 175, 2173, 2175, 3173, 3175, 4173, 5173) into an open pipe and gravity fed into an external reservoir or tank.
  • the bottom basin 110, 2110, 3110, 4110, 5110 of the gasliquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 can be selectively opened and closed to control the flow of CO2 capture solution 114 into the bottom basin 110, 2110, 3110, 4110, 5110.
  • the gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 have been depicted as having a single fan, in some implementations, the gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 include two or more fans, e.g., to reduce pressure drop.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 with the packing sections 106, 2106, 3106, 4106, 5106 disclosed herein is part of a direct-aircapture (DAC) system 1200, 1300, 1400 for capturing CO2 directly from atmospheric air, according to a non-limiting example of a use for the gas-liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000.
  • One or multiple gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 absorb some of the CO2 from the CO2-laden air 101 using the CO2 capture solution 114 to form the CO2-laden capture solution 111.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 may need to be regenerated from the CCh-laden capture solution 111, which can be carried out in a regeneration system 1230, 1330, 1430 of the DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400.
  • the regeneration system 1230, 1330, 1430 functions to process the CO2-laden capture solution 111 (e.g., spent capture solution) to recover and/or concentrate the CO2 content laden in the CCh-laden capture solution 111, and to produce a gaseous CO2 product stream.
  • one or multiple gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 includes a drift elimination system 700 that is configured to remove at least a portion of aerosolized particles from the CCh-lean gas 105 flowing out of the gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000.
  • the DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400 includes an electrical power source 1231, 1331, 1431 that can be electrically coupled to the drift elimination system(s) 700 to provide an electric charge to the drift elimination system(s) 700, and can also provide some or all of the electrical power to other components and units of the DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400.
  • the electrical power source 1231, 1331, 1431 can be any suitable source of electrical power including, but not limited to, renewable electrical power sources, such as a wind power source, a solar power source, or a hydroelectric power source.
  • renewable electrical power sources such as a wind power source, a solar power source, or a hydroelectric power source.
  • the CO2-laden capture solution 11 1 flows from the gas-liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 to a regeneration system 1230, 1330, 1430 as shown in FIGS. 10 to 13.
  • the CCh-laden capture solution 111 flows from the gas liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 to a pellet reactor 1210 of the DAC system 1200.
  • a slurry of calcium hydroxide 1224 is injected into the pellet reactor 1210.
  • a reaction between the CCh-laden capture solution 111 and the calcium hydroxide 1224 occurs in the pellet reactor.
  • Ca 2+ reacts with CCh 2 ' in the pellet reactor 1210 to form calcium carbonate solids and an aqueous alkaline solution as the CO2 capture solution 114 (such as hydroxide), thereby regenerating the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • potassium carbonate in the CO2- laden capture solution 111 can react with calcium hydroxide to form calcium carbonate and potassium hydroxide, thereby regenerating the CO2 capture solution 114 that includes potassium hydroxide.
  • the reaction of the CCh-laden capture solution 111 with Ca(OH)2 causes precipitation of calcium carbonate (CaCCh) onto calcium carbonate particles in the pellet reactor 1210. Further processing of the calcium carbonate solids, including but not limited to fdtering, dewatering or drying, can occur prior to sending the calcium carbonate solids to downstream process units.
  • a stream 1214 of calcium carbonate solids is transported from the pellet reactor 1210 to a calciner 1216 of the DAC system 1200.
  • the calciner 1216 calcines the calcium carbonate of the stream 1214 from the pellet reactor 1210 to produce a stream of gaseous CO2 1218 (i.e., a CO2 product stream of the DAC system 1200) and a stream of calcium oxide (CaO) 1220, possibly by oxy-combustion of a fuel source in the calciner 1216.
  • the stream of gaseous CO2 1218 is processed for sequestration or other uses, thereby removing some of the CO2 from the CCh-laden air 101 processed in the gas-liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000.
  • the stream of gaseous CO2 1218 either directly or after processing, can be provided as a product stream for use as desired, or for export.
  • the stream of calcium oxide (CaO) 1220 is slaked with water in a slaker 1222 of the DAC system 1200 to produce the slurry of calcium hydroxide 1224 that is provided to the pellet reactor 1210.
  • the DAC system 1200 can include multiple gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 where each gas-liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 forms a cell of a train/assembly of gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 can be regenerated using a different regeneration system.
  • the regeneration system 1230, 1330, 1430 can be part of the gas- liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 or separate therefrom.
  • the C Ch-laden capture solution 111 can flow to an electrochemical system that includes a cell stack, which can include a set of one or more membranes, and a set of electrodes.
  • the electrochemical system can regenerate the CO2 capture solution 114 from the CCh-laden capture solution 111 by applying an electric potential to an electrolyte including the CCh-laden capture solution 111.
  • the difference in electric potential causes ion exchange, thereby forming the recovered CO2 1218 and regenerating the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the CCh-laden capture solution 111 can flow to a thermal stripping column that employs steam to desorb CO2 from the CCh-laden capture solution 111, thereby forming the recovered CO2 stream 1218, 1318, 1418 and regenerating the CO2 capture solution 114 (e.g., CCh-lean liquid).
  • the regeneration system 1230, 1330, 1430 can include liquid distribution pipes, solids conveying equipment, fdtration systems, intermediate components like storage vessels, and/or an assembly of components which function cooperatively to regenerate the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the regeneration system 1230, 1330, 1430 also includes pumps which flow liquids to and from the regeneration system 1230, 1330, 1430.
  • the stream 1214 of calcium carbonate solids of the DAC system 1200 that is calcined in the calciner 1216 can be produced according to other techniques for capturing CO2 from the CCh-laden air 101.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 of the DAC system 1200 uses a liquid sorbent, and a carbonate- forming reactor which receives the CCh-laden capture solution 111 includes one or more reactors similar to those used in the Kraft pulping process to form calcium carbonate solids.
  • the regeneration system 1330 of the DAC system 1300 functions to regenerate an amine-including CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the CO2 capture solution 114 includes an amine capture species
  • the CO2 in the CCh-laden air 101 reacts with the amine capture species to form the CCh-laden capture solution 111 including solid precipitates, an example of which is carbamate.
  • the amine capture species of the CCh-capture solution 114 include, furan- bis(iminoguanidine) (FuBIG), isophorone diamine (IPDA), a hindered amine group having alkanolamine and alcoholic hydroxyl can be used.
  • alkanolamine examples include monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine, triethanolamine, methyldiethanolamine, diisopropanolamine, and diglycolamine.
  • examples of the hindered amine having alcoholic hydroxyl include 2-amino-2-methyl-l -propanol (AMP), 2-(ethylamino)-ethanol (EAE), and 2- (methylamino)-ethanol (MAE).
  • the regeneration system 1330 includes at least a concentrator 1305, a heat exchanger 1309, and a regeneration reactor 1307.
  • the CCE-laden capture solution 111 can include solids (e.g., carbamate solids) and be in the form of a slurry.
  • the slurry is flowed to the concentrator 1305, which functions to increase the concentration of the solids by separating solids from liquids.
  • a solids slurry stream 1321 is generated by the concentrator 1305.
  • the solids slurry stream 1321 includes a higher concentration of solids than the concentration of solids in the CO2- laden capture solution 111.
  • At least some of the liquid separated from the CCh-laden capture solution 111 by the concentrator 1305 forms a separated liquid stream 1323, which can include unreacted CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the separated liquid stream 1323 is flowed back to any suitable component or unit of the gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000.
  • the solids slurry stream 1321 flows to the heat exchanger 1309, where thermal energy from a regenerated, CCE-lean capture solution 1311 is transferred to the solids slurry stream 1321, as described below.
  • the heated solids slurry stream 1321 flows from the heat exchanger 1309 to the regeneration reactor 1307.
  • the heat exchanger 1309 can be considered a preheat heat exchanger that heat integrates a concentrated slurry (e.g., the solids slurry stream 1321) with a higher temperature regenerated capture solution (e.g., the CCh-lean capture solution 1311).
  • the solids in the heated solids slurry stream 1321 are at least partially regenerated in the heat exchanger 1309 or downstream thereof, releasing CO2, prior to entering the regeneration reactor 1307.
  • the heat exchanger 1309 can be upstream of the concentrator 1305, relative to a flow direction of the CCf-laden capture solution 111 from the gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 to the concentrator 1305.
  • the heat exchanger 1309 functions to transfer thermal energy from the C Ch-lean capture solution 1311 to the CCh-laden capture solution 111 before it undergoes solid-liquid separation in the concentrator 1305.
  • the heat exchanger 1309 helps to reduce the duty of the regeneration reactor 1307 in implementations where the regeneration reactor 1307 uses heat to regenerate the CCh-laden capture solution 111 .
  • the regeneration system 1330 does not have a heat exchanger.
  • the heated solids slurry stream 1321 flows through packing 1303 within the regeneration reactor 1307.
  • a regeneration heater 1306 supplies a source of heat, such as a stream of heated gas or vapor 1317 (e.g., steam), which directly or indirectly_contacts the heated solids slurry stream 1321 flowing along the packing 1303.
  • the regeneration reactor 1307 includes one or more nozzles for flowing the heated solids slurry stream 1321 onto the packing 1303.
  • the regeneration reactor 1307 includes a column with trays instead of, or in addition to, the packing column.
  • the packing 1303 is non- structured (e.g., random packing).
  • the CCh-lean capture solution 1311 (e.g., regenerated CO2 capture solution 114) is generated and a CO2 gas 1319 is desorbed.
  • the CCh-lean capture solution 1311 collects at the bottom of the regeneration reactor 1307.
  • the CCh-lean capture solution 1311 is at a relatively high temperature and is flowed to the heat exchanger 1309 to transfer at least some of its thermal energy to the solids slurry stream 1321 flowing from the concentrator 1305, as described above.
  • the CCh-lean capture solution 1311 is flowed directly to one or more components of the gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 and reused in the gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 for CO 2 capture.
  • the CO2 gas 1319 is released from the regeneration reactor 1307 along with water vapor 1318 via a gas discharging line.
  • the mixed gas stream (CO2 gas 1319 and water vapor 1318) flow from the regeneration reactor 1307 to a condenser 1308.
  • the mixed gas stream can also include volatile amines/organics.
  • the condenser 1308 condenses the water vapor 1318 (and the volatile amines/organics), forms a water stream 1320 (which can have condensable amines/organics), and separates the CO2 gas 1319 from the water stream 1320.
  • the CO2 gas 1319 is released from the condenser 1308 as the CO2 product stream 1325.
  • the CO2 product stream 1325 can be treated or processed as desired, such as by being compressed.
  • the compressed CO2 product stream 1325 either directly or after processing, can be provided for use as desired, or for export.
  • the condensed water stream 1320 flows from the condenser 1308 to the regeneration heater 1306 to be used to generate the stream of heated gas or vapor 1317 in the regeneration reactor 1307.
  • the condensed water stream 1320 flows directly to the heat exchanger 1309.
  • the regeneration system 1330 of FIG. 12 can be configured for regenerating a CCh-laden capture solution 111 comprising carbon- containing compounds in solution (e.g., carbamates which partially hydrolyse into bicarbonate anions) free or substantially free of precipitated compounds.
  • the regeneration system 1330 includes componentry to remove CO2 from the carbon dioxide-rich CCh- laden capture solution 111 by any suitable method, such as desorption.
  • Desorption may be achieved by heating the solution to temperatures between 80°C and 200°C, such as in the regeneration reactor 1307 which can use the stream of heated gas 1317 as the stripping gas, where the stream of heated gas 1317 is produced in the regeneration heater 1306.
  • the regeneration reactor 1307 can be, or include, a desorption unit.
  • the regeneration reactor 1307 can operate at sub- atmospheric pressure to lower the temperature of the regeneration process.
  • the regeneration reactor 1307 can include one or more flash units in which the CCh-laden capture solution I l l is heated and injected into a vessel at lower pressure, causing the water vapor 1318 and the CO2 gas 1319 to be released.
  • Techniques for removing carbon dioxide other than the temperature-swing process described above include, but are not limited to: pressure reduction, reducing the solution pH, and carbonate crystallisation (e.g., by addition of bis-iminoguanidines or other material which forms insoluble carbonates).
  • the CO2 removal regenerates the CO2 capture solution 114 (i.e., restores the amino acid) in the absorbent solution.
  • the regeneration reactor 1307 does not include a packed column and is thus free of packing.
  • the regeneration reactor 1307 can be, or can include, any one of the following non-limiting examples of reaction vessels: a tubular reactor, a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) in which reagents, reactants, and solvents flow into the reactor while the products of the reaction concurrently exit the vessel, or a fluidized-bed reactor.
  • CSTR continuous stirred tank reactor
  • the tubular reactor can have an internal heating device (e.g., an electric heating element) and/or an external heating device (e.g., a heating jacket), inlet and outlet ports, and a phase separator or other suitable outlet to permit CO2 to degas from the tubular reactor.
  • an internal heating device e.g., an electric heating element
  • an external heating device e.g., a heating jacket
  • inlet and outlet ports e.g., a heating jacket
  • a phase separator or other suitable outlet to permit CO2 to degas from the tubular reactor.
  • the CSTR can have an internal heating device (e.g., an electric heating element) and/or an external heating device (e.g., a heating jacket), a mixing element (such as a rotor and/or baffles), inlet and outlet ports, and a phase separator or other suitable outlet to permit CO2 to degas from the CSTR.
  • an internal heating device e.g., an electric heating element
  • an external heating device e.g., a heating jacket
  • a mixing element such as a rotor and/or baffles
  • inlet and outlet ports e.g., a rotor and/or baffles
  • phase separator or other suitable outlet to permit CO2 to degas from the CSTR.
  • the solids slurry stream 1321 can enter the fluidized-bed reactor from a top of the reactor, and a heating medium (e.g., steam) can be heated externally and flowed to the fluidized- bed reactor to fluidize the bed of solids and transfer heat thereto.
  • a heating medium e.g., steam
  • the fluidized-bed reactor can have a distribution plate or mesh at a bottom thereof to support the solids being fluidized.
  • the fluidized-bed reactor can also have inlet and outlet ports, and a phase separator or other suitable outlet to permit CO2 to degas from the fluidized-bed reactor.
  • the DAC system 1400 includes another example of a regeneration system 1430 which is free of a calciner and does not produce calcium carbonate solids.
  • the regeneration system 1430 is configured to regenerate a CCh-rich sorbent (e.g., the CC -laden capture solution 111) received from one or multiple gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000.
  • the regeneration system 1430 includes a carbonate separation subsystem 1404 and a products generation subsystem 1406.
  • the gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 are fluidly coupled to the products generation subsystem 1406 via the carbonate separation subsystem 1404.
  • the gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 provides the CCh-laden capture solution 111 to the carbonate separation subsystem 1404.
  • the CO2-laden capture solution 111 can be an aqueous mixture comprising primarily carbonate ions, alkaline metal carbonate (e.g., K2CO3, ISfcCCh), or a combination thereof.
  • the CCh-laden capture solution 111 can also include other components in smaller amounts, such as hydroxide ions, alkali metal hydroxide (e.g., KOH, NaOH), water, and impurities.
  • the CO2-laden capture solution 111 can comprise between 0.4 M to 14 M K2COs and between 1 M to 10 M KOH.
  • the CO2-laden capture solution 111 can comprise an aqueous Na2COa — NaOH mixture.
  • the CO2-laden capture solution 111 can comprise a mixture of K2CO3 and Na2CO3.
  • the carbonate separation subsystem 1404 can include a caustic evaporator or a crystallizer (or both).
  • the carbonate separation subsystem 1404 can include a nanofiltration unit or a crystallizer (or both).
  • the carbonate separation subsystem 1404 yields a crystalline carbonate hydrate 1414.
  • Crystalline carbonate hydrate 1414 can include carbonate sesquihydrate (M2CO3 1.5 H2O) or an anhydrous carbonate.
  • crystalline carbonate hydrate 1414 can include potassium carbonate sesquihydrate (K2CO3 1.5 H2O).
  • the crystalline carbonate hydrate 1414 can include sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na2CO3 10 H2O). In some examples, the crystalline carbonate hydrate 1414 can include potassium sodium carbonate hexahydrate (KNaCCh 14 H2O). In example implementations, the crystalline carbonate hydrate 1414 can include a different stoichiometry of water molecules per unit carbonate in the crystalline carbonate (e g., NfcCCh n H2O where M is an alkali metal and n is an integer or fractional value).
  • the products generation subsystem 1406 receives the crystalline carbonate hydrate 1414.
  • the products generation subsystem 1406 includes a dissolving tank 1408 fluidly coupled to an electrochemical cell 1410.
  • the products generation subsystem 1406 can include a caustic evaporator.
  • the dissolving tank 1408 can receive the crystalline carbonate hydrate 1414 from the carbonate separation subsystem 1404, a water stream 1420, and a brine stream 1422.
  • a polished aqueous solution can be used instead of or in addition to the water stream 1420.
  • a polished aqueous solution can be substantially free of particulates and dissolved contaminants (e.g., only contain an insignificant amount of particulates and dissolved contaminants, if any).
  • the crystalline carbonate hydrate 1414 dissolves in water and combines with bicarbonate HCO3 in the brine stream 1422 to form a feed solution 1416.
  • the feed solution 1416 can include a bicarbonate I ICO3 -rich solution with a mixture of other components such as carbonate and water.
  • the electrochemical cell 1410 receives the feed solution 1416 and a water stream 1420.
  • the electrochemical cell 1410 yields at least two product streams including a first product stream 1412 that comprises a hydroxide (regenerated CO2 capture solution 114) and is returned to the gas-liquid contactor(s) 100, 2000, 3000, 4000 for reuse.
  • the second product stream 1428 is sent to a flash tank 1429 where a gaseous CO2 product stream 1424 is partially or fully released from the flash tank 1429 and then sent to one or more processing units (e.g., compression unit, electroreduction subsystem, carbon products manufacturing system, syngas generation reactor).
  • processing units e.g., compression unit, electroreduction subsystem, carbon products manufacturing system, syngas generation reactor.
  • implementations of the DAC system 1400 can include any features as described and claimed in published International Patent Application WO 2022/235708 and published US Patent Application No. 2022/0362707, entitled “Systems and methods for capturing carbon dioxide and regenerating a capture solution”, both applications being incorporated herein by reference.
  • the regeneration system 1230, 1330, 1430 can include liquid distribution pipes, solids conveying equipment, fdtration systems, intermediate components like storage vessels, and/or an assembly of components which function cooperatively to regenerate the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the regeneration system 1230, 1330, 1430 also includes pumps which flow liquids to and from the regeneration system 1230, 1330, 1430.
  • the regeneration system 1230, 1330, 1430 can be part of the gas-liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 or separate therefrom.
  • the gas-liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 may include, or be fluidly coupled to, devices for managing liquid level in the gas-liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000.
  • devices for managing liquid level in the gas-liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 may include, but are not limited to, evaporators to reduce liquid levels and/or maintain concentrations of the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • These devices may include, but are not limited to, water make-up tanks or sources to manage liquid levels and/or maintain concentrations of the CO2 capture solution 114.
  • the DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400 may include multiple gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000.
  • the DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400 includes multiple gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 arranged adjacent each other to form an array or a train of gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000.
  • the DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400 may include multiple arrays or trains of gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000.
  • each gas-liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 can be grouped together with one or more other gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 to provide the DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400 with one or more wall(s), array(s) or train(s), where each wall, array or train has multiple gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000.
  • gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 are arranged next to one another to form a contactor wall 1502.
  • the number of gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 composing the contactor wall 1502 may vary (as represented by the ellipsis symbol “[.. . ]” in FIG. 14).
  • the contactor wall 1502 may include a large number of gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 for example between 10 and 100 gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000.
  • the number of gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 in the contactor wall 1502 is greater than 1,000.
  • the number of gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 in the contactor wall 1502 may be determined based on a variety of factors, such as a plume of CCh-lean gas 105 generated by the contactor wall 1502 during operation of the gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000.
  • the contactor wall 1502 extends along its own wall axis 1509.
  • the wall axis 1509 extends along a direction that is perpendicular to the packing depth 106D of the gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, and perpendicular to the packing LTD 106L of the gasliquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000.
  • gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 are positioned (e.g., directly) adjacent each other, and referring to FIG. 14, they may be abutted along a dividing wall 1525 which fluidly separates components of one gas-liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000 from an adjacent gas-liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000.
  • the dividing wall 1525 helps to ensure that the CCh-laden air 101 flowing through the one or more airflow inlets 1031 of a gas-liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 flows through the packing section(s) 106 of that gas-liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 rather than into an adjacent gas-liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000.
  • the dividing walls 1525 extend in an upright or vertical direction, and along a direction parallel to the packing depth 106D. In example implementations, the vertical extent of one or more of the dividing walls 1525 begins at, or below, the liquid level in the bottom basin 110. This configuration of the dividing walls 1525 can help to minimise or eliminate air bypassing the dividing walls 1525.
  • each gas-liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 is separated from the plenum 108 of an adjacent gas-liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 by one or more dividing walls 1525. At least some of the dividing walls 1525 are internal to the contactor wall 1502. Each dividing wall 1525 forms a barrier to airflow between the adjacent plenums 108 delimited by that dividing wall 1525, so as to prevent air from flowing between the plenums 108.
  • the dividing walls 1525 may allow for multiple gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 of the contactor wall 502 to remain operational if one of the gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 or its fan 121 is deactivated.
  • the dividing walls 1525 of FIG. 14 are internal to the contactor wall 1502, and it will be appreciated that the contactor wall 1502 can have externally-applied dividing walls 1525 at opposite longitudinal ends of the contactor wall 1502.
  • the plenums 108 are arranged adjacent each other along the length of the contactor wall 1502 defined along the wall axis 1509.
  • the contactor wall 1502 includes a single plenum 108 that is continuous along its length defined parallel to the wall axis 1509, such that the contactor wall 1502 is free of internal dividing walls 1525.
  • the contactor wall 1502 includes multiple plenums 108 delineated by the dividing walls 1525, where two or more gas-liquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 of the contactor wall 1502 share a common plenum 108.
  • the dividing walls 1525 include doors or closeable openings, to provide access to the interior 113 of adjacent gasliquid contactors 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000. In example implementations, and referring to FIG.
  • the contactor wall 1502 includes multiple plenums 108, where each gas-liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 forming the contactor wall 1502 has one plenum 108.
  • Each plenum 108 is separated from an adjacent plenum 108 by one or more dividing walls 1525.
  • each dividing wall 1525 shown is located between two fan stacks 107 and forms a barrier to airflow between two plenums 108 delimited by that dividing wall 1525, where each plenum 108 is in fluid communication with a respective one of the fan stacks 107.
  • the contactor wall 1502 can be part of the DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400.
  • each DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400 can include multiple contactor walls 1502 arranged on a plot of land 1505.
  • Each contactor wall 1502 is spaced apart from another contactor wall 1502.
  • the terms “train”, “array” and “wall” may be used interchangeably.
  • the DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400 of FIG. 15 is shown with multiple contactor walls 1502 for the purposes of illustration.
  • the DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400 can alternatively have only one contactor wall 1502. Referring to FIG.
  • the DAC system 1200, 1300, 1400 includes a regeneration system 1230, 1330, 1430, such as one or more of those described above, in fluid communication with the contactor walls 1502.
  • the regeneration system 1230, 1330, 1430 functions to regenerate the CCh-rich sorbent (e g., the CCh-laden capture solution 111) received from the contactor walls 1502, or from other componentry that treats the CCh-laden capture solution 111 from the contactor walls 1502.
  • the regeneration system 1230, 1330, 1430 forms a regenerated sorbent (e.g., the regenerated CO2 capture solution 114) that is conveyed back to the contactor walls 1502.
  • each contactor wall 1502 has a single or common bottom basin 110.
  • the bottom basin 110 of each contactor wall 1502 is in fluid communication with the regeneration system 1230, 1330, 1430.
  • the process streams from the bottom basin 110 of a contactor wall 1502 flows, or is flowed, to the bottom basin 110 of another contactor wall 1502.
  • a method 701 for capturing CO2 from atmospheric air is disclosed.
  • the method 7000 includes flowing the atmospheric air (e.g., the CCh-laden air 101) in a downward direction through at least one packing section (e.g., packing 106, 2106, 3106, 4106).
  • the method 701 includes flowing the CO2 capture solution 114 in the downward direction along the at least one packing section to absorb CO2 from the atmospheric air into the CO2 capture solution 114 and to form the CCh-lean gas stream 105 that includes a plurality of aerosolized particles of CCh-laden capture solution 111.
  • the method 701 includes flowing the CCh-lean gas stream 105 in an upward direction through at least one airflow outlet (e.g., outlet 1030, 21030, 31030, 41030).
  • the CO2-lean gas stream 105 turns from a downward flow direction to an upward flow direction within a funnel section (e.g., funnel section 174, 2174, 3174, 4174) of a gas-liquid contactor (e.g., gas-liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000).
  • FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram of a control system (or controller) 800 for a gasliquid contactor, such as gas-liquid contactor 100, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 disclosed herein.
  • the system 800 can be used for the operations described in association with any of the computer- implemented methods described previously, for example as or as part of the control system 999 or other controllers described herein.
  • the system 800 is intended to include various forms of digital computers, such as laptops, desktops, workstations, personal digital assistants, servers, blade servers, mainframes, and other appropriate computers.
  • the system 800 can also include mobile devices, such as personal digital assistants, cellular telephones, smartphones, and other similar computing devices.
  • the system can include portable storage media, such as, Universal Serial Bus (USB) flash drives.
  • USB flash drives may store operating systems and other applications.
  • the USB flash drives can include input/output components, such as a wireless transmitter or USB connector that may be inserted into a USB port of another computing device.
  • the system 800 includes a processor 810, a memory 820, a storage device 830, and an input/output device 840.
  • the processor 810 is capable of processing instructions for execution within the system 800.
  • the processor 810 may be designed using any of a number of architectures.
  • the processor 810 may be a CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers) processor, a RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) processor, or a MISC (Minimal Instruction Set Computer) processor.
  • the processor 810 is a single-threaded processor. In some implementations, the processor 810 is a multi -threaded processor. The processor 810 is capable of processing instructions stored in the memory 820 or on the storage device 830 to display graphical information for a user interface on the input/output device 840.
  • the memory 820 stores information within the system 800.
  • the memory 820 is a computer-readable medium.
  • the memory 820 is a volatile memory unit.
  • the memory 820 is a non-volatile memory unit.
  • the storage device 830 is capable of providing mass storage for the system 800.
  • the storage device 830 is a computer-readable medium.
  • the storage device 830 may be a floppy disk device, a hard disk device, an optical disk device, or a tape device.
  • the input/output device 840 provides input/output operations for the system 800.
  • the input/output device 840 includes a keyboard and/or pointing device.
  • the input/output device 840 includes a display unit for displaying graphical user interfaces.
  • the processor 810 is configured to execute a machine learning model (e.g., an artificial intelligence model) that employs multiple layers of models to generate an output for a received input.
  • a deep neural network is a deep machine learning model that includes an output layer and one or more hidden layers that each apply a non-linear transformation to a received input to generate an output.
  • the neural network may be a recurrent neural network.
  • a recurrent neural network is a neural network that receives an input sequence and generates an output sequence from the input sequence.
  • a recurrent neural network uses some or all of the internal state of the network after processing a previous input in the input sequence to generate an output from the current input in the input sequence.
  • the machine learning model executed by the processor 810 can be, for example, a deeplearning neural network or a "very" deep learning neural network.
  • the machine learning model executed by the processor 810 can be a convolutional neural network or a recurrent network.
  • the machine learning model can have residual connections or dense connections.
  • the machine learning model executed by the processor 810 is an ensemble of models that may include all or a subset of the architectures described above.
  • the machine learning model executed by the processor 810 is a graph neural network (GNN).
  • GNNs are a designed to process data that can be represented in a graph form and feature pairwise message passing to enable iterative updating of node representation of the graph data.
  • the machine learning model executed by the processor 810 can be a feedforward auto-encoder neural network.
  • the machine learning model executed by the processor 810 can be a three-layer auto-encoder neural network.
  • the machine learning model executed by the processor 810 may include an input layer, a hidden layer, and an output layer.
  • the neural network has no recurrent connections between layers. Each layer of the neural network may be fully connected to the next, e.g., there may be no pruning between the layers.
  • the neural network may include an optimizer for training the network and computing updated layer weights.
  • the neural network may apply a mathematical transformation, e.g., a convolutional transformation or factor analysis to input data prior to feeding the input data to the network.
  • the machine learning model executed by the processor 810 can be a supervised model. For example, for each input provided to the model during training, the machine learning model can be instructed as to what the correct output should be.
  • the machine learning model executed by the processor 810 can use batch training, e.g., training on a subset of examples before each adjustment, instead of the entire available set of examples. This may improve the efficiency of training the model and may improve the generalizability of the model.
  • the machine learning model executed by the processor 810 may be an unsupervised model. For example, the model may adjust itself based on mathematical distances between examples rather than based on feedback on its performance.
  • the machine learning model executed by the processor 810 can provide suggested additional data that could further improve the output of the machine learning model.
  • Certain features described can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations of them.
  • the apparatus can be implemented in a computer program product tangibly embodied in an information carrier, e.g., in a machine-readable storage device for execution by a programmable processor; and method steps can be performed by a programmable processor executing a program of instructions to perform functions of the described implementations by operating on input data and generating output.
  • the described features can be implemented advantageously in one or more computer programs that are executable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a data storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device.
  • a computer program is a set of instructions that can be used, directly or indirectly, in a computer to perform a certain activity or bring about a certain result.
  • a computer program can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment.
  • Suitable processors for the execution of a program of instructions include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and the sole processor or one of multiple processors of any kind of computer.
  • a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random access memory or both.
  • the essential elements of a computer are a processor for executing instructions and one or more memories for storing instructions and data.
  • a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to communicate with, one or more mass storage devices for storing data files; such devices include magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and optical disks.
  • Storage devices suitable for tangibly embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.
  • semiconductor memory devices such as EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices
  • magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removable disks
  • magneto-optical disks and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.
  • the processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, ASICs (applicationspecific integrated circuits).
  • ASICs applicationspecific integrated circuits
  • the features can be implemented on a computer having a display device such as a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device such as a mouse or a trackball by which the user can provide input to the computer. Additionally, such activities can be implemented via touchscreen flat-panel displays and other appropriate mechanisms.
  • a display device such as a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device such as a mouse or a trackball by which the user can provide input to the computer.
  • a keyboard and a pointing device such as a mouse or a trackball
  • the features can be implemented in a control system that includes a back-end component, such as a data server, or that includes a middleware component, such as an application server or an Internet server, or that includes a front-end component, such as a client computer having a graphical user interface or an Internet browser, or any combination of them.
  • the components of the system can be connected by any form or medium of digital data communication such as a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network (“LAN”), a wide area network (“WAN”), peer-to-peer networks (having ad-hoc or static members), grid computing infrastructures, and the Internet.
  • LAN local area network
  • WAN wide area network
  • peer-to-peer networks having ad-hoc or static members
  • grid computing infrastructures and the Internet.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Gas Separation By Absorption (AREA)
  • Treating Waste Gases (AREA)

Abstract

Un contacteur gaz-liquide pour capturer du dioxyde de carbone à partir de l'air atmosphérique comprend au moins une entrée ; au moins une sortie espacée de la ou des entrées ; une interface gaz-sorbant disposée entre la ou les entrées et la ou les sorties ; un système de distribution de liquide conçu pour faire circuler une solution de capture de CO2 le long de l'interface gaz-sorbant ; au moins un dispositif de circulation de gaz conçu pour faire circuler de l'air atmosphérique le long d'un trajet de circulation pour amener l'air atmosphérique à entrer en contact avec la solution de capture de CO2 et amener le CO2 de l'air atmosphérique à être absorbé dans la solution de capture de CO2 pour former un flux de gaz pauvre en CO2 pouvant circuler à travers la ou les sorties, le flux de gaz pauvre en CO2 étant dévié d'une direction orientée vers le bas à une direction orientée vers le haut amenant au moins une partie de particules mises sous forme d'aérosol contenues dans le flux de gaz pauvre en CO2 à sortir dudit flux de gaz pauvre en CO2 en amont de la ou des sorties.
PCT/US2025/031782 2024-05-30 2025-05-30 Capture de dioxyde de carbone Pending WO2025251029A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US202463653556P 2024-05-30 2024-05-30
US63/653,556 2024-05-30

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2025251029A1 true WO2025251029A1 (fr) 2025-12-04

Family

ID=96356648

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2025/031782 Pending WO2025251029A1 (fr) 2024-05-30 2025-05-30 Capture de dioxyde de carbone

Country Status (1)

Country Link
WO (1) WO2025251029A1 (fr)

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20200139301A1 (en) * 2018-11-02 2020-05-07 Das Environmental Expert Gmbh Apparatus and method for wet cleaning a gas stream
US20220176312A1 (en) 2020-12-07 2022-06-09 Carbon Engineering Ltd. Capturing carbon dioxide
WO2022235708A1 (fr) 2021-05-03 2022-11-10 Carbon Engineering Ltd. Systèmes et procédés pour capturer du dioxyde de carbone et régénérer une solution de capture
US20220362737A1 (en) * 2021-05-11 2022-11-17 Carbon Engineering Ltd. Gas-liquid contactor with packing for capturing carbon dioxide
US20230073553A1 (en) * 2021-08-29 2023-03-09 Carbon Capture, Inc. Continuous processes and systems to reduce energy requirements of using zeolites for carbon capture under humid conditions
CA3230360A1 (fr) * 2021-09-14 2023-03-23 Robert Louis ZELLER III Capture de dioxyde de carbone
US20230130721A1 (en) * 2021-10-27 2023-04-27 Ut-Battelle, Llc Intensified carbon capture using building infrastructure

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20200139301A1 (en) * 2018-11-02 2020-05-07 Das Environmental Expert Gmbh Apparatus and method for wet cleaning a gas stream
US20220176312A1 (en) 2020-12-07 2022-06-09 Carbon Engineering Ltd. Capturing carbon dioxide
WO2022235708A1 (fr) 2021-05-03 2022-11-10 Carbon Engineering Ltd. Systèmes et procédés pour capturer du dioxyde de carbone et régénérer une solution de capture
US20220362707A1 (en) 2021-05-03 2022-11-17 Carbon Engineering Ltd. Systems and methods for capturing carbon dioxide and regenerating a capture solution
US20220362737A1 (en) * 2021-05-11 2022-11-17 Carbon Engineering Ltd. Gas-liquid contactor with packing for capturing carbon dioxide
US20230073553A1 (en) * 2021-08-29 2023-03-09 Carbon Capture, Inc. Continuous processes and systems to reduce energy requirements of using zeolites for carbon capture under humid conditions
CA3230360A1 (fr) * 2021-09-14 2023-03-23 Robert Louis ZELLER III Capture de dioxyde de carbone
US20230130721A1 (en) * 2021-10-27 2023-04-27 Ut-Battelle, Llc Intensified carbon capture using building infrastructure

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
AU2005290082B2 (en) Removal of carbon dioxide from air
US20240316490A1 (en) Capturing carbon dioxide
CN101909720B (zh) 用于处理烟道气流的多级co2去除系统和方法
US7833328B2 (en) Laminar scrubber apparatus for capturing carbon dioxide from air and methods of use
US20250058272A1 (en) Capturing carbon dioxide
US20060051274A1 (en) Removal of carbon dioxide from air
AU2010201373A1 (en) System and methods for processing CO2
US6946288B2 (en) Ventilation system for an enclosure in which people live and a method thereof
CN101983098A (zh) 加工co2的系统和方法
EP3781296A1 (fr) Hydratation de flux de gaz
RU2476257C2 (ru) Система и способ обработки отходящего газа, содержащего со2 и отделения со2
WO2025251029A1 (fr) Capture de dioxyde de carbone
WO2025222054A1 (fr) Systèmes et procédés de réduction de dérive dans le captage de dioxyde de carbone
WO2025129063A1 (fr) Installation de capture de dioxyde de carbone
WO2025137281A1 (fr) Capture de dioxyde de carbone
US20250303353A1 (en) Gas-liquid contactor for capturing carbon dioxide
CN223628390U (zh) 填料片、规整填料、气液接触器和直接空气捕集系统
AU2011203094A1 (en) Removal of carbon dioxide from air
WO2025062000A1 (fr) Procédé et dispositif de production continue de dioxyde de carbone à partir d'une atmosphère gazeuse contenant du dioxyde de carbone