WO2025071147A1

WO2025071147A1 - Additional maximum power reduction

Info

Publication number: WO2025071147A1
Application number: PCT/KR2024/014373
Authority: WO
Inventors: Yoonoh Yang; Sangwook Lee; Joongkwan Huh; Jinyup HWANG; Yunsik NA
Original assignee: LG Electronics Inc
Current assignee: LG Electronics Inc
Priority date: 2023-09-26
Filing date: 2024-09-24
Publication date: 2025-04-03
Anticipated expiration: 2026-03-26

Abstract

The present disclosure provides a UE. The UE includes at least one transceiver; at least one processor; and at least one memory that stores instructions and is operatively electrically connectable with the at least one processor. Operations performed based on the command being executed by the at least one processor may include: determining transmission power for SL signal, based on an A-MPR value for NS 52; and transmitting the SL signal including two PSFCH to other device, based on the transmission power.

Description

ADDITIONAL MAXIMUM POWER REDUCTION

The present specification relates to a radio communication.

3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) long-term evolution (LTE) is a technology for enabling high-speed packet communications. Many schemes have been proposed for the LTE objective including those that aim to reduce user and provider costs, improve service quality, and expand and improve coverage and system capacity. The 3GPP LTE requires reduced cost per bit, increased service availability, flexible use of a frequency band, a simple structure, an open interface, and adequate power consumption of a terminal as an upper-level requirement.

Work has started in international telecommunication union (ITU) and 3GPP to develop requirements and specifications for new radio (NR) systems. 3GPP has to identify and develop the technology components needed for successfully standardizing the new RAT timely satisfying both the urgent market needs, and the more long-term requirements set forth by the ITU radio communication sector (ITU-R) international mobile telecommunications (IMT)-2020 process. Further, the NR should be able to use any spectrum band ranging at least up to 110 GHz that may be made available for wireless communications even in a more distant future.

The NR targets a single technical framework addressing all usage scenarios, requirements and deployment scenarios including enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), massive machine-type-communications (mMTC), ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC), etc. The NR shall be inherently forward compatible.

According to prior arts, Carrier Aggregation(CA) for communication between UEs was not supported. Also, transmission(Tx) Radio Frequency (RF) requirements related to the communication between UEs for power class 3 UE was not defined.

In one aspect, provided is a device. The device may comprise: at least one transceiver; at least one processor; and at least one memory that stores instructions and is operably electrically connectable with the at least one processor. Wherein operations performed based on the instructions being executed by the at least one processor may include: determining transmission power for SL signal, based on an A-MPR value for NS 52; and transmitting the SL signal including two PSFCH to other device, based on the transmission power.

In an embodiment, a method performed by the above device is provided.

In an embodiment, provided is a method. The method may comprise: receiving random access preamble from a device; and transmitting a response message to the device.

In an embodiment, an apparatus for implementing the above method is provided.

FIG. 1 shows an example of a communication system to which implementations of the present disclosure is applied.

FIG. 2 shows an example of wireless devices to which implementations of the present disclosure is applied.

FIG. 3 shows an example of a wireless device to which implementations of the present disclosure is applied.

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example of a communication structure that can be provided in a 6G system.

FIG. 5 shows an example of an electromagnetic spectrum.

FIGS. 6a through 6e shows an example of RACH procedures applicable to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 illustrates a procedure for a terminal to perform V2X or SL communications, depending on the transmission mode, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example of an allocation for PSCCH or PSSCH according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 illustrates an example of S-SSB structure according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 10 illustrates an example of Parameters related to Ratio of R according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 illustrates an example of PSFCH A-MPR simulation results according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example of operations performed by a UE according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 13 illustrates an example of operations according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

The following techniques, apparatuses, and systems may be applied to a variety of wireless multiple access systems. Examples of the multiple access systems include a code division multiple access (CDMA) system, a frequency division multiple access (FDMA) system, a time division multiple access (TDMA) system, an orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) system, a single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) system, and a multicarrier frequency division multiple access (MC-FDMA) system. CDMA may be embodied through radio technology such as universal terrestrial radio access (UTRA) or CDMA2000. TDMA may be embodied through radio technology such as global system for mobile communications (GSM), general packet radio service (GPRS), or enhanced data rates for GSM evolution (EDGE). OFDMA may be embodied through radio technology such as institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), IEEE 802.20, or evolved UTRA (E-UTRA). UTRA is a part of a universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS). 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) long term evolution (LTE) is a part of evolved UMTS (E-UMTS) using E-UTRA. 3GPP LTE employs OFDMA in DL and SC-FDMA in UL. Evolution of 3GPP LTE includes LTE-A (advanced), LTE-A Pro, and/or 5G NR (new radio).

For convenience of description, implementations of the present disclosure are mainly described in regard to a 3GPP based wireless communication system. However, the technical features of the present disclosure are not limited thereto. For example, although the following detailed description is given based on a mobile communication system corresponding to a 3GPP based wireless communication system, aspects of the present disclosure that are not limited to 3GPP based wireless communication system are applicable to other mobile communication systems.

For terms and technologies which are not specifically described among the terms of and technologies employed in the present disclosure, the wireless communication standard documents published before the present disclosure may be referenced.

In the present disclosure, "A or B" may mean "only A", "only B", or "both A and B". In other words, "A or B" in the present disclosure may be interpreted as "A and/or B". For example, "A, B or C" in the present disclosure may mean "only A", "only B", "only C", or "any combination of A, B and C".

In the present disclosure, slash (/) or comma (,) may mean "and/or". For example, "A/B" may mean "A and/or B". Accordingly, "A/B" may mean "only A", "only B", or "both A and B". For example, "A, B, C" may mean "A, B or C".

In the present disclosure, "at least one of A and B" may mean "only A", "only B" or "both A and B". In addition, the expression "at least one of A or B" or "at least one of A and/or B" in the present disclosure may be interpreted as same as "at least one of A and B".

In addition, in the present disclosure, "at least one of A, B and C" may mean "only A", "only B", "only C", or "any combination of A, B and C". In addition, "at least one of A, B or C" or "at least one of A, B and/or C" may mean "at least one of A, B and C".

Also, parentheses used in the present disclosure may mean "for example". In detail, when it is shown as "control information (PDCCH)", "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information". In other words, "control information" in the present disclosure is not limited to "PDCCH", and "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information". In addition, even when shown as "control information (i.e., PDCCH)", "PDCCH" may be proposed as an example of "control information".

Technical features that are separately described in one drawing in the present disclosure may be implemented separately or simultaneously.

Although not limited thereto, various descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operational flowcharts of the present disclosure disclosed herein can be applied to various fields requiring wireless communication and/or connection (e.g., 5G) between devices.

Hereinafter, the present disclosure will be described in more detail with reference to drawings. The same reference numerals in the following drawings and/or descriptions may refer to the same and/or corresponding hardware blocks, software blocks, and/or functional blocks unless otherwise indicated.

Although a user equipment (UE) is illustrated by way of example in the accompanying drawings, the illustrated UE may be referred to as a terminal, mobile equipment (ME), and the like. In addition, the UE may be a portable device such as a notebook computer, a mobile phone, a PDA, a smartphone, and a multimedia device or may be a non-portable device such as a PC or a vehicle-mounted device.

Hereinafter, a UE is used as an example of a wireless communication device (or a wireless device or wireless equipment) capable of wireless communication. An operation performed by a UE may be performed by a wireless communication device. A wireless communication device may also be referred to as a wireless device, wireless equipment, or the like. Hereinafter, AMF may mean an AMF node, SMF may mean an SMF node, and UPF may mean a UPF node.

A base station used below generally refers to a fixed station communicating with a wireless device and may also be referred as an evolved-NodeB (eNodeB), an evolved-NodeB (eNB), a base transceiver system (BTS), an access point, and a next generation NodeB (gNB).

The 5G usage scenarios shown in FIG. 1 are only exemplary, and the technical features of the present disclosure can be applied to other 5G usage scenarios which are not shown in FIG. 1.

Three main requirement categories for 5G include (1) a category of enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), (2) a category of massive machine type communication (mMTC), and (3) a category of ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC).

Partial use cases may require a plurality of categories for optimization and other use cases may focus only upon one key performance indicator (KPI). 5G supports such various use cases using a flexible and reliable method.

eMBB far surpasses basic mobile Internet access and covers abundant bidirectional work and media and entertainment applications in cloud and augmented reality. Data is one of 5G core motive forces and, in a 5G era, a dedicated voice service may not be provided for the first time. In 5G, it is expected that voice will be simply processed as an application program using data connection provided by a communication system. Main causes for increased traffic volume are due to an increase in the size of content and an increase in the number of applications requiring high data transmission rate. A streaming service (of audio and video), conversational video, and mobile Internet access will be more widely used as more devices are connected to the Internet. These many application programs require connectivity of an always turned-on state in order to push real-time information and alarm for users. Cloud storage and applications are rapidly increasing in a mobile communication platform and may be applied to both work and entertainment. The cloud storage is a special use case which accelerates growth of uplink data transmission rate. 5G is also used for remote work of cloud. When a tactile interface is used, 5G demands much lower end-to-end latency to maintain user good experience. Entertainment, for example, cloud gaming and video streaming, is another core element which increases demand for mobile broadband capability. Entertainment is essential for a smartphone and a tablet in any place including high mobility environments such as a train, a vehicle, and an airplane. Other use cases are augmented reality for entertainment and information search. In this case, the augmented reality requires very low latency and instantaneous data volume.

In addition, one of the most expected 5G use cases relates a function capable of smoothly connecting embedded sensors in all fields, i.e., mMTC. It is expected that the number of potential Internet-of-things (IoT) devices will reach 204 hundred million up to the year of 2020. An industrial IoT is one of categories of performing a main role enabling a smart city, asset tracking, smart utility, agriculture, and security infrastructure through 5G.

URLLC includes a new service that will change industry through remote control of main infrastructure and an ultra-reliable/available low-latency link such as a self-driving vehicle. A level of reliability and latency is essential to control a smart grid, automatize industry, achieve robotics, and control and adjust a drone.

5G is a means of providing streaming evaluated as a few hundred megabits per second to gigabits per second and may complement fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) and cable-based broadband (or DOCSIS). Such fast speed is needed to deliver TV in resolution of 4K or more (6K, 8K, and more), as well as virtual reality and augmented reality. Virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) applications include almost immersive sports games. A specific application program may require a special network configuration. For example, for VR games, gaming companies need to incorporate a core server into an edge network server of a network operator in order to minimize latency.

Automotive is expected to be a new important motivated force in 5G together with many use cases for mobile communication for vehicles. For example, entertainment for passengers requires high simultaneous capacity and mobile broadband with high mobility. This is because future users continue to expect connection of high quality regardless of their locations and speeds. Another use case of an automotive field is an AR dashboard. The AR dashboard causes a driver to identify an object in the dark in addition to an object seen from a front window and displays a distance from the object and a movement of the object by overlapping information talking to the driver. In the future, a wireless module enables communication between vehicles, information exchange between a vehicle and supporting infrastructure, and information exchange between a vehicle and other connected devices (e.g., devices accompanied by a pedestrian). A safety system guides alternative courses of a behavior so that a driver may drive more safely drive, thereby lowering the danger of an accident. The next stage will be a remotely controlled or self-driven vehicle. This requires very high reliability and very fast communication between different self-driven vehicles and between a vehicle and infrastructure. In the future, a self-driven vehicle will perform all driving activities and a driver will focus only upon abnormal traffic that the vehicle cannot identify. Technical requirements of a self-driven vehicle demand ultra-low latency and ultra-high reliability so that traffic safety is increased to a level that cannot be achieved by human being.

A smart city and a smart home/building mentioned as a smart society will be embedded in a high-density wireless sensor network. A distributed network of an intelligent sensor will identify conditions for costs and energy-efficient maintenance of a city or a home. Similar configurations may be performed for respective households. All of temperature sensors, window and heating controllers, burglar alarms, and home appliances are wirelessly connected. Many of these sensors are typically low in data transmission rate, power, and cost. However, real-time HD video may be demanded by a specific type of device to perform monitoring.

Consumption and distribution of energy including heat or gas is distributed at a higher level so that automated control of the distribution sensor network is demanded. The smart grid collects information and connects the sensors to each other using digital information and communication technology so as to act according to the collected information. Since this information may include behaviors of a supply company and a consumer, the smart grid may improve distribution of fuels such as electricity by a method having efficiency, reliability, economic feasibility, production sustainability, and automation. The smart grid may also be regarded as another sensor network having low latency.

Mission critical application (e.g., e-health) is one of 5G use scenarios. A health part contains many application programs capable of enjoying benefit of mobile communication. A communication system may support remote treatment that provides clinical treatment in a faraway place. Remote treatment may aid in reducing a barrier against distance and improve access to medical services that cannot be continuously available in a faraway rural area. Remote treatment is also used to perform important treatment and save lives in an emergency situation. The wireless sensor network based on mobile communication may provide remote monitoring and sensors for parameters such as heart rate and blood pressure.

Wireless and mobile communication gradually becomes important in the field of an industrial application. Wiring is high in installation and maintenance cost. Therefore, a possibility of replacing a cable with reconstructible wireless links is an attractive opportunity in many industrial fields. However, in order to achieve this replacement, it is necessary for wireless connection to be established with latency, reliability, and capacity similar to those of the cable and management of wireless connection needs to be simplified. Low latency and a very low error probability are new requirements when connection to 5G is needed.

Logistics and freight tracking are important use cases for mobile communication that enables inventory and package tracking anywhere using a location-based information system. The use cases of logistics and freight typically demand low data rate but require location information with a wide range and reliability.

Referring to FIG. 1, the communication system 1 includes wireless devices 100a to 100f, base stations (BSs) 200, and a network 300. Although FIG. 1 illustrates a 5G network as an example of the network of the communication system 1, the implementations of the present disclosure are not limited to the 5G system, and can be applied to the future communication system beyond the 5G system.

The BSs 200 and the network 300 may be implemented as wireless devices and a specific wireless device may operate as a BS/network node with respect to other wireless devices.

The wireless devices 100a to 100f represent devices performing communication using radio access technology (RAT) (e.g., 5G new RAT (NR)) or LTE) and may be referred to as communication/radio/5G devices. The wireless devices 100a to 100f may include, without being limited to, a robot 100a, vehicles 100b-1 and 100b-2, an extended reality (XR) device 100c, a hand-held device 100d, a home appliance 100e, an IoT device 100f, and an artificial intelligence (AI) device/server 400. For example, the vehicles may include a vehicle having a wireless communication function, an autonomous driving vehicle, and a vehicle capable of performing communication between vehicles. The vehicles may include an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) (e.g., a drone). The XR device may include an AR/VR/Mixed Reality (MR) device and may be implemented in the form of a head-mounted device (HMD), a head-up display (HUD) mounted in a vehicle, a television, a smartphone, a computer, a wearable device, a home appliance device, a digital signage, a vehicle, a robot, etc. The hand-held device may include a smartphone, a smartpad, a wearable device (e.g., a smartwatch or a smartglasses), and a computer (e.g., a notebook). The home appliance may include a TV, a refrigerator, and a washing machine. The IoT device may include a sensor and a smartmeter.

In the present disclosure, the wireless devices 100a to 100f may be called user equipments (UEs). A UE may include, for example, a cellular phone, a smartphone, a laptop computer, a digital broadcast terminal, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a portable multimedia player (PMP), a navigation system, a slate personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, an ultrabook, a vehicle, a vehicle having an autonomous traveling function, a connected car, an UAV, an AI module, a robot, an AR device, a VR device, an MR device, a hologram device, a public safety device, an MTC device, an IoT device, a medical device, a FinTech device (or a financial device), a security device, a weather/environment device, a device related to a 5G service, or a device related to a fourth industrial revolution field.

The UAV may be, for example, an aircraft aviated by a wireless control signal without a human being onboard.

The VR device may include, for example, a device for implementing an object or a background of the virtual world. The AR device may include, for example, a device implemented by connecting an object or a background of the virtual world to an object or a background of the real world. The MR device may include, for example, a device implemented by merging an object or a background of the virtual world into an object or a background of the real world. The hologram device may include, for example, a device for implementing a stereoscopic image of 360 degrees by recording and reproducing stereoscopic information, using an interference phenomenon of light generated when two laser lights called holography meet.

The public safety device may include, for example, an image relay device or an image device that is wearable on the body of a user.

The MTC device and the IoT device may be, for example, devices that do not require direct human intervention or manipulation. For example, the MTC device and the IoT device may include smartmeters, vending machines, thermometers, smartbulbs, door locks, or various sensors.

The medical device may be, for example, a device used for the purpose of diagnosing, treating, relieving, curing, or preventing disease. For example, the medical device may be a device used for the purpose of diagnosing, treating, relieving, or correcting injury or impairment. For example, the medical device may be a device used for the purpose of inspecting, replacing, or modifying a structure or a function. For example, the medical device may be a device used for the purpose of adjusting pregnancy. For example, the medical device may include a device for treatment, a device for operation, a device for (in vitro) diagnosis, a hearing aid, or a device for procedure.

The security device may be, for example, a device installed to prevent a danger that may arise and to maintain safety. For example, the security device may be a camera, a closed-circuit TV (CCTV), a recorder, or a black box.

The FinTech device may be, for example, a device capable of providing a financial service such as mobile payment. For example, the FinTech device may include a payment device or a point of sales (POS) system.

The weather/environment device may include, for example, a device for monitoring or predicting a weather/environment.

The wireless devices 100a to 100f may be connected to the network 300 via the BSs 200. An AI technology may be applied to the wireless devices 100a to 100f and the wireless devices 100a to 100f may be connected to the AI server 400 via the network 300. The network 300 may be configured using a 3G network, a 4G (e.g., LTE) network, a 5G (e.g., NR) network, and a beyond-5G network. Although the wireless devices 100a to 100f may communicate with each other through the BSs 200/network 300, the wireless devices 100a to 100f may perform direct communication (e.g., sidelink communication) with each other without passing through the BSs 200/network 300. For example, the vehicles 100b-1 and 100b-2 may perform direct communication (e.g., vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)/vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication). The IoT device (e.g., a sensor) may perform direct communication with other IoT devices (e.g., sensors) or other wireless devices 100a to 100f.

Wireless communication/

connections

150a, 150b and 150c may be established between the wireless devices 100a to 100f and/or between wireless device 100a to 100f and BS 200 and/or between BSs 200. Herein, the wireless communication/connections may be established through various RATs (e.g., 5G NR) such as uplink/downlink communication 150a, sidelink communication (or device-to-device (D2D) communication) 150b, inter-base station communication 150c (e.g., relay, integrated access and backhaul (IAB)), etc. The wireless devices 100a to 100f and the BSs 200/the wireless devices 100a to 100f may transmit/receive radio signals to/from each other through the wireless communication/

connections

150a, 150b and 150c. For example, the wireless communication/

connections

150a, 150b and 150c may transmit/receive signals through various physical channels. To this end, at least a part of various configuration information configuring processes, various signal processing processes (e.g., channel encoding/decoding, modulation/demodulation, and resource mapping/de-mapping), and resource allocating processes, for transmitting/receiving radio signals, may be performed based on the various proposals of the present disclosure.

AI refers to the field of studying artificial intelligence or the methodology that can create it, and machine learning refers to the field of defining various problems addressed in the field of AI and the field of methodology to solve them. Machine learning is also defined as an algorithm that increases the performance of a task through steady experience on a task.

Robot means a machine that automatically processes or operates a given task by its own ability. In particular, robots with the ability to recognize the environment and make self-determination to perform actions can be called intelligent robots. Robots can be classified as industrial, medical, home, military, etc., depending on the purpose or area of use. The robot can perform a variety of physical operations, such as moving the robot joints with actuators or motors. The movable robot also includes wheels, brakes, propellers, etc., on the drive, allowing it to drive on the ground or fly in the air.

Autonomous driving means a technology that drives on its own, and autonomous vehicles mean vehicles that drive without user's control or with minimal user's control. For example, autonomous driving may include maintaining lanes in motion, automatically adjusting speed such as adaptive cruise control, automatic driving along a set route, and automatically setting a route when a destination is set. The vehicle covers vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines, hybrid vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines and electric motors, and electric vehicles equipped with electric motors, and may include trains, motorcycles, etc., as well as cars. Autonomous vehicles can be seen as robots with autonomous driving functions.

Extended reality is collectively referred to as VR, AR, and MR. VR technology provides objects and backgrounds of real world only through computer graphic (CG) images. AR technology provides a virtual CG image on top of a real object image. MR technology is a CG technology that combines and combines virtual objects into the real world. MR technology is similar to AR technology in that they show real and virtual objects together. However, there is a difference in that in AR technology, virtual objects are used as complementary forms to real objects, while in MR technology, virtual objects and real objects are used as equal personalities.

NR supports multiples numerologies (and/or multiple subcarrier spacings (SCS)) to support various 5G services. For example, if SCS is 15 kHz, wide area can be supported in traditional cellular bands, and if SCS is 30 kHz/60 kHz, dense-urban, lower latency, and wider carrier bandwidth can be supported. If SCS is 60 kHz or higher, bandwidths greater than 24.25 GHz can be supported to overcome phase noise.

The NR frequency band may be defined as two types of frequency range, i.e., FR1 and FR2. The numerical value of the frequency range may be changed. For example, the frequency ranges of the two types (FR1 and FR2) may be as shown in Table 1 below. For ease of explanation, in the frequency ranges used in the NR system, FR1 may mean "sub 6 GHz range", FR2 may mean "above 6 GHz range," and may be referred to as millimeter wave (mmW). FR2 may include FR 2-1 and FR 2-2, as shown in the examples in Table 1 and Table 2.

Frequency Range designation		Corresponding frequency range	Subcarrier Spacing
FR1		450MHz - 6000MHz	15, 30, 60kHz
FR2	FR2-1	24250MHz - 52600MHz	60, 120, 240kHz
FR2	FR2-2	57000MHz - 71000MHz	120, 480, 960kHz

As mentioned above, the numerical value of the frequency range of the NR system may be changed. For example, FR1 may include a frequency band of 410MHz to 7125MHz as shown in Table 2 below. That is, FR1 may include a frequency band of 6GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, etc.) or more. For example, a frequency band of 6 GHz (or 5850, 5900, 5925 MHz, etc.) or more included in FR1 may include an unlicensed band. Unlicensed bands may be used for a variety of purposes, for example for communication for vehicles (e.g., autonomous driving).

Frequency Range designation		Corresponding frequency range	Subcarrier Spacing
FR1		410MHz - 7125MHz	15, 30, 60kHz
FR2	FR2-1	24250MHz - 52600MHz	60, 120, 240kHz
FR2	FR2-2	57000MHz - 71000MHz	120, 480, 960kHz

Here, the radio communication technologies implemented in the wireless devices in the present disclosure may include narrowband internet-of-things (NB-IoT) technology for low-power communication as well as LTE, NR and 6G. For example, NB-IoT technology may be an example of low power wide area network (LPWAN) technology, may be implemented in specifications such as LTE Cat NB1 and/or LTE Cat NB2, and may not be limited to the above-mentioned names. Additionally, and/or alternatively, the radio communication technologies implemented in the wireless devices in the present disclosure may communicate based on LTE-M technology. For example, LTE-M technology may be an example of LPWAN technology and be called by various names such as enhanced machine type communication (eMTC). For example, LTE-M technology may be implemented in at least one of the various specifications, such as 1) LTE Cat 0, 2) LTE Cat M1, 3) LTE Cat M2, 4) LTE non-bandwidth limited (non-BL), 5) LTE-MTC, 6) LTE Machine Type Communication, and/or 7) LTE M, and may not be limited to the above-mentioned names. Additionally, and/or alternatively, the radio communication technologies implemented in the wireless devices in the present disclosure may include at least one of ZigBee, Bluetooth, and/or LPWAN which take into account low-power communication, and may not be limited to the above-mentioned names. For example, ZigBee technology may generate personal area networks (PANs) associated with small/low-power digital communication based on various specifications such as IEEE 802.15.4 and may be called various names.

Referring to FIG. 2, a first wireless device 100 and a second wireless device 200 may transmit/receive radio signals to/from an external device through a variety of RATs (e.g., LTE and NR).

In FIG. 2, {the first wireless device 100 and the second wireless device 200} may correspond to at least one of {the wireless device 100a to 100f and the BS 200}, {the wireless device 100a to 100f and the wireless device 100a to 100f} and/or {the BS 200 and the BS 200} of FIG. 1.

The first wireless device 100 may include at least one transceiver, such as a transceiver 106, at least one processing chip, such as a processing chip 101, and/or one or more antennas 108.

The processing chip 101 may include at least one processor, such a processor 102, and at least one memory, such as a memory 104. It is exemplarily shown in FIG. 2 that the memory 104 is included in the processing chip 101. Additional and/or alternatively, the memory 104 may be placed outside of the processing chip 101.

The processor 102 may control the memory 104 and/or the transceiver 106 and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operational flowcharts described in the present disclosure. For example, the processor 102 may process information within the memory 104 to generate first information/signals and then transmit radio signals including the first information/signals through the transceiver 106. The processor 102 may receive radio signals including second information/signals through the transceiver 106 and then store information obtained by processing the second information/signals in the memory 104.

The memory 104 may be operably connectable to the processor 102. The memory 104 may store various types of information and/or instructions. The memory 104 may store a software code 105 which implements instructions that, when executed by the processor 102, perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure. For example, the software code 105 may implement instructions that, when executed by the processor 102, perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure. For example, the software code 105 may control the processor 102 to perform one or more protocols. For example, the software code 105 may control the processor 102 to perform one or more layers of the radio interface protocol.

Herein, the processor 102 and the memory 104 may be a part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). The transceiver 106 may be connected to the processor 102 and transmit and/or receive radio signals through one or more antennas 108. Each of the transceiver 106 may include a transmitter and/or a receiver. The transceiver 106 may be interchangeably used with radio frequency (RF) unit(s). In the present disclosure, the first wireless device 100 may represent a communication modem/circuit/chip.

The second wireless device 200 may include at least one transceiver, such as a transceiver 206, at least one processing chip, such as a processing chip 201, and/or one or more antennas 208.

The processing chip 201 may include at least one processor, such a processor 202, and at least one memory, such as a memory 204. It is exemplarily shown in FIG. 2 that the memory 204 is included in the processing chip 201. Additional and/or alternatively, the memory 204 may be placed outside of the processing chip 201.

The processor 202 may control the memory 204 and/or the transceiver 206 and may be configured to implement the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operational flowcharts described in the present disclosure. For example, the processor 202 may process information within the memory 204 to generate third information/signals and then transmit radio signals including the third information/signals through the transceiver 206. The processor 202 may receive radio signals including fourth information/signals through the transceiver 106 and then store information obtained by processing the fourth information/signals in the memory 204.

The memory 204 may be operably connectable to the processor 202. The memory 204 may store various types of information and/or instructions. The memory 204 may store a software code 205 which implements instructions that, when executed by the processor 202, perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure. For example, the software code 205 may implement instructions that, when executed by the processor 202, perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure. For example, the software code 205 may control the processor 202 to perform one or more protocols. For example, the software code 205 may control the processor 202 to perform one or more layers of the radio interface protocol.

Herein, the processor 202 and the memory 204 may be a part of a communication modem/circuit/chip designed to implement RAT (e.g., LTE or NR). The transceiver 206 may be connected to the processor 202 and transmit and/or receive radio signals through one or more antennas 208. Each of the transceiver 206 may include a transmitter and/or a receiver. The transceiver 206 may be interchangeably used with RF unit. In the present disclosure, the second wireless device 200 may represent a communication modem/circuit/chip.

Hereinafter, hardware elements of the

wireless devices

100 and 200 will be described more specifically. One or more protocol layers may be implemented by, without being limited to, one or

more processors

102 and 202. For example, the one or

more processors

102 and 202 may implement one or more layers (e.g., functional layers such as physical (PHY) layer, media access control (MAC) layer, radio link control (RLC) layer, packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, radio resource control (RRC) layer, and service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer). The one or

more processors

102 and 202 may generate one or more protocol data units (PDUs) and/or one or more service data unit (SDUs) according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure. The one or

more processors

102 and 202 may generate messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure. The one or

more processors

102 and 202 may generate signals (e.g., baseband signals) including PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure and provide the generated signals to the one or

more transceivers

106 and 206. The one or

more processors

102 and 202 may receive the signals (e.g., baseband signals) from the one or

more transceivers

106 and 206 and acquire the PDUs, SDUs, messages, control information, data, or information according to the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure.

The one or

more processors

102 and 202 may be referred to as controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors, or microcomputers. The one or

more processors

102 and 202 may be implemented by hardware, firmware, software, or a combination thereof. As an example, one or more application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), one or more digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), one or more programmable logic devices (PLDs), or one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) may be included in the one or

more processors

102 and 202. The descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure may be implemented using firmware or software and the firmware or software may be configured to include the modules, procedures, or functions. Firmware or software configured to perform the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure may be included in the one or

more processors

102 and 202 or stored in the one or

more memories

104 and 204 so as to be driven by the one or

more processors

102 and 202. The descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure may be implemented using firmware or software in the form of code, commands, and/or a set of commands.

The one or

more memories

104 and 204 may be connected to the one or

more processors

102 and 202 and store various types of data, signals, messages, information, programs, code, instructions, and/or commands. The one or

more memories

104 and 204 may be configured by read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs), electrically erasable programmable read-only memories (EPROMs), flash memories, hard drives, registers, cash memories, computer-readable storage media, and/or combinations thereof. The one or

more memories

104 and 204 may be located at the interior and/or exterior of the one or

more processors

102 and 202. The one or

more memories

104 and 204 may be connected to the one or

more processors

102 and 202 through various technologies such as wired or wireless connection.

The one or

more transceivers

106 and 206 may transmit user data, control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure, to one or more other devices. The one or

more transceivers

106 and 206 may receive user data, control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure, from one or more other devices. For example, the one or

more transceivers

106 and 206 may be connected to the one or

more processors

102 and 202 and transmit and receive radio signals. For example, the one or

more processors

102 and 202 may perform control so that the one or

more transceivers

106 and 206 may transmit user data, control information, or radio signals to one or more other devices. The one or

more processors

102 and 202 may perform control so that the one or

more transceivers

106 and 206 may receive user data, control information, or radio signals from one or more other devices.

The one or

more transceivers

106 and 206 may be connected to the one or

more antennas

108 and 208 and the one or

more transceivers

106 and 206 may be configured to transmit and receive user data, control information, and/or radio signals/channels, mentioned in the descriptions, functions, procedures, suggestions, methods and/or operational flowcharts disclosed in the present disclosure, through the one or

more antennas

108 and 208. In the present disclosure, the one or

more antennas

108 and 208 may be a plurality of physical antennas or a plurality of logical antennas (e.g., antenna ports).

The one or

more transceivers

106 and 206 may convert received user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc., from RF band signals into baseband signals in order to process received user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc., using the one or

more processors

102 and 202. The one or

more transceivers

106 and 206 may convert the user data, control information, radio signals/channels, etc., processed using the one or

more processors

102 and 202 from the base band signals into the RF band signals. To this end, the one or

more transceivers

106 and 206 may include (analog) oscillators and/or filters. For example, the one or

more transceivers

106 and 206 can up-convert OFDM baseband signals to OFDM signals by their (analog) oscillators and/or filters under the control of the one or

more processors

102 and 202 and transmit the up-converted OFDM signals at the carrier frequency. The one or

more transceivers

106 and 206 may receive OFDM signals at a carrier frequency and down-convert the OFDM signals into OFDM baseband signals by their (analog) oscillators and/or filters under the control of the one or

more processors

102 and 202.

In the implementations of the present disclosure, a UE may operate as a transmitting device in uplink (UL) and as a receiving device in downlink (DL). In the implementations of the present disclosure, a BS may operate as a receiving device in UL and as a transmitting device in DL. Hereinafter, for convenience of description, it is mainly assumed that the first wireless device 100 acts as the UE, and the second wireless device 200 acts as the BS. For example, the processor(s) 102 connected to, mounted on or launched in the first wireless device 100 may be configured to perform the UE behavior according to an implementation of the present disclosure or control the transceiver(s) 106 to perform the UE behavior according to an implementation of the present disclosure. The processor(s) 202 connected to, mounted on or launched in the second wireless device 200 may be configured to perform the BS behavior according to an implementation of the present disclosure or control the transceiver(s) 206 to perform the BS behavior according to an implementation of the present disclosure.

In the present disclosure, a BS is also referred to as a node B (NB), an eNode B (eNB), or a gNB.

The wireless device may be implemented in various forms according to a use-case/service (refer to FIG. 1).

Referring to FIG. 3,

wireless devices

100 and 200 may correspond to the

wireless devices

100 and 200 of FIG. 2 and may be configured by various elements, components, units/portions, and/or modules. For example, each of the

wireless devices

100 and 200 may include a communication unit 110, a control unit 120, a memory unit 130, and additional components 140. The communication unit 110 may include a communication circuit 112 and transceiver(s) 114. For example, the communication circuit 112 may include the one or

more processors

102 and 202 of FIG. 2 and/or the one or

more memories

104 and 204 of FIG. 2. For example, the transceiver(s) 114 may include the one or

more transceivers

106 and 206 of FIG. 2 and/or the one or

more antennas

108 and 208 of FIG. 2. The control unit 120 is electrically connected to the communication unit 110, the memory unit 130, and the additional components 140 and controls overall operation of each of the

wireless devices

100 and 200. For example, the control unit 120 may control an electric/mechanical operation of each of the

wireless devices

100 and 200 based on programs/code/commands/information stored in the memory unit 130. The control unit 120 may transmit the information stored in the memory unit 130 to the exterior (e.g., other communication devices) via the communication unit 110 through a wireless/wired interface or store, in the memory unit 130, information received through the wireless/wired interface from the exterior (e.g., other communication devices) via the communication unit 110.

The additional components 140 may be variously configured according to types of the

wireless devices

100 and 200. For example, the additional components 140 may include at least one of a power unit/battery, input/output (I/O) unit (e.g., audio I/O port, video I/O port), a driving unit, and a computing unit. The

wireless devices

100 and 200 may be implemented in the form of, without being limited to, the robot (100a of FIG. 1), the vehicles (100b-1 and 100b-2 of FIG. 1), the XR device (100c of FIG. 1), the hand-held device (100d of FIG. 1), the home appliance (100e of FIG. 1), the IoT device (100f of FIG. 1), a digital broadcast terminal, a hologram device, a public safety device, an MTC device, a medicine device, a FinTech device (or a finance device), a security device, a climate/environment device, the AI server/device (400 of FIG. 1), the BSs (200 of FIG. 1), a network node, etc. The

wireless devices

100 and 200 may be used in a mobile or fixed place according to a use-example/service.

In FIG. 3, the entirety of the various elements, components, units/portions, and/or modules in the

wireless devices

100 and 200 may be connected to each other through a wired interface or at least a part thereof may be wirelessly connected through the communication unit 110. For example, in each of the

wireless devices

100 and 200, the control unit 120 and the communication unit 110 may be connected by wire and the control unit 120 and first units (e.g., 130 and 140) may be wirelessly connected through the communication unit 110. Each element, component, unit/portion, and/or module within the

wireless devices

100 and 200 may further include one or more elements. For example, the control unit 120 may be configured by a set of one or more processors. As an example, the control unit 120 may be configured by a set of a communication control processor, an application processor (AP), an electronic control unit (ECU), a graphical processing unit, and a memory control processor. As another example, the memory unit 130 may be configured by a RAM, a DRAM, a ROM, a flash memory, a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, and/or a combination thereof.

<Operating bands of NR>.

The operating bands in NR are as follows

The operating bands in Table 3 below are the refarmed operating bands from the operating bands of LTE/LTE-A. This is referred to as the FR1 band.

NR operating bands	Uplink (UL) operating band	Downlink(DL) operating band	Duplex Mode
NR operating bands	F_{UL_low} - F_{UL_high}	F_{DL_low} - F_{DL_high}
n1	1920 MHz - 1980 MHz	2110 MHz - 2170 MHz	FDD
n2	1850 MHz - 1910 MHz	1930 MHz - 1990 MHz	FDD
n3	1710 MHz - 1785 MHz	1805 MHz - 1880 MHz	FDD
n5	824 MHz - 849 MHz	869 MHz - 894 MHz	FDD
n7	2500 MHz - 2570 MHz	2620 MHz - 2690 MHz	FDD
n8	880 MHz - 915 MHz	925 MHz - 960 MHz	FDD
n12	699 MHz - 716 MHz	729 MHz - 746 MHz	FDD
n20	832 MHz - 862 MHz	791 MHz - 821 MHz	FDD
n25	1850 MHz - 1915 MHz	1930 MHz - 1995 MHz	FDD
n28	703 MHz - 748 MHz	758 MHz - 803 MHz	FDD
n34	2010 MHz - 2025 MHz	2010 MHz - 2025 MHz	TDD
n38	2570 MHz - 2620 MHz	2570 MHz - 2620 MHz	TDD
n39	1880 MHz - 1920 MHz	1880 MHz - 1920 MHz	TDD
n40	2300 MHz - 2400 MHz	2300 MHz - 2400 MHz	TDD
n41	2496 MHz - 2690 MHz	2496 MHz - 2690 MHz	TDD
n50	1432 MHz - 1517 MHz	1432 MHz - 1517 MHz	TDD1
n51	1427 MHz - 1432 MHz	1427 MHz - 1432 MHz	TDD
n66	1710 MHz - 1780 MHz	2110 MHz - 2200 MHz	FDD
n70	1695 MHz - 1710 MHz	1995 MHz - 2020 MHz	FDD
n71	663 MHz - 698 MHz	617 MHz - 652 MHz	FDD
n74	1427 MHz - 1470 MHz	1475 MHz - 1518 MHz	FDD
n75	N/A	1432 MHz - 1517 MHz	SDL
n76	N/A	1427 MHz - 1432 MHz	SDL
n77	3300 MHz - 4200 MHz	3300 MHz - 4200 MHz	TDD
n78	3300 MHz - 3800 MHz	3300 MHz - 3800 MHz	TDD
n79	4400 MHz - 5000 MHz	4400 MHz - 5000 MHz	TDD
n80	1710 MHz - 1785 MHz	N/A	SUL
n81	880 MHz - 915 MHz	N/A	SUL
n82	832 MHz - 862 MHz	N/A	SUL
n83	703 MHz - 748 MHz	N/A	SUL
n84	1920 MHz - 1980 MHz	N/A	SUL
n86	1710 MHz - 1780 MHz	N/A	SUL

The table below shows the NR operating band defined at high frequencies. This is called the FR2 band.

NR Operating band	Uplink (UL) operating band	Downlink(DL) operating band	Duplex Mode
NR Operating band	F_{UL_low} - F_{UL_high}	F_{DL_low} - F_{DL_high}	Duplex Mode
n257	26500 MHz - 29500 MHz	26500 MHz - 29500 MHz	TDD
n258	24250 MHz - 27500 MHz	24250 MHz - 27500 MHz	TDD
n259	37000 MHz - 40000 MHz	37000 MHz - 40000 MHz	TDD
n260	37000 MHz - 40000 MHz	37000 MHz - 40000 MHz	FDD
n261	27500 MHz - 28350 MHz	27500 MHz - 28350 MHz	FDD

<6G System General>

A 6G (wireless communication) system has purposes such as (i) very high data rate per device, (ii) a very large number of connected devices, (iii) global connectivity, (iv) very low latency, (v) decrease in energy consumption of battery-free IoT devices, (vi) ultra-reliable connectivity, and (vii) connected intelligence with machine learning capacity. The vision of the 6G system may include four aspects such as "intelligent connectivity", "deep connectivity", "holographic connectivity" and "ubiquitous connectivity", and the 6G system may satisfy the requirements shown in Table 4 below. That is, Table 4 shows the requirements of the 6G system.

Per device peak data rate	1 Tbps
E2E latency
	1 ms
Maximum spectral efficiency	100bps/Hz
Mobility support	Up to 1000km/hr
Satellite integration	Fully
AI	Fully
Autonomous vehicle	Fully
XR	Fully
Haptic Communication	Fully

The 6G system may have key factors such as enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC), massive machine type communications (mMTC), AI integrated communication, tactile Internet, high throughput, high network capacity, high energy efficiency, low backhaul and access network congestion and enhanced data security.

The 6G system will have 50 times higher simultaneous wireless communication connectivity than a 5G wireless communication system. URLLC, which is the key feature of 5G, will become more important technology by providing end-to-end latency less than 1 ms in 6G communication. At this time, the 6G system may have much better volumetric spectrum efficiency unlike frequently used domain spectrum efficiency. The 6G system may provide advanced battery technology for energy harvesting and very long battery life and thus mobile devices may not need to be separately charged in the 6G system. In addition, in 6G, new network characteristics may be as follows.

- Satellites integrated network: To provide a global mobile group, 6G will be integrated with satellite. Integrating terrestrial waves, satellites and public networks as one wireless communication system may be very important for 6G.

- Connected intelligence: Unlike the wireless communication systems of previous generations, 6G is innovative and wireless evolution may be updated from "connected things" to "connected intelligence". AI may be applied in each step (or each signal processing procedure which will be described below) of a communication procedure.

- Seamless integration of wireless information and energy transfer: A 6G wireless network may transfer power in order to charge the batteries of devices such as smartphones and sensors. Therefore, wireless information and energy transfer (WIET) will be integrated.

- Ubiquitous super 3-dimemtion connectivity: Access to networks and core network functions of drones and very low earth orbit satellites will establish super 3D connection in 6G ubiquitous.

In the new network characteristics of 6G, several general requirements may be as follows.

- Small cell networks: The idea of a small cell network was introduced in order to improve received signal quality as a result of throughput, energy efficiency and spectrum efficiency improvement in a cellular system. As a result, the small cell network is an essential feature for 5G and beyond 5G (5GB) communication systems. Accordingly, the 6G communication system also employs the characteristics of the small cell network.

- Ultra-dense heterogeneous network: Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks will be another important characteristic of the 6G communication system. A multi-tier network composed of heterogeneous networks improves overall QoS and reduces costs.

- High-capacity backhaul: Backhaul connection is characterized by a high-capacity backhaul network in order to support high-capacity traffic. A high-speed optical fiber and free space optical (FSO) system may be a possible solution for this problem.

- Radar technology integrated with mobile technology: High-precision localization (or location-based service) through communication is one of the functions of the 6G wireless communication system. Accordingly, the radar system will be integrated with the 6G network.

- Softwarization and virtualization: Softwarization and virtualization are two important functions which are the bases of a design process in a 5GB network in order to ensure flexibility, reconfigurability and programmability.

Artificial Intelligence

Technology which is most important in the 6G system and will be newly introduced is AI. AI was not involved in the 4G system. A 5G system will support partial or very limited AI. However, the 6G system will support AI for full automation. Advance in machine learning will create a more intelligent network for real-time communication in 6G. When AI is introduced to communication, real-time data transmission may be simplified and improved. AI may determine a method of performing complicated target tasks using countless analysis. That is, AI may increase efficiency and reduce processing delay.

Time-consuming tasks such as handover, network selection or resource scheduling may be immediately performed by using AI. AI may play an important role even in M2M, machine-to-human and human-to-machine communication. In addition, AI may be rapid communication in a brain computer interface (BCI). An AI based communication system may be supported by meta materials, intelligent structures, intelligent networks, intelligent devices, intelligent recognition radios, self-maintaining wireless networks and machine learning.

Recently, attempts have been made to integrate AI with a wireless communication system in the application layer or the network layer, but deep learning have been focused on the wireless resource management and allocation field. However, such studies are gradually developed to the MAC layer and the physical layer, and, particularly, attempts to combine deep learning in the physical layer with wireless transmission are emerging. AI-based physical layer transmission means applying a signal processing and communication mechanism based on an AI driver rather than a traditional communication framework in a fundamental signal processing and communication mechanism. For example, channel coding and decoding based on deep learning, signal estimation and detection based on deep learning, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) mechanisms based on deep learning, resource scheduling and allocation based on AI, etc. may be included.

Machine learning may be used for channel estimation and channel tracking and may be used for power allocation, interference cancellation, etc. in the physical layer of DL. In addition, machine learning may be used for antenna selection, power control, symbol detection, etc. in the MIMO system.

Machine learning refers to a series of operations to train a machine in order to create a machine which can perform tasks which cannot be performed or are difficult to be performed by people. Machine learning requires data and learning models. In machine learning, data learning methods may be roughly divided into three methods, that is, supervised learning, unsupervised learning and reinforcement learning.

Neural network learning is to minimize output error. Neural network learning refers to a process of repeatedly inputting training data to a neural network, calculating the error of the output and target of the neural network for the training data, backpropagating the error of the neural network from the output layer of the neural network to an input layer in order to reduce the error and updating the weight of each node of the neural network.

Supervised learning may use training data labeled with a correct answer and the unsupervised learning may use training data which is not labeled with a correct answer. That is, for example, in case of supervised learning for data classification, training data may be labeled with a category. The labeled training data may be input to the neural network, and the output (category) of the neural network may be compared with the label of the training data, thereby calculating the error. The calculated error is backpropagated from the neural network backward (that is, from the output layer to the input layer), and the connection weight of each node of each layer of the neural network may be updated according to backpropagation. Change in updated connection weight of each node may be determined according to the learning rate. Calculation of the neural network for input data and backpropagation of the error may configure a learning cycle (epoch). The learning data is differently applicable according to the number of repetitions of the learning cycle of the neural network. For example, in the early phase of learning of the neural network, a high learning rate may be used to increase efficiency such that the neural network rapidly ensures a certain level of performance and, in the late phase of learning, a low learning rate may be used to increase accuracy.

The learning method may vary according to the feature of data. For example, for the purpose of accurately predicting data transmitted from a transmitter in a receiver in a communication system, learning may be performed using supervised learning rather than unsupervised learning or reinforcement learning.

The learning model corresponds to the human brain and may be regarded as the most basic linear model. However, a paradigm of machine learning using a neural network structure having high complexity, such as artificial neural networks, as a learning model is referred to as deep learning.

Neural network cores used as a learning method may roughly include a deep neural network (DNN) method, a convolutional deep neural network (CNN) method, a recurrent Boltzmman machine (RNN) method and a spiking neural network (SNN). Such a learning model is applicable.

THz (Terahertz) Communication

A data rate may increase by increasing bandwidth. This may be performed by using sub-TH communication with wide bandwidth and applying advanced massive MIMO technology. THz waves which are known as sub-millimeter radiation, generally indicates a frequency band between 0.1 THz and 10 THz with a corresponding wavelength in a range of 0.03 mm to 3 mm. A band range of 100 GHz to 300 GHz (sub THz band) is regarded as a main part of the THz band for cellular communication. When the sub-THz band is added to the mmWave band, the 6G cellular communication capacity increases. 300 GHz to 3 THz of the defined THz band is in a far infrared (IR) frequency band. A band of 300 GHz to 3 THz is a part of an optical band but is at the border of the optical band and is just behind an RF band. Accordingly, the band of 300 GHz to 3 THz has similarity with RF.

FIG. 5 shows an example of an electromagnetic spectrum.

The main characteristics of THz communication include (i) bandwidth widely available to support a very high data rate and (ii) high path loss occurring at a high frequency (a high directional antenna is indispensable). A narrow beam width generated in the high directional antenna reduces interference. The small wavelength of a THz signal allows a larger number of antenna elements to be integrated with a device and BS operating in this band. Therefore, an advanced adaptive arrangement technology capable of overcoming a range limitation may be used.

Large-scale MIMO

One of core technologies for improving spectrum efficiency is MIMO technology. When MIMO technology is improved, spectrum efficiency is also improved. Accordingly, massive MIMO technology will be important in the 6G system. Since MIMO technology uses multiple paths, multiplexing technology and beam generation and management technology suitable for the THz band should be significantly considered such that data signals are transmitted through one or more paths.

Hologram Beamforming

Beamforming is a signal processing procedure that adjusts an antenna array to transmit radio signals in a specific direction. This is a subset of smart antennas or advanced antenna systems. Beamforming technology has several advantages, such as high signal-to-noise ratio, interference prevention and rejection, and high network efficiency. Hologram Beamforming (HBF) is a new beamforming method that differs significantly from MIMO systems because this uses a software-defined antenna. HBF will be a very effective approach for efficient and flexible transmission and reception of signals in multi-antenna communication devices in 6G.

Optical wireless technology

Optical wireless communication (OWC) is a form of optical communication that uses visible light, infrared light (IR), or ultraviolet light (UV) to carry signals. OWC operating in the visible light band (e.g., 390 to 750 nm) is commonly referred to as visible light communication (VLC). VLC implementations can utilize light-emitting diodes (LEDs). VLC can be used in a variety of applications, including wireless local area networks, wireless personal area networks, and vehicular networks.

VLC has several advantages over RF-based technologies. First, the spectrum occupied by VLC is free/unlicensed and can provide extensive bandwidth (THz-level bandwidth). Second, VLC rarely causes significant interference to other electromagnetic devices; therefore, VLC can be applied in sensitive electromagnetic interference applications such as aircraft and hospitals. Third, VLC has strengths in communication security and privacy. The transmission medium of VLC-based networks, namely visible light, cannot pass through walls and other opaque obstacles. Therefore, the transmission range of VLC can be limited to indoors, which can protect users' privacy and sensitive information. Fourth, VLC can use any light source as a base station, eliminating the need for expensive base stations.

Free-space optical communication (FSO) is an optical communication technology that uses light propagating in free space, such as air, outer space, and vacuum, to wirelessly transmit data for telecommunications or computer networking. FSO can be used as a point-to-point OWC system on the ground. FSO can operate in the near-infrared frequency (750-1600 nm). Laser transmitters may be used in FSO implementations, and FSO can provide high data rates (e.g., 10 Gbit/s), providing a potential solution to backhaul bottlenecks.

These OWC technologies are planned for 6G communications in addition to RF-based communications for all possible device-to-access networks. These networks will access network-to-backhaul/fronthaul network connections. OWC technology has already been in use since 4G communication systems, but will be more widely used to meet the needs of 6G communication systems. OWC technologies such as light fidelity, visible light communication, optical camera communication, and FSO communication based on optical bands are already well-known technologies. Communication based on optical wireless technology can provide extremely high data rates, low latency, and secure communication.

Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) is also based on the optical band and can be utilized in 6G communications for ultra-high resolution 3D mapping. LiDAR is a remote sensing method that uses near-infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light to illuminate an object, and the reflected light is detected by a light sensor to measure distance. LiDAR can be used for fully automated driving of cars.

FSO Backhaul Network

The characteristics of the transmitter and receiver of the FSO system are similar to those of an optical fiber network. Accordingly, data transmission of the FSO system similar to that of the optical fiber system. Accordingly, FSO may be a good technology for providing backhaul connection in the 6G system along with the optical fiber network. When FSO is used, very long-distance communication is possible even at a distance of 10,000 km or more. FSO supports mass backhaul connections for remote and non-remote areas such as sea, space, underwater and isolated islands. FSO also supports cellular base station connections.

Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN)

The 6G system will integrate terrestrial and aerial networks to support vertically expanding user communications. 3D BS will be delivered via low-orbit satellites and UAVs. Adding a new dimension in terms of altitude and associated degrees of freedom makes 3D connectivity quite different from traditional 2D networks. NR considers Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) as one way to accomplish this. An NTN is a network or network segment that uses RF resources aboard a satellite (or UAS platform). There are two common scenarios for NTNs that provide access to user equipment: transparent payloads and regenerative payloads. The following are the basic elements of an NTN.

- One or more sat-gateways that connect the NTN to the public data network.

- GEO satellites are fed by one or several satellite gateways deployed across the satellite target range (e.g., regional or continental coverage). We assume that the UEs in a cell are served by only one sat-gateway.

- Non-GEO satellites that are continuously serviced by one or multiple satellite gateways at a time. The system ensures service and feeder link continuity between successively serviced satellite gateways with a time duration sufficient to allow for mobility anchoring and handover.

- The feeder link or radio link between the satellite gateway and the satellite (or UAS platform).

- The service link or radio link between the user equipment and the satellite (or UAS platform).

- A satellite (or UAS platform) that can implement transparent or regenerative (with onboard processing) payloads. Satellite (or UAS platform) generated beams typically produce multiple beams for a given service area, depending on the field of view. The footprint of the beam is typically elliptical. The field of view of the satellite (or UAS platform) depends on the onboard antenna diagram and the minimum angle of attack.

- Transparent payload: Radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion, and amplification, so the waveform signal repeated by the payload is unchanged.

- Regenerative payload: radio frequency filtering, frequency conversion and amplification, demodulation/decryption, switching and/or routing, and coding/modulation. This is effectively the same as having all or part of the base station functions (e.g., gNB) on board a satellite (or UAS platform).

- For satellite deployments, optionally an inter-satellite link (ISL). This requires a regenerative payload on the satellite. ISLs can operate at RF frequencies or in the optical band.

- User equipment is served by satellites (or UAS platforms) within the targeted coverage area.

Typically, GEO satellites and UAS are used to provide continental, regional, or local services.

Typically, constellations in LEO and MEO are used to provide coverage in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. In some cases, constellations can also provide global coverage, including polar regions. The latter requires proper orbital inclination, sufficient beams generated, and links between satellites.

Quantum Communication

Quantum communication is a next-generation communication technology that can overcome the limitations of conventional communication such as security and high-speed computation by applying quantum mechanical properties to the field of information and communication. Quantum communication provides a means of generating, transmitting, processing, and storing information that cannot be expressed in the form of 0s and 1s according to the binary bit information used in existing communication technologies. In conventional communication technologies, wavelengths or amplitudes are used to transmit information between the transmitting and receiving ends, but in quantum communication, photons, the smallest unit of light, are used to transmit information between the transmitting and receiving ends. In particular, in the case of quantum communication, quantum uncertainty and quantum irreversibility can be used for the polarization or phase difference of photons (light), so quantum communication has the characteristic of being able to communicate with perfect security. In addition, quantum communication can also enable ultra-high-speed communication using quantum entanglement under certain conditions.

Cell-free Communication

Tight integration of multiple frequencies and heterogeneous communication technologies is critical in 6G systems. As a result, users can seamlessly move from one network to another without having to create any manual configurations on their devices. The best network is automatically selected from the available communication technologies. This will break the limitations of the cell concept in wireless communication. Currently, user movement from one cell to other causes too many handovers in dense networks, resulting in handover failures, handover delays, data loss, and ping-pong effects. 6G cell-free communication will overcome all this and provide better QoS.

Cell-free communication is defined as "a system in which a large number of geographically distributed antennas (APs) cooperatively serve a small number of terminals using the same time/frequency resources with the help of a fronthaul network and a CPU". A single terminal is served by a set of multiple APs, which is called an AP cluster. There are several ways to form AP clusters, among which the method of configuring AP clusters with APs that can significantly contribute to improving the reception performance of the terminal is called the terminal-centered clustering method, and when using this method, the configuration is dynamically updated as the terminal moves. By adopting this device-centric AP clustering technique, the device is always at the center of the AP cluster and is therefore free from inter-cluster interference that can occur when the device is located at the boundary of the AP cluster. This cell-free communication will be achieved through multi-connectivity and multi-tier hybrid technologies and different heterogeneous radios in the device.

Integration of Wireless Information and Energy Transfer (WIET)

WIET uses the same field and wave as a wireless communication system. In particular, a sensor and a smartphone will be charged using wireless power transfer during communication. WIET is a promising technology for extending the life of battery charging wireless systems. Therefore, devices without batteries will be supported in 6G communication.

Integration of Wireless Communication and Sensing

An autonomous wireless network is a function for continuously detecting a dynamically changing environment state and exchanging information between different nodes. In 6G, sensing will be tightly integrated with communication to support autonomous systems.

Integrated Access and Backhaul Network

In 6G, the density of access networks will be enormous. Each access network is connected by optical fiber and backhaul connection such as FSO network. To cope with a very large number of access networks, there will be a tight integration between the access and backhaul networks.

Big Data Analysis

Big data analysis is a complex process for analyzing various large data sets or big data. This process finds information such as hidden data, unknown correlations, and customer disposition to ensure complete data management. Big data is collected from various sources such as video, social networks, images and sensors. This technology is widely used for processing massive data in the 6G system.

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface

There is a large body of research that considers the radio environment as a variable to be optimized along with the transmitter and receiver. The radio environment created by this approach is referred to as a Smart Radio Environment (SRE) or Intelligent Radio Environment (IRE) to highlight its fundamental differences from past design and optimization criteria. Various terms have been proposed for the reconfigurable intelligent antenna (or intelligent reconfigurable antenna technology) technology that enables SRE, including Reconfigurable Metasurfaces, Smart Large Intelligent Surfaces (SLIS), Large Intelligent Surfaces (LIS), Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS), and Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS).

In the case of THz band signals, there are many shadowed areas caused by obstacles due to the strong straightness of the signal, and RIS technology is important to expand the communication area by installing RIS near these shadowed areas, strengthening communication stability and enabling additional value-added services. RIS is an artificial surface made of electromagnetic materials that can alter the propagation of incoming and outgoing radio waves. While RIS can be seen as an extension of massive MIMO, it has a different array structure and operating mechanism than massive MIMO. RIS also has the advantage of lower power consumption because it operates as a reconfigurable reflector with passive elements, meaning it only passively reflects the signal without using an active RF chain. In addition, each of the passive reflectors in the RIS must independently adjust the phase shift of the incident signal, which can be advantageous for wireless communication channels. By properly adjusting the phase shift through the RIS controller, the reflected signal can be gathered at the target receiver to boost the received signal power.

In addition to reflecting radio signals, there are also RISs that can adjust transmission and refraction properties, and these RISs are mainly used for O2I (Outdoor to Indoor). Recently, STAR-RIS (Simultaneous Transmission and Reflection RIS), which provides transmission while reflecting, has also been actively researched.

Metaverse

Metaverse is a portmanteau of the words "meta" meaning virtual, transcendent, and "universe" meaning space. Generally speaking, the metaverse is a three-dimensional virtual space where the same social and economic activities as in the real world are commonplace.

Extended Reality (XR), a key technology enabling the Metaverse, is the fusion of the virtual and the real, which can extend the experience of reality and provide a unique sense of immersion. The high bandwidth and low latency of 6G networks will enable users to experience more immersive virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) experiences.

Autonomous Driving, Self-driving

For perfect autonomous driving, vehicles must communicate with each other to inform each other of dangerous situations, or with infrastructure such as parking lots and traffic lights to check information such as the location of parking information and signal change times. Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X), a key element in building an autonomous driving infrastructure, is a technology that enables vehicles to communicate and share information with various elements on the road, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), for autonomous driving.

In order to maximize the performance of autonomous driving and ensure high safety, fast transmission speeds and low latency technologies are essential. In addition, in the future, autonomous driving will go beyond delivering warnings and guidance messages to the driver to actively intervene in vehicle operation and directly control the vehicle in dangerous situations, and the amount of information that needs to be transmitted and received will be enormous, so 6G is expected to maximize autonomous driving with faster transmission speeds and lower latency than 5G.

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or drone will be an important factor in 6G wireless communication. In most cases, a high-speed data wireless connection is provided using UAV technology. A base station entity is installed in the UAV to provide cellular connectivity. UAVs have certain features, which are not found in fixed base station infrastructures, such as easy deployment, strong line-of-sight links, and mobility-controlled degrees of freedom. During emergencies such as natural disasters, the deployment of terrestrial telecommunications infrastructure is not economically feasible and sometimes services cannot be provided in volatile environments. The UAV can easily handle this situation. The UAV will be a new paradigm in the field of wireless communications. This technology facilitates the three basic requirements of wireless networks, such as eMBB, URLLC and mMTC. The UAV can also serve a number of purposes, such as network connectivity improvement, fire detection, disaster emergency services, security and surveillance, pollution monitoring, parking monitoring, and accident monitoring. Therefore, UAV technology is recognized as one of the most important technologies for 6G communication.

Block-chain

A blockchain will be important technology for managing large amounts of data in future communication systems. The blockchain is a form of distributed ledger technology, and distributed ledger is a database distributed across numerous nodes or computing devices. Each node duplicates and stores the same copy of the ledger. The blockchain is managed through a peer-to-peer (P2P) network. This may exist without being managed by a centralized institution or server. Blockchain data is collected together and organized into blocks. The blocks are connected to each other and protected using encryption. The blockchain completely complements large-scale IoT through improved interoperability, security, privacy, stability and scalability. Accordingly, the blockchain technology provides several functions such as interoperability between devices, high-capacity data traceability, autonomous interaction of different IoT systems, and large-scale connection stability of 6G communication systems.

Referring to FIGS. 6a through 6e, a RACH procedure is described, according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. The embodiments of Figures 6a through 6e may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure.

In one embodiment of the disclosure, where RF requirements (e.g., Tx RF performance requirements and/or Rx RF performance requirements) are described, the UE may satisfy those RF requirements. For example, a UE may be tested to satisfy RF requirements (e.g., Tx RF performance requirements and/or Rx Rf performance requirements) according to one embodiment of the disclosure. In one embodiment of the disclosure, a UE that meets these RF requirements may perform the RACH procedure. When the UE transmits messages, data, signaling, etc. to the gNB, the UE satisfies the Tx RF performance requirements described in the first embodiment of this specification. When the UE receives messages, data, signaling, etc. from the gNB, the UE satisfies the Rx RF performance requirements described in the first embodiment of this specification.

To connect the UE to the 5G network, the UE and the 5G network must synchronize in the uplink and downlink. Downlink synchronization is performed when the UE successfully decodes the SSB transmitted by the gNB. To establish the uplink synchronization and RRC connection, the UE shall perform the RACH random access procedure.

Two types of random access procedures are supported. The two types of random access procedures include a four-stage Random Access (RA) type using MSG1 and a two-stage RA type using MSGA.

The two types of RA procedures can support Contention Based Random Access (CBRA) and Contention Free Random Access (CFRA), as shown in Figure 6a through Figure 6e below, respectively. The UE may select the random access type at the beginning of the random access procedure, depending on the network configuratoin.

Referring to Figure 6a and Figure 6c, a four-stage RA type using MSG1 is illustrated.

Step 4 The MSG1 of RA type contains the preamble of the PRACH. The UE transmits the MSG1. After the UE sends the MSG1, the UE monitors the network for a response within the set window.

For CBRA according to the example of FIG. 6a, when the UE receives a random access response (MSG2) from the gNB, the UE may transmit MSG3 using the UL grant scheduled by the response message. The UE may then monitor the contention resolution. If contention resolution is not successful after the MSG3 (re)transmission, the UE shall perform the MSG1 transmission again.

For CFRA according to the example in FIG. 6c, a dedicated preamble for MSG1 transmission is allocated by the network. The gNB sends the RA preamble assignment to the UE. The UE transmits an MSG1 containing the random access preamble to the gNB. Upon receiving the random access response from the network, the UE terminates the random access procedure.

Referring to FIGS. 6b, 6d, and 6e, a two-stage RA type is described. The MSGA of the two-stage RA type includes a random access preamble on the PRACH and a PUSCH payload. After the UE transmits the MSGA, the UE monitors the response from the network within a set window.

For CBRA according to the example of FIG. 6b, after the UE receives the network response (e.g., MSGB), if the contention resolution is successful, the UE terminates the random access procedure. If the fallback indication is received within the MSGB, the UE performs the MSG3 transmission using the UL grant scheduled in the fallback indication and monitors the contention resolution, as shown in Figure 6e. If contention resolution is not successful after the MSG3 (re)transmission, the UE shall perform the MSGA transmission again.

In the case of CFRA according to the example of FIG. 6d, the UE may receive RA preamble allocation and PUSCH allocation from the gNB. Dedicated preamble and PUSCH resources may then be set up for MSGA transmission. The UE transmits the MSGA. When the UE receives a network response, the UE terminates the random access procedure.

If the random access procedure of the two-stage RA type is not completed after several MSGA transmissions, the UE may be set to switch to the CBRA of the four-stage RA type.

The following describes V2X or SL communication.

A Sidelink Synchronization Signal (SLSS) is an SL-specific sequence that may include a Primary Sidelink Synchronization Signal (PSSS) and a Secondary Sidelink Synchronization Signal (SSSS). PSSS may be referred to as the Sidelink Primary Synchronization Signal (S-PSS), and the SSSS may be referred to as the Sidelink Secondary Synchronization Signal (S-SSS). For example, length-127 M-sequences may be used for the S-PSS, and length-127 Gold sequences may be used for the S-SSS. For example, the terminal may use the S-PSS to perform initial signal detection and obtain a sychronization. For example, the terminal may use S-PSS and S-SSS to obtain a detailed synchronization, and may detect a synchronization signal ID.

A Physical Sidelink Broadcast Channel (PSBCH) may be a (broadcast) channel over which basic (system) information, which is the first thing a terminal needs to know before transmitting or receiving SL signaling, is transmitted. For example, the basic information may be information related to SLSS, Duplex Mode (DM), Time Division Duplex Uplink/Downlink (TDD UL/DL) configuration, resource pool information, type of application related to SLSS, subframe offset, broadcast information, etc. For example, for the evaluation of PSBCH performance, in NR V2X, the payload size of PSBCH may be 56 bits, including a 24-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC).

The S-PSS, S-SSS, and PSBCH may be included in a block format (e.g., a Sidelink-Synchronization Signal (S-SS)/PSBCH block (S-SSB)) that supports periodic transmission. The S-SSB may have the same new numerology (i.e., SCS and CP lengths) as the Physical Sidelink Control Channel (PSCCH)/Physical Sidelink Shared Channel (PSSCH) in the carrier, and the transmission bandwidth may be within a (pre)-configured Sidelink BWP (SL BWP). For example, the bandwidth of an S-SSB may be 11 resource blocks (RBs). For example, the PSBCH may span 11 RBs. And, the frequency location of the S-SSB may be set (in advance). Thus, the terminal does not need to perform hypothesis detection on the frequency to discover the S-SSB on the carrier.

The embodiment of FIG. 7 may be combined with various embodiments of the present disclosure. In various embodiments of the present disclosure, a transmission mode may be referred to as a mode or a resource allocation mode. Hereinafter, for ease of description, a transmission mode in LTE may be referred to as an LTE transmission mode, and a transmission mode in NR may be referred to as an NR resource allocation mode.

For example, (a) of FIG. 7 illustrates terminal operations related to LTE transmission mode 1 or LTE transmission mode 3. Alternatively, for example, (a) of FIG. 7 illustrates terminal operations related to NR resource allocation mode 1. For example, LTE transmission mode 1 may be applied to a typical SL communication, and LTE transmission mode 3 may be applied to a V2X communication.

For example, (b) of FIG. 7 illustrates terminal operations related to LTE transmission mode 2 or LTE transmission mode 4. Alternatively, for example, (b) of FIG. 7 illustrates terminal operations related to NR resource allocation mode 2.

Referring to (a) of FIG. 7, in LTE transmission mode 1, LTE transmission mode 3, or NR resource allocation mode 1, the base station may schedule the SL resources to be used by the terminal for SL transmission. For example, in step S700, the base station may transmit to the first terminal information related to the SL resource and/or information related to the UL resource. For example, the UL resource may include a PUCCH resource and/or a PUSCH resource. For example, the UL resource may be a resource for reporting SL HARQ feedback to the base station.

For example, the first terminal may receive information associated with a dynamic grant (DG) resource and/or information related to a configured grant (CG) resource from the base station. For example, the CG resource may include a CG type 1 resource or a CG type 2 resource. In the present disclosure, a DG resource may be a resource that the base station configures/assigns to the first terminal via downlink control information (DCI). In the present disclosure, a CG resource may be a (periodic) resource that the base station configures/allocates to the first terminal via DCI and/or RRC messages. For example, for a CG type 1 resource, the base station may transmit an RRC message to the first terminal comprising information related to the CG resource. For example, for a CG type 2 resource, the base station may transmit an RRC message to the first terminal comprising information related to the CG resource, and the base station may transmit a DCI to the first terminal related to the activation or release of the CG resource.

In step S710, the first terminal may transmit a PSCCH (e.g., sidelink control information (SCI) or first-stage SCI) to the second terminal based on said resource scheduling. In step S720, the first terminal may transmit a PSSCH (e.g., 2nd-stage SCI, MAC PDU, data, etc.) associated with said PSCCH to the second terminal. In step S730, the first terminal may receive a Physical Sidelink Feedback Channel (PSFCH) related to the PSCCH/PSSCH from the second terminal. For example, HARQ feedback information (e.g., NACK information or ACK information) may be received from the second terminal via the PSFCH. In step S740, the first terminal may transmit/report the HARQ feedback information to the base station via PUCCH or PUSCH. For example, the HARQ feedback information reported to the base station may be information that the first terminal generates based on the HARQ feedback information received from the second terminal. For example, the HARQ feedback information reported to the base station may be information that the first terminal generates based on pre-configured rules. For example, the DCI may be a DCI for scheduling of SLs. For example, the format of said DCI may be DCI format 3_0 or DCI format 3_1.

Referring to (b) of FIG. 7, in LTE transmission mode 2, LTE transmission mode 4, or NR resource allocation mode 2, the terminal may determine an SL transmission resource within an SL resource set by the base station/network or a preset SL resource. For example, the configured SL resource or preconfigured SL resource may be a resource pool. For example, the terminal may autonomously select or schedule resources for SL transmission. For example, the terminal may autonomously select a resource within the set resource pool to perform the SL communication. For example, the terminal may perform a sensing procedure and resource (re)selection procedure to select a resource on its own within a selection window. For example, the sensing may be performed based on a subchannel basis. For example, in step S710, after the first terminal self-selects a resource within the resource pool, the first terminal may use the resource to transmit PSCCH (e.g., sidelink control information (SCI) or first-stage SCI) to the second terminal. In step S720, the first terminal may transmit a PSSCH (e.g., 2^nd-stage SCI, MAC PDU, data, etc.) associated with said PSCCH to the second terminal. In step S730, the first terminal may receive a PSFCH associated with the PSCCH/PSSCH from the second terminal.

Referring to (a) or (b) of FIG. 7, for example, the first terminal may transmit an SCI on PSCCH to the second terminal. Alternatively, for example, the first terminal may transmit two consecutive SCIs (e.g., a two-stage SCI) on PSCCH and/or PSSCH to the second terminal. In this case, the second terminal may decode the two consecutive SCIs (e.g., two-stage SCIs) in order to receive the PSSCH from the first terminal. As used herein, the SCI transmitted on PSCCH may be referred to as 1^st SCI, 1st SCI, 1^st-stage SCI, or 1_st-stage SCI format, and the SCI transmitted on PSSCH may be referred to as 2^nd SCI, 2nd SCI, 2^nd-stage SCI, or 2^nd-stage SCI format. For example, the 1^st-stage SCI format may include SCI format 1-A, and the 2^nd-stage SCI format may include SCI format 2-A and/or SCI format 2-B.

Referring to (a) or (b) of FIG. 7, at step S730, the first terminal may receive the PSFCH. For example, the first terminal and the second terminal may determine a PSFCH resource, and the second terminal may use the PSFCH resource to transmit HARQ feedback to the first terminal.

Referring to (a) of FIG. 7, at step S740, the first terminal may transmit SL HARQ feedback to the base station via PUCCH and/or PUSCH.

Terminals (e.g., UEs) may perform communication between the terminals. For reference, in the present disclosure, sidelink is an example of communication between the terminals (e.g., UEs). The scope of the present disclosure is not limited to the term "sidelink". Description related to the sidelink may also be applied to the communication between the terminals.

Sidelink comunication based on sidelink Carrier Aggregation (CA) was not supported. As a result, terminals (e.g., UEs) could not perform sidelink communications based on the sidelink CA.

In addition, the UE Transmission (Tx) Radio Frequency (RF) performance specifications for sidelink (SL) CA operation of power class 3 (23 dBm) terminals are not defined. The UE Tx RF standard performance specification for SL CA operation of the power class 3 (23 dBm) terminals shall be defined. Among them, Maximum Power Reduction, a representative Tx RF performance specification, shall be defined.

For reference, UE Power Classes define the maximum output power for any transmission bandwidth within the channel bandwidth of shared spectrum channel access carrier unless otherwise stated. The period of measurement shall be at least one sub frame (1ms). Power Class 3 may include maximum output power of 23dBm and tolerance being +2dB to -3dB.

The present disclosure describes an example of the transmit power of a terminal performing Sidelink communications in an unlicensed band. For example, a power class of the terminal may be power class 3 (23 dBm). In this case additional maximum transmit power reduction (A-MPR) requirements, which includes a maximum allowed power back off value, may be proposed. The A-MPR requirements are proposed to satisfy spectrum mask specifications (e.g., Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR), Spectrum Emission Mask (SEM), Spurious Emission (SE), In-band emission), Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) specifications, transmission power regulation by countries (e.g., additional SEM, power spectrum density(PSD)).

For example, in 3GPP, the V2X operating band for SL communication is defined as follows.

V2X Operating Band	Sidelink (SL) Transmission operating band	Sidelink (SL) Reception operating band	Duplex Mode	Interface
V2X Operating Band	F_{UL_low} - F_{UL_high}	F_{DL_low} - F_{DL_high}	Duplex Mode	Interface
n14 (note 2 applied)	788 MHz - 798 MHz	788 MHz - 798 MHz	HD	PC5
n38(note 1 applied)	2570 MHz - 2620 MHz	2570 MHz - 2620 MHz	HD	PC5
n47	5855 MHz - 5925 MHz	5855 MHz - 5925 MHz	HD	PC5
n79	4400 MHz - 5000 MHz	4400 MHz - 5000 MHz	HD	PC5
Note 1: When this band is used for V2X SL service, the band is exclusively used for NR V2X in particular regions. Note 2: When this band is used for public safety service, the NR band is operated with both in-coverage scenarios and out-of-coverage scenarios.

Table 6 shows examples of V2X operating bands in FR1.

SL contiguous CA communication is defined in band n47. The subcarrier space (SCS) 15 kHz, 30 kHz and 60 kHz can be applied.

Hereinafter, SL CA terminal may mean a UE that can perform SL CA operation.

MOP (maximum output power) is explained.

The SL Carrier Aggregation (CA) terminal may inform the Network (NW) (e.g., base station) of its power class information based on 'per band' or 'per band combination'(for CA, DC). The SL-U terminal may transmit signals based on the maximum output power corresponding to its power class. The maximum output power corresponding to power class 3 may be 23 dBm.

In FR1, there is a Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) specification, which is a standard that is defined to ensure that the transmitted power of a device does not cause harm to humans or affect medical equipment. In general, a device must meet the SAR specification. If the MOP of a device is greater than 23 dBm, the device may change its MOP to equal or less than 23 dBm in order to meet the SAR specification.

According to the present disclosure, the additional operation of setting the MOPs smaller to meet SAR specifications is not required for power class 3 SL CA terminals.

SL-U UE MOP may be used for SL contiguous CA UE MOP in 2 CCs(component carriers) of FR1 band (n47) and SL non-contiguous CA EU MOP in 2CCs

Examples of A-MPR are explained.

In addition to the spectrum mask and EVM specifications, the UE must also meet the country-specific regulations for each band. Based on these country-specific regulations, an additional maximum output power reduction (A-MPR) may be specified.

The network (NW) may transmit network signal value (NS_value) to the terminal to inform the terminal of information related to the regulation of the operating band. Alternatively, the network signal value (NS_value) may be provided to the terminal based on the preset radio parameter, so that the terminal can know the information related to the regulation for the operating band. The device shall satisfy the A-MPR specification based on the information related to the regulation.

For example, Additional emission requirements can be signalled to the UE by the network or pre-configured radio parameters. Each additional emission requirement is associated with a unique network signalling (NS) value indicated in RRC signalling by an NR frequency band number of the applicable operating band and an associated value in the field additionalSpectrumEmission. For exmaple, a base station may transmit NS value to the UE by RRC signalling. For example, the UE may acknowledge pre-coinfugred radio parameters including NS value. The notion of indication or signalling of an NS value refers to the corresponding indication of an NR frequency band number of the applicable operating band, the IE field freqBandIndicatorNR and an associated value of additionalSpectrumEmission in the relevant RRC information elements. Based on the NS value, the UE may use A-MPR to determine transmission power.

If NS_value is present, the device can determine the configured transmitted power based on max(MPR, A-MPR).

Examples of operating band combinations for NR SL CA operation are exmplained.

The UE may perform NR SL CA operation. The NR SL CA operation is designed to operate in the operating bands in FR1. Table 7 shows examples of operating bands for SL CA.

NR SL CA Band	NR Band	Interface
SL_n47	n47	PC5

Table 7 shows examples of Intra-band contiguous CA operating bands for SL CA in FR1.

Examples of channel bandwidth for NR SL CA operation are explained.

For NR SL CA operation, the SL CA channel bandwidths for each operating band is specified in Table 8.

Sidelink CA configuration / Bandwidth combination set
Sidelink CA configuration	Sidelink CA configuration for TX	Component carriers in order of increasing carrier frequency				Maximum aggregated bandwidth [MHz]	Bandwidth combination set
		Channel bandwidths for carrier [MHz]	Channel bandwidths for carrier [MHz]	Channel bandwidths for carrier [MHz]	Channel bandwidths for carrier [MHz]
SL_n47B	SL_n47B		10	10, [20,30]			70	0
			[20]	[20,30]
			30	[30],40

Table 8 shows examples of Intra-band contiguous CA operating bands for SL CA in FR1.

To date, the NS_value for SL CA is not defined. In NR band 'n47', the NS_value for a single carrier is defined as follows:

- NS_33 : for channel bandwidth of 10MHz

- NS_52 : for channel bandwidth of 40MHz

Table 9 shows examples of A-MPR.

Network Signalling value	Requirements (clause)	NR Band	Channel bandwidth (MHz)	Resources Blocks (N_RB)	A-MPR (dB)
NS_01		See Table 20	10, 20, 30, 40	See Table 20	N/A
NS_06	6.5.2.3.4 of TS 38.101-1 V18.0.0 (A-SEM)	n14	5, 10	See Table 20	N/A
NS_33	6.5E.2.3.1 of TS 38.101-1 V18.0.0 (A-SEM) 6.5E.3.4 (A-SE)	n47	10	Clause 6.2E.3.2 of TS 38.101-1 V18.0.0
NS_52	6.5E.2.3.2 of TS 38.101-1 V18.0.0 (A-SEM)	n47	40	Clause 6.2E.3.3 of TS 38.101-1 V18.0.0

Table 9 shows examples of Additional Maximum Power Reduction (A-MPR) for PC3 NR V2X.

network signalling (NS) may be mapped as the following table 10.

NR V2X operating bands	Value of additionalSpectrumEmission
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
n142	NS_01	NS_06
n38	NS_01
n47	NS_01	NS_33	NS_52
NOTE 1: [additionalSpectrumEmission] corresponds to an information element of the same name defined in clause 6.3.2 of TS 38.331 V18.0.0. NOTE 2: For the NR Public Safety (PS) UE in n14, same A-MPR shall be applied for PC1 PS UE since PC1 PS UE for Band n14 is not targeted for smartphone form factor.

Table 10 shows examples of Mapping of network signaling label.

The notion of indication or signalling of an NS value refers to the corresponding indication of an NR frequency band number of the applicable operating band (eg. n47), the IE field freqBandIndicatorNR and an associated value of additionalSpectrumEmission in the relevant RRC information elements. Relation between NR SL CA band and NR frequency band is shown in Table 7.

Table 11 shows one example the relationship between NS_value and Information Element (IE) field.

NR CA band	Value of additionalSpectrumEmission
	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
CA_n47	SL_CA_NS_01	SL_CA_NS_33	SL_CA_NS_52
NOTE: additionalSpectrumEmission corresponds to an information element of the same name defined in clause 6.3.2 of TS 38.331 V18.0.0

Table 11 shows exmaples of mapping of network signaling label.

For SL_CA_NS_33, additional spectrum emission mask can be same with SEM requirements of 'NS_33' (6.5E.2.3.1 in TS38.101-1 V18.0.0).

For SL_CA_NS_52, additional spectrum emission mask can be same SEM requirements of 'NS_52' (6.5E.2.3.2 in TS38.101-1 V18.0.0).

In detail, additional Spectrum emission mask for 'NS_33'and 'NS_52'are explained in the following.

Requirements for network signalling value "NS_33" are explained.

The additional spectrum mask in Table 12 applies for NR V2X UE within 5855 MHz to 5950 MHz according to ETSI EN 302 571. Additional spectrum emission requirements are signalled by the network to indicate that the UE shall meet an additional requirement for a specific deployment scenario as part of the cell handover/broadcast message.

Spectrum emission limit (dBm EIRP)/ Channel bandwidth
Δf_OOB (MHz)	10 MHz	Measurement bandwidth
± 0-0.5	[-13-12(\|ΔfOOB\|/MHz)]	100 kHz
± 0.5-5	[-19-16/9 (\|ΔfOOB \|/MHz-0.5)]	100 kHz
± 5-10	[-27-2(\|Δ"fOOB" \|/MHz-5.0)]	100 kHz

Table 12 shows examples of Additional spectrum mask requirements for 10MHz channel bandwidth.

When "NS_33" is indicated in the cell or pre-configured radio parameters, the power of any V2X UE emission shall not exceed the levels specified in Table 12. For exmaple, a base station may transmit "NS_33" to a UE. Then the UE may configure transmission power based on the requirements related to "NS_33".

NOTE 1: As a general rule, the resolution bandwidth of the measuring equipment should be equal to the measurement bandwidth. However, to improve measurement accuracy, sensitivity and efficiency, the resolution bandwidth may be smaller than the measurement bandwidth. When the resolution bandwidth is smaller than the measurement bandwidth, the result should be integrated over the measurement bandwidth in order to obtain the equivalent noise bandwidth of the measurement bandwidth.

NOTE 2: Additional SEM for NR V2X overrides any other requirements in frequency range 5855-5950MHz.

NOTE 3: The EIRP requirement is converted to conducted requirement depend on the supported post antenna connector gain G_post connector declared by the UE following the principle described in annex I in TS36.101 V18.0.0.

Requirements for network signalling value "NS_52" are explained.

The additional spectrum mask in Table 13 applies for NR V2X UE within 5765 MHz to 6005 MHz according to FCC regulation. Additional spectrum emission requirements are signalled by the network to indicate that the UE shall meet an additional requirement for a specific deployment scenario as part of the cell handover/broadcast message.

Δf_OOB (MHz)	Emission Limit (dBm)	Measurement Bandwidth
±0-2	-32	100kHz
±2-10	-36	100kHz
±10-20	-38	100kHz
±20-40	-43	100kHz
±40-100	-50	100kHz

Table 13 shows exmaples of Additional spectrum mask requirements for 40MHz channel bandwidth (fc = 5885MHz).

When "NS_52" is indicated in the cell or pre-configured radio parameters, the power of any V2X UE emission shall not exceed the levels specified in Table 13. For exmaple, a base station may transmit "NS_52"to a UE. Then the UE may configure transmission power based on the requirements related to "NS_33".

Additional spurious emissions requirements for V2X are explained.

Requirements for network signalling value "NS_33" are explained.

Protected band	Frequency range (MHz)	Maximum Level (EIRP) (Note 2 applied)	MBW (MHz)	NOTE
Frequency range	5925 - 5950	-30	1	1
Frequency range	5815 - 5855	-30	1	3
NOTE 1: In the frequency range x-5950MHz, SE requirement of -30dBm/MHz should be applied; where x = max (5925, fc + 15), where fc is the channel center frequency. NOTE 2: The EIRP requirement is converted to conducted requirement depend on the supported post antenna connector gain G_{post connector} declared by the UE following the principle described in annex I in TS36.101 V18.0.0. NOTE 3: Resolution BW is 10% of the measurement BW and the result should be integrated to achieve the measurement bandwidth. The sweep time shall be set larger than (symbol length)*(number of points in sweep) to improve the measurement accuracy.

Table 14 shows examples of Additional requirements for "NS_33".

When "NS_33" is configured from pre-configured radio parameters or the cell, and the indication from upper layers has indicated that the UE is within the protection zone of CEN DSRC devices or HDR DSRC devices, the power of any NR V2X UE emission shall fulfil either one of the two sets of conditions.

	Maximum Transmission Power (dBm EIRP) (Note 1 applied)	Emission Limit in Frequency Range 5795-5815 (dBm/MHz EIRP) (Note 1 applied)
Condition 1	10	-65
Condition 2	10	-45
NOTE 1: The EIRP requirement is converted to conducted requirement depend on the supported post antenna connector gain G_{post connector} declared by the UE following the principle described in annex I in TS36.101 V18.0.0.

Table 15 shows examples of Requirements for spurious emissions to protect CEN DSRC for V2X UE.

The aggregated channel bandwidth(CBW) for 'SL_CA_NS_33' and 'SL_CA_NS_52'may be same as 'NS_33' and 'NS_52' respectively.

The aggregated CBWs are possible from Table 8. 2 component carriers can be considered as the following:

-20MHz (10MHz + 10MHz)

-30MHz (10MHz + 20MHz)

-40MHz (20MHz + 20MHz, 10MHz + 30MHz)

-50MHz (20MHz + 30MHz)

-60MHz (20MHz + 40MHz)

-70MHz (30Mhz + 40MHz)

The aggregated CBW of 40MHz can be applicable with 'SL_CA_NS_52'.

Power class 3 SL contiguous CA terminals may transmit signal. When the terminal transmits signals, the regulations described above must be met, in addition to the spectrum mask specifications (e.g.,ACLR, SEM, SE, In-band emission) and EVM specifications. For this purpose, the terminal transmits a signal with a reduction of 'X' dB from the maximum transmission power of 23 dBm. Here, the maximum allowable 'X' value is defined as an additional maximum transmit power reduction (A-MPR).

The SL CA UE A-MPR may vary depending on the actual number of resource blocks (RBs) transmitted, the location of the RBs, and the modulation order. SL communication adopts CP-OFDM method.

The following shows definitions of terms used in the present disclosure:

- ACLR : Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio

- SEM : Spectrum Emission Mask)

- SE : Spurious Emission

- In-band emission (General in-band emission, Carrier leakage, I/Q image)

- EVM : Error Vector Magnitude

Examples of scenarios where A-MPR applies include:

- SL contiguous CA NS_52 PSFCH A-MPR in 2 CCs of FR1 band (n47)

The following are considered for SL CA Power class 3 A-MPR. For example, SL_CA_NS_52 PSFCH A-MPR may be proposed based on the following description.

For analysis, the simulation assumptions in TR38.785 V17.0.0 (Rel-17 enhanced NR sidelink) are reusd for basic parameters. Other constraints for PSCCH/PSSCH/PSFCH/S-SSB can be assumed based on current RAN1's agreement.

Center frequency	5.9GHz
Bandwidth	per CC: 10/20/30MHz aggregated CBW: 20+20 MHz/10+30MHz
Maximum output power for aggregated CBW	23dBm
Numerology	30kHz
Modulation per CC	QPSK/16QAM/64QAM/256QAM
Waveform	CP-OFDM
Carrier leakage	25dBc
IQ image	34dBc
CIM3	60dBc
PA calibration	PA calibrated to deliver 30dBc ACLR for a fully allocated RBs in 20MHz QPSK DFT- S-OFDM waveform at 1 dB MPR. This is based to share PA between LTE V2X and NR V2X at 5.9GHz as worst case.

Table 16 shows basic parameters for analysis in the present disclosure. For example, based on Table 16, center frequency can be 5.9GHz. For example, bandwidth can be one of 10MHz, 20MHz, 30 MHz per CC. For CA, various combinations such as 20+20 MHz/10+30MHz can be used.

EVM and impairments are shwon in Table 17.

Modulation	SystemEVM	PA only	Image	PA+image
QPSK	17.5%	10%	28dB	10.0%
16QAM	12.5%	8%	28dB	8.0%
64QAM
	8%	4%	28dB	5.65%
256QAM	3.5%	1.8%	34dB	2.69%

As shown in Table 17, per each modulation, SystemEVM, PA only Image, PA+image can be assumed.

For IBE and impairment exceptions, IBE mask from TS38.101-1 V18.0.0 Table 6.4.2.3-1 can be reused.

ACLR can be 30dBc for PC3 UE with NR BW.

SEM can be according to 38.101-1 V18.0.0 clause 6.5.2.2.

For SL in single CC operation, the simultaneous transmission of PSCCH and PSSCH in the same sub-frame is supported. For SL in single CC operation, the following constraints in Table 18 can be assumed.

Items	Assumption
Allowed sub-channel sizes	Support {10, 12, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100} PRBs for possible sub-channel size.
Allowed L_CRB allocation	10,12,15,20,24,25,30,36,40,45,48,50,60,70,72,75,80,84,90,96,100,105,108,110,120,130,132,135,140,144,150,156,160,165,168,170,175,180,190,192,195,200,204,210,216
Regarding PSCCH / PSSCH multiplexing	See FIG. 7
PSCCH size	10RB*3 Symbols
PSD offset of X dB between PSCCH and PSSCH	0dB
Modulation for PSFCH	QPSK
Physical Sidelink Feedback Channel (PSFCH)	ZC sequence
Structure of Slot	Baseline is to follow RAN1 agreements
Modulation for PSBCH	QPSK
S-PSS	M-sequence
S-SSS	Golden-sequence
S-SSB structure	See FIG. 8
RB allocation	RBstart: All the possible casesL_CRB: 11 RB

Table 18 shows assuption for analysis based on SL operation in a single carrier.

The following drawings are intended to illustrate specific embodiments of the present disclosure. The designations of specific devices or the designations of specific signals/messages/fields shown in the drawings are for illustrative purposes only, and the technical features of the present specification are not limited to the specific designations used in the drawings below.

PSCCH is located at SL symbol index 1~3.

PSSCH is located at SL symbol index 1~3, 5~9, and 11~12.

DMRS is located at

SL symbol index

4 and 10.

For AGC (Auto Gain Control), symbol of SL symbol index 1 is duplicated to SL symbol index 0.

FIG. 8 shows the example of the allocation. For exmaple, when the UE transmits 3-symbol PSCCH, the alloction in FIG.8 may be used.

FIG. 9 shows examples of S-SSB structure. PSBCH can be located at SL symbol index 0. S-PSS can be located at SL symbol index 1~2. S-SSS can be located at SL symbol index 3~4. PSBCH can be located at SL symbol index 5~12. SL symbol index 13 may be a gap symbol.

In a single CC, MPR for PSFCH was specified for PC3 NR V2X UE as follows in TS 38.101-1 V18.0.0.

However, MPR for sidelink CA is not defined at all. For example, for SL intra-band CA of PSFCH with single RB transmission on each carrier, MPR is not defined. Therefore, there are problems that the Physical Sidelink Feedback Channel (PSFCH) transmisison cannot be performed. For example, feedback based on PSFCH cannot be supported for SL CA.

For PSFCH with single RB transmission for PC3 NR V2X UE, the required MPR is defined as follow. For example, the UE may transmit PSFCH with the single RB transmission.

MPR__PSFCH = 3.5 dB

This MPR value is for the single CC.

For contiguous and non-contiguous allocation for simultaneous PSFCH transmission for PC3 NR V2X UE, the required MPR are specified as follow.

MPR__PSFCH = CEIL {M_{A_PSFCH}, 0.5}

Where M_{A_PSFCH} for power class 3 is defined as follows

M_{A_PSFCH} = 7.5 dB for 0.00< N_Gap/N_RB ≤0.55

M_{A_PSFCH} 12.0 dB for 0.55< N_Gap/N_RB ≤1.0

Where,

N_Gap is the gap RB amount between RB_startand RB_endfor contiguous and non-contiguous allocation simultaneous PSFCH transmission. (N_Gap = RB_end- RB_start)

CEIL{M_A, 0.5} means rounding upwards to closest 0.5dB.

In the present disclosure, the exmaples of MPR values for PSFCH MPR of SL contiguous CA are explained.

In addition, the following test scenarios are considered as Table 19 for SL contiguous CA.

Aggregated CBW	Scenario	CC1	CC2	R = N_Gap/(N_RB1+N_RB2+ N_{GBchannel_CC1}+ N_{GBchannel_CC2})	SCS
20MHz + 20MHz	1	1RB0	-		30
	2	1RB51	-		30
	3	1RB0	1RB0	0.5304	30
	4	1RB0	1RB10	0.6243	30
	5	1RB0	1RB20	0.7182	30
	6	1RB0	1RB30	0.8122	30
	7	1RB0	1RB40	0.9061	30
	8	1RB0	1RB50	1.0	30
	9	1RB10	1RB0	0.4365	30
	10	1RB20	1RB0	0.3426	30
	11	1RB30	1RB0	0.2486	30
	12	1RB40	1RB0	0.1547	30
	13	1RB50	1RB0	0.0608	30
10MHz + 30MHz	14	1RB0	-		30
	15	1RB23	-		30
	16	1RB0	1RB0	0.2768	30
	17	1RB0	1RB10	0.3707	30
	18	1RB0	1RB20	0.4646	30
	19	1RB0	1RB30	0.5586	30
	20	1RB0	1RB40	0.6525	30
	21	1RB0	1RB50	0.7464	30
	22	1RB0	1RB60	0.8403	30
	23	1RB0	1RB70	0.9343	30
	24	1RB0	1RB77	1.0	30
	25	1RB10	1RB0	0.1829	30
	26	1RB20	1RB0	0.0890	30
	27	1RB23	1RB0	0.0608	30

Table 19 shows exmaples of SL contiguous CA MPR test scenarios. Table 19 can be interpreted as the following examples. For example, scenario 3 means that 20MHz Component Carrier (CC) and 20 MHz CC are aggregated for SL contiguous CA, SCS is 30kHz. 1RB0 means that 1 RB is allocated starting from RB number 0 in 20MHz CBW for CC1. 1RB0 means that 1 RB is allocated starting from RB number 0 in 10MHz CBW for CC2. R=0.5304 means that calculated R is 0. 5304.

In Table 19, R may be a ratio of the gap bandwidth between two PSFCH transmitted on two intra-band carrier by a total bandwidth of two carrier configured for the SL CA. For example, R may be calculated based on the ratio of the gap bandwidth between two PSFCH transmitted on two intra-band carrier by a total bandwidth of two carrier.

For example, the ratio of the gap bandwidth between two PSFCH transmitted on the two intra-band carrier by the total bandwidth of two carrier can be calcualted based on a example of equation, which is R= N_Gap/(N_RB1+N_RB2+ N_{GBchannel_CC1}+ N_{GBchannel_CC2}).

Here, the aggregated CA bandwidth is CA bandwidth class B which is composed of 2 CCs (CC1 + CC2). The ratio of N_Gap/(N_RB1+N_RB2+ N_{GBchannel_CC1}+ N_{GBchannel_CC2}) is considered. The banwidth class B may mean that an aggregated channen bandwidth of 2 component carriers is between 20MHz and 100MHz. The following formulas are illustrative only, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited by the following formulas. For example, the value of R may be calculated by any formula corresponding to the ratio of the gap bandwidth between two PSFCH transmitted on the two intra-band carrier by the total bandwidth of two carrier.

R = N_Gap/(N_RB1+N_RB2+ N_{GBchannel_CC1}+ N_{GBchannel_CC2})

N_Gap is the gap RB amount from CC1 RB_startto CC2 RB_endfor SL contiguous CA when a single PSFCH or contiguous and non-contiguous allocation simultaneous PSFCHs is transmitted in each CC.

N_{GBchannel_CC1} and N_{GBchannel_CC2} is the number of RB which corresponds to the minimum guardbands for CC1 and CC2, respectively, which have been calculated using the following equation:

N_GBchannel = GB_channel / (SCS * 12)

GB_channel = (BW_Channel - N_RB * SCS * 12) / 2 - SCS/2,

where N_RB are from Table 20, and BW_Channel is the channel bandwidth for each CC.

FIG. 10 shows exmaples of N_Gap, N_RB1, N_RB2, N_{GBchannel_CC1}, and N_{GBchannel_CC2}.

In FIG. 10, the UE may be configured with SL intra-band CA. BW_Channel1 may mean that channel bandiwidth for CC1. BW_Channel2 may mean that channel bandiwidth configured for CC2. N_RB1 may mean the maximum transmission bandwidth configuration (unit [RB]) for the CC1. N_RB2 may mean the maximum transmission bandwidth configuration(unit [RB]) for the CC2. N_{GBchannel_CC1} and N_{GBchannel_CC2} is the number of RB which corresponds to the minimum guardbands for CC1 and CC2, respectively. N_Gap may mean a number of RBs between the lower edge of PSFCH in CC1 and the upper edge of PSFCH in CC2.

The maximum transmission bandwidth configuration N_RB for each UE channel bandwidth and subcarrier spacing is specified in Table 20.

SCS (kHz)	5MHz	10MHz	15MHz	20MHz	25MHz	30MHz	35MHz	40MHz	45MHz	50MHz	60MHz	70MHz	80MHz	90MHz	100MHz
	N_RB	N_RB	N_RB	N_RB	N_RB	N_RB	N_RB	N_RB	N_RB	N_RB	N_RB	N_RB	N_RB	N_RB	N_RB
15	25	52	79	106	133	160	188	216	242	270	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
30	11	24	38	51	65	78	92	92	119	133	162	189	217	245	273
60	N/A	11	18	24	31	38	44	44	58	65	79	93	107	121	135

Table 20 shows examples of Maximum transmission bandwidth configuration N_RB

The minimum guardband for each UE channel bandwidth and SCS is specified in Table 21.

SCS (kHz)	5MHz	10MHz	15MHz	20MHz	25MHz	30MHz	35MHz	40MHz	45MHz	50MHz	60MHz	70MHz	80MHz	90MHz	100MHz
15	242.5	312.5	382.5	452.5	522.5	592.5	572.5	552.5	712.5	692.5	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
30	505	665	645	805	785	945	925	905	1065	1045	825	965	925	885	845
60	N/A	1010	990	1330	1310	1290	1630	1610	1590	1570	1530	1490	1450	1410	1370

Table 21 shows examples of Minimum guardband for each UE channel bandwidth and SCS (kHz).If multiple CCs , for example, N CCs are configured for SL contiguous CA, the followings are applied.

For example, RB_start of the lowest CC and RB_end of the highest CC which is configured for PSFCH transmission are applied for the gap RB.

Total GB_channel = 2*

GB_{channel_ccX}- GB_{channel_cc1} - GB_{channel_ccN}

Based on the above examples of parameters and assumptions, the PSFCH A-MPR simulation results for the SL contiguous CA scenarios are determined in the present disclosure. Table 22 and FIG. 11 shows examples of the PSFCH A-MPR simulation results for the SL contiguous CA scenarios.

Table 22 shows PSFCH A-MPR simulation results for SL Contiguous CA,

'20MHz+20MHz'	Scenario #	#	1	#2	#3	#4	#5	#6	#7	#8	#9	#10	#11	#12	#13
	R	-	-	0.53	0.62	0.72	0.81	0.91	1.00	0.44	0.34	0.25	0.15	0.06
	R	16.72	0.00	13.42	16.61	16.15	16.61	16.61	16.64	13.77	12.86	7.29	0.00	0.00
'10MHz+30MHz'	Scenario #	#	14	#15	#16	#17	#18	#19	#20	#21	#22	#23	#24	#25	#26
	R	-	-	0.28	0.37	0.46	0.56	0.65	0.75	0.84	0.93	1.00	0.18	0.09
	R	16.72	0.60	13.42	14.33	14.33	15.70	16.61	16.61	16.61	16.61	16.64	11.49	1.62

Table 22 shows examples of PSFCH A-MPR simulation results for SL Contiguous CA. Table 22 applies to a UE configured with SL CA, when the UE receives NS_52 from a base station. For example, the UE may acknowledge pre-coinfugred radio parameters including NS value NS_52.

Table 22 shows examples of PSFCH A-MPR simulation results for SL Contiguous CA, Scenario # corresponds to scenario number of Table 19.

Based on the PSFCH A-MPR simulation results for SL Contiguous CA in Table 22, FIG. 11 can be derived.

Table 22 and FIG. 11 show SL CA NS_52 PSFCH A-MPR simulation results for the SL contiguous CA scenarios.

FIG. 11 shows exampels of PSFCH A-MPR simulation results for SL Contiguous CA based on Ratio ( R ). As mentioned above, R means the ratio of the gap bandwidth between two PSFCH transmitted on the two intra-band carrier by the total bandwidth of two carrier.

The power backoff values with respect to R value in Table 22 are shown in FIG. 11. Based on Table 22, and FIG. 11, examples of A-MPR values for PSFCH with SL contiguous CA are proposed in the present disclosure. A-MPR values apply to a UE configured with SL CA, when the UE receives NS_52 from a base station. For example, the UE may acknowledge pre-coinfugred radio parameters including NS value NS_52.

Table 23 shows A-MPR simulation results for SL Contiguous CA considering the ratio of R. Table 23 shows A-MPR simulation results for SL CA NS_52. R means the ratio of the gap bandwidth between two PSFCH transmitted on the two intra-band carrier by the total bandwidth of two carrier. The following equation can be used as an example for determining R.

R = N_Gap/(N_RB1+N_RB2+ N_{GBchannel_CC1}+ N_{GBchannel_CC2})

Modulation		A-MPR for ratio (R) in bandwidth class B(dB)
Modulation		R ≤ 0. 1	0.1 < R ≤ 0. 55	0.55 < R ≤ 1.0
CP-OFDM	QPSK	1.62	14.33	16.64

Table 23 shows examples of PSFCH A-MPR for SL Contiguous CA and NS_52. R means the ratio of the gap bandwidth between two PSFCH transmitted on the two intra-band carrier by the total bandwidth of two carrier. For SL intra-band CA of PSFCH with single RB transmission on each carrier, the required A-MPR may be the A-MPR values in Table 23.

For example, the UE may be configured with intra-band SL CA. The UE may transmit PSFCH to other UE. The UE may determine transmission power for the PSFCH, based on the A-MPR values in Table 23. For example, if R is bigger than 0.1. and less than or equal to 0.55, the A-MPR may be 14.33 dB for the UE. For example, if R is bigger than 0.55 and less than or equal to 1.0, the A-MPR may be 16.64 dB for the UE.

The A-MPR can be proposed as Table 24 based on the simulation results when considering implementation margin.

Modulation		A-MPR for ratio (R) in bandwidth class B(dB)
Modulation		R ≤0. 1	0.1 < R ≤ 0. 55	0.55 < R ≤ 1.0
CP-OFDM	QPSK	4.0	17.0	19.0

Table 24 shows examples of PSFCH A-MPR for SL Contiguous CA and NS_52. R means the ratio of the gap bandwidth between two PSFCH transmitted on the two intra-band carrier by the total bandwidth of two carrier. For SL intra-band CA of PSFCH with single RB transmission on each carrier, the required A-MPR may be the A-MPR values in Table 24.

For example, the UE may be configured with intra-band SL CA. The UE may transmit PSFCH to other UE. The UE may determine transmission power for the PSFCH, based on the A-MPR values in Table 24. For example, if R is bigger than 0.1. and less than or equal to 0.55, the A-MPR may be 17 dB for the UE. For example, if R is bigger than 0.55 and less than or equal to 1.0, the A-MPR may be 19 dB for the UE.

Or, Table 25 can be proposed as the A-MPR based on the simulation results when considering implementation margin.

Modulation		A-MPR for ratio (R) in bandwidth class B(dB)
Modulation		R ≤ 0. 1	0.1 < R ≤ 0. 55	0.55 < R ≤ 1.0
CP-OFDM	QPSK	3.5	16.5	19.0

Table 25 shows examples of PSFCH A-MPR for SL Contiguous CA and NS_52. R means the ratio of the gap bandwidth between two PSFCH transmitted on the two intra-band carrier by the total bandwidth of two carrier. For SL intra-band CA of PSFCH with single RB transmission on each carrier, the required A-MPR may be the A-MPR values in Table 25.

For example, the UE may be configured with intra-band SL CA. The UE may transmit PSFCH to other UE. The UE may determine transmission power for the PSFCH, based on the A-MPR values in Table 25. For example, if R is bigger than 0.1. and less than or equal to 0.55, the A-MPR may be 16.5 dB for the UE. For example, if R is bigger than 0.55 and less than or equal to 1.0, the A-MPR may be 19 dB for the UE.

Or, Table 26 can be proposed as the A-MPR based on the simulation results when considering implementation margin.

Modulation		A-MPR for ratio (R) in bandwidth class B(dB)
Modulation		R ≤ 0. 1	0.1 < R ≤ 0. 55	0.55 < R ≤ 1.0
CP-OFDM	QPSK	4.0	17.5	19.5

Table 26 shows examples of PSFCH A-MPR for SL Contiguous CA and NS_52. R means the ratio of the gap bandwidth between two PSFCH transmitted on the two intra-band carrier by the total bandwidth of two carrier. For SL intra-band CA of PSFCH with single RB transmission on each carrier, the required A-MPR may be the A-MPR values in Table 26.

For example, the UE may be configured with intra-band SL CA. The UE may transmit PSFCH to other UE. The UE may determine transmission power for the PSFCH, based on the A-MPR values in Table 26. For example, if R is bigger than 0.1. and less than or equal to 0.55, the A-MPR may be 17.5 dB for the UE. For example, if R is bigger than 0.55 and less than or equal to 1.0, the A-MPR may be 19.5 dB for the UE.

In addition, an additional implementation margin α may be applied to the examples in Tables 23 to 26. For example, the values in Tables 23 to 26 with the implementation margin α applied may be proposed as A-MPR. Here, α= may be from ±0 to ±3.0. For example, α= ±0, ±0.5, ±1.0, ±1.5, ±2.0, ±2.5, ±3.0. The example in Tables 23 to 26 may be an example of A-A-MPR values with α=±0.

Exmamples for Configured Transmitted Power are explained.

Power class 3 SL CA UEs may take into account several parameters when transmitting SL signaling to set the configured maximum transmitted power. For example, the UE may set the configured maximum transmitted power based on the network specified power (e.g., PEMAX), MPR and/or additional MPR (A-MPR) that meets the power regulation for each nation.

Configured transmitted maximum power P_CMAX may be determined based on the following example.

The SL CA UE may determine P_CMAX in FR1 NR band (e.g., NR operating band) as the following example.

The total configured maximum output power P_CMAX shall be set within the following bounds:

P_{CMAX_L} ≤ P_{CMAX ≤} P_{CMAX_H}

P_{CMAX_L} = MIN{10 log₁₀ ∑ p_EMAX,c, P_{EMAX, CA}, P_{PowerClass,SL-CA} - MAX(MPR, A-MPR) + ΔT_IB,c, P-MPR), P_Regulatory }

P_{CMAX_H} = MIN{10 log₁₀ ∑ p_EMAX,c, P_{EMAX, CA}, P_{PowerClass,SL-CA}, P_Regulatory }

The P_CMAX,c is calculated under the assumption that the transmit power is increased by the same amount in dB on all component carriers.

where

- p_EMAX,c is the linear value of P_EMAX,c which is given by IE sl-maxTransPower defined by TS 38.331 V18.0.0. ;

- P_{PowerClass,SL-CA} is the maximum UE power (23dBm) without taking into account the tolerance;

- MPR and A-MPR;

- Δ T_IB,c = 0;

- P-MPR is the power management term for the UE;

- P_Regulatory 10 - G_{post connector} dBm when SL UE is within the protected zone of CEN DSRC tolling system and operating in Band n47; P_Regulatory= 33 - G_{post connector} dBm otherwise.

- P_{EMAX, CA} is the value indicated by sl-NR-FR1 or by sl-UE-FR1 whichever is the smallest if both are present.

NOTE: The supported post antenna connector gain G_{post connector} declared by the UE following the principle described in annex I in TS36.101 V18.0.0.

Here, the A-MPR can be based on the A-MPR values in Table 23 to Table 26, as one example when SL contiguous CA is configured with simultaneous PSFCH transmission and when the UE receives NS_52. For example, the UE may acknowledge pre-coinfugred radio parameters including NS value NS_52. For exmaple the A-MPR may be based on the A-MPR values in Table 24.

If a single CC is activated, A-MPR requirement of a single carrier applies, for example, the PSFCH A-MPR requirement of PC3 NR V2X UE in TS 38.101-1 V18.0.0.

A-MPR can be any one of Tables 23 to 26 as one example when SL contiguous CA is configured with simultaneous PSFCH transmission.

FIG. 12 illustrates an example of operations performed by a UE according to an embodiment of the present disclosure..

The operations of UE shown in the example of FIG. 12 are only an example. The operations of UE are not limited by the example of FIG. 12, and the UE may perform the operations described in various examples of the present disclosure.

The UE may perform random access procedure shown in FIGS. 6a to 6e.

In step S1201, the UE may determine transmission power. For example, the UE may determine transmission power for SL signal, based on an A-MPR value for NS 52.

For example, the UE may determine transmission power for sidelink (SL) signal based on a configured maximum output power. For example, the configured maximum output power is set based on the A-MPR.

In step S1202, the UE may transmit sidelink signal.

For example, the SL signal may include two PSFCH.

For example, the UE may transmit the SL signal based on the transmission power to other UE.

For example, each of the two PSFCH may be trasmitted based on single RB transmission on each carrier for the SL intr-band CA.

The UE is configured with SL intra-band CA. For example, NR operating band 47 is configured for the SL intra-band CA.

For exmaple, each of the two PSFCH is trasmitted based on single Resource Blcok (RB) transmission on each carrier for the SL intr-band CA.

The A-MPR value may be determined based on a ratio of gap bandwidth related to the two PSFCH, based on that the UE is configured with the SL intra-band CA, and based on that the two PSFCH is being transmitted.

For exmaple, the A-MPR value may be based on Table 24.

For exmaple, the A-MPR value may be equal to or smaller than 17.0 dB, based on that the ratio of gap bandwidth between the two PSFCH being bigger than 0.1 and being equal to or less than 0.55.

For exmaple, the A-MPR value may be equal to or smaller than 19 dB, based on that the ratio of gap bandwidth between the two PSFCH being bigger than 0.5 and being equal to or less than 1.0.

For exmaple, the A-MPR value may be equal to or smaller than 19 dB, based on that the ratio of gap bandwidth between the two PSFCH being equal to or less than 0.1.

For exmaple, the A-MPR value may be based on table 23, 25, or 26.

The ratio of gap bandwidth related to the two PSFCH may be the ratio of the gap bandwidth between the two PSFCH transmitted on the two intra-band carrier for the SL intra-band CA by the total bandwidth of the two carrier for the SL intra-band CA.

In addition, the operations of UE1, UE2, and the base station(e.g., gNB) shown in the example of FIG. 13 are only an example. The operations of UE1, UE2, and the base station are not limited by the example of FIG. 13, and the UE1, UE2, and the base station may perform the operations described in various examples of the present disclosure.

UE1, UE2 and the base station may perform random access procedure shown in FIGS. 6a to 6e.

UE1 may peform same operations with the operations in the example of FIG. 12.

In step S1301, UE 1 may transmit uplink signal to the base station.

For example, the UE1 may transmit random acces preamble.

In step S1302, the base station may transmit downlink signal to UE1.

For example, the base station may transmit response message in response to the random acces preamble to UE1.

In step S1303, the UE1 may transmit sidelink signal to UE2. For example, step S1303 may be performed in a same way with step S1202 of FIG. 12.

The present specification may have various effects.

For example, the UE Tx RF performance specifications for sidelink power class 3 (23 dBm) terminals supporting SL CA are defined. For example, the UE can precisely and/or efficiently perform sidelink communication based on A-MPR for NS 52, when the UE is configured with SL intra-band CA. Based on this, inter-terminal communication is guaranteed. These terminals may be commercialized.

The effects that may be obtained from the specific examples of this disclosure are not limited to those listed above. For example, there may be a variety of technical effects that a person having ordinary skill in the related art may understand or infer from this disclosure. Accordingly, the specific effects of the present disclosure are not limited to those expressly set forth herein, but may include a variety of effects that may be understood or inferred from the technical features of the present disclosure.

For reference, the operation of the terminal (e.g., UE) described in the present specification may be implemented by the apparatus of FIGS. 1 to 4 described above. For example, the terminal (e.g., UE) may be the first device 100 or the second device 200 of FIG. 2. For example, an operation of a terminal (e.g., UE) described herein may be processed by one or

more processors

102 or 202 . The operation of the terminal described herein may be stored in one or

more memories

104 or 204 in the form of an instruction/program (e.g., instruction, executable code) executable by one or

more processors

102 or 202 . One or

more processors

102 or 202 control one or

more memories

104 or 204 and one or

more transceivers

105 or 206, and may perform the operation of the terminal (e.g., UE) described herein by executing instructions/programs stored in one or

more memories

104 or 204.

In addition, instructions for performing an operation of a terminal (e.g., UE) described in the present disclosure of the present specification may be stored in a non-volatile computer-readable storage medium in which it is recorded. The storage medium may be included in one or

more memories

104 or 204 . And, the instructions recorded in the storage medium may be executed by one or

more processors

102 or 202 to perform the operation of the terminal (e.g., UE) described in the present disclosure of the present specification.

For reference, the operation of a network node (e.g., AMF, SMF, UPF, test equipment, etc.) or base station (e.g., NG-RAN, gNB, eNB, RAN, E-UTRAN etc.) described herein may be implemented by the apparatus of FIGS. 1 to 3 to be described below. For example, a network node or a base station may be the first device 100 of FIG.2 or the second device 200 of FIG.2. For example, the operation of a network node or base station described herein may be processed by one or

more processors

102 or 202. The operation of the terminal described herein may be stored in one or

more memories

more processors

102 or 202. One or

more processors

102 or 202 may perform the operation of a network node or a base station described herein, by controlling one or

more memories

104 or 204 and one or

more transceivers

106 or 206 and executing instructions/programs stored in one or

more memories

104 or 204.

In addition, instructions for performing the operation of the network node or base station described in the present disclosure of the present specification may be stored in a non-volatile (or non-transitory) computer-readable storage medium. The storage medium may be included in one or

more memories

104 or 204. And, the instructions recorded in the storage medium are executed by one or

more processors

102 or 202, so that the operations of a network node or base station are performed.

In the above, preferred embodiments have been exemplarily described, but the present disclosure of the present specification is not limited to such specific embodiments, and thus, modifications, changes, or may be improved.

In the exemplary system described above, the methods are described on the basis of a flowchart as a series of steps or blocks, but are not limited to the order of the steps described, some steps may occur in a different order or concurrent with other steps as described above. In addition, those skilled in the art will understand that the steps shown in the flowchart are not exclusive and that other steps may be included or that one or more steps of the flowchart may be deleted without affecting the scope of rights.

The claims described herein may be combined in various ways. For example, the technical features of the method claims of the present specification may be combined and implemented as an apparatus, and the technical features of the apparatus claims of the present specification may be combined and implemented as a method. In addition, the technical features of the method claim of the present specification and the technical features of the apparatus claim may be combined to be implemented as an apparatus, and the technical features of the method claim of the present specification and the technical features of the apparatus claim may be combined and implemented as a method.

Claims

A device comprising:

at least one transceiver;

at least one processor; and

at least one memory that stores instructions and is operably electrically connectable with the at least one processor,

wherein operations performed based on the instructions being executed by the at least one processor include:

determining transmission power for sidelink (SL) signal, based on an additional maximum power reduction (A-MPR) value for Network Signaling 52 (NS 52); and

transmitting the SL signal including two Physical Sidelink Feedback Channel (PSFCH) to other device, based on the transmission power,

wherein the device is configured with SL intra-band Carrier Aggregation (CA), and

wherein the A-MPR value is based on a ratio of gap bandwidth related to the two PSFCH, based on that the device is configured with the SL intra-band CA, and based on that the two PSFCH is being transmitted.
The device of claim 1, wherein the operations further comprising:

transmitting a random access preamble to a base station;

receiving a response message from the base station; and
The device of claim 1, the operations further comprising:

wherein the transmission power for the SL signal is determined based on a configured maximum output power,

wherein the configured maximum output power is set based on the A-MPR.
The device of claim 1,

wherein each of the two PSFCH is trasmitted based on single Resource Blcok (RB) transmission on each carrier for the SL intr-band CA.
The device of claim 1,

wherein New Radio (NR) operating band 47 is configured for the SL intra-band CA.
The device of claim 1, wherein the A-MPR value is equal to or smaller than 17.0 dB, based on that the ratio of gap bandwidth between the two PSFCH being bigger than 0.1 and being equal to or less than 0.55.
The device of claim 1, wherein the A-MPR value is equal to or smaller than 19 dB, based on that the ratio of gap bandwidth between the two PSFCH being bigger than 0.5 and being equal to or less than 1.0.
The device of claim 1, wherein the A-MPR value is equal to or smaller than 19 dB, based on that the ratio of gap bandwidth between the two PSFCH being equal to or less than 0.1.
The UE of claim 1, wherein the ratio of gap bandwidth related to the two PSFCH is the ratio of the gap bandwidth between the two PSFCH transmitted on the two intra-band carrier for the SL intra-band CA by the total bandwidth of the two carrier for the SL intra-band CA.
A method comprising:

determining transmission power for sidelink (SL) signal, based on an additional maximum power reduction (A-MPR) value for Network Signaling 52 (NS 52); and

transmitting the SL signal including two Physical Sidelink Feedback Channel (PSFCH) to other device, based on the transmission power,

wherein SL intra-band Carrier Aggregation (CA) is configured, and

wherein the A-MPR value is based on a ratio of gap bandwidth related to the two PSFCH, based on that the SL intra-band CA is configured, and based on that the two PSFCH is being transmitted.
The method of claim 10, further comprising:

transmitting a random access preamble to a base station;

receiving a response message from the base station; and
The method of claim 10, further comprising:

wherein the transmission power for the SL signal is determined based on a configured maximum output power,

wherein the configured maximum output power is set based on the A-MPR.
The method of claim 10, wherein the A-MPR value is equal to or smaller than 17.0 dB, based on that the ratio of gap bandwidth between the two PSFCH being bigger than 0.1 and being equal to or less than 0.55.
The method of claim 10, wherein the A-MPR value is equal to or smaller than 19 dB, based on that the ratio of gap bandwidth between the two PSFCH being bigger than 0.5 and being equal to or less than 1.0.
The method of claim 10, wherein the A-MPR value is equal to or smaller than 19 dB, based on that the ratio of gap bandwidth between the two PSFCH being equal to or less than 0.1.
An apparatus performing communication, comprising:

at least one processor; and

at least one memory storing instructions, operatively electrically coupled to the at least one processor, wherein the instructions are executed by the at least one processor to perform operations comprising:

determining transmission power for sidelink (SL) signal, based on an additional maximum power reduction (A-MPR) value for Network Signaling 52 (NS 52); and

transmitting the SL signal including two Physical Sidelink Feedback Channel (PSFCH) to other apparatus, based on the transmission power,

wherein the apparatus is configured with SL intra-band Carrier Aggregation (CA), and

wherein the A-MPR value is based on a ratio of gap bandwidth related to the two PSFCH, based on that the device is configured with the SL intra-band CA, and based on that the two PSFCH is being transmitted.
A non-transitory computer readable storage medium recording instructions,

wherein the instructions, when executed by one or more processors, causing the one or more processors to perform operations compirsing:

determining transmission power for sidelink (SL) signal, based on an additional maximum power reduction (A-MPR) value for Network Signaling 52 (NS 52); and

transmitting the SL signal including two Physical Sidelink Feedback Channel (PSFCH) to other device, based on the transmission power,

wherein a device including the one or more processors is configured with SL intra-band Carrier Aggregation (CA), and

wherein the A-MPR value is based on a ratio of gap bandwidth related to the two PSFCH, based on that the device is configured with the SL intra-band CA, and based on that the two PSFCH is being transmitted.
A method comprising:

receiving random access preamble from a device; and

transmitting a response message to the device,

wherein transmission power for sidelink (SL) signal is determined by the device, based on an additional maximum power reduction (A-MPR) value for Network Signaling 52 (NS 52),

wherein the device is configured with Sidelink (SL) intra-band Carrier Aggregation (CA), and

wherein the A-MPR value is based on a ratio of gap bandwidth related to the two PSFCH, based on that the UE is configured with the SL intra-band CA, and based on that the two PSFCH is being transmitted.
A base station comprising:

at least one transceiver;

at least one processor; and

at least one memory that stores instructions and is operably electrically connectable with the at least one processor,

wherein operations performed based on the instructions being executed by the at least one processor include:

receiving random access preamble from a device; and

transmitting a response message to the device,

wherein transmission power for sidelink (SL) signal is determined by the device, based on an additional maximum power reduction (A-MPR) value for Network Signaling 52 (NS 52),

wherein the device is configured with Sidelink (SL) intra-band Carrier Aggregation (CA), and

wherein the A-MPR value is based on a ratio of gap bandwidth related to the two PSFCH, based on that the UE is configured with the SL intra-band CA, and based on that the two PSFCH is being transmitted.