WO2025216519A1 - Transmission power determination - Google Patents

Abstract

An embodiment of the present disclosure provides a method. The method may include the steps in which: an apparatus transmits capability information related to MPR reduction to a base station; the apparatus receives scheduling information related to one or more other apparatuses from the base station; and the apparatus determines transmission power on the basis of a parameter related to power boost.

Description

Transmission power determination

This specification relates to mobile communications.

3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is a technology designed to enable high-speed packet communications. Numerous approaches have been proposed to achieve LTE's goals of reducing costs for users and operators, improving service quality, expanding coverage, and increasing system capacity. 3GPP LTE's high-level requirements include reduced cost per bit, improved service availability, flexible use of frequency bands, a simple architecture, open interfaces, and adequate power consumption for terminals.

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and 3GPP have begun work on developing requirements and specifications for New Radio (NR) systems. 3GPP must identify and develop the technical components necessary to successfully standardize NR, meeting both urgent market needs and the longer-term requirements outlined by the ITU Radio communication sector (ITU-R) International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT)-2020 process. Furthermore, NR must be able to utilize any spectrum band up to at least 110 GHz, ensuring that it remains available for wireless communications well into the future.

NR aims to be a single technology framework that addresses all deployment scenarios, usage scenarios, and requirements, including enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC), and Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC). NR must be inherently forward-compatible.

Because the UE must meet Specific Absortion Rate (SAR) requirements to avoid impacting the human body, it must use relatively lower transmission power than the gNB. This results in the UE's uplink coverage being lower than the gNB's downlink coverage.

In one aspect, a method is provided. The method may include: a step in which a device transmits capability information related to MPR reduction to a base station; a step in which the device receives scheduling information related to one or more other devices from the base station; and a step in which the device determines a transmission power based on a parameter related to power boost.

In another aspect, a device implementing the above method is provided.

In one aspect, a method is provided. The method may include the steps of receiving capability information related to MPR reduction from a device; and transmitting scheduling information related to one or more other devices to the device.

In another aspect, a device implementing the above method is provided.

Figure 1 illustrates an example of a communication system to which the implementation of this specification is applied.

Figure 2 illustrates an example of a wireless device to which the implementation of the present specification is applied.

Figure 3 illustrates an example of a wireless device to which the implementation of the present specification is applied.

Figure 4 is a diagram showing an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system.

Figure 5 shows an example of an electromagnetic spectrum.

FIGS. 6A to 6E illustrate examples of RACH procedures applicable to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

Figure 7 is an example of an imbalance between uplink coverage and downlink coverage.

FIG. 8 is an example of an inner region, an outer region, and an edge region according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

FIG. 9 is an example of a BS channel bandwidth and a UE channel bandwidth according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

FIG. 10 is an example of an activation state of a UE channel in case 1-1 according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

FIG. 11 is an example of an activation state of a UE channel in case 1-2 according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

FIG. 12 is an example of an activation state of a UE channel in case 2-1 according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

FIG. 13 is an example of an activation state of a UE channel in case 2-2 according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

FIG. 14 is an example showing the definition of xRB according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

FIG. 15 is an example of a case where xRB is large according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

FIG. 16 is an example of a case where xRB is small according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

FIG. 17 is an example of re-determining an allocated area according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

FIG. 18 is an example of a procedure according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

The following techniques, devices, and systems can be applied to various wireless multiple access systems. Examples of multiple access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) systems, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems, Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) systems, and Multi-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (MC-FDMA) systems. CDMA can be implemented using wireless technologies such as Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) or CDMA2000. TDMA can be implemented using wireless technologies such as Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), or Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE). OFDMA can be implemented using wireless technologies such as IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, or Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA). UTRA is part of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is a part of E-UMTS (Evolved UMTS) that uses E-UTRA. 3GPP LTE uses OFDMA in the downlink (DL) and SC-FDMA in the uplink (UL).

The following techniques, devices, and systems can be applied to various wireless multiple access systems. Examples of multiple access systems include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and multicarrier frequency division multiple access (MC-FDMA) systems. CDMA can be implemented via wireless technologies such as universal terrestrial radio access (UTRA) or CDMA2000. TDMA can be implemented via wireless technologies such as global system for mobile communications (GSM), general packet radio service (GPRS), or enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE). OFDMA can be implemented using wireless technologies such as IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, or evolved UTRA (E-UTRA). UTRA is part of the universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS). 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) long-term evolution (LTE) is a part of evolved UMTS (E-UMTS) that uses E-UTRA. 3GPP LTE uses OFDMA in the downlink (DL) and SC-FDMA in the uplink (UL). Evolutions of 3GPP LTE include LTE-A (advanced), LTE-A Pro, and/or 5G NR (new radio).

For convenience of explanation, the implementation of this specification is primarily described in relation to a 3GPP-based wireless communication system. However, the technical features of this specification are not limited thereto. For example, the following detailed description is provided based on a mobile communication system corresponding to a 3GPP-based wireless communication system. However, aspects of this specification that are not limited to a 3GPP-based wireless communication system can be applied to other mobile communication systems.

For terms and technologies used in this specification that are not specifically described, reference may be made to wireless communication standard documents published prior to this specification.

In this specification, “A or B” can mean “only A,” “only B,” or “both A and B.” In other words, “A or B” in this specification can be interpreted as “A and/or B.” For example, “A, B or C” in this specification can mean “only A,” “only B,” “only C,” or “any combination of A, B, and C.”

As used herein, a slash (/) or comma can mean "and/or." For example, "A/B" can mean "A and/or B." Accordingly, "A/B" can mean "only A," "only B," or "both A and B." For example, "A, B, C" can mean "A, B, or C."

In this specification, “at least one of A and B” may mean “only A,” “only B,” or “both A and B.” Additionally, in this specification, the expressions “at least one of A or B” or “at least one of A and/or B” may be interpreted identically to “at least one of A and B.”

Additionally, in this specification, “at least one of A, B and C” can mean “only A”, “only B”, “only C”, or “any combination of A, B and C”. Additionally, “at least one of A, B or C” or “at least one of A, B and/or C” can mean “at least one of A, B and C”.

Additionally, parentheses used herein may mean “for example.” Specifically, when indicated as “control information (PDCCH),” “PDCCH” may be proposed as an example of “control information.” In other words, “control information” in this specification is not limited to “PDCCH,” and “PDCCH” may be proposed as an example of “control information.” Furthermore, even when indicated as “control information (i.e., PDCCH),” “PDCCH” may be proposed as an example of “control information.”

Technical features individually described in a single drawing in this specification may be implemented individually or simultaneously.

Although not limited thereto, the various descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein may be applied to various fields requiring wireless communication and/or connectivity between devices (e.g., 5G).

Hereinafter, the present specification will be described in more detail with reference to the drawings. In the following drawings and/or description, the same reference numbers may refer to the same or corresponding hardware blocks, software blocks, and/or functional blocks, unless otherwise indicated.

Although the attached drawing illustrates a UE (User Equipment) as an example, the illustrated UE may also be referred to as a terminal, ME (Mobile Equipment), etc. In addition, the UE may be a portable device such as a laptop, mobile phone, PDA, smart phone, multimedia device, etc., or a non-portable device such as a PC or vehicle-mounted device.

Hereinafter, "UE" is used as an example of a wireless communication device (or wireless device, or wireless device) capable of wireless communication. Operations performed by the UE may be performed by the wireless communication device. The wireless communication device may also be referred to as a wireless device, wireless device, etc.

The term base station used below generally refers to a fixed station that communicates with wireless devices, and may be called by other terms such as eNodeB (evolved-NodeB), eNB (evolved-NodeB), BTS (Base Transceiver System), Access Point, and gNB (Next generation NodeB).

Figure 1 illustrates an example of a communication system to which the implementation of this specification is applied.

The 5G usage scenario shown in FIG. 1 is only an example, and the technical features of this specification can be applied to other 5G usage scenarios not shown in FIG. 1.

The three main requirement categories for 5G are (1) enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), (2) massive machine type communication (mMTC), and (3) ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC).

Some use cases may require multiple criteria for optimization, while others may focus on a single key performance indicator (KPI). 5G supports these diverse use cases using flexible and reliable methods.

eMBB goes far beyond basic mobile internet access, encompassing rich interactive work and media and entertainment applications in the cloud and augmented reality. Data is a key driver of 5G, and for the first time, dedicated voice services may not be available in the 5G era. Voice processing is expected to be simplified in 5G as an application leveraging the data connections provided by the communication system. The primary reasons for the traffic increase are the increasing size of content and the rise of applications requiring high data rates. As more devices connect to the internet, streaming services (audio and video), conversational video, and mobile internet access will become more prevalent. Many of these applications require always-on connectivity to push real-time information and alerts to users. Cloud storage and applications are rapidly growing on mobile communication platforms and can be applied to both work and entertainment. Cloud storage is a special use case that accelerates the increase in uplink data rates. 5G is also used for remote work in the cloud. When using tactile interfaces, 5G requires significantly lower end-to-end latency to maintain a good user experience. For example, entertainment, such as cloud gaming and video streaming, is another key factor driving demand for mobile broadband capabilities. Smartphones and tablets are essential for entertainment in all environments, including highly mobile environments like trains, cars, and airplanes. Another use case is augmented reality for entertainment and information retrieval. In this case, AR requires extremely low latency and high data volumes.

One of the most anticipated 5G use cases involves mMTC, the ability to seamlessly connect embedded sensors across all sectors. The potential number of Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices is projected to reach 240 million by 2020. Industrial IoT is a key enabler of smart cities, asset tracking, smart utilities, agriculture, and security infrastructure, all enabled by 5G.

URLLC encompasses ultra-reliable, low-latency links that will transform industries through remote control of core infrastructure, enabling new services such as autonomous vehicles. Reliability and latency are essential for controlling smart grids, automating industries, achieving robotics, and controlling and coordinating drones.

5G is the means to deliver streaming data rates previously rated at hundreds of megabits per second, up to gigabits per second, complementing fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) and cable-based broadband (or DOCSIS). Such high speeds are necessary to deliver 4K and higher (6K, 8K, and beyond) resolution TV, as well as virtual and augmented reality (VR) applications. VR and AR applications include immersive sports games. Certain applications may require specialized network configurations. For example, for VR games, gaming companies must integrate their core servers with network operators' edge network servers to minimize latency.

Automotive is expected to be a significant new driver of 5G, with numerous use cases for in-vehicle mobile communications. For example, passenger entertainment demands high-capacity, high-mobility broadband mobile communications, as future users continue to expect high-quality connectivity regardless of location and speed. Another automotive application is an AR dashboard. This allows the driver to identify objects in the dark beyond what is visible through the windshield, overlapping the information provided to the driver to indicate their distance and movement. In the future, wireless modules will enable vehicle-to-vehicle communication, information exchange between vehicles and supporting infrastructure, and information exchange between vehicles and other connected devices (e.g., pedestrian-accompanying devices). Safety systems will guide drivers through alternative courses of action to reduce the risk of accidents. The next step will be remotely controlled or autonomous vehicles. This will require extremely reliable and fast communication between different autonomous vehicles and between vehicles and infrastructure. In the future, autonomous vehicles will perform all driving tasks, leaving drivers to focus solely on traffic as long as the vehicle remains undetectable. The technological requirements for autonomous vehicles will require ultra-low latency and ultra-high reliability, enhancing traffic safety to levels unattainable by humans.

Smart cities and smart homes/buildings, often referred to as smart societies, will be embedded in high-density wireless sensor networks. A distributed network of intelligent sensors will identify conditions for cost-effective and energy-efficient maintenance of cities or homes. A similar configuration can be implemented for each home. All temperature sensors, window and heating controllers, burglar alarms, and appliances will be wirelessly connected. Many of these sensors typically have low data rates, low power, and low cost. However, real-time HD video monitoring may be required by certain types of devices.

Higher decentralization of energy consumption and distribution, including heat and gas, requires automated control of distributed sensor networks. Smart grids use digital information and communication technologies to collect information and connect sensors to act on the collected information. This information can include the behavior of suppliers and consumers, allowing smart grids to improve the distribution of fuels like electricity through efficiency, reliability, economy, sustainable production, and automation. Smart grids can also be viewed as another low-latency sensor network.

Mission-critical applications (e.g., e-health) are one of the use cases for 5G. The health sector encompasses numerous applications that can benefit from mobile communications. Telecommunications systems can support telemedicine, which provides clinical care from remote locations. Telemedicine can help reduce distance barriers and improve access to medical services that are otherwise unavailable in remote, rural areas. Telemedicine is also used in emergency situations to provide critical care and save lives. Mobile-based wireless sensor networks can provide remote monitoring and sensors for parameters such as heart rate and blood pressure.

Wireless and mobile communications are becoming increasingly important in industrial applications. Wiring is expensive to install and maintain. Therefore, replacing cables with reconfigurable wireless links presents an attractive opportunity for many industries. However, achieving this replacement requires wireless connections with similar latency, reliability, and capacity to cables, and simplified management of wireless connections. With 5G connectivity, low latency and extremely low error rates are emerging requirements.

Logistics and freight tracking are important use cases for mobile communications, enabling inventory and package tracking anywhere using location-based information systems. Logistics and freight applications typically require low data rates but require wide-range, reliable location information.

Referring to FIG. 1, a communication system (1) includes wireless devices (100a to 100f), a base station (BS) (200), and a network (300). Although FIG. 1 illustrates a 5G network as an example of a network of the communication system (1), the implementation of the present disclosure is not limited to a 5G system and can be applied to future communication systems beyond the 5G system.

The base station (200) and the network (300) may be implemented as wireless devices, and a particular wireless device may operate as a base station/network node in relation to other wireless devices.

Wireless devices (100a to 100f) refer to devices that perform communication using radio access technology (RAT) (e.g., 5G NR or LTE) and may also be referred to as communication/wireless/5G devices. Wireless devices (100a to 100f) may include, but are not limited to, robots (100a), vehicles (100b-1 and 100b-2), extended reality (XR) devices (100c), portable devices (100d), home appliances (100e), IoT devices (100f), and artificial intelligence (AI) devices/servers (400). For example, vehicles may include vehicles having wireless communication capabilities, autonomous vehicles, and vehicles capable of performing vehicle-to-vehicle communication. Vehicles may include unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) (e.g., drones). XR devices may include AR/VR/mixed reality (MR) devices, and may be implemented in the form of head-mounted devices (HMDs) and heads-up displays (HUDs) mounted on vehicles, televisions, smartphones, computers, wearable devices, home appliances, digital signs, vehicles, robots, etc. Portable devices may include smartphones, smart pads, wearable devices (e.g., smart watches or smart glasses), and computers (e.g., laptops). Home appliances may include TVs, refrigerators, and washing machines. IoT devices may include sensors and smart meters.

In this specification, wireless devices (100a to 100f) may be referred to as user equipment (UE). The UE may include, for example, a mobile phone, a smartphone, a laptop computer, a digital broadcasting terminal, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a portable multimedia player (PMP), a navigation system, a slate PC, a tablet PC, an ultrabook, a vehicle, a vehicle with autonomous driving functions, a connected car, a UAV, an AI module, a robot, an AR device, a VR device, an MR device, a holographic device, a public safety device, an MTC device, an IoT device, a medical device, a fintech device (or a financial device), a security device, a weather/environmental device, a 5G service-related device, or a 4th industrial revolution-related device.

For example, a UAV may be an aircraft that is unmanned and navigated by radio control signals.

For example, a VR device may include a device for implementing objects or backgrounds in a virtual environment. For example, an AR device may include a device that implements objects or backgrounds in a virtual world by connecting them to objects or backgrounds in the real world. For example, an MR device may include a device that implements objects or backgrounds in a virtual world by merging them with objects or backgrounds in the real world. For example, a holographic device may include a device that implements 360-degree stereoscopic images by recording and reproducing three-dimensional information using the light interference phenomenon that occurs when two laser lights, called holograms, meet.

For example, a public safety device may include an image relay device or imaging device that can be worn on the user's body.

For example, MTC devices and IoT devices may be devices that do not require direct human intervention or manipulation. Examples include smart meters, vending machines, thermometers, smart light bulbs, door locks, or various sensors.

For example, a medical device may be a device used for the purpose of diagnosing, treating, alleviating, curing, or preventing a disease. For example, a medical device may be a device used for diagnosing, treating, alleviating, or correcting an injury or damage. For example, a medical device may be a device used for the purpose of examining, replacing, or modifying a structure or function. For example, a medical device may be a device used for the purpose of regulating pregnancy. For example, a medical device may include a therapeutic device, a driving device, an (in vitro) diagnostic device, a hearing aid, or a surgical device.

For example, a security device may be a device installed to prevent potential hazards and maintain safety. For example, a security device may be a camera, closed-circuit television (CCTV), a recorder, or a black box.

For example, a fintech device may be a device capable of providing financial services, such as mobile payments. For example, a fintech device may include a payment device or a point-of-sale system.

For example, a weather/environment device may include a device that monitors or predicts the weather/environment.

Wireless devices (100a to 100f) can be connected to a network (300) via a base station (200). AI technology can be applied to the wireless devices (100a to 100f), and the wireless devices (100a to 100f) can be connected to an AI server (400) via the network (300). The network (300) can be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, a 5G (e.g., NR) network, and a network after 5G. The wireless devices (100a to 100f) can communicate with each other via the base station (200)/network (300), but can also communicate directly (e.g., sidelink communication) without going through the base station (200)/network (300). For example, vehicles (100b-1, 100b-2) can communicate directly (e.g., vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)/vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication). Additionally, IoT devices (e.g., sensors) can communicate directly with other IoT devices (e.g., sensors) or other wireless devices (100a to 100f).

Wireless communication/connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can be established between wireless devices (100a to 100f) and/or between wireless devices (100a to 100f) and a base station (200) and/or between base stations (200). Here, the wireless communication/connection can be established through various RATs (e.g., 5G NR), such as uplink/downlink communication (150a), sidelink communication (150b) (or, device-to-device (D2D) communication), and base station-to-base station communication (150c) (e.g., relay, integrated access and backhaul (IAB)). Through the wireless communication/connection (150a, 150b, 150c), the wireless devices (100a to 100f) and the base station (200) can transmit/receive wireless signals to/from each other. For example, wireless communication/connection (150a, 150b, 150c) can transmit/receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, at least some of the various configuration information setting processes for transmitting/receiving wireless signals, various signal processing processes (e.g., channel encoding/decoding, modulation/demodulation, resource mapping/demapping, etc.), and resource allocation processes can be performed based on various proposals of the present specification.

AI is the study of artificial intelligence or the methodologies for creating it, while machine learning (ML) defines various problems in the field of AI and studies the methodologies for solving them. Machine learning is also defined as an algorithm that improves performance on a task through consistent experience.

A robot can be defined as a machine that automatically processes or operates a given task based on its own capabilities. Specifically, a robot capable of perceiving its environment, making decisions, and performing actions on its own can be called an intelligent robot. Robots can be categorized into industrial, medical, household, and military applications based on their intended use or field. Robots are equipped with a drive unit, including an actuator or motor, enabling them to perform various physical actions, such as moving robot joints. Furthermore, mobile robots include wheels, brakes, and propellers in their drive unit, enabling them to drive on the ground or fly in the air.

Autonomous driving refers to the technology of driving on one's own, while autonomous vehicles refer to vehicles that drive without, or with minimal, user intervention. For example, autonomous driving can include technologies such as lane keeping, automatic speed control like adaptive cruise control, autonomous driving along a set route, and autonomous driving based on a set destination. Vehicles encompass all types of vehicles: those with internal combustion engines, hybrid vehicles with both internal combustion engines and electric motors, and electric vehicles with only electric motors. These vehicles can include not only cars but also trains and motorcycles. Autonomous vehicles can be viewed as robots with autonomous driving capabilities.

Extended reality is a general term for VR, AR, and MR. VR technology provides real-world objects and backgrounds as CG images only, AR technology provides virtual CG images over images of real objects, and MR technology is a CG technology that mixes and combines virtual objects with the real world. MR technology is similar to AR in that it displays real and virtual objects together. However, there is a difference: while AR uses virtual objects to complement real objects, MR uses virtual and real objects equally.

NR supports multiple numerologies, or subcarrier spacing (SCS), to support diverse 5G services. For example, an SCS of 15 kHz supports wide areas in traditional cellular bands; an SCS of 30 kHz/60 kHz supports dense urban areas, lower latency, and wider carrier bandwidth; and an SCS of 60 kHz or higher supports bandwidths greater than 24.25 GHz to overcome phase noise.

The NR frequency band can be defined by two types of frequency ranges (e.g., FR1 and FR2). The numerical values of the frequency ranges can be changed. For example, the two types of frequency ranges (FR1 and FR2) can be as shown in Table 1 below. For convenience of explanation, among the frequency ranges used in the NR system, FR1 can mean the "sub 6 GHz range", and FR2 can mean the "above 6 GHz range" and can be called millimeter wave (mmW). FR2 can include FR 2-1 and FR 2-2, as shown in the examples in Tables 1 and 2.

Frequency Range designation Corresponding frequency range Subcarrier Spacing FR1 450MHz - 6000MHz 15, 30, 60kHz FR2 FR2-1 24250MHz - 52600MHz 60, 120, 240kHz FR2-2 57000MHz - 71000MHz 120, 480, 960kHz

As described above, the numerical value of the frequency range of the NR system can be changed. For example, FR1 may include a band from 410 MHz to 7125 MHz, as shown in Table 2 below. That is, FR1 may include frequency bands above 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, etc.). For example, the frequency bands above 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, etc.) included within FR1 may include unlicensed bands. Unlicensed bands may be used for various purposes, such as for communications for vehicles (e.g., autonomous driving).

Frequency Range designation Corresponding frequency range Subcarrier Spacing FR1 410MHz - 7125MHz 15, 30, 60kHz FR2 FR2-1 24250MHz - 52600MHz 60, 120, 240kHz FR2-2 57000MHz - 71000MHz 120, 480, 960kHz

Here, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device of the present specification may include not only LTE, NR, and 6G, but also narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) for low-power communication. For example, NB-IoT technology may be an example of LPWAN (low power wide area network) technology and may be implemented with standards such as LTE Cat NB1 and/or LTE Cat NB2, and is not limited to the above-described names. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device of the present specification may perform communication based on LTE-M technology. For example, LTE-M technology may be an example of LPWAN technology and may be called by various names such as eMTC (enhanced MTC). For example, LTE-M technology can be implemented by at least one of various standards such as 1) LTE CAT 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTE non-BL (non-bandwidth limited), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE MTC, and/or 7) LTE M, and is not limited to the above-described names. Additionally or alternatively, the wireless communication technology implemented in the wireless device of the present specification can include at least one of ZigBee, Bluetooth, and/or LPWAN considering low-power communication, and is not limited to the above-described names. For example, ZigBee technology can create PAN (personal area networks) related to small/low-power digital communication based on various standards such as IEEE 802.15.4, and can be called by various names.

Figure 2 illustrates an example of a wireless device to which the implementation of the present specification is applied.

Referring to FIG. 2, the first wireless device (100) and the second wireless device (200) can transmit and receive wireless signals to/from external devices via various RATs (e.g., LTE and NR).

In FIG. 2, {the first wireless device (100) and the second wireless device (200)} may correspond to at least one of {the wireless devices (100a to 100f) and the base station (200)}, {the wireless devices (100a to 100f) and the wireless devices (100a to 100f)}, and/or {the base station (200) and the base station (200)} of FIG. 1.

The first wireless device (100) may include at least one transceiver, such as a transceiver (106), at least one processing chip, such as a processing chip (101), and/or one or more antennas (108).

The processing chip (101) may include at least one processor, such as a processor (102), and at least one memory, such as a memory (104). FIG. 2 illustrates an example in which the memory (104) is included in the processing chip (101). Additionally and/or alternatively, the memory (104) may be located external to the processing chip (101).

The processor (102) may control the memory (104) and/or the transceiver (106) and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the processor (102) may process information in the memory (104) to generate first information/signal and transmit a wireless signal including the first information/signal via the transceiver (106). The processor (102) may receive a wireless signal including second information/signal via the transceiver (106) and store information obtained by processing the second information/signal in the memory (104).

A memory (104) may be operatively connected to the processor (102). The memory (104) may store various types of information and/or instructions. The memory (104) may store software code (105) that, when executed by the processor (102), implements instructions that perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the software code (105) may, when executed by the processor (102), implement instructions that perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the software code (105) may control the processor (102) to perform one or more protocols. For example, the software code (105) may control the processor (102) to perform one or more wireless interface protocol layers.

Here, the processor (102) and memory (104) may be part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement a RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). A transceiver (106) may be connected to the processor (102) and may transmit and/or receive wireless signals via one or more antennas (108). Each transceiver (106) may include a transmitter and/or a receiver. The transceiver (106) may be used interchangeably with an RF (radio frequency) unit. In the present specification, the first wireless device (100) may represent a communication modem/circuit/chip.

The second wireless device (200) may include at least one transceiver, such as a transceiver (206), at least one processing chip, such as a processing chip (201), and/or one or more antennas (208).

The processing chip (201) may include at least one processor, such as a processor (202), and at least one memory, such as a memory (204). FIG. 2 illustrates an example in which the memory (204) is included in the processing chip (201). Additionally and/or alternatively, the memory (204) may be located external to the processing chip (201).

The processor (202) may control the memory (204) and/or the transceiver (206) and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the processor (202) may process information in the memory (204) to generate third information/signal and transmit a wireless signal including the third information/signal via the transceiver (206). The processor (202) may receive a wireless signal including fourth information/signal via the transceiver (206) and store information obtained by processing the fourth information/signal in the memory (204).

A memory (204) may be operatively connected to the processor (202). The memory (204) may store various types of information and/or instructions. The memory (204) may store software code (205) that, when executed by the processor (202), implements instructions that perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the software code (205) may, when executed by the processor (202), implement instructions that perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. For example, the software code (205) may control the processor (202) to perform one or more protocols. For example, the software code (205) may control the processor (202) to perform one or more air interface protocol layers.

Here, the processor (202) and memory (204) may be part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement a RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). A transceiver (206) may be connected to the processor (202) and may transmit and/or receive wireless signals via one or more antennas (208). Each transceiver (206) may include a transmitter and/or a receiver. The transceiver (206) may be used interchangeably with the RF unit. In the present specification, the second wireless device (200) may represent a communication modem/circuit/chip.

Hereinafter, hardware elements of the wireless device (100, 200) will be described in more detail. Although not limited thereto, one or more protocol layers may be implemented by one or more processors (102, 202). For example, one or more processors (102, 202) may implement one or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as a physical (PHY) layer, a media access control (MAC) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer). One or more processors (102, 202) may generate one or more protocol data units (PDUs) and/or one or more service data units (SDUs) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein. One or more processors (102, 202) may generate messages, control information, data or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and/or flowcharts disclosed herein. One or more processors (102, 202) may generate signals (e.g., baseband signals) including PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and/or flowcharts disclosed herein and provide the signals to one or more transceivers (106, 206). One or more processors (102, 202) may receive signals (e.g., baseband signals) from one or more transceivers (106, 206) and obtain PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and/or flowcharts disclosed herein.

One or more processors (102, 202) may be referred to as controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, and/or microcomputers. One or more processors (102, 202) may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, and/or a combination thereof. For example, one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), one or more digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), one or more programmable logic devices (PLDs), and/or one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) may be included in one or more processors (102, 202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein may be implemented using firmware and/or software, and the firmware and/or software may be implemented to include modules, procedures, and functions. Firmware or software configured to perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or flowcharts disclosed in this specification may be included in one or more processors (102, 202) or stored in one or more memories (104, 204) and driven by one or more processors (102, 202). The descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or flowcharts disclosed in this specification may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of codes, instructions and/or sets of instructions.

One or more memories (104, 204) may be coupled to one or more processors (102, 202) and may store various forms of data, signals, messages, information, programs, codes, instructions, and/or commands. The one or more memories (104, 204) may be configured as read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), flash memory, hard drives, registers, cache memory, computer-readable storage media, and/or combinations thereof. The one or more memories (104, 204) may be located internally and/or externally to the one or more processors (102, 202). Additionally, the one or more memories (104, 204) may be coupled to the one or more processors (102, 202) via various technologies, such as wired or wireless connections.

One or more transceivers (106, 206) can transmit user data, control information, wireless signals/channels, etc., referred to in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or flowcharts disclosed herein to one or more other devices. One or more transceivers (106, 206) can receive user data, control information, wireless signals/channels, etc., referred to in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods, and/or flowcharts disclosed herein from one or more other devices. For example, one or more transceivers (106, 206) can be coupled to one or more processors (102, 202) and can transmit and receive wireless signals. For example, one or more processors (102, 202) can control one or more transceivers (106, 206) to transmit user data, control information, wireless signals, etc., to one or more other devices. Additionally, one or more processors (102, 202) may control one or more transceivers (106, 206) to receive user data, control information, wireless signals, etc. from one or more other devices.

One or more transceivers (106, 206) may be connected to one or more antennas (108, 208). The one or more transceivers (106, 206) may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, wireless signals/channels, etc., as referred to in the descriptions, functions, procedures, proposals, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed herein via the one or more antennas (108, 208). In the present specification, the one or more antennas (108, 208) may be multiple physical antennas or multiple logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports).

One or more transceivers (106, 206) may convert received user data, control information, wireless signals/channels, etc. from RF band signals to baseband signals in order to process the received user data, control information, wireless signals/channels, etc. using one or more processors (102, 202). One or more transceivers (106, 206) may convert processed user data, control information, wireless signals/channels, etc. from baseband signals to RF band signals using one or more processors (102, 202). For this purpose, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may include an (analog) oscillator and/or a filter. For example, one or more transceivers (106, 206) may up-convert an OFDM baseband signal to an OFDM signal via an (analog) oscillator and/or filter under the control of one or more processors (102, 202) and transmit the up-converted OFDM signal at a carrier frequency. One or more transceivers (106, 206) may receive an OFDM signal at a carrier frequency and down-convert the OFDM signal to an OFDM baseband signal via an (analog) oscillator and/or filter under the control of one or more processors (102, 202).

In the implementation of the present specification, a UE can operate as a transmitter in the uplink (UL) and as a receiver in the downlink (DL). In the implementation of the present specification, a base station can operate as a receiver in the UL and as a transmitter in the DL. For the sake of convenience of description, it is mainly assumed below that the first wireless device (100) operates as a UE and the second wireless device (200) operates as a base station. For example, a processor (102) connected to, mounted on, or released in the first wireless device (100) can be configured to perform UE operations according to the implementation of the present specification or to control a transceiver (106) to perform UE operations according to the implementation of the present specification. A processor (202) connected to, mounted on, or released in the second wireless device (200) can be configured to perform base station operations according to the implementation of the present specification or to control a transceiver (206) to perform base station operations according to the implementation of the present specification.

In this specification, a base station may be referred to as a Node B, an eNode B (eNB), or a gNB.

Figure 3 illustrates an example of a wireless device to which the implementation of the present specification is applied.

Wireless devices can be implemented in various forms depending on the use case/service (see Figure 1).

Referring to FIG. 3, the wireless devices (100, 200) may correspond to the wireless devices (100, 200) of FIG. 2 and may be configured by various components, devices/parts, and/or modules. For example, each wireless device (100, 200) may include a communication device (110), a control device (120), a memory device (130), and additional components (140). The communication device (110) may include a communication circuit (112) and a transceiver (114). For example, the communication circuit (112) may include one or more processors (102, 202) of FIG. 2 and/or one or more memories (104, 204) of FIG. 2. For example, the transceiver (114) may include one or more transceivers (106, 206) of FIG. 2 and/or one or more antennas (108, 208) of FIG. 2. The control device (120) is electrically connected to the communication device (110), the memory device (130), and the additional components (140), and controls the overall operation of each wireless device (100, 200). For example, the control device (120) may control the electrical/mechanical operation of each wireless device (100, 200) based on programs/codes/commands/information stored in the memory device (130). The control device (120) can transmit information stored in the memory device (130) to the outside (e.g., other communication devices) via the communication device (110) through a wireless/wired interface, or can store information received from the outside (e.g., other communication devices) via the communication device (110) through a wireless/wired interface in the memory device (130).

The additional component (140) may be configured in various ways depending on the type of wireless device (100, 200). For example, the additional component (140) may include at least one of a power unit/battery, an input/output (I/O) device (e.g., an audio I/O port, a video I/O port), a driving device, and a computing device. The wireless device (100, 200) may be implemented in the form of, but is not limited to, a robot (100a in FIG. 1), a vehicle (100b-1 and 100b-2 in FIG. 1), an XR device (100c in FIG. 1), a portable device (100d in FIG. 1), a home appliance (100e in FIG. 1), an IoT device (100f in FIG. 1), a digital broadcasting terminal, a hologram device, a public safety device, an MTC device, a medical device, a fintech device (or a financial device), a security device, a climate/environmental device, an AI server/device (400 in FIG. 1), a base station (200 in FIG. 1), or a network node. The wireless device (100, 200) may be used in a mobile or fixed location depending on the use case/service.

In FIG. 3, the various components, devices/parts and/or modules of the wireless devices (100, 200) may be connected to each other via a wired interface, or at least some of them may be connected wirelessly via a communication device (110). For example, in each wireless device (100, 200), the control device (120) and the communication device (110) may be connected via a wire, and the control device (120) and the first device (e.g., 130 and 140) may be connected wirelessly via the communication device (110). Each component, device/part and/or module within the wireless devices (100, 200) may further include one or more elements. For example, the control device (120) may be configured by a set of one or more processors. As an example, the control device (120) may be configured by a set of a communication control processor, an application processor (AP), an electronic control unit (ECU), a graphics processing unit and a memory control processor. As another example, the memory device (130) may be configured by RAM, DRAM, ROM, flash memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, and/or a combination thereof.

<Operating Bandwidth in NR>

The operating band in NR is as follows.

The operating bands in Table 3 below are refarmed operating bands from the LTE/LTE-A operating bands. These are called FR1 bands.

NR Dongjak-dae Band Uplink (UL) operating band Downlink (DL) operating band Duplex Mode F _{UL_low} - F _{UL_high} F _{DL_low} - F _{DL_high} n1 1920 MHz - 1980 MHz 2110 MHz - 2170 MHz FDD n2 1850 MHz - 1910 MHz 1930 MHz - 1990 MHz FDD n3 1710 MHz - 1785 MHz 1805 MHz - 1880 MHz FDD n5 824 MHz - 849 MHz 869 MHz - 894 MHz FDD n7 2500 MHz - 2570 MHz 2620 MHz - 2690 MHz FDD n8 880 MHz - 915 MHz 925 MHz - 960 MHz FDD n12 699 MHz - 716 MHz 729 MHz - 746 MHz FDD n20 832 MHz - 862 MHz 791 MHz - 821 MHz FDD n25 1850 MHz - 1915 MHz 1930 MHz - 1995 MHz FDD n28 703 MHz - 748 MHz 758 MHz - 803 MHz FDD n34 2010 MHz - 2025 MHz 2010 MHz - 2025 MHz TDD n38 2570 MHz - 2620 MHz 2570 MHz - 2620 MHz TDD n39 1880 MHz - 1920 MHz 1880 MHz - 1920 MHz TDD n40 2300 MHz - 2400 MHz 2300 MHz - 2400 MHz TDD n41 2496 MHz - 2690 MHz 2496 MHz - 2690 MHz TDD n50 1432 MHz - 1517 MHz 1432 MHz - 1517 MHz TDD1 n51 1427 MHz - 1432 MHz 1427 MHz - 1432 MHz TDD n66 1710 MHz - 1780 MHz 2110 MHz - 2200 MHz FDD n70 1695 MHz - 1710 MHz 1995 MHz - 2020 MHz FDD n71 663 MHz - 698 MHz 617 MHz - 652 MHz FDD n74 1427 MHz - 1470 MHz 1475 MHz - 1518 MHz FDD n75 N/A 1432 MHz - 1517 MHz SDL n76 N/A 1427 MHz - 1432 MHz SDL n77 3300 MHz - 4200 MHz 3300 MHz - 4200 MHz TDD n78 3300 MHz - 3800 MHz 3300 MHz - 3800 MHz TDD n79 4400 MHz - 5000 MHz 4400 MHz - 5000 MHz TDD n80 1710 MHz - 1785 MHz N/A SUL n81 880 MHz - 915 MHz N/A SUL n82 832 MHz - 862 MHz N/A SUL n83 703 MHz - 748 MHz N/A SUL n84 1920 MHz - 1980 MHz N/A SUL n86 1710 MHz - 1780 MHz N/A SUL

The table below shows the NR operating band defined at high frequencies. This is called the FR2 band.

NR Dongjak-dae Band Uplink (UL) operating band Downlink (DL) operating band Duplex mode F _{UL_low} - F _{UL_high} F _{DL_low} - F _{DL_high} n257 26500 MHz - 29500 MHz 26500 MHz - 29500 MHz TDD n258 24250 MHz - 27500 MHz 24250 MHz - 27500 MHz TDD n259 37000 MHz - 40000 MHz 37000 MHz - 40000 MHz TDD n260 37000 MHz - 40000 MHz 37000 MHz - 40000 MHz FDD n261 27500 MHz - 28350 MHz 27500 MHz - 28350 MHz FDD

<6G System General>

The 6G (wireless communication) system aims to achieve (i) very high data rates per device, (ii) a very large number of connected devices, (iii) global connectivity, (iv) very low latency, (v) low energy consumption for battery-free IoT devices, (vi) ultra-reliable connectivity, and (vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capabilities. The vision of the 6G system can be divided into four aspects: intelligent connectivity, deep connectivity, holographic connectivity, and ubiquitous connectivity, and the 6G system can satisfy the requirements as shown in Table 5 below. In other words, Table 5 is an example of the requirements of a 6G system.

Per device peak data rate 1 Tbps E2E latency 1 ms Maximum spectral efficiency 100bps/Hz Mobility support Up to 1000km/hr Satellite integration Fully AI Fully Autonomous vehicle Fully XR Fully Haptic Communication Fully

6G systems can have key factors such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), massive machine-type communication (mMTC), AI integrated communication, tactile internet, high throughput, high network capacity, high energy efficiency, low backhaul and access network congestion, and enhanced data security.

Figure 4 is a diagram showing an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system.

6G systems are expected to have 50 times the simultaneous wireless connectivity of 5G systems. URLLC, a key feature of 5G, will become even more crucial in 6G communications by providing end-to-end latency of less than 1 ms. 6G systems will have significantly higher volumetric spectral efficiency, compared to the commonly used area spectral efficiency. 6G systems can offer extremely long battery life and advanced battery technologies for energy harvesting, eliminating the need for separate charging for mobile devices in 6G systems. New network characteristics in 6G may include:

- Satellite integrated network: 6G is expected to integrate with satellites to provide a global mobile network. The integration of terrestrial, satellite, and airborne networks into a single wireless communications system is crucial for 6G.

Connected Intelligence: Unlike previous generations of wireless communication systems, 6G is revolutionary, upgrading the wireless evolution from "connected objects" to "connected intelligence." AI can be applied at every stage of the communication process (or at every signal processing step, as described below).

- Seamless integration of wireless information and energy transfer: 6G wireless networks will transfer power to charge the batteries of devices such as smartphones and sensors. Therefore, wireless information and energy transfer (WIET) will be integrated.

- Ubiquitous super 3D connectivity: Access to networks and core network functions of drones and very low Earth orbit satellites will create super 3D connectivity in 6G ubiquitous.

Some general requirements for the new network characteristics of 6G, such as the above, may be as follows:

- Small cell networks: The concept of small cell networks was introduced to improve received signal quality in cellular systems by increasing throughput, energy efficiency, and spectral efficiency. Consequently, small cell networks are essential for 5G and beyond-5G (5GB) communication systems. Accordingly, 6G communication systems also adopt the characteristics of small cell networks.

Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks: Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks will be another key feature of 6G communication systems. Multi-tier networks comprised of heterogeneous networks improve overall QoS and reduce costs.

High-capacity backhaul: Backhaul connections are characterized by high-capacity backhaul networks to support high-volume traffic. High-speed fiber optics and free-space optics (FSO) systems may be potential solutions to this problem.

- Radar technology integrated with mobile technology: High-precision localization (or location-based services) through communications is a key feature of 6G wireless communication systems. Therefore, radar systems will be integrated with 6G networks.

- Softwarization and virtualization: Softwarization and virtualization are two critical features that form the foundation of the design process for 5GB networks to ensure flexibility, reconfigurability, and programmability. Furthermore, billions of devices can be shared on a shared physical infrastructure.

<Key implementation technologies for 6G systems>

Artificial Intelligence

The most crucial and newly introduced technology for 6G systems is AI. 4G systems did not involve AI. 5G systems will support partial or very limited AI. However, 6G systems will fully support AI for automation. Advances in machine learning will create more intelligent networks for real-time communications in 6G. Incorporating AI into communications can streamline and improve real-time data transmission. AI can use numerous analyses to determine how complex target tasks should be performed. In other words, AI can increase efficiency and reduce processing delays.

Time-consuming tasks such as handover, network selection, and resource scheduling can be performed instantly using AI. AI can also play a crucial role in machine-to-machine (M2M), machine-to-human, and human-to-machine communications. Furthermore, AI can facilitate rapid communication in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). AI-based communication systems can be supported by metamaterials, intelligent structures, intelligent networks, intelligent devices, intelligent cognitive radios, self-sustaining wireless networks, and machine learning.

Recent attempts to integrate AI into wireless communication systems have focused on the application layer, network layer, and especially deep learning in wireless resource management and allocation. However, this research is increasingly evolving to the MAC layer and physical layer, with attempts to combine deep learning with wireless transmission, particularly at the physical layer. AI-based physical layer transmission refers to the application of AI-driven signal processing and communication mechanisms, rather than traditional communication frameworks, in the fundamental signal processing and communication mechanisms. Examples include deep learning-based channel coding and decoding, deep learning-based signal estimation and detection, deep learning-based MIMO mechanisms, and AI-based resource scheduling and allocation.

Machine learning can be used for channel estimation and channel tracking, as well as for power allocation and interference cancellation in the physical layer of the downlink (DL). Furthermore, machine learning can be used for antenna selection, power control, and symbol detection in MIMO systems.

Machine learning refers to a series of operations that train machines to perform tasks that humans can or cannot perform. Machine learning requires data and a learning model. In machine learning, data learning methods can be broadly categorized into three types: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning.

Neural network training aims to minimize output errors. It involves repeatedly inputting training data into a neural network, calculating the neural network output and target error for the training data, and backpropagating the neural network error from the output layer to the input layer to update the weights of each node in the neural network to reduce the error.

Supervised learning uses labeled training data, while unsupervised learning may not have labeled training data. For example, in the case of supervised learning for data classification, the training data may be data in which each training data category is labeled. Labeled training data is input to a neural network, and the error can be calculated by comparing the output (categories) of the neural network with the training data labels. The calculated error is backpropagated through the neural network in the backward direction (i.e., from the output layer to the input layer), and the connection weights of each node in each layer of the neural network can be updated through backpropagation. The amount of change in the connection weights of each updated node can be determined by the learning rate. The neural network's calculation of the input data and the backpropagation of the error can constitute a learning cycle (epoch). The learning rate can be applied differently depending on the number of iterations of the neural network's learning cycle. For example, in the early stages of training a neural network, a high learning rate can be used to quickly allow the network to achieve a certain level of performance, thereby increasing efficiency. In the later stages of training, a low learning rate can be used to increase accuracy.

Learning methods may vary depending on the characteristics of the data. For example, if the goal is to accurately predict data transmitted by a transmitter in a communication system, supervised learning is preferable to unsupervised learning or reinforcement learning.

The learning model corresponds to the human brain, and the most basic linear model can be thought of, but the machine learning paradigm that uses highly complex neural network structures, such as artificial neural networks, as learning models is called deep learning.

The neural network cores used in learning methods are mainly divided into deep neural networks (DNN), convolutional deep neural networks (CNN), recurrent Boltzmann machines (RNN), and spiking neural networks (SNN).

Terahertz Communication

Data rates can be increased by increasing bandwidth. This can be achieved by utilizing sub-THz communications with wide bandwidths and applying advanced massive MIMO technology. THz waves, also known as sub-millimeter waves, typically refer to the frequency range between 0.1 THz and 10 THz, with corresponding wavelengths ranging from 0.03 mm to 3 mm. The 100 GHz to 300 GHz band (sub-THz band) is considered a key part of the THz spectrum for cellular communications. Adding the sub-THz band to the mmWave band will increase 6G cellular communication capacity. Among the defined THz bands, 300 GHz to 3 THz lies in the far infrared (IR) frequency band. While part of the optical band, the 300 GHz to 3 THz band lies at the boundary of the optical band, immediately following the RF band. Therefore, this 300 GHz to 3 THz band exhibits similarities to RF.

Figure 5 shows an example of an electromagnetic spectrum.

Key characteristics of THz communications include (i) the widely available bandwidth to support very high data rates and (ii) the high path loss that occurs at high frequencies (requiring highly directional antennas). The narrow beamwidths generated by highly directional antennas reduce interference. The small wavelength of THz signals allows for a significantly larger number of antenna elements to be integrated into devices and base stations operating in this band. This enables the use of advanced adaptive array technologies to overcome range limitations.

Large-scale MIMO

One of the key technologies for improving spectral efficiency is the application of MIMO technology. As MIMO technology improves, spectral efficiency also improves. Therefore, massive MIMO technology will be crucial in 6G systems. Because MIMO technology utilizes multiple paths, multiplexing technology must be considered to ensure that data signals can be transmitted along more than one path, as well as beam generation and operation technologies suitable for the THz band.

Hologram Beam Forming (HBF)

Beamforming is a signal processing procedure that adjusts an antenna array to transmit a wireless signal in a specific direction. It is a subset of smart antennas or advanced antenna systems. Beamforming technology offers several advantages, including high signal-to-noise ratio, interference avoidance and rejection, and high network efficiency. Holographic beamforming (HBF) is a novel beamforming method that differs significantly from MIMO systems because it uses software-defined antennas. HBF will be a highly effective approach for efficient and flexible signal transmission and reception in multi-antenna communication devices in 6G.

Optical wireless technology

Optical wireless communication (OWC) is a form of optical communication that uses visible light, infrared (IR), or ultraviolet (UV) light to transmit signals. OWC operating in the visible light band (e.g., 390–750 nm) is commonly referred to as visible light communication (VLC). Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) can be utilized to implement VLC. VLC can be used in a variety of applications, including wireless local area networks (WLANs), wireless personal area networks (WPANs), and vehicular networks.

VLC offers the following advantages over RF-based technologies. First, the spectrum occupied by VLC is unlicensed and can provide a wide bandwidth (up to THz). Second, VLC causes minimal significant interference with other electromagnetic devices. Therefore, VLC can be applied to sensitive electromagnetic interference applications such as aircraft and hospitals. Third, VLC offers advantages in communication security and privacy. Visible light, the transmission medium of VLC-based networks, cannot penetrate walls and other opaque obstacles. Therefore, VLC's transmission range can be limited to indoor areas, protecting users' privacy and sensitive information. Fourth, VLC can utilize lighting sources as base stations, eliminating the need for expensive base stations.

Free-space optical communication (FSO) is an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space, such as air, outer space, or a vacuum, to wirelessly transmit data for communication or computer networking. FSO can be used as a point-to-point optical wireless communication (OWC) system on the ground. FSO can operate in the near-infrared frequency range (750-1600 nm). Laser transmitters can be used to implement FSO, and it offers high data rates (e.g., 10 Gbit/s), potentially offering a solution to backhaul bottlenecks.

These OWC technologies are designed for 6G communications, in addition to RF-based communications for all possible device-to-access networks. These networks connect to network-to-backhaul/fronthaul networks. OWC technologies have already been used since 4G communication systems, but they will be used more widely to meet the demands of 6G communication systems. OWC technologies such as light fidelity, visible light communication, optical camera communication, and optical band-based FSO communication are already well-known. Communications based on optical wireless technology can provide very high data rates, low latency, and secure communications.

LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) can also be used for ultra-high-resolution 3D mapping in 6G communications based on its wide bandwidth. LiDAR is a remote sensing method that illuminates a target using near-infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light, detecting the reflected light with a light sensor to measure distance. LiDAR can be used for fully autonomous driving in automobiles.

FSO Backhaul Network

The transmitter and receiver characteristics of an FSO system are similar to those of a fiber-optic network. Therefore, data transmission in an FSO system is similar to that of a fiber-optic system. Therefore, FSO can be a promising technology for providing backhaul connectivity in 6G systems, in conjunction with fiber-optic networks. Using FSO, ultra-long-distance communications are possible, even over distances exceeding 10,000 km. FSO supports high-capacity backhaul connectivity for remote and non-remote areas, such as the ocean, space, underwater, and isolated islands. FSO also supports cellular base station (BS) connections.

Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN)

6G systems integrate terrestrial and airborne networks to support vertically expanded user communications. 3D BSs will be provided via low-Earth orbit satellites and UAVs. Adding a new dimension in altitude and associated degrees of freedom significantly differentiates 3D connectivity from existing 2D networks. NR considers Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) as one approach to achieving this. NTNs are networks or network segments that utilize RF resources onboard satellites (or UAS platforms). Common NTN scenarios, which provide access to user equipment, include transparent payloads and regenerative payloads. The following are the basic elements of NTNs.

- One or more sat-gateways connecting the NTN to the public data network.

- GEO satellites are served by one or more satellite gateways deployed across the satellite's target coverage area (e.g., regional or continental coverage). We assume that a UE in a cell is served by only one sat-gateway.

Non-GEO satellites that provide continuous service from one or more satellite gateways at a time. The system ensures service and feeder link continuity between consecutively serving satellite gateways with sufficient time duration to allow for mobile anchoring and handover.

- Feeder link or wireless link between the satellite gateway and the satellite (or UAS platform).

- Service link or wireless link between user equipment and satellite (or UAS platform).

A satellite (or UAS platform) capable of implementing transparent or regenerative (including onboard processing) payloads. The satellite (or UAS platform) typically generates multiple beams for a designated service area, depending on its field of view. The beam's footprint is typically elliptical. The satellite's (or UAS platform's) field of view varies depending on the onboard antenna diagram and minimum elevation angle.

- Transparent payload: Radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion, and amplification. Therefore, the waveform signal repeated by the payload remains unchanged.

- Replay payload: radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion and amplification, demodulation/decoding, switching and/or routing, and coding/modulation. This is essentially equivalent to embedding all or part of a base station function (e.g., gNB) on a satellite (or UAS platform).

- Optionally, for satellite constellations, inter-satellite link (ISL) is available. This requires a regenerative payload on the satellite. ISL can operate in RF or wideband.

- User equipment is serviced by satellites (or UAS platforms) within the target service area.

Typically, GEO satellites and UAS are used to provide continental, regional or local services.

Typically, LEO and MEO constellations are used to provide services in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In some cases, constellations can even provide global coverage, including polar regions. This requires appropriate orbital inclination, sufficient beam generation, and inter-satellite links.

Quantum Communication

Quantum communication is a next-generation communication technology that applies quantum mechanical properties to the field of information and communication, overcoming limitations of existing information and communication technologies, such as security and ultra-high-speed computation. Quantum communication provides a means to generate, transmit, process, and store information that cannot be expressed in the binary bits of 0 and 1 used in existing communication technologies, or that are difficult to express. Unlike existing communication technologies that use wavelength or amplitude to transmit information between a transmitter and a receiver, quantum communication utilizes photons, the smallest unit of light, to transmit information between the transmitter and receiver. In particular, quantum communication can utilize quantum uncertainty and quantum irreversibility regarding the polarization or phase difference of photons (light), enabling communication with perfect security. Furthermore, under certain conditions, quantum communication may also enable ultra-high-speed communication by exploiting quantum entanglement.

Cell-free Communication

Tight integration of multiple frequencies and heterogeneous communication technologies is crucial for 6G systems. As a result, users can seamlessly move from one network to another without requiring any manual configuration on their devices. The best network is automatically selected from available communication technologies. This will break the limitations of the cell concept in wireless communications. Currently, user movement from one cell to another in dense networks results in excessive handovers, resulting in handover failures, handover delays, data loss, and the ping-pong effect. 6G cell-free communications will overcome all of these challenges and provide improved QoS.

Cell-free communication is defined as "a system in which multiple geographically distributed antennas (APs) cooperatively serve a small number of terminals using the same time/frequency resources, assisted by a fronthaul network and CPU." A single terminal is served by a collection of APs, called an AP cluster. There are several methods for forming AP clusters. Among them, a cluster composed of APs that can significantly improve terminal reception performance is called terminal-centric clustering, and this method dynamically updates the cluster configuration as the terminal moves. By introducing this terminal-centric AP clustering technique, the terminal is always located at the center of the AP cluster, thereby avoiding inter-cluster interference that can occur when the terminal is located at the edge of the AP cluster. This cell-free communication will be achieved through multi-connectivity and multi-tier hybrid technologies and heterogeneous radios in the devices.

Integration of Wireless Information and Energy Transfer (WIET)

WIET uses the same fields and waves as wireless communication systems. Specifically, sensors and smartphones will be charged using wireless power transfer during communication. WIET is a promising technology for extending the life of battery-powered wireless systems. Therefore, battery-less devices will be supported by 6G communications.

Integration of Wireless Communication and Sensing

Autonomous wireless networks are capable of continuously sensing dynamically changing environmental conditions and exchanging information between different nodes. In 6G, sensing will be tightly integrated with communications to support autonomous systems.

Integrated Access and Backhaul Network

In 6G, the density of access networks will be enormous. Each access network will be connected to backhaul connections, such as fiber optics and FSO networks. To accommodate the massive number of access networks, there will be tight integration between access and backhaul networks.

Big Data Analysis

Big data analytics is a complex process for analyzing diverse, large-scale data sets, or "big data." This process uncovers hidden data, unknown correlations, and customer trends, ensuring complete data management. Big data is collected from various sources, such as video, social networks, images, and sensors. This technology is widely used to process massive amounts of data in 6G systems.

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface

Many studies have been conducted that consider the wireless environment as an optimization target variable along with the transmitter and receiver. The wireless environment created using this approach is called a Smart Radio Environment (SRE) or Intelligent Radio Environment (IRE) to emphasize its fundamental difference from past design and optimization standards. Various terms have been proposed for reconfigurable intelligent antenna (or intelligent reconfigurable antenna) technologies that enable SRE, including Reconfigurable Metasurfaces, Smart Large Intelligent Surfaces (SLIS), Large Intelligent Surfaces (LIS), Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS), and Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS).

THz band signals have strong linearity, which can create many shadow areas due to obstacles. RIS technology, which enables expanded communication coverage, enhanced communication stability, and additional value-added services by installing RIS near these shadow areas, is becoming increasingly important. RIS is an artificial surface made of electromagnetic materials that can alter the propagation of incoming and outgoing radio waves. While RIS may appear to be an extension of massive MIMO, it differs from massive MIMO in its array structure and operating mechanism. Furthermore, RIS operates as a reconfigurable reflector with passive elements, meaning it passively reflects signals without using active RF chains, which offers the advantage of low power consumption. Furthermore, because each passive reflector in RIS must independently adjust the phase shift of the incoming signal, this can be advantageous for wireless communication channels. By appropriately adjusting the phase shift via the RIS controller, the reflected signal can be collected at the target receiver to boost the received signal power.

In addition to reflecting wireless signals, RISs also exist that can control transmission and refraction characteristics. These RISs are primarily used for outdoor-to-indoor (O2I) applications. Recently, STAR-RIS (Simultaneous Transmission and Reflection RIS), which provides both reflection and transmission, has also been actively researched.

Metaverse

The metaverse is a portmanteau of "Meta," meaning "virtual" or "transcendent," and "Universe," meaning "universe." Generally, the metaverse is used to refer to a "three-dimensional virtual space where social and economic activities similar to those in the real world are facilitated."

Extended Reality (XR), a key technology enabling the metaverse, can expand real-world experiences and deliver exceptional immersion by merging the virtual and real. The high bandwidth and low latency of 6G networks enable users to experience even more immersive virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR).

Autonomous Driving (Self-driving)

For fully autonomous driving, vehicles must communicate with each other to inform each other of dangerous situations, and vehicles must communicate with infrastructure such as parking lots and traffic lights to confirm information such as parking location and signal change times. V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything), a key element in building autonomous driving infrastructure, is a technology that allows cars to communicate and share with various elements on the road for autonomous driving, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) wireless communication.

To maximize autonomous driving performance and ensure high safety, fast transmission speeds and low-latency technologies are essential. Furthermore, as autonomous driving moves beyond simply providing warnings or guidance messages to drivers, actively intervening in driving and directly controlling the vehicle in dangerous situations requires a vast amount of information to be transmitted and received, 6G is expected to maximize autonomous driving with faster transmission speeds and lower latency than 5G.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), or drones, will be a key element in 6G wireless communications. In most cases, high-speed wireless connections will be provided using UAV technology. BS entities are installed on UAVs to provide cellular connectivity. UAVs offer specific capabilities not found in fixed BS infrastructure, such as easy deployment, robust line-of-sight links, and controlled mobility. During emergencies such as natural disasters, deploying terrestrial communication infrastructure is not economically feasible, and sometimes, volatile environments make it impossible to provide services. UAVs can easily handle these situations. UAVs will become a new paradigm in wireless communications. This technology facilitates three fundamental requirements for wireless networks: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), URLLC, and mMTC. UAVs can also support various purposes, such as enhancing network connectivity, fire detection, disaster emergency services, security and surveillance, pollution monitoring, parking monitoring, and accident monitoring. Therefore, UAV technology is recognized as one of the most important technologies for 6G communications.

Blockchain

Blockchain will become a crucial technology for managing massive amounts of data in future communication systems. Blockchain is a form of distributed ledger technology. A distributed ledger is a database distributed across numerous nodes or computing devices. Each node replicates and stores an identical copy of the ledger. Blockchains are managed by a peer-to-peer network and can exist without being managed by a central authority or server. Data on a blockchain is collected and organized into blocks. Blocks are linked together and protected using cryptography. Blockchain perfectly complements large-scale IoT with its inherently enhanced interoperability, security, privacy, reliability, and scalability. Therefore, blockchain technology offers several features, such as interoperability between devices, traceability of large amounts of data, autonomous interaction with other IoT systems, and the massive connectivity stability of 6G communication systems.

<Random Access Channel (RACH) Procedure>

FIGS. 6A to 6E illustrate examples of RACH procedures applicable to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

Referring to FIGS. 6A to 6E, a RACH procedure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is described. The embodiments of FIGS. 6A to 6E may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

In one embodiment of the present disclosure, when RF requirements (e.g., Tx RF performance requirements and/or Rx RF performance requirements) are described, the UE can satisfy these RF requirements. For example, the UE can be tested to satisfy the RF requirements (e.g., Tx RF performance requirements and/or Rx RF performance requirements) according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. In one embodiment of the present disclosure, a UE that satisfies these RF requirements can perform a RACH procedure. When the UE transmits a message, data, signaling, etc. to the gNB, the UE satisfies the Tx RF performance requirements described in the first embodiment of the present specification. When the UE receives a message, data, signaling, etc. from the gNB, the UE satisfies the Rx RF performance requirement described in the first embodiment of the present specification.

To connect a UE to a 5G network, the UE and the 5G network must be synchronized in both uplink and downlink. Downlink synchronization occurs when the UE successfully decodes the SSB transmitted by the gNB. To establish uplink synchronization and RRC connection, the UE must perform a RACH random access procedure.

Two types of random access procedures are supported: a four-step Random Access (RA) type using MSG1 and a two-step RA type using MSGA.

Two types of RA procedures can support Contention Based Random Access (CBRA) and Contention Free Random Access (CFRA), as shown in Figures 6a through 6e below, respectively. The UE can select the random access type when initiating a random access procedure depending on network settings.

Referring to FIGS. 6a and 6c, a four-step RA type using MSG1 is described.

MSG1 of the 4-step RA type includes a preamble of the PRACH. The UE transmits MSG1. After transmitting MSG1, the UE monitors the network for a response within a set period of time.

For the CBRA example of FIG. 6a, when the UE receives a random access response (MSG2) from the gNB, the UE can transmit MSG3 using the UL grant scheduled by the response message. The UE can then monitor contention resolution. If contention resolution is not successful after (re)transmitting MSG3, the UE performs MSG1 transmission again.

For the CFRA example in Figure 6c, a dedicated preamble for MSG1 transmission is allocated by the network. The gNB transmits the RA preamble allocation to the UE. The UE transmits MSG1, which includes a random access preamble, to the gNB. Upon receiving a random access response from the network, the UE terminates the random access procedure.

Referring to Figures 6b, 6d, and 6e, a two-step RA type is described. The MSGA of the two-step RA type includes a random access preamble of the PRACH and a PUSCH payload. After the UE transmits the MSGA, the UE monitors the network's response within a configured window.

For CBRA according to the example of Fig. 6b, if the UE successfully resolves the contention after receiving a network response (e.g., MSGB), the UE terminates the random access procedure. If a fallback indication is received within the MSGB, the UE performs MSG3 transmission using the UL grant reserved in the fallback indication, as shown in Fig. 6e, and monitors contention resolution. If the contention resolution is not successful after the MSG3 (re)transmission, the UE performs MSGA transmission again.

For CFRA according to the example of FIG. 6d, the UE can receive an RA preamble allocation and a PUSCH allocation from the gNB. Then, dedicated preamble and PUSCH resources can be configured for MSGA transmission. The UE transmits the MSGA. When the UE receives a network response, the UE terminates the random access procedure.

If the random access procedure of type 2 RA is not completed after several MSGA transmissions, the UE may be configured to transition to CBRA of type 4 RA.

The various examples disclosed in this specification describe NR communication, but these are merely examples. The content described in the various examples disclosed in this specification can also be applied to 6G communication or later communication.

Referring to the example of Fig. 7, an example of a coverage imbalance problem between uplink coverage and downlink coverage is described.

In one embodiment of the disclosure of this specification, various examples of enhancing uplink coverage of a UE are described. For example, UE functions for power domain enhancement in the NR FR1 band may be defined, and/or UE operation methods for reducing MPR may be defined.

The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals, messages, and fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

Figure 7 is an example of an imbalance between uplink coverage and downlink coverage.

The example in FIG. 7 illustrates an example where the uplink coverage of the UE is smaller than the downlink coverage of the base station (e.g., gNB).

For example, as illustrated in Figure 7, the UE can use relatively small transmit power compared to the gNB. As a result, the UE has small coverage compared to the gNB.

To prevent damage to the human body due to high power, there is a requirement called SAR (Specific Absortion Rate). To meet SAR requirements, UEs must use low transmit power.

Meanwhile, when the UE determines the transmit power, Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) can be applied. MPR can be applied to transmit power to limit the interference generated by the terminal and optimize power consumption. For example, applying an MPR of 2 dB to reduce impairments to various interference signals would result in the signal being transmitted at a power 2 dB lower than the maximum output power.

The use of Frequency Domain Spectral Shaping (FDSS) filters in communication systems to improve MPR is being discussed.

To address the coverage imbalance problem, a method to increase the transmission power of the UE needs to be discussed.

According to the prior art, a parameter called power boosting was introduced to increase the transmission power of the UE.

For example, in TS38.101-1 V18.4.0 S6.2.4 Configured transmitted power, ΔP _PowerBoost is applied. For example, when setting the configured maximum output power (e.g., P _CMAX,f,c ), ΔP _PowerBoost can be considered, as in the example below.

The UE can set the maximum output power P _CMAX,f,c for carrier f of serving cell c in each slot. The set maximum output power P _CMAX,f,c can be set within the following ranges:

P _{CMAX_L,f,c} ≤ P _CMAX,f,c ≤ P _{CMAX_H,f,c} .

Here, P _{CMAX_L,f,c} and P _{CMAX_H,f,c} are respectively as follows.

P _{CMAX_L,f,c} = MIN {P _EMAX,c - ΔT _C,c , (P _PowerClass - ΔP _PowerClass + ΔP _PowerBoost ) - MAX(MAX(MPR _c +ΔMPR _c , A-MPR _c )+ ΔT _IB,c + ΔT _C,c + ΔT _RxSRS , P-MPR _c ) }

P _{CMAX_H,f,c} = MIN {P _EMAX,c , P _PowerClass - ΔP _PowerClass + ΔP _PowerBoost }

Here, for a specific description of the parameters included in the mathematical expressions related to P _{CMAX_L,f,c} and P _{CMAX_H,f,c} , refer to TS38.101-1 V18.4.0 6.2.4. In the following, parameters other than ΔT _RxSRS are briefly described.

P _EMAX,c may be a value specified by the additionalPmax field of the p-Max IE or the NR-NS-PmaxList IE.

P _PowerClass is the maximum UE power specified in Table 6.2.1-1 and Table 6.2F.1-1 of TS38.101-1 V18.4.0 6.2.4.

ΔP _PowerClass can be 0dB, 3dB, 6dB, etc., depending on the power class of the UE and the conditions described in TS38.101-1 V18.4.0 6.2.4.

T _IB,c is an additional tolerance to provide cell c as specified in TS38.101-1 V18.4.0 clause 6.2A.4.2 for NR CA, TS38.101-1 V18.4.0 clause 6.2C.2 for SUL, or TS 38.101-3 clause 6.2B.4.2 for EN-DC. Otherwise, ΔT _IB,c = 0 dB.

If NOTE 3 of Table 6.2.1-1 of 38.101-1 V18.4.0 applies to serving cell c, then ΔT _C,c = 1.5 dB, otherwise ΔT _C,c = 0 dB.

MPRc and A-MPRc for providing cell c are specified in clauses 6.2.2 and 6.2.3 of 38.101-1 V18.4.0, respectively, and clauses 6.2F.2 and 6.2F.3 for shared spectrum access operations are specified in 38.101-1 V18.4.0, respectively.

ΔMPRc for serving cell c is specified in section 6.2.2 of 38.101-1 V18.4.0 and section 6.2F.2 for shared spectrum access operations.

Usage within SRS-ResourceSet can be set to 'antennaSwitching'. In this case, ΔT _RxSRS can be applied when the UE transmits SRS.

For P-MPR _c , see TS38.101-1 V18.4.0 S6.2.4.

ΔP _PowerBoost is defined as 1 dB for Power Class 3 and 0.5 dB for Power Class 2 if all of the following conditions of TS38.101-1 V18.4.0 6.2.4 are met. Otherwise, ΔP _PowerBoost is 0 dB:

- If the UE indicates that it supports the UE feature [powerBoostRel18] or [powerBoostTSRel18], and IE [powerBoostPi2BPSKRel18] or [powerBoostQPSKRel18] is set to 1 and P _EMAX,c is increased by more than ΔP _PowerBoost .

- When the UE indicates power class 2 or power class 3 in the TDD band.

- When ΔP _PowerClass is 0dB

- When the scheduled UL transmission is DFT-s-OFDM using PI/2 BPSK modulation or QPSK modulation.

- If the RB allocation belongs to the inner region (see TS38.101-1 V18.4.0 S6.2.2).

- When the UE indicates power class 3 and the proportion of uplink symbols transmitted during a specific evaluation period is less than 80%.

- if the UE indicates Power Class 2, if the UE capability maxUplinkDutyCycle-PC2-FR1 field is absent and the UE capability maxUplinkDutyCycle-PC1dot5-MPE-FR1 field is absent and the ratio of uplink symbols transmitted during a specific evaluation period is less than 0.9*50%; or if the UE capability maxUplinkDutyCycle-PC2-FR1 field is absent and the ratio of uplink symbols transmitted during a specific evaluation period is less than 0.9*maxUplinkDutyCycle-PC2-FR1 as defined in TS 38.306 V18.1.0 (an exact evaluation period is one or more radio frames); or if half of the ratio of uplink symbols transmitted during a specific evaluation period is absent in the UE capability maxUplinkDutyCycle-PC1dot5-MPE-FR1 field as defined in TS 38.306 (an exact evaluation period is one or more radio frames).

In the above example, the concept of power boosting is added to the configured transmit power in single-carrier operation, as per the prior art. Transmit power can be increased based on the available power boosting value for each power class.

However, the power boosting parameter has limitations in that it only applies when the terminal has a Frequency Domain Spectrum Shaping (FDSS) filter, limiting the extent to which it can increase transmit power. This limits the extent to which uplink coverage can be improved. For example, the power boosting parameter does not consider the resource allocation of other UEs within the base station's channel bandwidth.

For example, if a channel is allocated to only one UE within the base station channel bandwidth, or if the gap between the channels allocated to UEs exceeds a certain value, reducing the UE's MPR value and using higher transmit power may result in minimal interference. In such cases, a method is needed to effectively increase the UE's transmit power, taking into account the resources allocated to the UE, thereby effectively improving uplink coverage.

Below, we describe examples of effectively improving uplink coverage by considering the resources allocated to the UE. For example, improved MPR can be effectively applied using an FDDS filter based on the resources allocated to the UE.

For power domain enhancement, MPR reduction needs to be discussed. For example, power domain enhancements such as MPR reduction for NR single carrier and NR intraband UL CA need to be discussed. For example, power domain enhancements (e.g., MPR reduction) for PC2 and PC3 with applicable ACLR/SEM/spurious emission correction with BS indication for NR FR1 on a single UL carrier need to be discussed, and the following scenarios can be considered: - without adjacent in-band/out-of-band coexistence issues; and/or - when UE uses narrower channel bandwidth within a wider BS bandwidth.

In the disclosure of this specification, an example of defining MPR by considering BS channel bandwidth, channel allocated to UE, and/or channel bandwidth allocated to other UE is described.

Describes MPR and ACLR/SEM/spurious emission.

For example, a terminal must satisfy the spectrum mask specifications (ACLR, SEM, SE) and error vector magnitude (EVM) specifications. For reference, ACLR can mean Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio, SEM can mean Spectrum Emission Mask, SE can mean Spurious Emission, and EVM can mean Error Vector Magnitude.

For this purpose, the maximum allowable power back off value at the maximum output power corresponding to the power class of the terminal is specified as the maximum transmit power reduction (MPR).

The MPR value can vary depending on the actual number of Resource Blocks (RBs) transmitted, RB positions, modulation order, and transmission waveform (DFTs-OFDM, CP-OFDM). The terminal can set the configured transmitted power based on the MPR.

Note that in-band emission (General in-band emission, Carrier leakage, I/Q image) may also be considered. For example, in-band emission may be an emission requirement applied to unallocated RB regions within the configured channel BW.

Here's a detailed explanation of the spectrum mask standard. Spectrum mask standards (ACLR, SEM, SE) were created to limit the impact of a UE (User Equipment) on adjacent channels other than its own. The spectrum mask standard is closely related to output power. As output power increases, the amount of interference signals into adjacent channels increases due to the nonlinearity of the Power Amplifier (PA). For example, the amount of interference signals increases because it reflects the nonlinear characteristics of the PA. As the amount of interference signals into adjacent channels increases, it affects the signal quality of other UEs using other channels, so the spectrum mask standard was defined to limit interference signals.

To meet these spectrum mask specifications, the MPR value serves as a parameter that reduces the Tx output power. For example, a UE supporting power class 2 (26 dBm) may need to reduce the Tx output power by 1 dB to meet the spectrum mask specifications. In this case, the UE uses 25 dBm as the transmit power, which is 26 dBm with an MPR of 1 dB applied. In other words, MPR is a parameter that directly affects the transmit output power.

For example, if spectrum emission mask requirements are relaxed, the MPR value can be reduced. This reduced MPR value will increase the output power at the Tx end. Ultimately, this improvement in the power domain can improve UL coverage.

According to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification, a principle of improved coverage is described when MPR is reduced.

To explain how MPR values relate to transmitted output power, we provide an example of the behavior between a terminal and a network.

For a UE to connect to a 5G network, the UE and the 5G network must be synchronized on the uplink and downlink. Downlink synchronization can be performed when the UE successfully decodes the SSB transmitted by the gNB. To establish uplink synchronization and RRC connection, the UE must perform a RACH random access procedure. For the RACH procedure, reference may be made to Figures 6a through 6e.

The UE can determine the configured transmitted power. As previously described with reference to TS38.101-1 V18.4.0 S6.2.4 Configured transmitted power, the UE can determine the configured transmitted power based on ΔP _PowerBoost .

For MPR values, 38.101-1 V18.4.0 S6.2.2 can be referenced. Referring to 38.101-1 V18.4.0 S6.2.2, MPR values are defined in the MPR table based on power class and modulation. In addition, the MPR value may vary based on the location of the RB within the channel allocated to the UE and the length of the allocated RB.

For example, the MPR value may vary depending on the inner region, outer region, and edge region based on the location of the RB allocated to the UE. An example of the inner region, outer region, and edge region is illustrated in Fig. 8.

For reference, for each of the inner region, outer region, and edge region, the Inner RB allocations, Outer RB allocations, and Edge RB allocations of 38.101-1 V18.4.4 S6.2.2 can be referenced.

The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals, messages, and fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

FIG. 8 is an example of an inner region, an outer region, and an edge region according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

Assuming SCS=15KHz, Channel Bandwidth (CHBW)=20MHz, and N _RB =106, the RB region can be distinguished as in the example of Fig. 8.

RB start can refer to the lowest RB index among the transmitted RBs. It can refer to the starting point of the RB allocated within the channel bandwidth. L _CRB is the transmission bandwidth indicating the length of the consecutive RB allocation expressed in RB units. N _RB can refer to the transmission bandwidth setting expressed in resource block (RB) units.

For example, if RB _start is 40RB and transmission BW L _CRB is 20RB, the channel is in the inner region. If the modulation order used at this time is Pi/2 BPSK, the MPR value can be ≤0.2. In this case, the terminal can set the MPR value to a value within 0.2. At this time, the ΔMPR value can be 0 depending on the band and relative channel bandwidth value, or it can be a value according to 38.101-1 Table 6.2.2-3. The conventional ΔMPR value can mean the tolerance applied to the MPR.

There's also a parameter called A-MPR, which can also be referred to as Additional Maximum Output Power. A-MPR is typically applied when a UE is in a specific area or environment. That is, when the network transmits network signaling (NS) to the UE, A-MPR can be applied to the UE based on the A-MPR information contained in the NS information.

Note that MPR and A-MPR values may be considered together. For example, the value MAX(MPRc+ΔMPRc, A-MPRc) may be applied to the formula related to P _{CMAX_L,f,c} described above.

According to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification, when the MPR value is reduced, the value of the "MPR _c +ΔMPR _c " part in the formula related to P _{CMAX_L,f,c} described above may be reduced. In this case, since P _{CMAX_L,f,c} may be increased, the set maximum output power P _CMAX,f,c may be increased. Accordingly, when the MPR is reduced, the uplink coverage may be improved.

Below, various examples related to MPR reduction, including UE capabilities related to MPR reduction, are described.

Regarding MPR reduction, the following scenario can be assumed: a UE uses a narrower channel bandwidth within a wider BS bandwidth. That is, the UE's bandwidth can be defined within the BW bandwidth, as in the example of Figure 9.

The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals, messages, and fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

FIG. 9 is an example of a BS channel bandwidth and a UE channel bandwidth according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

Referring to the example of FIG. 9, within the BS channel bandwidth, UE channel bandwidths for five UEs (e.g., UE1 to UE5) can be set.

For example, according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification, a relaxation value for the spectrum mass requirement may vary based on the arrangement of UE channels allocated within a BS channel and the status of adjacent channels (e.g., active/non-active). In addition, a value for MPR reduction may vary based on the arrangement of UE channels allocated within a BS channel and the status of adjacent channels (e.g., active/non-active).

As another example, according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification, the relaxation value for the spectrum mask requirement may vary based on how many RBs the transmission BW of the adjacent channel is located from the channel edge of the UE. The MPR reduction value may vary based on how many RBs the transmission BW of the adjacent channel is located from the channel edge of the UE.

The above two examples illustrate how to configure a UE, and UE capabilities supporting one or more of the two examples may also be defined.

Below, a first example of the disclosure of this specification is described, which is an example in which the MPR reduction value varies based on the arrangement of UE channels allocated within a BS channel and the status (e.g., active/non-active) of adjacent channels. Note that the first and second examples of the disclosure of this specification may be combined with each other, or may be applied independently.

Additionally, the contents described in the various examples of the disclosure of this specification may be combined within a non-conflicting range.

1. First example of disclosure of this specification

According to the first example of the disclosure of the present specification, the relaxing MPR value may vary based on the arrangement of UE channels allocated within a BS channel and the adjacent channel status (active/non-active).

Hereinafter, a first example of the disclosure of the present specification is described with reference to case 1 and case 2.

Case 1 is an example where only the UE's channel is active and the channels of other UEs are non-active.

Figure 10 is an example of case 1-1.

The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals, messages, and fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

FIG. 10 is an example of an activation state of a UE channel in case 1-1 according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

The example in Fig. 10 shows the activation status of each UE channel according to case 1-1.

In Case 1-1, only the UE3 channel (located in the center of the BS channel) is active, and the remaining channels may be non-active.

Figure 11 is an example of case 1-2.

The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals, messages, and fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

FIG. 11 is an example of an activation state of a UE channel in case 1-2 according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

The example in Fig. 11 shows the activation status of each UE channel according to case 1-2.

In Case 1-2, only the UE1 channel or the UE5 channel (located on the edge side of the BS channel) may be active, and the remaining channels may be non-active.

Case 2 is an example where multiple channels are active simultaneously.

Figure 12 is an example of case 2-1.

The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals, messages, and fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

FIG. 12 is an example of an activation state of a UE channel in case 2-1 according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

The example in Fig. 12 shows the activation status of each UE channel according to case 2-1.

In Case 2-1, two adjacent channels may be activated. For example, UE3 and UE4 may be activated, as shown in the example of FIG. 12. In other examples, UE1 and UE2 may be activated, UE2 and UE3 may be activated, UE3 and UE4 may be activated, or UE4 and UE5 may be activated.

Figure 13 is an example of case 2-2.

The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals, messages, and fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

FIG. 13 is an example of an activation state of a UE channel in case 2-2 according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

The example in Fig. 13 shows the activation status of each UE channel according to case 2-2.

In Case 2-2, the two activated channels may not be adjacent. For example, as in the example of Fig. 13, the channel of UE2 and the channel of UE5 may be activated.

In the previous cases 1-1 and 2-2, we divided the cases into four, but these are merely examples. For example, more cases could be classified depending on how close the UE channel BW is to the BS channel edge.

Based on the examples of Case 1-1 and Case 2-2 above, relatively different spectrum mask requirement relaxations may be applied. For example, different levels of spectrum mask requirement relaxation may be applied to Case 1-1 and Case 2-2, respectively. For example, the reduction MPR value may be defined based on the degree to which the spectrum mask requirement relaxation is relaxed.

For example, as shown in Table 6 below, ΔMPR values for each of case 1-1 to case 2-2 can be defined.

case ΔMPR Case 1-1 a Case 1-2 b Case 2-1 c Case 2-2 d

The examples in Table 6 are examples of ΔMPR based on spectrum mask relaxation. In the examples in Table 6, the values of a, b, c, and d are arbitrary integers and can be negative real numbers.

Case 1-1 may refer to a case where only one UE channel located at the center of the BS channel is activated, and Case 1-2 may refer to a case where only one UE channel located at the edge of the BS channel is activated. Case 2-1 may refer to a case where two or more adjacent UE channels are activated within the BS channel, and Case 2-2 may refer to a case where two or more non-adjacent UE channels are activated within the BS channel.

For example, in the example in Table 6, the values of a, b, c, and d may be different from each other.

For example, a may have a larger value than b because the CHBW of the active UE in case 1-2 is located at the edge of the BS Channel, which may affect UEs in other adjacent BS channels. The ΔMPR in case 1-2 (b in Table 6) may be relatively smaller than the ΔMPR in case 1-1 (a in Table 6).

For c and d, even within the same case, UEs may have different ΔMPR values. For example, the ΔMPR value of UE3 in case 2-1 may be c1, and the ΔMPR value of UE4 may be c2. For example, the ΔMPR value of UE2 in case 2-2 may be d1, and the ΔMPR value of UE5 may be d2.

For example, when comparing UE3 in case 2-1 with UE2 in case 2-2, the ΔMPR value of UE2 in case 2-2 (e.g., d1) may be greater than the ΔMPR value of UE3 in case 2-1 (e.g., c1).

UE4 in case 2-1 and UE5 in case 2-2 may have the same ΔMPR value. This is because UE2 is activated next to UE5 in case 2-2 and is adjacent to the adjacent BS Channel, so UE5 in case 2-2 may have a smaller ΔMPR value than UE2.

As illustrated in the examples of values a, b, c, and d described above, the ΔMPR value may vary depending on whether the adjacent channel to the channel assigned to the UE is empty or not. Furthermore, if the adjacent channel to the UE is empty, a large ΔMPR value may be applied. If the adjacent channel is not empty, a relatively small ΔMPR or even a ΔMPR value of 0 may be applied.

2. Second example of disclosure of this specification

A second example of the disclosure of the present specification describes an example in which the MPR value for relaxation varies based on how many RBs the transmission BW of a channel adjacent to a channel assigned to a UE is from the channel edge of the channel assigned to the UE.

For example, in the example of Fig. 14, xRB means x*RB, and x is a natural number including 0. Based on xRB, the MPR value may vary.

For reference, the description according to the second example of the disclosure of this specification may be combined with the first example of the disclosure of this specification.

The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals, messages, and fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

FIG. 14 is an example showing the definition of xRB according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

Referring to the example of Fig. 14, the definition of xRB is illustrated. In the example of Fig. 14, an example of xRb is illustrated based on each UE channel. With respect to UE3, the distance in the frequency domain of the channel allocated to UE2 from the channel edge of UE3 can be expressed as xRB.

According to the example of Fig. 14, the MPR value may be relaxed based on the size of xRB. For example, the MPR value may be relaxed based on the xRB value without relaxing the spectrum mask. For example, the larger the xRB value, the larger the relaxed MPR value may be.

For another example, based on the size of xRB, the spectrum mask can be relaxed, and based on the relaxed spectrum mask value, the MPR value can also be relaxed. For example, the larger the xRB value, the greater the degree to which the spectrum mask is relaxed. The greater the degree to which the spectrum mask is relaxed, the greater the relaxed MPR value can be.

Below, examples are explained according to the size of xRB with reference to Case 3-1 and Case 3-2.

Case 3-1 is an example of a case where xRB is sufficiently large. A sufficiently large xRB may mean that another UE's channel is located outside the frequency range associated with the SEM of the channel assigned to the UE.

Figure 15 is an example of case 3-1.

The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals, messages, and fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

FIG. 15 is an example of a case where xRB is large according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

As shown in the example of Fig. 15, the spectrum emission mask (SEM) of the UE3 channel is shown on the left and right sides of the UE3 channel. It can be seen that the interval from the UE3 channel to the UE2 channel and the interval from the UE3 channel to the UE4 channel are both larger than the interval from the UE3 channel to the area related to the SEM. As shown in the example of Fig. 15, when xRB is large, the SEM can be relaxed by the amount indicated by the arrow "Relax".

Case 3-2 is an example of a case where xRB is small. For example, xRB in case 3-2 may be smaller than xRB in case 3-1. In Case 3-2, the adjacent transmission BW of the UE's transmission BW may overlap with the SEM frequency range of the UE's transmission BW.

Figure 16 is an example of case 3-2.

The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals, messages, and fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

FIG. 16 is an example of a case where xRB is small according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

According to the example of Fig. 16, the spectrum emission mask (SEM) of the UE3 channel is shown on the left and right of the UE3 channel. It can be seen that the interval from the UE3 channel to the UE2 channel and the interval from the UE3 channel to the UE4 channel are both smaller than the interval from the UE3 channel to the area related to the SEM. In the example of Fig. 16, the SEM is relaxed by the amount indicated by the Relax arrow, but it can be seen that the degree of SEM relaxation is smaller than that of the example of Fig. 15, which has a large xRB. Therefore, a relatively limited amount of Relax can be applied to the SEM.

The degree of SEM relaxation in Case 3-2 is relatively smaller than that in Case 3-1.

Note that Case 3-1 and Case 3-2 are two cases, but these are only examples. Depending on how close the transmission BW of the adjacent UE is to the self-channel, three or more cases may be distinguished.

As described in Cases 3-1 and 3-2, relatively different spectrum mask requirement (ACLR, SEM, SE) relaxations may apply depending on the case. The reduction MPR value can be defined based on the degree of spectrum mask requirement relaxation. For example, an example of ΔMPR can be defined as shown in Table 7.

In the example in Table 7, we assume the SEM frequency domain is 8*RB and define an example of ΔMPR.

x ΔMPR 8<x e 5<x≤8 f 1<x≤5 g

Table 7 provides examples of ΔMPR based on spectrum mask relaxation. In the examples in Table 7, e, f, and g are arbitrary integer values, defined as negative values. The absolute values of e, f, and g can vary in the order e > f > g.

The example in Table 7 may also be applied even when only one UE channel is allocated within the BS bandwidth. For example, the case where one UE channel is allocated may also be included when 8<x.

Based on the first and/or second examples of the disclosure of this specification, an example is described in which a UE and a network perform operations related to MPR reduction.

The UE can transmit capabilities related to MPR reduction to the network (e.g., a base station). For example, the MPR reduction capability could simply be a capability for reducing MPR, or it could be a capability related to spectrum mask reduction.

The UE may transmit to the base station a capability related to MPR reduction that supports relaxation of MPR values based on the arrangement of UE channels allocated within the BS channel and the status of adjacent channels (active/non-active) according to the first example of the disclosure of the present specification. Alternatively, the UE may transmit to the base station a capability related to MPR reduction that supports relaxation of MPR values based on how many RBs the transmission BW of a channel allocated to the UE and an adjacent channel are from the channel edge of the channel allocated to the UE according to the second example of the disclosure of the present specification.

For example, if a UE transmits a capability related to MPR reduction, it may mean that the UE supports both relaxation of MPR values according to the first example of the disclosure of this specification and relaxation of MPR values according to the second example of the disclosure of this specification.

For another example, the UE may transmit either the first capability information related to the first example of the disclosure of this specification and/or the second capability information related to the second example of the disclosure of this specification, or both.

Please note that the term "capability" related to MPR reduction is merely an example, and the scope of the disclosure of this specification is not limited by this term. For example, within the scope of the disclosure of this specification, a capability transmitted by a UE includes the capabilities related to the first and/or second examples of the disclosure of this specification, regardless of the term.

A network (e.g., a base station) may transmit scheduling information to a UE. The network (e.g., a base station) may transmit scheduling information to the UE on a DL PDCCH. For example, the scheduling information may include scheduling information related to channel activation. The scheduling information related to channel activation may include information related to the activation of a channel assigned to the UE and/or information related to the activation of a channel assigned to other UEs within the channel bandwidth of the base station.

Based on the scheduling information received from the network, the UE can know how much spectrum mask (ACLR, SEM, SE) relaxation it will perform, and based on this, can determine a value for MPR reduction.

In the above, the ΔMPR value was used to reduce the MPR value in various examples. In another example, a ΔP _{powerboost_spectrum_mask} value may be defined to reduce the MPR value. The ΔP _{powerboost_spectrum_mask} may be a new power boosting parameter based on spectrum mask relaxation. In another example, the method in which the MPR value is reduced according to various examples of the disclosure of the present specification may be additionally applied to the ΔP _powerboost . For example, the ΔP _{powerboost_spectrum_mask} value or the ΔP _powerboost value based on various examples of the disclosure of the present specification may be applied to the formulas for determining P _{CMAX_L,f,c} and/or P _{CMAX_H,f,c} , thereby increasing the configured transmitted power of the UE.

As another example, the network (e.g., base station) can transmit to the UE information related to Out-of-Band Emission (OOB) (e.g., ACLR, SEM, SE) that can be relaxed based on scheduling information. For example, the network (e.g., base station) can transmit to the UE information related to OOB (ACLR, SEM, SE) that can be relaxed on the DL PDCCH. Based on this information, the UE can determine the amount of MPR reduction, and based on that value, the UE can apply the power boosting value mentioned above (ΔP _{powerboost_spectrum_mask} value or ΔP _powerboost value).

For example, when the MPR reduction according to various examples of the disclosure of the present specification is applied to ΔP _powerboost , the following formula can be applied in the same manner as before. The definition of each parameter in the formula below can refer to TS38.101-1 V18.4.0 S6.2.4 as described above, and for ΔP _powerboost , in addition to the conventional value, the ΔMPR value according to various examples of the disclosure of the present specification can be additionally applied. For reference, since the ΔMPR value in various examples of the disclosure of the present specification is a negative number, the ΔP _powerboost value can also be set to a positive number having the same absolute value as the ΔMPR value. For example, the UE can set the maximum output power P _CMAX,f,c configured for carrier f of serving cell c in each slot. The configured maximum output power P _CMAX,f,c can be set within the following range:

P _{CMAX_L,f,c} ≤ P _CMAX,f,c ≤ P _{CMAX_H,f,c} .

Here, P _{CMAX_L,f,c} and P _{CMAX_H,f,c} are respectively as follows.

P _{CMAX_L,f,c} = MIN {P _EMAX,c - T _C,c , (P _PowerClass - ΔP _PowerClass + ΔP _PowerBoost ) - MAX(MAX(MPR _c +ΔMPR _c , A-MPR _c )+ ΔT _IB,c + ΔT _C,c + ΔT _RxSRS , P-MPR _c ) }

P _{CMAX_H,f,c} = MIN {P _EMAX,c , P _PowerClass - ΔP _PowerClass + ΔP _PowerBoost }

Based on the ΔP _{powerboost_spectrum_mask} value, when the MPR reduction according to various examples of the disclosure of the present specification is applied, the formula according to TS38.101-1 V18.4.0 S6.2.4 may be modified as follows. The definition of each parameter in the formula below may refer to TS38.101-1 V18.4.0 S6.2.4 as described above, and the ΔMPR value according to various examples of the disclosure of the present specification may be additionally applied to the ΔP _{powerboost_spectrum_mask} value. Note that the ΔMPR value in various examples of the disclosure of the present specification is a negative number, and therefore the ΔP _{powerboost_spectrum_mask} value may be set to a positive number having the same absolute value as the ΔMPR value. For example, the UE may set the maximum output power P _CMAX,f,c for carrier f of serving cell c in each slot. The set maximum output power P _CMAX,f,c can be set within the following ranges:

P _{CMAX_L,f,c} ≤ P _CMAX,f,c ≤ P _{CMAX_H,f,c}

Here, P _{CMAX_L,f,c} and P _{CMAX_H,f,c} are respectively as follows.

P _{CMAX_L,f,c} = MIN {P _EMAX,c - ΔT _C,c , (P _PowerClass - ΔP _PowerClass + ΔP _{PowerBoost_spectrum_mask} ) - MAX(MAX(MPR _c +ΔMPR _c , A-MPR _c )+ ΔT _IB,c + ΔT _C,c + ΔT _RxSRS , P-MPR _c ) }

P _{CMAX_H,f,c} = MIN {P _EMAX,c , P _PowerClass - ΔP _PowerClass + ΔP _{PowerBoost_spectrum_mask} }

In various examples disclosed in this specification, examples of applying a ΔMPR value, a ΔP _{powerboost_spectrum_mask} value, or a ΔP _powerboost value have been described. In other examples, the MPR value can also be directly reduced by applying an MPR reduction value according to various examples disclosed in this specification.

For example, Table 8 below is an example of reduced MPR values according to 3GPP TS 38.101-1 V 18.4.0 table 6.2.2-1.

Modulation MPR (dB) Edge RB allocations Outer RB allocations Inner RB allocations DFT-s-OFDM Pi/2 BPSK ≤3.5 (NOTE 1 applies) ≤1.2 (NOTE 1 applies) ≤0.2 (NOTE 1 applies) ≤0.5 (NOTES 2, 3 apply) ≤0.5 (NOTE 2 applies) 0 (NOTES 2, 4 APPLY) Pi/2 BPSK w Pi/2 BPSK DMRS ≤0.5 (NOTES 2, 3 apply) 0 (NOTE 2 applies) 0 (NOTES 2, 4 APPLY) QPSK ≤1-h 0 (NOTE 5 applies) 16 QAM ≤2-i ≤1 64 QAM ≤2.5 256 QAM ≤4.5 CP-OFDM QPSK ≤3 ≤ 1.5 16 QAM ≤3 ≤2 64 QAM ≤3.5 256 QAM ≤6.5 NOTE 1: Applies to UEs operating in TDD mode with Pi/2 BPSK modulation, indicating that the UE supports the UE feature powerBoosting-pi2BPSK, and transmits UL for bands n40, n41, n77, n78 and n79 when the IE powerBoostPi2BPSK is set to 1 and less than 40% of slots in a radio frame are used for UL transmission. The reference power for 0 dB MPR is 26 dBm.
NOTE 2: Applies to conditions where NOTE 1 does not apply.
NOTE 3: For a 3 MHz channel bandwidth, the Pi/2 BPSK edge allocation MPR is 1 dB.
NOTE 4: For UEs that indicate that the UE capability supports powerBosting-pi2BPSK-QPSK-r18 or powerBosting-pi2BPSK-QPSK-Modified-r18, if IE powerBostPi2BPSK-r18 is set to 1, the reference power is increased by [ΔP _PowerBoost - ΔP _PowerClass ].
NOTE 5: For UEs that indicate that the UE capability supports powerBosting-pi2BPSK-QPSK-r18 or powerBosting-pi2BPSK-QPSK-Modified-r18, and if the IE powerBostQPSK-r18 is set to 1, the reference power is increased by [ΔPPowerBoost - ΔPPowerClass].

Table 8 is an example of Maximum power reduction (MPR) for power class 3.

The examples in Table 8 are examples of relaxing the MPR by h and i based on the MPR values in each RB allocation when the modulation is QPSK and 16QAM, respectively. The values of h and i can be positive.

For another example, a table related to conventional MPR values can be utilized without reducing the MPR value. For example, as in the examples of Figures 14 to 16 described above, the allocation area can be re-evaluated based on the RB size of the empty areas on either side of the channel allocated to the UE, and the MPR value can be reduced.

The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals, messages, and fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

FIG. 17 is an example of re-determining an allocated area according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

For example, as in the example of FIG. 17, if there is empty space on both sides of the channel bandwidth allocated to the UE (UE CHBW), a virtual UE CHBW can be defined separately from the actual UE CHBW, as in the bottommost part of FIG. 17. If there are empty RBs on both sides of the channel bandwidth allocated to the UE (UE CHBW) corresponding to half of the UE CHBW, the MPR of the inner RB allocations can be used even if the actual UE CHBW corresponds to the Edge RB allocations or Outer RB allocations. For example, if the UE CHBW is 20 MHz and the SCS (sub-carrier spacing) is 15 kHz, N _RBs can be 106. Then, if there are empty 10 MHz (N _RB = 52) of the 15 kHz SCS, which is half of 20 MHz, on both sides, the MPR of the inner RB allocations can be used even if the actual UE CHBW corresponds to the Edge RB allocations or Outer RB allocations.

The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific examples of the present specification. The names of specific devices and the names of specific signals, messages, and fields depicted in the drawings are provided for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of this specification are not limited to the specific names used in the drawings.

FIG. 18 is an example of a procedure according to one embodiment of the disclosure of the present specification.

Figure 18 is an example of the disclosure of this specification. The scope of the disclosure of this specification is not limited by the procedures illustrated in Figure 18. For example, the operations, contents, etc. described in various examples of the disclosure of this specification may also be applied to the example of Figure 18.

The UE may perform the random access procedure described in the examples of FIGS. 6A through 6E. For example, the UE may transmit a random access preamble to the base station. The base station may transmit a response message to the UE.

In step (S1801), the UE can transmit capability information to the base station.

For example, the ability information may be power information related to MPR reduction.

In step (S1802), the base station can transmit scheduling information to the UE.

For example, the scheduling information may include scheduling information of the UE and/or scheduling information relating to one or more other devices (e.g., UEs).

For example, scheduling information related to another device may include information related to the allocation of a channel bandwidth of the other device within the channel bandwidth of the base station (e.g., information related to the location in the frequency domain of the channel bandwidth of the other device), and information related to the activation of a channel bandwidth of the other device.

In step (S1803), the UE can determine the transmission power.

For example, the UE can transmit an uplink signal to the base station based on the determined transmit power.

For example, the UE may determine the transmission power based on parameters related to power boost. For example, the parameters related to power boost may be ΔMPR, ΔP _{powerboost_spectrum_mask} value, or ΔP _powerboost , as described in various examples of the disclosure herein.

For example, parameters related to power boost may be determined based on the channel bandwidth (e.g., channel bandwidth for transmission) of one or more other devices (e.g., other UEs) and the channel bandwidth of the UE.

For example, a parameter related to power boost may be determined according to the first example of the disclosure of the present specification. For example, based on the fact that within the channel bandwidth of the base station, the channel bandwidth of the one or more other devices is not all active and the channel bandwidth of the device is located at the center of the channel bandwidth of the base station, the parameter related to power boost may be a first value. Alternatively, based on the fact that within the channel bandwidth of the base station, the channel bandwidth of the one or more other devices is not all active and the channel bandwidth of the device is located at the edge of the channel bandwidth of the base station, the parameter related to power boost may be a second value. Alternatively, based on the fact that within the channel bandwidth of the base station, the channel bandwidth of the one or more other devices adjacent to the channel bandwidth of the device is active, the parameter related to power boost may be a third value. Alternatively, based on the fact that within the channel bandwidth of the base station, the channel bandwidth of the one or more other devices not adjacent to the channel bandwidth of the device is active, the parameter related to power boost may be a fourth value. Here, the absolute value of the first value may be greater than the absolute value of the second value, and the absolute value of the third value may be greater than the absolute value of the fourth value.

For another example, the parameter related to the power boost may be a first value based on the fact that, among the channel bandwidths of one or more other devices, the interval from the edge of the channel bandwidth of the device to the nearest channel bandwidth is greater than 8 Resource Blocks (RB). Alternatively, the parameter related to the power boost may be a second value based on the fact that the interval is greater than 5 RB and less than or equal to 8 RB. Alternatively, the parameter related to the power boost may be a third value based on the fact that the interval is greater than 1 RB and less than or equal to 5 RB. The absolute value of the first value may be greater than the absolute value of the second value, and the absolute value of the second value may be greater than the absolute value of the third value.

This specification may have various effects.

For example, wider uplink coverage than conventional uplink coverage can be supported. For example, by reducing the MPR, wider uplink coverage can be supported.

For example, the MPR may be reduced based on the location of the UE's transmission channel bandwidth allocated within the base station's channel bandwidth. For example, the MPR may be reduced based on the UE's transmission channel bandwidth and the transmission channel bandwidth of another UE within the base station's channel bandwidth.

The effects that can be achieved through the specific examples of this specification are not limited to the effects listed above. For example, a person with ordinary skill in the relevant technical field may understand or derive various technical effects from this specification. Accordingly, the specific effects of this specification are not limited to those explicitly described herein, but may include various effects that can be understood or derived from the technical features of this specification.

For reference, the operation of the terminal (e.g., UE) described in this specification may be implemented by the devices of FIGS. 1 to 3 described above. For example, the terminal (e.g., UE) may be the first device (100) or the second device (200) of FIG. 2. For example, the operation of the terminal (e.g., UE) described in this specification may be processed by one or more processors (102 or 202). The operation of the terminal described in this specification may be stored in one or more memories (104 or 204) in the form of instructions/programs (e.g., instructions, executable codes) executable by one or more processors (102 or 202). One or more processors (102 or 202) may control one or more memories (104 or 204) and one or more transceivers (105 or 206), and execute instructions/programs stored in one or more memories (104 or 204) to perform operations of a terminal (e.g., UE) described in the disclosure of this specification.

Additionally, commands for performing operations of a terminal (e.g., UE) described in the disclosure of this specification may be stored in a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium. The storage medium may be included in one or more memories (104 or 204). In addition, the commands recorded in the storage medium may be executed by one or more processors (102 or 202) to perform operations of a terminal (e.g., UE) described in the disclosure of this specification.

For reference, the operations of a network node (e.g., LMF, AMF, SMF, UPF, PCF, AUSF, etc.) or a base station (e.g., NG-RAN, gNB, eNB, serving cell, PCell, SCell, neighboring cell, etc.) described in this specification may be implemented by the devices of FIGS. 1 to 3 described below. For example, the network node or the base station may be the first device (100) or the second device (200) of FIG. 2. For example, the operations of the network node or the base station described in this specification may be processed by one or more processors (102 or 202). The operations of the terminal described in this specification may be stored in one or more memories (104 or 204) in the form of instructions/programs (e.g., instructions, executable codes) executable by one or more processors (102 or 202). One or more processors (102 or 202) may control one or more memories (104 or 204) and one or more transceivers (106 or 206), and execute instructions/programs stored in one or more memories (104 or 204) to perform operations of a network node or base station as described in the disclosure of this specification.

Additionally, the instructions for performing the operations of the network node or base station described in the disclosure of this specification may be stored in a non-volatile (or non-transitory) computer-readable storage medium having the instructions recorded thereon. The storage medium may be included in one or more memories (104 or 204). In addition, the instructions recorded in the storage medium may be executed by one or more processors (102 or 202) to perform the operations of the network node or base station described in the disclosure of this specification.

Although the preferred embodiments have been described above by way of example, the disclosure of this specification is not limited to such specific embodiments, and may be modified, changed, or improved in various forms within the scope described in the spirit and claims of this specification.

In the exemplary system described above, the methods are described based on a flowchart as a series of steps or blocks. However, the order of the steps described is not limited, and some steps may occur in a different order or simultaneously with other steps described above. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will understand that the steps depicted in the flowchart are not exclusive, and other steps may be included, or one or more steps in the flowchart may be deleted without affecting the scope of the invention.

The claims set forth in this specification may be combined in various ways. For example, the technical features of the method claims of this specification may be combined to implement a device, and the technical features of the device claims of this specification may be combined to implement a method. Furthermore, the technical features of the method claims and the technical features of the device claims of this specification may be combined to implement a device, and the technical features of the method claims and the technical features of the device claims of this specification may be combined to implement a method. Other implementations are within the scope of the claims.

Claims (18)

A step of transmitting capability information related to Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) reduction to a base station by a device; The step of the device receiving scheduling information related to one or more other devices from the base station; and The device comprises a step of determining a transmission power based on a parameter related to power boost, A method wherein the parameters related to the power boost are determined based on the channel bandwidth of the one or more other devices and the channel bandwidth of the device. In the first paragraph, A method further comprising the step of transmitting an uplink signal to the base station based on the determined transmission power. In the first paragraph, A method wherein the scheduling information related to the other device includes information related to channel bandwidth allocation of the other device within the channel bandwidth of the base station and information related to activation of the channel bandwidth of the other device. In the first paragraph, The parameters related to the above power boost are: Within the channel bandwidth of the base station, the channel bandwidth of the one or more other devices is not all active, and the channel bandwidth of the device is located at the center of the channel bandwidth of the base station, or a first value; Within the channel bandwidth of the base station, the channel bandwidth of the one or more other devices is not all active, and the channel bandwidth of the device is located at the edge of the channel bandwidth of the base station, or a second value; Within the channel bandwidth of the base station, based on the channel bandwidth of the device and the channel bandwidth of one or more other devices adjacent to the device being activated, is a third value; or Within the channel bandwidth of the base station, one of the fourth values is based on the activation of the channel bandwidth of one or more other devices that are not adjacent to the channel bandwidth of the device, The absolute value of the first value is greater than the second value, A method in which the absolute value of the third value is greater than the absolute value of the fourth value. In the first paragraph, The parameters related to the above power boost are: A first value, or based on the fact that, among the channel bandwidths of the one or more other devices, the interval from the edge of the channel bandwidth of the device to the nearest channel bandwidth exceeds 8 Resource Blocks (RB); Based on the above interval being greater than 5RB and less than or equal to 8RB, the second value; or Based on the above interval being greater than 1RB and less than or equal to 5RB, the third value is A method wherein the absolute value of the first value is greater than the absolute value of the second value, and the absolute value of the second value is greater than the absolute value of the third value. One or more transmitters and receivers; one or more processors; and comprising one or more memories capable of storing instructions and being operable to the one or more processors; The operations performed based on the above instruction being executed by the at least one processor are: A step of transmitting capability information related to Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) reduction to a base station by a device; The step of the device receiving scheduling information related to one or more other devices from the base station; and The device comprises a step of determining a transmission power based on a parameter related to power boost, A device wherein the parameters related to the power boost are determined based on the channel bandwidth of the one or more other devices and the channel bandwidth of the device. In paragraph 6, A device further comprising a step of transmitting an uplink signal to the base station based on the determined transmission power. In paragraph 6, A device wherein the scheduling information related to the other device includes information related to channel bandwidth allocation of the other device within the channel bandwidth of the base station and information related to activation of the channel bandwidth of the other device. In paragraph 6, The parameters related to the above power boost are: Within the channel bandwidth of the base station, the channel bandwidth of the one or more other devices is not all active, and the channel bandwidth of the device is located at the center of the channel bandwidth of the base station, or a first value; Within the channel bandwidth of the base station, the channel bandwidth of the one or more other devices is not all active, and the channel bandwidth of the device is located at the edge of the channel bandwidth of the base station, or a second value; Within the channel bandwidth of the base station, based on the channel bandwidth of the device and the channel bandwidth of one or more other devices adjacent to the device being activated, is a third value; or Within the channel bandwidth of the base station, one of the fourth values is based on the activation of the channel bandwidth of one or more other devices that are not adjacent to the channel bandwidth of the device, The absolute value of the first value is greater than the second value, A device in which the absolute value of the third value is greater than the absolute value of the fourth value. In the first paragraph, The parameters related to the above power boost are: Among the channel bandwidths of the one or more other devices, the first value is based on the interval from the edge of the channel bandwidth of the device to the nearest channel bandwidth exceeding 8 Resource Blocks (RB); Based on the above interval being greater than 5RB and less than or equal to 8RB, the second value; or Based on the above interval being greater than 1RB and less than or equal to 5RB, the third value is A device wherein the absolute value of the first value is greater than the absolute value of the second value, and the absolute value of the second value is greater than the absolute value of the third value. at least one processor; and At least one memory storing instructions and being operably electrically connected to the at least one processor, An operation performed based on the command being executed by the at least one processor: An apparatus comprising a method according to any one of claims 1 to 5. A non-transitory computer readable medium (CRM) that records commands, A CRM comprising the steps of: said instructions, when executed by one or more processors, causing said one or more processors to perform a method according to any one of claims 1 to 5. A step of receiving capability information related to Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) reduction from a device; and Comprising the step of transmitting scheduling information related to one or more other devices to said device, Scheduling information related to said one or more other devices is used by said device to determine parameters related to power boost based on a channel bandwidth of said one or more other devices and a bandwidth of said device, A method in which the transmission power of the device is determined based on parameters related to the power boost. In Article 13, A method further comprising the step of receiving an uplink signal from the device based on the determined transmission power. In Article 13, A method wherein the scheduling information related to the other device includes information related to channel bandwidth allocation of the other device within the channel bandwidth of the base station and information related to activation of the channel bandwidth of the other device. One or more transmitters and receivers; one or more processors; and comprising one or more memories capable of storing instructions and being operable to the one or more processors; The operation performed based on the above instruction being executed by the at least one processor is: a method according to any of claims 13 to 15, A step of receiving capability information related to Maximum Power Reduction (MPR) reduction from a device; and Comprising the step of transmitting scheduling information related to one or more other devices to said device, Scheduling information related to said one or more other devices is used by said device to determine parameters related to power boost based on a channel bandwidth of said one or more other devices and a bandwidth of said device, A base station, wherein the transmission power of the device is determined based on parameters related to the power boost. In Article 16, A base station further comprising a step of receiving an uplink signal from the device based on the determined transmission power. In Article 16, A base station, wherein the scheduling information related to the other device includes information related to channel bandwidth allocation of the other device within the channel bandwidth of the base station, and information related to activation of the channel bandwidth of the other device.