WO2024114782A1 - Small-molecule modulators of spike protein - Google Patents
Small-molecule modulators of spike protein Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024114782A1 WO2024114782A1 PCT/CN2023/135777 CN2023135777W WO2024114782A1 WO 2024114782 A1 WO2024114782 A1 WO 2024114782A1 CN 2023135777 W CN2023135777 W CN 2023135777W WO 2024114782 A1 WO2024114782 A1 WO 2024114782A1
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- C07D209/04—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles
- C07D209/08—Indoles; Hydrogenated indoles with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, directly attached to carbon atoms of the hetero ring
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- C07D401/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
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- C07D413/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
Definitions
- small-molecule modulators of spike protein particularly modulators of betacoronavirus spike proteins, more particularly modulators of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins.
- therapeutical use of the small molecular compounds for treating betacoronavirus infections are also disclosed herein.
- SARS-CoV-2 utilizes the trimeric spike glycoprotein on its envelope to mediate viral entry into host cells.
- Each protomer of spike protein in the extracellular domain is composed of S1 and S2 subunits, which are responsible for binding to host cell targets and the membrane fusion process, respectively. See, Wrapp, D. et al., Science 2020, 367 (6483) , 1260–1263; Walls, A.C. et al., Cell 2020, S0092867420302622.
- prefusion spike protein mainly includes two conformational states: the closed state with all three "down" receptor-binding domains (RBDs) in the S1 subunit, and the open state with one or more "up” RBDs.
- RBDs receptor-binding domains
- up RBDs receptor-binding domains
- ACE2 angiotensin-converting enzyme
- Cryo-EM studies have suggested that ACE2 binding destabilizes the trimeric spike protein and promotes cleavage at the S2' site (perhaps also the S1/S2 site) , resulting in S1 dissociation and S2 refolding, as well as the exposure of fusion peptide and further facilitate the membrane fusion process. See, Lan, J.
- spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 Due to its crucial role in the viral entry process, the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 has been a promising target for developing vaccines and therapeutics. Although a large majority of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) isolated from COVID-19 patients were found to target the RBD domain of spike protein, either directly obstructing the hACE2 binding by the epitope of RBD so as to intersect with the RBD-hACE2 interface or avoiding hACE2 binding by binding at other different RBD epitopes so as to prevent viral infection by trapping the RBD in up conformation and to destabilize the spike protein or stabilize the RBD in the closed state, spike protein is a mutational hotspot in emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, especially multiple high-frequency mutations in the RBD domain have been discovered to increase its binding affinity with hACE2.
- NAbs neutralizing antibodies
- FFA free fatty acids
- LA linoleic acid
- OA oleic acid
- ATRA all-trans retinoic acid
- the conserved FFA-binding pocket was hypothesized to be the Achilles' Heel of SARS-COV-2. Small molecules targeting this pocket may have the advantage of being broad-spectrum and reducing or even diminishing viral infectivity and transmission.
- small molecules LA, OA, and ATRA were discovered serendipitously to bind the FFA-binding pocket. And those compounds suffer the low binding affinity, target promiscuity, and metabolical instability, which greatly limit their usage as high-quality chemical probes and in clinical applications.
- the inventors of the instant invention developed a series of novel small molecular compounds, which are structurally different from those of LA, OA, and ATRA, and can stabilize the closed hACE2-inaccessible conformation of the spike by being deeply buried into the hydrophobic FFA-binding pocket. Furthermore, the compounds disclosed herein do not prefer binding the prototypic spike and an Omicron variant, e.g., BA. 4, (i.e., bind prototypic spike and an Omicron BA.
- the inventors of the instant invention found that the indoline moiety of the compounds disclosed herein is positioned deeply in the highly hydrophobic environment and this binding mode indicates that the deeply buried indoline moiety dominates the ligand binding.
- Z is a single bond, CH 2 , C 3-8 cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene;
- Y is a single bond, CR c R d , S, O, NR e , C 3-8 cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene, provided that X and Y are not both heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen;
- n is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;
- R a is H or C 1-6 alkyl, haloC 1-6 alkyl, or hydroxyC 1-6 alkyl;
- R c and R d are each independently H or C 1-6 alkyl
- R e is H or C 1-6 alkyl
- W is a single bond, C 3-8 cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene; provided that if Z is a single bond, then W is C 3-8 cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene; or if W is a single bond, then Z is CH 2 , C 3-8 cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene;
- R 2 is -NO 2 , cyano, halogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, haloC 1-6 alkyl, haloC 1-6 alkoxy, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl, each of said heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, haloC 1-6 alkyl, or haloC 1-6 alkoxy;
- R 3 and R 4 are each independently halogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl, each of said C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, haloC 1-6 alkyl, or haloC 1- 6 alkoxy, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl; alternatively, two R 3 , attached to the same carbon atom, form a spiro 3 to 8-membered ring and/or two R 4 , attached to the same carbon atom, form a spiro 3 to 8-membered ring; and/or alternatively, two R 3 , attached to two adjacent atoms, form a fuse
- p is an integer of 0, 1 or 2;
- q is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.
- X is CR c R d , S, O, NR e , C 3-8 cycloalkylene, phenylene or heteroarylene;
- Y is CR c R d , S, O or NR e , provided that X and Y are not both heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen;
- n is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;
- R a is H or C 1-6 alkyl, haloC 1-6 alkyl, or hydroxyC 1-6 alkyl;
- R c and R d are each independently H or C 1-6 alkyl
- R e is H or C 1-6 alkyl
- n is an integer of 0, 1, 2 or 3;
- R 2 is -NO 2 , cyano, halogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, haloC 1-6 alkyl, haloC 1-6 alkoxy, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl, each of said heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, haloC 1-6 alkyl, or haloC 1-6 alkoxy;
- R 3 and R 4 are each independently C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl, each of said C 3-8 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, haloC 1-6 alkyl, or haloC 1- 6 alkoxy, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, or C 3-8 cycloalkyl;
- p is an integer of 0, 1 or 2;
- q is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.
- X is CR c R d , S, O, NR e , C 3-8 cycloalkylene, phenylene or heteroarylene;
- n is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;
- R a is H or C 1-6 alkyl, haloC 1-6 alkyl, or hydroxyC 1-6 alkyl;
- R c and R d are each independently H or C 1-6 alkyl
- R e is H or C 1-6 alkyl
- R 2 is -NO 2 , cyano, halogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, haloC 1-6 alkyl, haloC 1-6 alkoxy, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl, each of said heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, C 1-6 alkyl, C 1-6 alkoxy, haloC 1-6 alkyl, or haloC 1-6 alkoxy.
- Z is phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene
- Y is phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene
- W is a single bond.
- Z is phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene
- Y is a single bond or CR c R d
- W is a single bond.
- Z is C 3- 8 cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene
- W is a single bond.
- Z is C 3-8 cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene
- X is a single bond
- Y is a single bond, CR c R d , S, O, or NR e
- W is a singble bond.
- Z is C 3-8 cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene
- X is a single bond or CR c R d
- Y is a single bond or CR c R d
- W is a singble bond.
- Z is a singble bond
- X is a single bond
- Y is a single bond
- CR c R d S, O, or NR e
- W is C 3-8 cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene.
- Z is a singble bond
- X is a single bond or CR c R d
- Y is a single bond or CR c R d
- W is C 3-8 cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene.
- Z is CH 2 . In some embodiments, Z is heterocyclylene. In some embodiments, Z is pyrrolidinylene. In some embodiments, Z is phenylene. In some embodiments, Z is heteroarylene. In some embodiments, Z is thiophenylene.
- X is CR c R d , wherein R c and R d are each independently H or C 1- 6 alkyl.
- X is CH 2 .
- X is O, S or NH.
- X is C 3-8 cycloalkylene, selected from cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, cyclopentylene, or cyclohexylene.
- X is phenylene.
- X is heteroarylene.
- X is heteroarylene, selected from oxazolylene, thiazolylene, furanylene or thiophenylene.
- Y is CR c R d . In one embodiment, Y is CH 2 . In one embodiment, Y is O, S or NH, provided that X and Y are not both heteroatoms selected from any one of oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. In some embodiments, Y is heteroarylene. In some embodiments, Y is benzofuranylene or thiophenylene.
- m is an integer of 1. In one embodiment, m is an integer of 0. In one embodiment, X is CH 2 , Y is CH 2 , and m is an integer of 1 or 2 or 3. In one embodiment, X is S, O or NH, Y is CH 2 , and m is an integer of 1 or 2 or 3. In one embodiment, X is phenylene or heteroarylene, Y is CH 2 , O or S, and m is an integer of 0, 1 or 2 or 3.
- W is phenylene or heterocyclylene. In some embodiments, W is phenylene. In some embodiments, W is pyrrolidinylene or piperidinyl.
- R 2 is -NO 2 . In one embodiment, R 2 is halogen. In one embodiment, R 2 is -NO 2 , cyano, F, Cl, Br, Me, CF 3 , -OMe, -OCF 3 , oxazol-2-yl, isopropyl, or pyrrolidin-1-yl, wherein said oxazol-2-yl or pyrrolidin-1-yl is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, C 1-6 alkyl, haloC 1-6 alkyl, or hydroxyC 1-6 alkyl.
- R 3 and R 4 are each independently halogen or C 1-6 alkyl. In some embodiments, two R 4 , attached to the same carbon atom, form a spiro 3 to 8-membered cycloalkyl ring. In some embodiments, two R 4 , attached to the same carbon atom, form a spiro cyclopropyl ring. In some embodiments, R 3 is halogen.
- the compound is selected from any one of the following:
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound disclosed herein or a stereoisomer thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally together with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
- disclosed herein is a use of the compound disclosed herein in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a betacoronavirus infection or another virus mediated by an ACE2 receptor; or a method for treating a betacoronavirus infection or another virus mediated by an ACE2 receptor comprising administering the compound disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof; or the compound disclosed herein for treating a betacoronavirus infection or another virus mediated by an ACE2 receptor.
- the betacoronavirus is a SARS virus.
- the betacoronavirus is SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, or MERS-CoV (the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome -Coronavirus) .
- the betacoronavirus spike protein is any one of the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, or MERS-CoV.
- the betacoronavirus spike protein is an Omicron variant.
- the betacoronavirus spike protein is an Omicron variant selected from B. 1.1.529, BA. 1, BA. 1.1., BA. 2, BA. 3, BA. 4, BA. 5, BA. 6, and BA. 7.
- the betacoronavirus spike protein is an Omicron variant selected from BA. 2, BA. 4, BA. 5, BA. 6 and BA. 7.
- the subject is a mammal. In one embodiment, the subject is a human.
- the modulation of a betacoronavirus spike protein is achieved by targeting the conserved FFA binding pocket of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which may, in turn, prevent hACE2 from binding by modulating its conformational preference.
- At least one symptom or indication is selected from the group consisting of inflammation in the lung, alveolar damage, viral load, fever, cough, shortness of breath, pneumonia, diarrhea, and organ failure.
- Figure 1 shows Cryo-EM structure determination.
- Figure 1A shows Cryo-EM density maps of spike+Compound 1 (left panel) and apo spike system (right panel) ;
- Figure 1B shows the complex structure of Compound 1 bound spike is shown in a front view (left panel) and a top view (middle panel) .
- the spike trimer is illustrated as ribbons colored in salmon, cornflower blue, and forest green for three monomers, respectively.
- Bound Compound 1 is displayed as cyan spheres.
- the right panel represents the binding mode of Compound 1 (cyan sticks) . Additional density in the binding pocket is shown as mesh.
- FIG. 1C shows the comparison of the RBD trimer of the closed apo spike (magenta, PDB ID: 6VXX) and Compound 1 bound spike (cyan)
- Figure 1D shows the comparison of the binding pockets of Compound 1 bound spike (cyan) , LA bound spike (cornflower blue, PDB ID: 6ZB5) , OA bound spike (light gray, PDB ID: 7E7B) , and ATRA bound spike (light green, PDB ID: 7Y42) .
- alkyl includes a hydrocarbon group selected from linear and branched, saturated hydrocarbon groups comprising from 1 to 18, such as from 1 to 12, further such as from 1 to 10, more further such as from 1 to 8, or from 1 to 6, or from 1 to 4, carbon atoms.
- alkyl groups comprising from 1 to 6 carbon atoms include, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl or n-propyl ( “n-Pr” ) , 2-propyl or isopropyl ( “i-Pr” ) , 1-butyl or n-butyl ( “n-Bu” ) , 2-methyl-1-propyl or isobutyl ( “i-Bu” ) , 1-methylpropyl or s-butyl ( “s-Bu” ) , 1, 1-dimethylethyl or t-butyl ( “t-Bu” ) , 1-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 1-hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, 2-methyl-2-penty
- C 1-6 alkoxy refers to an alkyl group, as previously defined, attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
- haloalkyl includes an alkyl group in which one or more hydrogen is/are replaced by one or more halogen atoms such as fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo.
- haloalkyl include haloC 1-8 alkyl, haloC 1-6 alkyl or halo C 1-4 alkyl, but not limited to -CF 3 , -CH 2 Cl, -CH 2 CF 3 , -CHCl 2 , -CF 3 , and the like.
- alkenyl group e.g., C2-6 alkenyl
- examples of the alkenyl group, e.g., C2-6 alkenyl include, but not limited to ethenyl or vinyl, prop-1-enyl, prop-2-enyl, 2-methylprop-1-enyl, but-1-enyl, but-2-enyl, but-3-enyl, buta-1, 3-dienyl, 2-methylbuta-1, 3-dienyl, hex-1-enyl, hex-2-enyl, hex-3-enyl, hex-4-enyl, and hexa-1, 3-dienyl groups.
- alkynyl includes a hydrocarbon group selected from linear and branched hydrocarbon group, comprising at least one C ⁇ C triple bond and from 2 to 18, such as 2 to 8, further such as from 2 to 6, carbon atoms.
- alkynyl group e.g., C2-6 alkynyl
- cycloalkyl includes a hydrocarbon group selected from saturated cyclic hydrocarbon groups, comprising monocyclic and polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic and tricyclic) groups including fused, bridged or spiro cycloalkyl.
- the cycloalkyl group may be selected from monocyclic group comprising from 3 to 8, such as 3 to 6 carbon atoms.
- Examples of the monocyclic cycloalkyl group include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.
- heteroaryl includes a group selected from: (a) 5-, 6-or 7-membered aromatic, monocyclic rings comprising at least one heteroatom, for example, from 1 to 4, or, in some embodiments, from 1 to 3, in some embodiments, from 1 to 2, heteroatoms, selected from nitrogen (N) , sulfur (S) and oxygen (O) , with the remaining ring atoms being carbon; (b) 7-to 12-membered bicyclic rings comprising at least one heteroatom, for example, from 1 to 4, or, in some embodiments, from 1 to 3, or, in other embodiments, 1 or 2, heteroatoms, selected from N, O, and S, with the remaining ring atoms being carbon and wherein at least one ring is aromatic and at least one heteroatom is present in the aromatic ring.
- heteroaryl group or the monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic heterocyclic ring examples include, but are not limited to, (as numbered from the linkage position assigned priority 1) pyridyl (such as 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl) , cinnolinyl, pyrazinyl, 2, 4-pyrimidinyl, 3, 5-pyrimidinyl, 2, 4-imidazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl (such as 1, 2, 3-thiadiazolyl, 1, 2, 4-thiadiazolyl, or 1, 3, 4-thiadiazolyl) , tetrazolyl, thienyl or thiophenyl (such as thien-2-yl, thien-3-yl) , triazinyl, benzothienyl, furyl or furanyl, benzofu
- heterocyclyl includes a non-aromatic heterocyclyl group comprising one or more heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or optionally oxidized sulfur as ring members, with the remaining ring members being carbon, including monocyclic, fused, bridged, and spiro ring, i.e., containing monocyclic heterocyclyl, bridged heterocyclyl, spiro heterocyclyl, and fused heterocyclic groups.
- Exemplary monocyclic 4 to 9-membered heterocyclyl groups include, but not limited to, (as numbered from the linkage position assigned priority 1) pyrrolidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl, imidazolidin-2-yl, imidazolidin-4-yl , pyrazolidin-2-yl, pyrazolidin-3-yl, piperidin-1-yl, piperidin-2-yl, piperidin-3-yl, piperidin-4-yl, 2, 5-piperazinyl, pyranyl, morpholinyl, morpholino, morpholin-2-yl, morpholin-3-yl, oxiranyl, aziridin-1-yl, aziridin-2-yl, azocan-1-yl, azocan-2-yl, azocan-3-yl, azocan-4-yl, azocan-5-yl, thiiranyl, azeti
- a “divalent group” refers to a linking group capable of forming covalent bonds with two other moieties.
- cycloalkylene refers to a divalent cycloalkyl group as defined herein.
- phenylene refers to a divalent phenyl group.
- heteroarylene refers to a divalent heteroaryl group as defined herein.
- heterocyclylene refers to a divalent heterocyclyl group as defined herein.
- stereoisomer refers to all isomers of individual compounds that differ only in the orientation of their atoms in space.
- stereoisomer includes mirror image isomers (enantiomers) , mixtures of mirror image isomers (racemates, racemic mixtures) , geometric (cis/trans or syn/anti or E/Z) isomers, and isomers of compounds with more than one chiral center that are not mirror images of one another (diastereoisomers) .
- “Pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refer to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
- a pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds disclosed herein, or separately by reacting the free base function with a suitable organic acid or by reacting the acidic group with a suitable base.
- reaction flasks were fitted with rubber septa for the introduction of substrates and reagents via syringe; and glassware was oven dried and/or heat dried.
- Compound 9 was prepared in three synthetic steps from 7-methoxy-7-oxoheptanoic acid, according to the following procedure:
- Step 1 methyl 7- (6-bromoindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate
- Step 3 7- (6- (oxazol-2-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 9)
- Step 3 7- (6-isopropylindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 10)
- Compound 12 was prepared in four steps from 3-methyl-1H-indole, according to the following procedure:
- Compound 13 was prepared in three steps from 6-nitroindoline, according to the following procedure:
- Step 1 2-chloro-1- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) ethan-1-one
- Step 2 methyl 3- (3- (2- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -2-oxoethoxy) phenyl) propanoate (Compound 13a)
- Step 3 3- (3- (2- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -2-oxoethoxy) phenyl) propanoic acid (Compound 13)
- Step 2 diethyl 3, 3'- (thiophene-2, 5-diyl) dipropionate
- Step 4 3- (5- (3- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -3-oxopropyl) thiophen-2-yl) propanoic acid (Compound 14a)
- Step 5 methyl 3- (5- (3- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -3-oxopropyl) thiophen-2-yl) propanoate (Compound 14)
- Step 1 tert-butyl 2- (3-hydroxyphenyl) acetate
- Step 2 tert-butyl 2- (4-formyl-3-hydroxyphenyl) acetate
- Step 3 tert-butyl 2- (3- (2-ethoxy-2-oxoethoxy) -4-formylphenyl) acetate
- Step 4 ethyl 6- (2- (tert-butoxy) -2-oxoethyl) benzofuran-2-carboxylate
- Step 5 2- (2- (ethoxycarbonyl) benzofuran-6-yl) acetic acid
- Step 6 ethyl 6- (2- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -2-oxoethyl) benzofuran-2-carboxylate
- Step 7 6- (2- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -2-oxoethyl) benzofuran-2-carboxylic acid
- Step 8 1- (1- (6- (2- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -2-oxoethyl) benzofuran-2-carbonyl) pyrrolidin-3-yl) urea (Compound 16)
- Compound 17 was prepared in seven synthetic steps from 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride, according to the following procedure:
- Step 2 2- (4-aminobenzoyl) cyclohexan-1-one
- Step 3 tert-butyl (4- (2-oxocyclohexane-1-carbonyl) phenyl) carbamate
- Step 4 7- (4- ( (tert-butoxycarbonyl) amino) phenyl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid
- Step 5 tert-butyl (4- (7- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoyl) phenyl) carbamate
- Step 6 1- (4-aminophenyl) -7- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) heptane-1, 7-dione
- Step 7 1- (4- (7- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoyl) phenyl) urea (Compound 17)
- Step 3 4- (methylsulfonyl) thiophene-2-carboxylic acid
- Step 4 2- ( (6-chlorohex-2-yn-1-yl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran
- Step 5 7- ( (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) oxy) hept-5-ynenitrile
- Step 6 7- ( (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) oxy) hept-5-ynoic acid
- Step 7 1- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7- ( (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) oxy) hept-5-yn-1-one
- Step 8 7-hydroxy-1- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) hept-5-yn-1-one (Compound 19a)
- Step 9 7- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7-oxohept-2-yn-1-yl 4- (methylsulfonyl) thiophene-2-carboxylate (Compound 19)
- Compound 20 was prepared in eight synthetic steps from tert-butyl 3-aminopyrrolidine-1-carboxylate, according to the following procedure:
- Step 3 methyl 5- (3-hydroxyprop-1-yn-1-yl) thiophene-2-carboxylate
- Step 4 methyl 5- (4-hydroxybutyl) thiophene-2-carboxylate
- Step 5 4- (5- (methoxycarbonyl) thiophen-2-yl) butanoic acid
- Step 6 methyl 5- (4- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -4-oxobutyl) thiophene-2-carboxylate (Compound 20a)
- Step 7 5- (4- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -4-oxobutyl) thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (Compound 20b)
- Step 8 1- (1- (5- (4- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -4-oxobutyl) thiophene-2-carbonyl) pyrrolidin-3-yl) urea (Compound 20)
- Step 2 7- (6- (3, 3-difluoropyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 21)
- Step 1 1- (tert-butyl) 7-methyl (E) -3-methylhept-2-enedioate
- Step 2 (E) -7-methoxy-3-methyl-7-oxohept-2-enoic acid
- Step 3 methyl (E) -7- (6-bromoindolin-1-yl) -5-methyl-7-oxohept-5-enoate
- Step 4 methyl (E) -5-methyl-7-oxo-7- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) hept-5-enoate
- Step 5 (E) -5-methyl-7-oxo-7- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) hept-5-enoic acid (Compound 22)
- Compound 23 was prepared in four steps from 6-bromo-3-methyl-1H-indole, according to the following procedure:
- Step 2 methyl 7- (6-bromo-3-methylindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate
- Compound 24 was prepared in two synthetic steps from 7-hydroxyheptanoic acid, according to the following procedure:
- Step 1 1- (6-bromoindolin-1-yl) -7-hydroxyheptan-1-one
- cDNA encoding the ectodomain of SARS-CoV-2 S protein (amino acid residues 1 to 1211) with R682S, R683G, R685G, K986P, and V987P mutations was synthesized (Sino Biological) using optimized codons for the human cell.
- the cDNA was cloned into pcDNA3.1 vector to allow in-frame fusion of the mutated ectodomain of S protein to Trimer-Tag (residues 458 to 484 from Enterobacteria phage T6 Fibritin protein) followed by 8x histidine tag and Protein C tag.
- the purified plasmid coding the fusion protein was transfected into Expi293F cells (Thermo Fisher Scientific) using polyethyleneimine max (PEI, Polysciences) when cell density reached 1.5 million per mL. Transfected cells were shaken in SMM 293-TII expression medium (Sino Biological) for 72 h. 25 mM Tris (pH 8.0) and 10 mM CaCl 2 were added into the centrifugal supernatant of the cell culture medium after the cell and debris were removed. The fusion protein was then purified by anti-ProteinC antibody affinity resin.
- buffer A 25 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM CaCl 2
- the protein complex was eluted in buffer B (25 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, 0.1 mg/mL Protein C peptide) , concentrated and purified on a Superose 6 increase 10/300 (GE Healthcare) size-exclusion column equilibrated in buffer C (25 mM HEPES, pH 8.0, and 150 mM NaCl) .
- Omicron Spike Protein Gene encoding the ectodomain of the Omicron BA. 4 spike protein (residues 14-1205) with 6P mutants (F817P, A892P, A899P, A942P, K986P and V987P) were fused with a C-terminal T4 fibritin trimerization domain, a StrepII tag, and an 8 ⁇ His tag and cloned into a mammalian cell expression vector pCAGGS. A Kozak sequence and an exogenous signal peptide derived from ⁇ -phosphatase (MGILPSPGMPALLSLVSLLSVLLMGCVAETGT) were added into the N terminus to maximize the protein production as previously reported.
- MGILPSPGMPALLSLVSLLSVLLMGCVAETGT an exogenous signal peptide derived from ⁇ -phosphatase
- the pCAGGS-Splasmids were transfected using polyethylenimine (PEI) and expressed in HEK293F suspension-cultured cells (Gibco, Cat#11625-019) .
- Cells were cultured at 37 °C in SMM 293-TII Expression Medium (Sino Biological, Cat# M293TII) .
- Cell culture supernatants were collected after a 4-day infection and filtered through 0.22 ⁇ m filters.
- the supernatants containing the spike protein were purified using His-Trap HP columns (GE Healthcare) and the Superose TM 6 Increase 10/300 GL column (GE Healthcare) . Purified proteins were stored in protein buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, pH 8.0) .
- the binding affinity between compounds and spike protein was analyzed at 25 °C using the BIAcore T200 (GE Healthcare) .
- PBS-P running buffer (Cytiva, Cat# 28995084) containing 20 mM PBS (pH 7.4) , 2.7 mM KCl, 137 mM NaCl, and 0.05%surfactant P20 was used.
- the SARS-CoV-2 trimeric spike protein was exchanged for PBS buffer via gel filtration and diluted to a final concentration of 50 ⁇ g/mL in NaAc buffer (pH 4.1) before immobilization on a CM5 chip through amine coupling.
- the protein flew through the chip at 10 ⁇ L/min in PBS-P buffer till the response unit (RU) reached approximately 12000.
- Reference channel surface was treated with the same procedure but replacing the ligand with buffer.
- the supernatant was taken for gradient dilution after high-speed centrifugation (14,000 g, 15 min) of the highest concentration for each testing compound. Therefore, the actual concentrations are lower than the expected testing concentrations and the binding affinities reported in this study are underestimated.
- SPR measurements of a series of compound concentrations were performed at a 30 ⁇ L/min flow rate.
- the contact time and the dissociation time were 60 s and 90 s, respectively.
- DMSO solvent correction was carried out following the BIAcore T200 guide.
- the steady-state affinity method incorporated in the BIAEVALUATION 4.1 software was used to display binding curves and calculate equilibrium binding constants (K D ) .
- K D values represent binding affinities against the prototypic SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
- SPC-2 i.e., 3- ( ( (2-methylthiazol-4-yl) methyl) thio) -1- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) propan-1-one
- SPC-2 i.e., 3- ( ( (2-methylthiazol-4-yl) methyl) thio) -1- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) propan-1-one
- e n.d. means “not determined” .
- Cryo-EM grid preparation and data acquisition For the spike+Compound 1 system, a total of 10 ⁇ L purified spike protein at the concentration of 3.42 mg/mL was incubated with 2.42 ⁇ L Compound 1 at the concentration of 1 mM/mL at a 1: 10 molar ratio on ice for 40 min for the next step of cryo-EM grid preparation. After centrifugation (13,500 g, 4 °C for 5 min) , 10 ⁇ L supernatant was diluted into 1.53 mg/mL and applied for the next step of cryo-EM grid preparation.
- a total of 5 ⁇ L purified spike protein at the concentration of 3.42 mg/mL was diluted into 1.71 mg/mL and applied for cryo-EM grid preparation.
- An aliquot of 4 ⁇ L protein sample of spike and Compound 1 complex was applied onto a glow-discharged 400 mesh grid (Quantifoil Au R1.2/1.3) supported with a thin layer of GO (Graphene Oxide) , blotted with filter paper for 2.0 s and plunge-frozen in liquid ethane using a Thermo Fisher Vitrobot Mark IV.
- Cryo-EM micrographs were collected on a 300 kV Thermo Fisher Krios G4 electron microscope equipped with a Falcon 4 direct detection camera.
- micrographs were collected at a calibrated magnification of x96,000, yielding a pixel size of at a counting mode. In total, 3, 476 micrographs were collected at an accumulated electron dose of on each micrograph that was fractionated into a stack of 32 frames with a defocus range of -1.0 ⁇ m to -2.0 ⁇ m.
- CTF contrast transfer function
- a total of 3, 048 good micrographs were selected for further data processing using cryoSPARC. Particles were auto-picked by the Auto-picking program in cryoSPARC, followed by 2 rounds of reference-free 2D classifications. Next, 68, 452 particles were selected from good 2D classes and were subjected to two rounds of 3D classification using a reconstruction of the spike protein as a starting model. One converged 3D class was selected for a final round of 3D refinement. In this class, one RBD shows up conformation, the other two RBDs show down conformations.
- Model building and refinement The model of spike+Compound 1 complex and apo spike was built by fitting the model of the structure of apo spike (predicted by AlphaFold2) into the density map using UCSF Chimera followed by a manual model building in COOT and a real space refinement in PHENIX.
- the model statistics are listed in Table 2.
- cryo-EM cryo-electron microscopy
- the carboxyl group of Compound 1 does not form direct salt-bridge interaction with R408 residue at the adjacent RBD due to the length restriction of its aliphatic chain, which is different from the binding mode of LA, OA, and ATRA.
- This binding mode indicates that the deeply buried 6-nitroindoline moiety dominates the ligand binding, and the carboxylic acid group is not essential for binding.
- ester substitute of the carboxylic acid group (ester-Compound 2) still maintains the binding and that the R408S mutation in Omicron BA. 4 showed no effect on the binding of our compounds.
- the compounds of the instant invention can stabilize the closed hACE2-inaccessible conformation of the spike by being deeply buried into the hydrophobic FFA-binding pocket. Furthermore, the compounds disclosed herein do not prefer binding the prototypic spike and an Omicron BA. 4 variant (i.e., bind prototypic spike and an Omicron BA. 4 variant with similar binding affinities) , highlighting the potential of the FFA-binding pocket for developing broad-spectrum small-molecule modulators to interfere with virus entry.
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Abstract
Disclosed herein are small-molecule modulators of spike protein, particularly modulators of betacoronavirus spike proteins, more particularly modulators of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. Also disclosed herein is the therapeutical use of the small molecular compounds for treating betacoronavirus infections.
Description
Disclosed herein are small-molecule modulators of spike protein, particularly modulators of betacoronavirus spike proteins, more particularly modulators of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. Also disclosed herein is the therapeutical use of the small molecular compounds for treating betacoronavirus infections.
The global COVID-19 outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) severely threatens human health. Like other β-coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 utilizes the trimeric spike glycoprotein on its envelope to mediate viral entry into host cells. Each protomer of spike protein in the extracellular domain is composed of S1 and S2 subunits, which are responsible for binding to host cell targets and the membrane fusion process, respectively. See, Wrapp, D. et al., Science 2020, 367 (6483) , 1260–1263; Walls, A.C. et al., Cell 2020, S0092867420302622.
It has been revealed that prefusion spike protein mainly includes two conformational states: the closed state with all three "down" receptor-binding domains (RBDs) in the S1 subunit, and the open state with one or more "up" RBDs. During viral entry, only the "up" RBD could bind to the host cell target angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2) . Cryo-EM studies have suggested that ACE2 binding destabilizes the trimeric spike protein and promotes cleavage at the S2' site (perhaps also the S1/S2 site) , resulting in S1 dissociation and S2 refolding, as well as the exposure of fusion peptide and further facilitate the membrane fusion process. See, Lan, J. et al., Nature 2020, 581 (7807) , 215–220; Benton, D.J. et al., Nature 2020; Cai, Y. et al., Science 2020, eabd4251; and Xu, C. et al., Science Advances 2021, 7 (1) , eabe5575.
Due to its crucial role in the viral entry process, the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 has been a promising target for developing vaccines and therapeutics. Although a large majority of neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) isolated from COVID-19 patients were found to target the RBD domain of spike protein, either directly obstructing the hACE2 binding by the epitope of RBD so as to intersect with the RBD-hACE2 interface or avoiding hACE2 binding by binding at other different RBD epitopes so as to prevent viral infection by trapping the RBD in up conformation and to destabilize the spike protein or stabilize the RBD in the closed state, spike protein is a mutational hotspot in emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, especially multiple high-frequency mutations in the RBD domain have been discovered to increase its binding affinity with hACE2. The currently circulating omicron variants, whose spike proteins predominantly occupied open conformation with enhanced ACE2 attachment escape the majority of existing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies, raising concerns about the potential efficiency decrease of vaccines and antibody therapeutics. A noteworthy example is the withdrawal of the emergency use authorization (EUA) of three NAbs-based therapeutics (REGEN-COV, Sotrovimab, and Bamlanivimab/Etesevimab) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) because they are ineffective against the currently prevalent omicron variant.
It is essential to consider the SARS-CoV-2 mutations for developing COVID-19 therapeutics. Omicron variant spike proteins have been reported to predominantly occupy open conformation with enhanced ACE2 attachment and antibody evasion. Since small-molecule
inhibitors are less sensitive to mutations (See, Bojadzic, D. et al., ACS Infect. Dis. 2021, 7 (6) , 1519–1534) , small molecules might provide COVID-19 therapy alternatives. Previous reported cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures have revealed that free fatty acids (FFA) , e.g., linoleic acid (LA) , oleic acid (OA) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) , bind with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, stabilizing its closed conformation and reducing its interaction with the host cell target in vitro. Notably, a recent study suggested that the FFA-binding pocket trends be conserved in most pathogenic β-coronavirus spike proteins, evidenced by binding affinities of LA against spike proteins tested by SPR and cryo-EM structure of LA-bound spike protein of SARS-CoV. The conserved binding pocket between FFA and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is promising for developing broad-spectrum small-molecule modulators for COVID-19 therapy.
The conserved FFA-binding pocket was hypothesized to be the Achilles' Heel of SARS-COV-2. Small molecules targeting this pocket may have the advantage of being broad-spectrum and reducing or even diminishing viral infectivity and transmission. Unfortunately, to date, only small molecules LA, OA, and ATRA were discovered serendipitously to bind the FFA-binding pocket. And those compounds suffer the low binding affinity, target promiscuity, and metabolical instability, which greatly limit their usage as high-quality chemical probes and in clinical applications.
However, no small-molecule drugs targeting spike protein have been reported in clinical use. Therefore, there is a desire to develop broad-spectrum small-molecule modulators for COVID-19 therapy due to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Based on the finding of the co-pending application entitled “SMALL-MOLECULE MODULATION OF SPIKE PROTEIN” filed on the same day, the inventors of the instant invention developed a series of novel small molecular compounds, which are structurally different from those of LA, OA, and ATRA, and can stabilize the closed hACE2-inaccessible conformation of the spike by being deeply buried into the hydrophobic FFA-binding pocket. Furthermore, the compounds disclosed herein do not prefer binding the prototypic spike and an Omicron variant, e.g., BA. 4, (i.e., bind prototypic spike and an Omicron BA. 4 variant with similar binding affinities) , highlighting the potential of the FFA-binding pocket for developing broad-spectrum small-molecule modulators to interfere with virus entry. In addition, the inventors of the instant invention found that the indoline moiety of the compounds disclosed herein is positioned deeply in the highly hydrophobic environment and this binding mode indicates that the deeply buried indoline moiety dominates the ligand binding.
In a first aspect, disclosed herein is a compound of formula (I)
or a stereoisomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
wherein
R1 is Ra-O-C (=O) - [CRcRd] n-, N (RcRd) -C (=O) -N (Ra) -, Ra-S (O) 2-, Ra-O-or tetrazolyl;
Z is a single bond, CH2, C3-8cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene;
X is a single bond, CRcRd, S, O, NRe, C (=O) , C (=O) -O-, C3-8cycloalkylene, phenylene or heteroarylene;
Y is a single bond, CRcRd, S, O, NRe, C3-8cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene, provided that X and Y are not both heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen;
wherein
n is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;
Ra is H or C1-6alkyl, haloC1-6alkyl, or hydroxyC1-6alkyl;
Rc and Rd are each independently H or C1-6alkyl;
Re is H or C1-6alkyl;
m is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 with one or two pair of -CH2-CH2-in the moiety – [CH2] m is optionaly replaced by CRc=CRd or C≡C;
W is a single bond, C3-8cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene; provided that if Z is a single bond, then W is C3-8cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene; or if W is a single bond, then Z is CH2, C3-8cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene;
R2 is -NO2, cyano, halogen, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, haloC1-6alkoxy, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl, each of said heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, or haloC1-6alkoxy;
R3 and R4 are each independently halogen, C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, C3-8cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl, each of said C3-8cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, or haloC1-
6alkoxy, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, or C3-8cycloalkyl; alternatively, two R3, attached to the same carbon atom, form a spiro 3 to 8-membered ring and/or two R4, attached to the same carbon atom, form a spiro 3 to 8-membered ring; and/or alternatively, two R3, attached to two adjacent atoms, form a fused 3 to 8-membered ring and/or two R4, attached to two adjacent atoms, form a fused 3 to 8-membered ring;
p is an integer of 0, 1 or 2; and
q is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.
In a first aspect, disclosed herein is a compound of formula (II)
or a stereoisomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
wherein
R1 is Ra-O-C (=O) - [CRcRd] n-;
X is CRcRd, S, O, NRe, C3-8cycloalkylene, phenylene or heteroarylene;
Y is CRcRd, S, O or NRe, provided that X and Y are not both heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen;
wherein
n is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;
Ra is H or C1-6alkyl, haloC1-6alkyl, or hydroxyC1-6alkyl;
Rc and Rd are each independently H or C1-6alkyl;
Re is H or C1-6alkyl;
m is an integer of 0, 1, 2 or 3;
R2 is -NO2, cyano, halogen, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, haloC1-6alkoxy, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl, each of said heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, or haloC1-6alkoxy;
R3 and R4 are each independently C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, C3-8cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl, each of said C3-8cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, or haloC1-
6alkoxy, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, or C3-8cycloalkyl;
p is an integer of 0, 1 or 2; and
q is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.
In one embodiment, disclosed herein is a compound of formula (I-1)
or a stereoisomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,
wherein
R1 is Ra-O-C (=O) - [CRcRd] n-;
X is CRcRd, S, O, NRe, C3-8cycloalkylene, phenylene or heteroarylene;
wherein
n is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;
Ra is H or C1-6alkyl, haloC1-6alkyl, or hydroxyC1-6alkyl;
Rc and Rd are each independently H or C1-6alkyl;
Re is H or C1-6alkyl;
R2 is -NO2, cyano, halogen, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, haloC1-6alkoxy, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl, each of said heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, or haloC1-6alkoxy.
In some embodiments, R1 is N (RcRd) -C (=O) -N (Ra) -, Z is phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene, and W is a single bond. In some embodiments, R1 is N (RcRd) -C (=O) -N (Ra) -, Z is phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene, X is C (=O) or C (=O) -O-, and W is a single bond. In some embodiments, R1 is N (RcRd) -C (=O) -N (Ra) -, Z is phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene, X is C (=O) or C (=O) -O-, Y is phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene, and W is a single bond. In some embodiments, R1 is N (RcRd) -C (=O) -N (Ra) -, Z is phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene, X is C (=O) or C (=O) -O-, Y is a single bond or CRcRd, and W is a single bond.
In some embodiments, R1 is Ra-O-C (=O) - [CRcRd] n-or tetrazolyl, and Z is C3-
8cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene, and W is a single bond. In some embodiments, R1 is Ra-O-C (=O) - [CRcRd] n-or tetrazolyl, Z is C3-8cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene, X is a single bond, CRcRd, S, O, NRe, C (=O) , or C (=O) -O-, Y is a single bond, CRcRd, S, O, or NRe, and W is a singble bond. In some embodiments, R1 is Ra-O-C (=O) - [CRcRd] n-or tetrazolyl, Z is C3-8cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene, X is a single bond or CRcRd, Y is a single bond or CRcRd, and W is a singble bond.
In some embodiments, R1 is Ra-O-C (=O) - [CRcRd] n-or tetrazolyl, Z is a singble bond, X is a single bond, CRcRd, S, O, NRe, C (=O) , or C (=O) -O-, Y is a single bond, CRcRd, S, O, or NRe, and W is C3-8cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene. In some embodiments, R1 is Ra-O-C (=O) - [CRcRd] n-or tetrazolyl, Z is a singble bond, X is a single bond or CRcRd, Y is a single bond or CRcRd, and W is C3-8cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene.
In one embodiment, Ra is H or C1-6alkyl. In one embodiment, Ra is H. In one embodiment, Ra is methyl or ethyl. In one embodiment, Rc and Rd are hydrogen and m is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5. In one embodiment, R1 is
In some embodiments, R1 is NH2-C (=O) -NH-, C1-6alkyl-S (O) 2-, hydroxy, C1-6alkoxy or tetrazolyl. In some embodiments, N (RcRd) -C (=O) -N (Ra) -is NH2-C (=O) -NH-.
In some embodiments, Z is CH2. In some embodiments, Z is heterocyclylene. In some embodiments, Z is pyrrolidinylene. In some embodiments, Z is phenylene. In some embodiments, Z is heteroarylene. In some embodiments, Z is thiophenylene.
In one embodiment, X is CRcRd, wherein Rc and Rd are each independently H or C1-
6alkyl. In one embodiment, X is CH2. In one embodiment, X is O, S or NH. In one embodiment, X is C3-8cycloalkylene, selected from cyclopropylene, cyclobutylene, cyclopentylene, or cyclohexylene. In one embodiment, X is phenylene. In one embodiment, X is heteroarylene. In one embodiment, X is heteroarylene, selected from oxazolylene, thiazolylene, furanylene or thiophenylene. In one embodiment, X is CH2, S, phenylene orIn some embodiments, X is C (=O) . In some embodiments, X is C (=O) , and Z is heterocyclylene or phenylene.
In one embodiment, Y is CRcRd. In one embodiment, Y is CH2. In one embodiment, Y is O, S or NH, provided that X and Y are not both heteroatoms selected from any one of oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen. In some embodiments, Y is heteroarylene. In some embodiments, Y is benzofuranylene or thiophenylene.
In one embodiment, m is an integer of 1. In one embodiment, m is an integer of 0. In one embodiment, X is CH2, Y is CH2, and m is an integer of 1 or 2 or 3. In one embodiment, X is S, O or NH, Y is CH2, and m is an integer of 1 or 2 or 3. In one embodiment, X is phenylene or heteroarylene, Y is CH2, O or S, and m is an integer of 0, 1 or 2 or 3.
In some embodiments, W is phenylene or heterocyclylene. In some embodiments, W is phenylene. In some embodiments, W is pyrrolidinylene or piperidinyl.
In one embodiment, R2 is -NO2. In one embodiment, R2 is halogen. In one embodiment, R2 is -NO2, cyano, F, Cl, Br, Me, CF3, -OMe, -OCF3, oxazol-2-yl, isopropyl, or pyrrolidin-1-yl, wherein said oxazol-2-yl or pyrrolidin-1-yl is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, C1-6alkyl, haloC1-6alkyl, or hydroxyC1-6alkyl.
In some embodiments, R3 and R4 are each independently halogen or C1-6alkyl. In some embodiments, two R4, attached to the same carbon atom, form a spiro 3 to 8-membered cycloalkyl ring. In some embodiments, two R4, attached to the same carbon atom, form a spiro cyclopropyl ring. In some embodiments, R3 is halogen.
In one embodiment, the compound is selected from any one of the following:
7- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 1) ;
7- (6-bromoindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 2) ;
methyl 7- (6-bromoindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (Compound 3) ;
7- (6-methoxyindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 4) ;
7-oxo-7- (6- (trifluoromethoxy) indolin-1-yl) heptanoic acid (Compound 5) ;
9- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -9-oxononanoic acid (Compound 6) ;
10- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -10-oxodecanoic acid (Compound 7) ;
11- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -11-oxoundecanoic acid (Compound 8) ;
7- (6- (oxazol-2-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 9) ;
methyl 7- (6- (oxazol-2-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (Compound 9a) ;
7- (6-isopropylindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 10) ;
methyl 7- (6-isopropylindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (Compound 10a) ;
7-oxo-7- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) heptanoic acid (Compound 11) ;
methyl 7-oxo-7- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) heptanoate (Compound 11a) ;
7- (3-methyl-6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 12) ;
methyl 7- (3-methyl-6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (Compound 12a) ;
3- (3- (2- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -2-oxoethoxy) phenyl) propanoic acid (Compound 13) ;
methyl 3- (3- (2- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -2-oxoethoxy) phenyl) propanoate (Compound 13a) ;
methyl 3- (5- (3- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -3-oxopropyl) thiophen-2-yl) propanoate (Compound 14) ;
3- (5- (3- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -3-oxopropyl) thiophen-2-yl) propanoic acid (Compound 14a) ;
3- (4- ( (6-nitroindoline-1-carbonyl) oxy) phenyl) propanoic acid (Compound 15) ;
1- (1- (6- (2- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -2-oxoethyl) benzofuran-2-carbonyl) pyrrolidin-3-yl) urea (Compound 16) ;
1- (4- (7- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoyl) phenyl) urea (Compound 17) ;
5- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -5-oxopentyl 4-ureidobenzoate (Compound 18) ;
7- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7-oxohept-2-yn-1-yl 4- (methylsulfonyl) thiophene-2-carboxylate (Compound 19) ;
7-hydroxy-1- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) hept-5-yn-1-one (Compound 19a) ;
1- (1- (5- (4- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -4-oxobutyl) thiophene-2-carbonyl) pyrrolidin-3-yl) urea (Compound 20) ;
methyl 5- (4- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -4-oxobutyl) thiophene-2-carboxylate (Compound 20a) ;
5- (4- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -4-oxobutyl) thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (Compound 20b) ;
7- (6- (3, 3-difluoropyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 21) ;
(E) -5-methyl-7-oxo-7- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) hept-5-enoic acid (Compound 22) ;
7- (3-methyl-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 23) ;
methyl 7- (3-methyl-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (Compound 23a) ;
7-hydroxy-1- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) heptan-1-one (Compound 24) ;
7- (6- (3, 3-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 25) ;
7- (6- (3, 3-difluoropyrrolidin-1-yl) -3-methylindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 26) ;
2- ( (4-oxo-4- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) butyl) thio) acetic acid (Compound 27) ;
7- (4-chloro-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 28) ;
(2E, 4E) -7-oxo-7- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) hepta-2, 4-dienoic acid (Compound 29) ;
(3E, 5E) -7-oxo-7- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) hepta-3, 5-dienoic acid (Compound 30) ;
7- (4-fluoro-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 31) ;
methyl 7- (4-fluoro-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (Compound 32) ;
7- (3, 3-dimethyl-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 33) ;
methyl 7- (3, 3-dimethyl-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (Compound 34) ;
5- (3- (3-methyl-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -3-oxopropyl) thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (Compound 35) ;
7-oxo-7- (6'- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) spiro [cyclopropane-1, 3'-indolin] -1'-yl) heptanoic acid (Compound 36) ;
methyl 7-oxo-7- (6'- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) spiro [cyclopropane-1, 3'-indolin] -1'-yl) heptanoate (Compound 37) ;
3- (3- (4-chloro-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indoline-1-carbonyl) phenyl) propanoic acid (Compound 38) ;
3- (1- (4-chloro-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indoline-1-carbonyl) pyrrolidin-3-yl) propanoic acid (Compound 39) ;
3- (1- (4-chloro-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indoline-1-carbonyl) piperidin-3-yl) propanoic acid (Compound 40) ;
1- (3-methyl-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -6- (2H-tetrazol-5-yl) hexan-1-one (Compound 41) ;
3- (3- (4-chloro-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -3-oxopropyl) cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (Compound 42) ; or
methyl 3- (3- (4-chloro-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -3-oxopropyl) cyclobutane-1-carboxylate (Compound 43) .
In a second aspect, disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound disclosed herein or a stereoisomer thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally together with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
In a third aspect, disclosed is a use of the compounds disclosed herein in the manufacture of a medicament for modulating a betacoronavirus spike protein; or a method of modulating a betacoronavirus spike protein comprising administering the compounds disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof; or the compounds disclosed herein for modulating a betacoronavirus spike protein.
In a fourth aspect, disclosed herein is a use of the compound disclosed herein in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing, treating or ameliorating at least one symptom or indication of betacoronavirus infection; or a method for preventing, treating or ameliorating at least one symptom or indication of betacoronavirus infection comprising administering the compound disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof; or the compound disclosed herein for preventing, treating or ameliorating at least one symptom or indication of betacoronavirus infection.
In a fifith aspect, disclosed herein is a use of the compound disclosed herein in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a betacoronavirus infection or another virus mediated by an ACE2 receptor; or a method for treating a betacoronavirus infection or another virus mediated by an ACE2 receptor comprising administering the compound disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof; or the compound disclosed herein for treating a betacoronavirus infection or another virus mediated by an ACE2 receptor.
In one embodiment of any one of the above third, fourth, and fifth aspects, the betacoronavirus is a SARS virus. In one embodiment, the betacoronavirus is SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, or MERS-CoV (the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome -Coronavirus) . In one embodiment, the betacoronavirus spike protein is any one of the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, or MERS-CoV. In one embodiment, the betacoronavirus spike protein is an
Omicron variant. In one embodiment, the betacoronavirus spike protein is an Omicron variant selected from B. 1.1.529, BA. 1, BA. 1.1., BA. 2, BA. 3, BA. 4, BA. 5, BA. 6, and BA. 7. In one embodiment, the betacoronavirus spike protein is an Omicron variant selected from BA. 2, BA. 4, BA. 5, BA. 6 and BA. 7.
In one embodiment of any one of the above third, fourth, and fifth aspects, the subject is a mammal. In one embodiment, the subject is a human.
In one embodiment of any one of the third aspect, the modulation of a betacoronavirus spike protein is achieved by targeting the conserved FFA binding pocket of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which may, in turn, prevent hACE2 from binding by modulating its conformational preference.
In one embodiment of the fourth aspect, at least one symptom or indication is selected from the group consisting of inflammation in the lung, alveolar damage, viral load, fever, cough, shortness of breath, pneumonia, diarrhea, and organ failure.
Figure 1 shows Cryo-EM structure determination. Figure 1A shows Cryo-EM density maps of spike+Compound 1 (left panel) and apo spike system (right panel) ; Figure 1B shows the complex structure of Compound 1 bound spike is shown in a front view (left panel) and a top view (middle panel) . The spike trimer is illustrated as ribbons colored in salmon, cornflower blue, and forest green for three monomers, respectively. Bound Compound 1 is displayed as cyan spheres. The right panel represents the binding mode of Compound 1 (cyan sticks) . Additional density in the binding pocket is shown as mesh. Residues are in the stick representation, and their backbone atoms are hidden for clear visualization; Figure 1C shows the comparison of the RBD trimer of the closed apo spike (magenta, PDB ID: 6VXX) and Compound 1 bound spike (cyan) ; Figure 1D shows the comparison of the binding pockets of Compound 1 bound spike (cyan) , LA bound spike (cornflower blue, PDB ID: 6ZB5) , OA bound spike (light gray, PDB ID: 7E7B) , and ATRA bound spike (light green, PDB ID: 7Y42) .
1. DEFINITION
The term "alkyl" includes a hydrocarbon group selected from linear and branched, saturated hydrocarbon groups comprising from 1 to 18, such as from 1 to 12, further such as from 1 to 10, more further such as from 1 to 8, or from 1 to 6, or from 1 to 4, carbon atoms. Examples of alkyl groups comprising from 1 to 6 carbon atoms (i.e., C1-6 alkyl) include, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, 1-propyl or n-propyl ( "n-Pr" ) , 2-propyl or isopropyl ( "i-Pr" ) , 1-butyl or n-butyl ( "n-Bu" ) , 2-methyl-1-propyl or isobutyl ( "i-Bu" ) , 1-methylpropyl or s-butyl ( "s-Bu" ) , 1, 1-dimethylethyl or t-butyl ( "t-Bu" ) , 1-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 1-hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-3-pentyl, 2-methyl-3-pentyl, 2, 3-dimethyl-2-butyl and 3, 3-dimethyl-2-butyl groups.
The term “C1-6alkoxy” refers to an alkyl group, as previously defined, attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
The term "haloalkyl" includes an alkyl group in which one or more hydrogen is/are replaced by one or more halogen atoms such as fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo. Examples of the haloalkyl include haloC1-8alkyl, haloC1-6alkyl or halo C1-4alkyl, but not limited to -CF3, -CH2Cl,
-CH2CF3, -CHCl2, -CF3, and the like.
The term "alkenyl" includes a hydrocarbon group selected from linear and branched hydrocarbon groups comprising at least one C=C double bond and from 2 to 18, such as from 2 to 8, further such as from 2 to 6, carbon atoms. Examples of the alkenyl group, e.g., C2-6 alkenyl, include, but not limited to ethenyl or vinyl, prop-1-enyl, prop-2-enyl, 2-methylprop-1-enyl, but-1-enyl, but-2-enyl, but-3-enyl, buta-1, 3-dienyl, 2-methylbuta-1, 3-dienyl, hex-1-enyl, hex-2-enyl, hex-3-enyl, hex-4-enyl, and hexa-1, 3-dienyl groups.
The term "alkynyl" includes a hydrocarbon group selected from linear and branched hydrocarbon group, comprising at least one C≡C triple bond and from 2 to 18, such as 2 to 8, further such as from 2 to 6, carbon atoms. Examples of the alkynyl group, e.g., C2-6 alkynyl, include, but not limited to ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl (propargyl) , 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, and 3-butynyl groups.
The term "cycloalkyl" includes a hydrocarbon group selected from saturated cyclic hydrocarbon groups, comprising monocyclic and polycyclic (e.g., bicyclic and tricyclic) groups including fused, bridged or spiro cycloalkyl. For example, the cycloalkyl group may be selected from monocyclic group comprising from 3 to 8, such as 3 to 6 carbon atoms. Examples of the monocyclic cycloalkyl group include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl.
The term "heteroaryl" includes a group selected from: (a) 5-, 6-or 7-membered aromatic, monocyclic rings comprising at least one heteroatom, for example, from 1 to 4, or, in some embodiments, from 1 to 3, in some embodiments, from 1 to 2, heteroatoms, selected from nitrogen (N) , sulfur (S) and oxygen (O) , with the remaining ring atoms being carbon; (b) 7-to 12-membered bicyclic rings comprising at least one heteroatom, for example, from 1 to 4, or, in some embodiments, from 1 to 3, or, in other embodiments, 1 or 2, heteroatoms, selected from N, O, and S, with the remaining ring atoms being carbon and wherein at least one ring is aromatic and at least one heteroatom is present in the aromatic ring. Examples of the heteroaryl group or the monocyclic or bicyclic aromatic heterocyclic ring include, but are not limited to, (as numbered from the linkage position assigned priority 1) pyridyl (such as 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, or 4-pyridyl) , cinnolinyl, pyrazinyl, 2, 4-pyrimidinyl, 3, 5-pyrimidinyl, 2, 4-imidazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl (such as 1, 2, 3-thiadiazolyl, 1, 2, 4-thiadiazolyl, or 1, 3, 4-thiadiazolyl) , tetrazolyl, thienyl or thiophenyl (such as thien-2-yl, thien-3-yl) , triazinyl, benzothienyl, furyl or furanyl, benzofuryl, benzoimidazolyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolinyl, oxadiazolyl (such as 1, 2, 3-oxadiazolyl, 1, 2, 4-oxadiazolyl, or 1, 3, 4-oxadiazolyl) , phthalazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrrolyl, triazolyl (such as 1, 2, 3-triazolyl, 1, 2, 4-triazolyl, or 1, 3, 4-triazolyl) , quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl (such as 1H-pyrrolo [2, 3-b] pyridin-5-yl) , pyrazolopyridinyl (such as 1H-pyrazolo [3, 4-b] pyridin-5-yl) , benzoxazolyl (such as benzo [d] oxazol-6-yl) , pteridinyl, purinyl, 1-oxa-2, 3-diazolyl, 1-oxa-2, 4-diazolyl, 1-oxa-2, 5-diazolyl, 1-oxa-3, 4-diazolyl, 1-thia-2, 3-diazolyl, 1-thia-2, 4-diazolyl, 1-thia-2, 5-diazolyl, 1-thia-3, 4-diazolyl, furazanyl (such as furazan-2-yl, furazan-3-yl) , benzofurazanyl, benzothiophenyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, naphthyridinyl, furopyridinyl, benzothiazolyl (such as benzo [d] thiazol-6-yl) , indazolyl (such as 1H-indazol-5-yl) and 5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydroisoquinoline.
The term "heterocyclyl" includes a non-aromatic heterocyclyl group comprising one or more heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, or optionally oxidized sulfur as ring members, with the remaining ring members being carbon, including monocyclic, fused, bridged, and spiro ring, i.e., containing monocyclic heterocyclyl, bridged heterocyclyl, spiro heterocyclyl,
and fused heterocyclic groups. Exemplary monocyclic 4 to 9-membered heterocyclyl groups include, but not limited to, (as numbered from the linkage position assigned priority 1) pyrrolidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, pyrrolidin-3-yl, imidazolidin-2-yl, imidazolidin-4-yl , pyrazolidin-2-yl, pyrazolidin-3-yl, piperidin-1-yl, piperidin-2-yl, piperidin-3-yl, piperidin-4-yl, 2, 5-piperazinyl, pyranyl, morpholinyl, morpholino, morpholin-2-yl, morpholin-3-yl, oxiranyl, aziridin-1-yl, aziridin-2-yl, azocan-1-yl, azocan-2-yl, azocan-3-yl, azocan-4-yl, azocan-5-yl, thiiranyl, azetidin-1-yl, azetidin-2-yl, azetidin-3-yl, oxetanyl, thietanyl, 1, 2-dithietanyl, 1, 3-dithietanyl, dihydropyridinyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thioxanyl, piperazinyl, homopiperazinyl, homopiperidinyl, azepan-1-yl, azepan-2-yl, azepan-3-yl, azepan-4-yl, oxepanyl, thiepanyl, 1, 4-oxathianyl, 1, 4-dioxepanyl, 1, 4-oxathiepanyl, 1, 4-oxaazepanyl, 1, 4-dithiepanyl, 1, 4-thiazepanyl and 1, 4-diazepanyl, 1, 4-dithianyl, 1, 4-azathianyl, oxazepinyl, diazepinyl, thiazepinyl, dihydrothienyl, dihydropyranyl, dihydrofuranyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1-pyrrolinyl, 2-pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, indolinyl, 2H-pyranyl, 4H-pyranyl, 1, 4-dioxanyl, 1, 3-dioxolanyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, dithianyl, dithiolanyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, pyrimidinonyl, or 1, 1-dioxo-thiomorpholinyl.
A “divalent group” refers to a linking group capable of forming covalent bonds with two other moieties. The term “cycloalkylene” refers to a divalent cycloalkyl group as defined herein. The term “phenylene” refers to a divalent phenyl group. The term “heteroarylene” refers to a divalent heteroaryl group as defined herein. The term “heterocyclylene” refers to a divalent heterocyclyl group as defined herein.
The term "stereoisomer" refers to all isomers of individual compounds that differ only in the orientation of their atoms in space. The term stereoisomer includes mirror image isomers (enantiomers) , mixtures of mirror image isomers (racemates, racemic mixtures) , geometric (cis/trans or syn/anti or E/Z) isomers, and isomers of compounds with more than one chiral center that are not mirror images of one another (diastereoisomers) .
"Pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refer to those salts which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and lower animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds disclosed herein, or separately by reacting the free base function with a suitable organic acid or by reacting the acidic group with a suitable base.
Unless specifically defined elsewhere in this document, all other technical and scientific terms used herein have the meaning commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
2. Examples
Unless specifically defined elsewhere in this document, all other technical and scientific terms used herein have the meaning commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
Unless indicated otherwise, the reactions set forth below were performed under a positive pressure of nitrogen or argon or with a drying tube in anhydrous solvents; the reaction flasks were fitted with rubber septa for the introduction of substrates and reagents via syringe; and glassware was oven dried and/or heat dried.
2.1 Synthesis of Compounds
Synthesis of Compound 1: (7- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid)
Heptanedioic acid anhydride (439.2 mg, 2.75 mmol) and 6-nitroindoline (300.0 mg, 1.83 mmol) were dissolved in dichloromethane (4 mL) in a one-necked flask (10 mL) filled with N2. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature (rt) for 2 h. Then the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and further purified by column chromatography giving the Compound 1 (yellow solid, 381.2 mg, 68.1%) . 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.82 (d, J = 1.4 Hz, 1H) , 7.89 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.47 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.20 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H) , 3.26 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 2.48 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H) , 2.20 (dt, J = 16.0, 7.4 Hz, 2H) , 1.68 –1.45 (m, 4H) , 1.44 –1.28 (m, 2H) . 13C NMR (101 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ (ppm) 174.93, 170.80, 147.39, 144.44, 140.89, 125.80, 119.09, 110.25, 48.52, 35.06, 34.07, 28.63, 28.00, 24.86, 23.95.
Synthesis of Compound 2: (7- (6-bromoindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid) and Compound 3: (methyl 7- (6-bromoindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate) .
To a solution of 7-methoxy-7-oxoheptanoic acid (200 mg, 1.15 mmol) and 6-bromoindoline (189.8 mg, 0.96 mmol) in dimethylformamide (DMF) (5 mL) were added N, N-Diisopropylethylamine (DIEA) (372 mg, 2.88 mmol) and Hexafluorophosphate Azabenzotriazole Tetramethyl Uronium (HATU) (548 mg, 1.44 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was quenched with water, extracted by ethyl acetate (EA) (50 mL*3) , dried by Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain a white solid as the target product Compound 3 (200 mg, 59.8%) . MS [M+H] + 354, 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ8.24 (s, 1H) , 7.19-7.13 (m, 2H) , 4.10 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.58 (s, 3H) , 3.09 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 2.44 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H) , 2.31 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H) , 1.56 (td, J = 7.5, 5.2 Hz, 4H) , 1.35-1.28 (m, 2H) . Subsequently, Compound 3 (140 mg, 0.40mmol) was dissolved in EtOH/H2O (5 mL/1 mL) , and LiOH (49.8 mg, 1.2 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was quenched with water, adjusted pH to 3 with HCl, extracted by EA (50 mL*3) , dried by Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain a white solid as the target product Compound 2 (13.6 mg, 10.1%) . MS [M+H] + 340, 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.43 (s, 1H) , 7.12 (dd, J = 7.9, 1.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.01 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H) , 4.06 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.14 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 2.41 (dt, J = 14.7, 7.3 Hz, 4H) , 1.73 (ddt, J = 22.7, 15.2, 7.4 Hz, 4H) , 1.47 (dd, J = 15.3, 8.0 Hz, 2H) .
Synthesis of Compound 4: (7- (6-methoxyindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid)
To a solution of 7-methoxy-7-oxoheptanoic acid (200 mg, 1.15 mmol) and 6-methoxyindoline (142.74 mg, 0.96 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) were added DIEA (370.95 mg, 2.87 mmol) and HATU (545.68 mg, 1.44 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was quenched by water, extracted by EA (50 mL*3) , dried by Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain a white solid as the intermediate product (methyl 7- (6-methoxyindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate, 250 mg, 85.57%) . Then the intermediate product (140 mg, 0.46 mmol) was dissolved in EtOH/H2O (5 mL/1 mL) . After the addition of LiOH (57.77 mg, 1.38 mmol) , the reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was quenched by water, adjusted pH to 3 with HCl, extracted by EA (50 mL*3) , dried by Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain a white solid as the target product Compound 4 (36.2 mg, 27.1%) . MS [M+H] + 292, 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 11.95 (s, 1H) , 7.70 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.05 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H) , 6.50 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.5 Hz, 1H) , 4.04 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.66 (s, 3H) , 2.99 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 2.38 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 2.17 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 1.51-1.46 (m, 4H) , 1.30-1.25 (m, 2H) .
Synthesis of Compound 5: (7-oxo-7- (6- (trifluoromethoxy) indolin-1-yl) heptanoic acid)
To a solution of 7-methoxy-7-oxoheptanoic acid (250 mg, 1.44 mmol) and 6- (trifluoromethoxy) indoline (242.97 mg, 2 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) were added DIEA (463.69 mg, 3.59 mmol) and HATU (682.1 mg, 1.79 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was quenched by water, extracted by EA (50 mL*3) , dried by Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain a white solid as the intermediate product (methyl 7-oxo-7- (6- (trifluoromethoxy) indolin-1-yl) heptanoate, 245 mg, 57%) . Then the intermediate product (150 mg, 0.42 mmol) was dissolved in EtOH/H2O (5 mL/1 mL) . After the addition of LiOH (52.59 mg, 1.25 mmol) , the reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was quenched with water, adjusted pH to 3 with HCl, extracted by EA (50 mL*3) , dried by Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain a white solid as the target product Compound 5 (36.2 mg, 25.11%) . MS [M+H] + 346, 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 11.95 (s, 1H, ) , 7.98 (s, 1H) , 7.27 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H) , 6.91 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.11 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H) , 3.10 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 2.41 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H) , 2.17 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 1.51 (ddd, J = 22.8, 12.5, 7.5 Hz, 4H) , 1.29-1.25 (m, 2H) .
Synthesis of Compound 6: (9- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -9-oxononanoic acid)
To a solution of 9-methoxy-9-oxononanoic acid (200 mg, 0.99 mmol) and 6-nitroindoline
(135 mg, 0.82 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) were added DIEA (319 mg, 2.47 mmol) and HATU (469 mg, 1.23 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was quenched by water, extracted by EA (50 mL*3) , dried by Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain a yellow solid as the intermediate product (methyl 9- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -9-oxononanoate, 230 mg, 79.7%) . Then the intermediate product (150 mg, 0.43mmol) was dissolved in EtOH/H2O (5 mL/1 mL) , and LiOH (54.2 mg, 1.29 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at rt for 2 h. The mixture was quenched with water, adjusted pH to 3 with HCl, extracted by EA (50 mL*3) , dried by Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain a yellow solid as the target product Compound 6 (21.2 mg, 14.7%) . MS [M+H] + 335, 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 11.94 (s, 1H) , 8.83 (J = 1.9 Hz, 1H) , 7.89 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.48 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.20 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H) , 3.26 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 2.47 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 2.20 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 1.58 (dd, J = 14.0, 7.1 Hz, 2H) , 1.51-1.48 (m, 2H) , 1.31 (s, 6H) .
Synthesis of Compound 7: (10- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -10-oxodecanoic acid)
To a solution of 10-methoxy-10-oxodecanoic acid (250 mg, 1.16 mmol) and 6-nitroindoline (158 mg, 0.96 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) were added DIEA (372 mg, 2.88 mmol) and HATU (548 mg, 1.44 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was quenched by water, extracted by EA (50 mL*3) , dried by Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain a yellow solid as the intermediate product (methyl 10- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -10-oxodecanoate, 340 mg, 97.4%) . Then the intermediate product (186 mg, 0.51 mmol) was dissolved in EtOH/H2O (5 mL/1 mL) , and LiOH (65 mg, 1.54 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at rt for 2 h. The mixture was quenched with water, adjusted pH to 3 with HCl, extracted by EA (50 mL*3) , dried by Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain a yellow solid as the target product Compound 7 (13 mg, 7.3%) . MS [M+H] + 349, 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 11.93 (s, 1H) , 8.78 (s, 1H) , 7.85 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.43 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.16 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H) , 3.22 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 2.45-2.43 (m, 2H) , 2.15 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H) , 1.55-1.53 (m, 2H) , 1.44 (dd, J = 14.0, 7.1 Hz, 2H) , 1.28-1.25 (m, 4H) , 1.24 (d, J = 3.3 Hz, 4H) .
Synthesis of Compound 8: (11- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -11-oxoundecanoic acid)
To a solution of 11-methoxy-11-oxoundecanoic acid (200 mg, 0.87mmol) and 6-nitroindoline (119 mg, 0.72 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) were added DIEA (279 mg, 2.16 mmol) and HATU (411 mg, 1.08 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was quenched by water, extracted by EA (50 mL*3) , dried by Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain a yellow solid as the intermediate product (methyl 11- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -11-oxoundecanoate, 250 mg, 91.5%) . Then the intermediate product (176 mg, 0.47mmol) was dissolved in EtOH/H2O (5 mL/1 mL) , and LiOH (58.9 mg, 1.4 mmol) was added.
The reaction was stirred at rt for 2 h. The mixture was quenched with water, adjusted pH to 3 with HCl, extracted by EA (50 mL*3) , dried by Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain a yellow solid as the target product Compound 8 (12 mg, 7.1%) . MS [M+H] + 363, 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 11.97 (s, 1H) , 8.82 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.89 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.47 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.20 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H) , 3.26 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 2.47 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H) , 2.19 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 1.58 (dd, J = 13.9, 7.0 Hz, 2H) , 1.49-1.47 (m, 2H) , 1.31 (s, 4H) , 1.27 (s, 6H) .
Synthesis of Compound 9: 7- (6- (oxazol-2-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid and Compound 9a: methyl 7- (6- (oxazol-2-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate
Compound 9 was prepared in three synthetic steps from 7-methoxy-7-oxoheptanoic acid, according to the following procedure:
Step 1: methyl 7- (6-bromoindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate
To a solution of 7-methoxy-7-oxoheptanoic acid (1.2 g, 6.89 mmol) and 6-bromoindoline (1.14 g, 5.74 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added DIEA (441 mg, 3.41 mmol) and HATU (648 mg, 1.71 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was quenched by water, extracted by EA (200 mL*3) , dried by Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain a white solid as the target product (1.9 g, 93.6%) . MS [M+H] + 354
Step 2: methyl 7- (6- (oxazol-2-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (Compound 9a)
To a solution of methyl 7- (6-bromoindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (300 mg, 0.85 mmol) and 2- (tributylstannyl) oxazole (364 mg, 1.02 mmol) in Toluene (5 mL) was added Pd (PPh3) 4 (98 mg, 0.085 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h under N2. The mixture was quenched by water, extracted by EA (100 mL*3) , dried by Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain the target product (110 mg, 37.8%) . MS [M+H] + 343, 1HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.73 (d, J = 1.0 Hz, 1H) , 8.19 (d, J = 0.4 Hz, 1H) , 7.63 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.36 (t, J = 4.5 Hz, 2H) , 4.14 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.59 (s, 3H) , 3.20 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 2.47 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 2.32 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H) , 1.58 (m, 4H) , 1.36 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H) .
Step 3: 7- (6- (oxazol-2-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 9)
To a solution of methyl 7- (6- (oxazol-2-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (80 mg, 0.23mmol) in EtOH/H2O (5 mL/1 mL) was added LiOH (16.8 mg, 0.70 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 2 h. The mixture was quenched by water, adjusted pH to 3 with HCl, extracted by EA (50 mL*3) , dried by Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain the target product (16.8 mg, 21.9%) . MS [M+H] + 329, 1HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ11.98 (dd, J = 1.7, 1.1 Hz, 1H) , 8.69 (d, J = 1.1 Hz, 1H) , 8.15 (d, J = 0.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.59 (dd, J = 7.7, 1.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.32 (dd, J = 6.7, 2.3 Hz, 2H) , 4.10 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.15 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 2.42 (d, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H) , 2.18 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 1.53 (m, 4H) , 1.31 (m, 2H) .
Synthesis of Compound 10: 7- (6-isopropylindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid and Compound 10a: methyl 7- (6-isopropylindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate
Compound 10 was prepared in three steps from methyl 7- (6-bromoindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate, according to the following procedure:
Step1: methyl 7-oxo-7- (6- (prop-1-en-2-yl) indolin-1-yl) heptanoate
A solution of methyl 7- (6-bromoindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (400 mg, 1.13 mmol) , 4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethyl-2- (prop-1-en-2-yl) -1, 3, 2-dioxaborolane (284.62 mg, 1.69 mmol) , Pd (DTBPF) Cl2 (79.91 mg, 0.12 mmol) , and K3PO4 (719.04 mg, 3.39 mmol) in 1, 4-dioxane (10 mL) and H2O (2 mL) was stirred at 100 ℃ for 16 hours under N2 atmosphere. Then, the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain a white solid as the target product (334 mg, 93.93%) . MS [M+H] + 316.
Step 2: methyl 7- (6-isopropylindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (Compound 10a)
To a solution of methyl 7-oxo-7- (6- (prop-1-en-2-yl) indolin-1-yl) heptanoate (478 mg, 1.52 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) was added Pd/C (200 mg) . The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 16 hours under H2 atmosphere. Then, filtered, the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain a white solid as the target product (300 mg, 62.3%) . MS [M+H] + 318. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.02 (s, 1H) , 7.11 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 6.85 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.3 Hz, 1H) , 4.06 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.58 (s, 3H) , 3.06 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 2.87 –2.76 (m, 1H) , 2.42 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H) , 2.32 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H) , 1.56 (dt, J = 15.0, 6.5 Hz, 4H) , 1.38 –1.26 (m, 2H) , 1.17 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 6H) .
Step 3: 7- (6-isopropylindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 10)
To a solution of methyl 7- (6-isopropylindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (135 mg, 0.43 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) and H2O (1 mL) was added LiOH (53.6 mg, 1.28 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 hours. Then, the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain the target product (17.3 mg, 13.4%) . MS [M+H] + 304. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 12.00 (s, 1H) , 7.98 (s, 1H) , 7.07 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H) , 6.81 (dd, J = 7.6, 1.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.02 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.02 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 2.79 (dt, J = 13.7, 6.9 Hz, 1H) , 2.38 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H) , 2.18 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 1.51 (tt, J = 15.1, 7.4 Hz, 4H) , 1.38 –1.23 (m, 2H) , 1.13 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 6H) .
Synthesis of Compound 11: 7-oxo-7- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) heptanoic acid and Compound 11a: methyl 7-oxo-7- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) heptanoate
Compound 11 was prepared in two synthetic steps from methyl 7- (6-bromoindolin-1-
yl) -7-oxoheptanoate, according to the following procedure:
Step 1: methyl 7-oxo-7- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) heptanoate (Compound 11a)
A solution of methyl 7- (6-bromoindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (300 mg, 0.85 mmol) , pyrrolidine (180 mg, 2.54 mmol) , Pd2 (dba) 3 (15.5 mg, 0.017 mmol) , BINAP (31.6 mg, 0.051 mmol) and Cs2CO3 (827.8 mg, 2.54 mmol) in 1, 4-dioxane (5 mL) was stirred at 100 ℃ for 16 hours under N2. Then, the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain the target product (130 mg, 43.7%) . MS [M+H] + 345, 1HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO) 7.56 (s, 1H) , 7.01 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H) , 6.26 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.04 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 3.58 (s, 3H) , 3.21 (s, 4H) , 2.99 (t, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H) , 2.41 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H) , 2.31 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H) , 1.95 (t, J = 6.5 Hz, 4H) , 1.56 (m, 4H) , 1.33 (m, 2H) .
Step 2: 7-oxo-7- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) heptanoic acid (Compound 11)
To a solution of methyl 7-oxo-7- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) heptanoate (90 mg, 0.26mmol) in EtOH/H2O (2.5 mL/0.5 mL) was added LiOH (18.8 mg, 0.78 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 2 h. The mixture was quenched by water, adjusted pH to 3 with HCl, extracted by EA (50 mL*3) , dried by Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain the target product (23.7 mg, 27.5%) . MS [M+H] + 331, 1HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO) 7.55 (s, 1H) , 7.01 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H) , 6.24 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.04 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 3.21 (s, 4H) , 2.99 (t, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H) , 2.41 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 2.22 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 1.95 (m, 4H) , 1.54 (td, J = 15.0, 7.5 Hz, 4H) , 1.34 (m, 2H) .
Synthesis of Compound 12: 7- (3-methyl-6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid and Compound 12a: methyl 7- (3-methyl-6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate
Compound 12 was prepared in four steps from 3-methyl-1H-indole, according to the following procedure:
Step1: 3-methylindoline
To a solution of 3-methyl-1H-indole (1 g, 7.62 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added Pd/C (400 mg) . The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 16 hours under H2 atmosphere. Then, the mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum to obtain the target product (800 mg, 78.8%) . MS [M+H] + 134.
Step2: 3-methyl-6-nitroindoline
To a solution of 3-methylindoline (800 mg, 6.01 mmol) in sulfuric acid (8 mL) was added a cool mixture of HNO3 (2 mL) and H2SO4 (20 mL) at 0℃. The reaction mixture was stirred at 0℃ for 2 hours. The mixture was poured into crushed ice (20 grams) , neutralized with 2M NaOH solution until PH 6, and filtered. The filter cake was washed with water and concentrated
under vacuum to obtain the target product (400 mg, 37.4%) . MS [M+H] + 179.
Step 3: methyl 7- (3-methyl-6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (Compound 12a)
To a solution of 3-methyl-6-nitroindoline (368.25 mg, 2.07 mmol) and 7-methoxy-7-oxoheptanoic acid (300 mg, 1.72 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added DIEA (667.72 mg, 5.17 mmol) and HATU (982.22 mg, 2.58 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 16 hours. Then the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and prep-HPLC to obtain a white solid as the target product (400 mg, 69.5 %) . MS [M+H] + 335. 1HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.82 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.92 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.51 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.37 (d, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H) , 3.74 (d, J = 10.2 Hz, 1H) , 3.59 (s, 4H) , 2.48 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H) , 2.32 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H) , 1.58 (dd, J = 16.0, 8.5 Hz, 4H) , 1.34 (dd, J = 14.8, 4.8 Hz, 5H) .
Step 4: 7- (3-methyl-6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 12)
To a solution of methyl 7- (3-methyl-6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (338 mg, 1.01 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) and H2O (1 mL) was added LiOH (127.37 mg, 3.03 mmol) The reaction was stirred at rt for 4 hours. Then, the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain the target product (65 mg, 20%) . MS [M+H] + 321. 1HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 11.99 (s, 1H) , 8.82 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.92 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.51 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.39 (t, J = 10.0 Hz, 1H) , 3.76 (dd, J = 10.2, 6.8 Hz, 1H) , 3.58 (dd, J = 16.1, 7.0 Hz, 1H) , 2.48 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H) , 2.22 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 1.57 (m, 4H) , 1.35 (m, 5H) .
Synthesis of Compound 13: 3- (3- (2- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -2-oxoethoxy) phenyl) propanoic acid and Compound 13a: methyl 3- (3- (2- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -2-oxoethoxy) phenyl) propanoate
Compound 13 was prepared in three steps from 6-nitroindoline, according to the following procedure:
Step 1: 2-chloro-1- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) ethan-1-one
To a solution of 6-nitroindoline (1 g, 6.09 mmol) and 2-chloroacetyl chloride (830 mg,7.35 mmol) in DCM (15 mL) was added TEA (920 mg, 9.11 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 1 hour. Then, the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and purified by column chromatography to obtain a yellow solid as the target product (1.3 g, 86.7%) . MS [M+H] + 241.
Step 2: methyl 3- (3- (2- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -2-oxoethoxy) phenyl) propanoate (Compound 13a)
A mixture of 2-chloro-1- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) ethan-1-one (667.7 mg, 2.77 mmol) , methyl 3- (3-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate (500 mg, 2.77 mmol) , K2CO3 (1.15 g, 8.32 mmol) and NaI (41.59 mg,0.28 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was stirred at rt for 16 hours. The mixture was quenched by water, extracted by EA (100 mL*3) , dried by anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain a white solid as the target product (400 mg, 37.5 %) . MS [M+H] + 385. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.77 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.95 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.53 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.19 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H) , 6.85 (m, 3H) , 4.96 (s, 2H) ,
4.29 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.58 (s, 3H) , 3.32 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, 2H) , 2.82 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H) , 2.63 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H) .
Step 3: 3- (3- (2- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -2-oxoethoxy) phenyl) propanoic acid (Compound 13)
To a solution of methyl 3- (3- (2- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -2-oxoethoxy) phenyl) propanoate (200 mg, 0.52 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) and H2O (1 mL) was added LiOH (65.56 mg, 1.56 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 4 hours. Then, the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain the target product (22.9 mg, 11.9%) . MS [M+H] +371. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.77 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.95 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.53 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.19 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H) , 6.85 (m, 3H) , 4.96 (s, 2H) , 4.29 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.31 (s, 2H) , 2.79 (t, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H) , 2.54 (t, J = 4.9 Hz, 2H) .
Synthesis of Compound 14a: 3- (5- (3- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -3-oxopropyl) thiophen-2-yl) propanoic acid and Compound 14: methyl 3- (5- (3- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -3-oxopropyl) thiophen-2-yl) propanoate
Compound 14 was prepared in five steps from thiophene-2, 5-dicarbaldehyde, according to the following procedure:
Step1: diethyl 3, 3'- (thiophene-2, 5-diyl) (2E, 2'E) -diacrylate
To a solution of thiophene-2, 5-dicarbaldehyde (500 mg, 3.57 mmol) in dry THF (30 mL) was added NaH (222.49 mg, 9.28 mmol) portion wise at 0℃. The resulting mixture was stirred until evolution of hydrogen gas ceased (30 mins) and then ethyl 2- (diethoxyphosphoryl) acetate (1.999 g, 8.92 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at 0℃ for 3h. The reaction was quenched by water and the reaction mixture was extracted by EA (50 mL *3) , dried by anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain the target product (571 mg, 57.1%) . MS [M+H] + 281.
Step 2: diethyl 3, 3'- (thiophene-2, 5-diyl) dipropionate
To a solution of diethyl 3, 3'- (thiophene-2, 5-diyl) (2E, 2'E) -diacrylate (521 mg, 1.86 mmol) in MeOH (20 mL) was added Pd/C (100 mg) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 4h under H2. Then, filtered, the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum to obtain the target product (500 mg, 94.6%) . MS [M+H] + 285.
Step 3: 3, 3'- (thiophene-2, 5-diyl) dipropionic acid
To a solution of diethyl 3, 3'- (thiophene-2, 5-diyl) dipropionate (433 mg, 1.52 mmol) and
in THF (10 mL) and H2O (2 mL) was added NaOH (365.44 mg, 9.14 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 hours. Then, the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain the target product (330 mg, 94.95%) . MS [M+H] + 229. _
Step 4: 3- (5- (3- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -3-oxopropyl) thiophen-2-yl) propanoic acid (Compound 14a)
A mixture of 3, 3'- (thiophene-2, 5-diyl) dipropionic acid (140 mg, 0.613 mmol) , 6-nitroindoline (50 mg, 0.307 mmol) and NMI (150 mg, 1.84 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was stirred at rt for 10 mins. Then, TCFH (206 mg, 0.736 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at rt for 16h. The reaction was quenched by water and the reaction mixture was extracted by EA (50 mL *3) , dried by anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain the target product (30 mg, 13.06%) . MS [M+H] + 375. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 12.23 (s, 1H) , 8.83 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.91 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.49 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H) , 6.68 (dd, J = 22.8, 3.4 Hz, 2H) , 4.20 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H) , 3.26 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.05 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H) , 2.94 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 2.84 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 2.54 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) .
Step 5: methyl 3- (5- (3- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -3-oxopropyl) thiophen-2-yl) propanoate (Compound 14)
To a solution of 3- (5- (3- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -3-oxopropyl) thiophen-2-yl) propanoic acid (30 mg, 0.08 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) was added SOCl2 (9.53 mg, 0.08 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 3 h. Then, the reaction was concentrated under vacuum, and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain the target product (10.25 mg, 32.9%) . MS [M+H] + 389. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.83 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.91 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.49 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H) , 6.68 (dd, J = 22.9, 3.4 Hz, 2H) , 4.20 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H) , 3.59 (s, 3H) , 3.26 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H) , 3.05 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H) , 2.97 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 2.83 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 2.63 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) .
Compound 15: 3- (4- ( (6-nitroindoline-1-carbonyl) oxy) phenyl) propanoic acid
Synthesis of Compound 16: 1- (1- (6- (2- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -2-oxoethyl) benzofuran-2-carbonyl) pyrrolidin-3-yl) urea
Compound 16 was prepared in eight steps from 2- (3-hydroxyphenyl) acetic acid, according to the following procedure:
Step 1: tert-butyl 2- (3-hydroxyphenyl) acetate
To a solution of 2- (3-hydroxyphenyl) acetic acid (2 g, 13.14 mmol) in anhydrous toluene (20 mL) was heated at 80℃ and 1, 1-di-tert-butoxy-N, N-dimethylmethanamine (10.69 g, 52.57 mmol) was added when the solution became homogenous. After 0.5 h, the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was diluted with water and extracted by EA (50 mL *3) , dried by anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain the target product (1.3 g, 50%) . MS [M+H] + 209.
Step 2: tert-butyl 2- (4-formyl-3-hydroxyphenyl) acetate
To a solution of tert-butyl 2- (3-hydroxyphenyl) acetate (1.13 g, 5.43 mmol) and TEA (549 mg, 5.43 mmol) in ACN (10 mL) was added MgCl2 (516.6 mg, 5.43 mmol) over 15 minutes at 40℃. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1.5 hours at 40℃, during which time it went to a nearly homogeneous brown solution. The reaction was heated to reflux, and paraformaldehyde (325.8 mg, 10.85 mmol) was added quickly. The reaction was heated at reflux for an additional 4 hours and was allowed to cool to room temperature and stir overnight. The mixture was diluted with EA (100 mL) , washed with water (100 mL) and saturated brine (100 mL) , dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel. The fractions were collected and concentrated to obtain the target product (223 mg, 17.3%) . MS [M+H] + 237. _
Step 3: tert-butyl 2- (3- (2-ethoxy-2-oxoethoxy) -4-formylphenyl) acetate
To a solution of ethyl 2-bromoacetate (113.09 mg, 0.68 mmol) in ACN (2 mL) was added Cs2CO3 (220.64 mg, 0.68 mmol) under N2 at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 10 mins, then tert-butyl 2- (4-formyl-3-hydroxyphenyl) acetate (160 mg, 0.68 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at rt for 6 h. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography to give the target product (100 mg, 45.8%) . MS [M+H] + 323. _
Step 4: ethyl 6- (2- (tert-butoxy) -2-oxoethyl) benzofuran-2-carboxylate
To a solution of tert-butyl 2- (3- (2-ethoxy-2-oxoethoxy) -4-formylphenyl) acetate (100 mg, 0.31 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added K2CO3 (85.75 mg, 0.62 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at 90℃ for 3 h. After cooled to rt, the mixture was filtered through Celite, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel flash chromatography to give the target product (17 mg, 18%) . MS [M+H] + 305. _
Step 5: 2- (2- (ethoxycarbonyl) benzofuran-6-yl) acetic acid
To a solution of ethyl 6- (2- (tert-butoxy) -2-oxoethyl) benzofuran-2-carboxylate (400 mg, 1.314 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added TFA (1 mL) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 3 h. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum to give the target product (300 mg, 91.9%) . MS [M+H] +249.
Step 6: ethyl 6- (2- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -2-oxoethyl) benzofuran-2-carboxylate
To a solution of 2- (2- (ethoxycarbonyl) benzofuran-6-yl) acetic acid (300 mg, 1.21 mmol) and 6-nitroindoline (238.08 mg, 1.45 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added DIEA (468.58 mg, 3.63 mmol) and HATU (689.29 mg, 1.82 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 3 h. The mixture was quenched by water, extracted by DCM (30 mL *3) , dried by anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain the target product (250 mg, 52.5%) . MS [M+H] + 395.
Step 7: 6- (2- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -2-oxoethyl) benzofuran-2-carboxylic acid
To a solution of ethyl 6- (2- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -2-oxoethyl) benzofuran-2-carboxylate (250 mg, 0.63 mmol) in H2O (3 mL) , THF (10 mL) and MeOH (3mL) was added LiOH (79.95 mg,1.9 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was quenched by water, extracted by EA (30 mL *3) , dried by anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain the target product (20 mg, 8.6%) . MS [M+H] + 367. _
Step 8: 1- (1- (6- (2- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -2-oxoethyl) benzofuran-2-carbonyl) pyrrolidin-3-yl) urea (Compound 16)
To a solution of 6- (2- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -2-oxoethyl) benzofuran-2-carboxylic acid (10 mg, 0.027 mmol) and 1- (pyrrolidin-3-yl) urea (4.2 mg, 0.032 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added HATU (15.58 mg, 0.041 mmol) and DIEA (10.59 mg, 0.081 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 3 h. The mixture was quenched by water, extracted by EA (30 mL *3) , dried by anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain the target product (6.11 mg, 47 %) . MS [M+H] +478, 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.82 (s, 1H) , 7.92 (dd, J = 8.1, 2.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.72 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.63 (s, 1H) , 7.55 –7.47 (m, 2H) , 7.29 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H) , 6.55 (s, 1H) , 5.51 (d, J = 5.3 Hz, 2H) , 4.34 (t, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H) , 4.04 (d, J = 13.2 Hz, 3H) , 3.95 (s, 1H) , 3.62 (dd, J = 22.3, 7.5 Hz, 3H) , 3.30 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H) , 1.29 (dd, J = 16.5, 6.3 Hz, 2H) .
Synthesis of Compound 17: 1- (4- (7- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoyl) phenyl) urea
Compound 17 was prepared in seven synthetic steps from 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride, according to the following procedure:
Step 1: 2- (4-nitrobenzoyl) cyclohexan-1-one
To a solution of 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride (5 g, 26.9 mmol) and cyclohexanone (2.64 g, 26.9 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was added LDA (13.5 mL, 26.9 mmol) at -78 ℃. The reaction was stirred at -78℃ for 45 minutes, then stirred at room temperature for 2h. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum and purified by column chromatography to obtain the target product (3 g, 45.4%) . MS [M+H] + 248.
Step 2: 2- (4-aminobenzoyl) cyclohexan-1-one
To a solution of 3 (3 g, 12.14 mmol) in EtOH (30 mL) was added Fe (6.78 g, 121.4 mmol) , followed by NH4Cl (6.49 g, 121.4 mmol) and H2O (3mL) . The reaction was stirred at 80℃ for 1 h. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain the target product (1.6 g, 61.5 %) . MS [M+H] + 218.
Step 3: tert-butyl (4- (2-oxocyclohexane-1-carbonyl) phenyl) carbamate
To a solution of 4 (1 g, 4.6 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added Boc2O (1.9 g, 9.2
mmol) . The reaction was stirred at 60℃ for 16 h. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum and purified by column chromatography to obtain the target product (400 mg, 27.3%) . MS [M+H] + 318.
Step 4: 7- (4- ( (tert-butoxycarbonyl) amino) phenyl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid
To a solution of 5 (400 mg, 1.26 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) was added KOH (704 mg, 12.6 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain the target product (400 mg, 94.7 %) . MS [M+H] + 336.
Step 5: tert-butyl (4- (7- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoyl) phenyl) carbamate
To a solution of 6 (400 mg, 1.19 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added 6-nitroindoline (234 mg, 1.42 mmol) , followed by DIEA (307 mg, 2.37 mmol) and HATU (678 mg, 1.78 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum and purified by column chromatography to obtain the target product (440 mg, 76.6%) . MS [M+H] + 482.
Step 6: 1- (4-aminophenyl) -7- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) heptane-1, 7-dione
To a solution of 8 (400 mg, 0.82 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added TFA (1 mL) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain the target product (200 mg, 63.2 %) . MS [M+H] + 382.
Step 7: 1- (4- (7- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoyl) phenyl) urea (Compound 17)
To a solution of 9 (150 mg, 0.39 mmol) in DCE (5 mL) was added triphosgene (233.42 mg, 0.78 mmol) , followed by DIEA (254 mg, 1.966 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at 75℃ for 2 h under N2. The mixture was added NH3-H2O (1 mL) and stirred at rt for 2h. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain the target product (20.1 mg, 9.1 %) . MS [M+H] + 425. NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.91 (s, 1H) , 8.79 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.85 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.82 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H) , 7.48 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H) , 7.45 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H) , 6.00 (s, 2H) , 4.16 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H) , 3.22 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 2.90 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H) , 2.43 (s, 2H) , 1.63-1.56 (m, 4H) , 1.35 (dd, J = 10.3, 4.7 Hz, 2H) .
Synthesis of Compound 18: 5- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -5-oxopentyl 4-ureidobenzoate
Compound 18 was prepared in six steps from 5- (tert-butoxy) -5-oxopentanoic acid, according to the following procedure:
Step 1: tert-butyl 5-hydroxypentanoate
To a solution of 5- (tert-butoxy) -5-oxopentanoic acid (3 g, 15.94 mmol) in dry THF (60 mL) was added NaBH4 (630 mg, 16.65 mmol) at 0℃. The solution was stirred until evolution of H2 stopped then BF3OEt2 (2.71 g, 19.1 mmol) was added dropwise. The reaction was stirred at rt
for 4h. The reaction was quenched by water at 0℃. The reaction mixture was extracted by EA (50 mL *3) , dried by anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain the crude target product (2.6 g, 96.2%) . MS [M+H] + 175. _
Step 2: 5- (tert-butoxy) -5-oxopentyl 4-nitrobenzoate
A solution of tert-butyl 5-hydroxypentanoate (1.2 g, 6.89 mmol) and 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride (1.917 g, 10.33 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) were added DIEA (2.67 g, 20.66 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 3h. The reaction was quenched by water. The reaction mixture was extracted by EA (50 mL *3) , dried by anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain the target product (1.7 g, 76.4%) . MS [M+H] + 324. _
Step 3: 5- (tert-butoxy) -5-oxopentyl 4-aminobenzoate
To a solution of 5- (tert-butoxy) -5-oxopentyl 4-nitrobenzoate (1.5 g, 4.64 mmol) in MeOH (20 mL) was added Pd/C (400 mg) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h under H2. Then, filtered, the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum to obtain the target product (1.2 g, 88%) . MS [M+H] + 294.
Step 4: 5- ( (4-aminobenzoyl) oxy) pentanoic acid
To a solution of 5- (tert-butoxy) -5-oxopentyl 4-aminobenzoate (600 mg, 2.05 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added TFA (1 mL) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 3 h. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum to give the target product (400 mg, 82.4%) . MS [M+H] + 238.
Step 5: 5- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -5-oxopentyl 4-aminobenzoate
To a solution of 5- ( (4-aminobenzoyl) oxy) pentanoic acid (485 mg, 2.05 mmol) and 6-nitroindoline (671 mg, 4.1 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added DIEA (792 mg, 6.15 mmol) and HATU (1166 mg, 3.075 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 3 h. The reaction was quenched by water. The reaction mixture was extracted by EA (30 mL *3) , dried by anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain the target product (300 mg, 38.2%) . MS [M+H] + 384.
Step 6: 5- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -5-oxopentyl 4-ureidobenzoate (Compound 18)
To a solution of 5- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -5-oxopentyl 4-aminobenzoate (225 mg, 0.59 mmol) , Triphosgene (348.3 mg, 1.17 mmol) and TEA (296.92 mg, 2.95 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 1 h. Then, the mixture was added NH3-MeOH (1 mL) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 1 h. The reaction was quenched by water. The reaction mixture was extracted by EA (30 mL *3) , dried by anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain the target product (24 mg, 9.6%) . MS [M+H] + 427. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.99 (s, 1H) , 8.82 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.89 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.83 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H) , 7.51 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 2H) , 7.47 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H) , 6.05 (s, 2H) , 4.27 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H) , 4.20 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H) , 3.25 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 2.58 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H) , 1.83 –1.70 (m, 4H) .
Synthesis of Compound 19: 7- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7-oxohept-2-yn-1-yl 4- (methylsulfonyl) thiophene-2-carboxylate and Compound 19a: 7-hydroxy-1- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) hept-5-yn-1-one
Compound 19 was prepared in nine synthetic steps from methyl 4-bromothiophene-2-carboxylate, according to the following procedure:
Step 1: Methyl 4- (methylthio) -2-thiophenecarboxylate
To a solution of 3- (methylsulfanyl) thiophene (1 g, 7.67 mmol) in THF (25 mL) were added n-Buli (2.4 M, 8 mL, 19.2 mmol) at -78℃ under N2, and the reaction mixture was stirred at -78℃ for 15 min. Then a solution of methyl carbonochloridate (0.5 g, 5.90 mmol) in THF (10 mL) was added dropwise and the mixture was stirred at -78℃ for 10 min. Finally, a solution of MeOH (0.74 g, 23.1 mmol) in THF (10 mL) and the mixture was stirred at -78℃ for 10 min. The mixture was allowed to warm to rt with stirring and quenched with sat aq NH4Cl, extracted by EA (200 mL*3) , dried by Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain a pale-yellow oil as the target product (500 mg, 34.5%) . LC-MS: 189 [M+H] +
Step 2: Methyl 4- (methylsulfonyl) thiophene-2-carboxylate
To a solution of Methyl 4- (methylthio) -2-thiophenecarboxylate (0.9 g, 4.78 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added m-CPBA (2.47 g, 14.34 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 40℃ for 16 h, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to give the target product (0.52 g, 49.4%) . LC-MS: 221 [M+H] +
Step 3: 4- (methylsulfonyl) thiophene-2-carboxylic acid
To a solution of methyl 4- (methylsulfonyl) thiophene-2-carboxylate (470 mg, 2.13 mmol) in EtOH/H2O (5 mL/1 mL) was added LiOH (255 mg, 10.67 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was quenched by water, adjusted pH to 3 with HCl, extracted by EA (100 mL*3) , dried by Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain the target product (310 mg, 25.11%) . LC-MS: 207 [M+H] +
Step 4: 2- ( (6-chlorohex-2-yn-1-yl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran
To a solution of 2- (prop-2-yn-1-yloxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran (1 g, 7.13 mmol) in THF (20 mL) were added n-Buli (2.4 M, 2.9 mL, 7.13 mmol) at -30℃ under N2, and the reaction mixture was stirred at -15℃ for 20 min. After completion of the addition, 6 (1.12 g, 7.13 mmol) was added in one portion followed by the addition of l, 3-dimethyl-3, 4, 5, 6-tetrahydro-2 (1H) -pyrimidinone (0.76 g, 5.94 mmol) in one portion as well. The batch was allowed to warm to 20℃. The reaction was stirred at 45℃ for 2 h, cooled to room temperature and poured into a mixture of ethyl acetate (100 mL) and 10%aqueous NH4Cl (100 mL) . The layers were separated, and the organic layer was washed with water (2 x 200 mL) , dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated to obtain the desired product as an orange oil (1.5 g, 93.9%) . LC-MS: 217 [M+H] +
Step 5: 7- ( (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) oxy) hept-5-ynenitrile
To a solution of 2- ( (6-chlorohex-2-yn-1-yl) oxy) tetrahydro-2H-pyran (1.4 g, 6.46 mmol) in DMSO (15 mL) were added NaCN (0.47 g, 9.69 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at 55℃ for 10 h. The mixture was quenched by 15%aqueous NaOH (6 mL) , extracted by EA (100 mL*3) , and
the organic layer was washed with 3%NaHCO3 (2 x 200 mL) , dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated to obtain the desired product as a brown oil (1 g, 75.2%) . LC-MS: 208 [M+H] +
Step 6: 7- ( (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) oxy) hept-5-ynoic acid
To a solution of 7- (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) oxy) hept-5-ynenitrile (950 mg, 4.58 mmol) in EtOH/H2O (1/1, 20 mL) were added sodium hydroxide (548 mg, 13.7 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at 80℃ for 7 h. The mixture was quenched by water (100 mL) , extracted by EA (100 mL*3) , dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated to obtain the desired product as a brown oil (600 mg, 61.1%) . LC-MS: 227 [M+H] +
Step 7: 1- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7- ( (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) oxy) hept-5-yn-1-one
To a solution of 7- ( (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) oxy) hept-5-ynoic acid (550 mg, 2.43 mmol) and 6-nitroindoline (332.5 mg, 2.03 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added DIEA (787.1 mg, 6.09 mmol) and HATU (1.158 g, 3.05 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was quenched by water, extracted by EA (100 mL*3) , dried by Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain as the target product (200 mg, 22.1%) . LC-MS: 373 [M+H] +
Step 8: 7-hydroxy-1- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) hept-5-yn-1-one (Compound 19a)
To a solution of 1- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7- (tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl) oxy) hept-5-yn-1-one (200 mg, 0.54 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added HCl-dioxane (1.35 mL, 5.4 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. Then, the mixture was concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain as the target product (50 mg, 32.2%) . LC-MS: 289 [M+H] + . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.83 (1 H, s) , 7.91 (dd, J =8.2, 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.49 (d, J =8.2 Hz, 1H) , 5.07 (t, J =5.9 Hz, 1H) , 4.21 (t, J =8.5 Hz, 2H) , 4.04 (dd, J =3.7, 2.2 Hz, 2H) , 3.27 (t, J =8.5 Hz, 2H) , 2.59 (t, J =7.1 Hz, 2H) , 2.30 (t, J =7.1 Hz, 2H) , 1.77-1.74 (m, 2 H) .
Step 9: 7- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7-oxohept-2-yn-1-yl 4- (methylsulfonyl) thiophene-2-carboxylate (Compound 19)
To a solution of 7-hydroxy-1- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) hept-5-yn-1-one (35 mg, 0.12 mmol) and 4- (methylsulfonyl) thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (25 mg, 0.12 mmol) in DMF (1mL) were added EDCI (23 mg, 0.12mmol) and 4-Dimethylaminopyridine (7.3 mg, 0.06 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was quenched by water, extracted by EA (20 mL*3) , dried by Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by pre-HPLC to obtain as the target product (31.64 mg, 61%) . LC-MS: 477 [M+H] + . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.82 (d, J =1.9 Hz, 1H) , 8.69 (d, J =1.5 Hz, 1H) , 8.16 (d, J =1.4 Hz, 1H) , 7.90 (dd, J =8.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.47 (d, J =8.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.97 (s, 2H) , 4.19 (t, J =8.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.32 (s, 3H) , 3.25 (t, J =8.5 Hz, 2H) , 2.59 (t, J =7.1 Hz, 2H) , 2.37 (t, J =7.1 Hz, 2H) , 1.80 (m, 2H) .
Synthesis of Compound 20: 1- (1- (5- (4- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -4-oxobutyl) thiophene-2-carbonyl) pyrrolidin-3-yl) urea, Compound 20a: methyl 5- (4- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -4-oxobutyl) thiophene-2-carboxylate, and Compound 20b: 5- (4- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -4-oxobutyl) thiophene-2-carboxylic acid
Compound 20 was prepared in eight synthetic steps from tert-butyl 3-aminopyrrolidine-1-carboxylate, according to the following procedure:
Step 1: tert-butyl 3-ureidopyrrolidine-1-carboxylate
To a solution of tert-butyl 3-aminopyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (1 g, 5.36 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added TMS-NCO (5.38 g, 4.67 mmol) and DIPEA (6.93 g, 53.6 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The mixture was quenched by water (200 mL) , extracted by EA (200 mL*3) , dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated to give the crude title compound (540 mg, 43.9%) . LC-MS: 230 [M+H] +.
Step 2: 1- (pyrrolidin-3-yl) urea
To a solution of tert-butyl 3-ureidopyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (540 mg, 2.35 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added TFA (1 mL) . The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1h. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum to give the crude title compound (220 mg, 72.4%) . LC-MS: 130 [M+H] +.
Step 3: methyl 5- (3-hydroxyprop-1-yn-1-yl) thiophene-2-carboxylate
To a mixture of methyl 5-bromothiophene-2-carboxylate (5 g, 22.6 mmol) and but-3-yn-1-ol (1.74 g, 24.9 mmol) in ACN (50 mL) was added PdCl2 (160.30 mg, 0.91 mmol) , CuI (873.7 mg, 4.52 mmol) , TEA (22.84 g, 0.266 mol) and TPP (474.2 mg, 1.81 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at 80℃ for 16h. The mixture was quenched by water (200 mL) , extracted by EA (200 mL*3) , dried over Na2SO4, and concentrated to give the crude title compound (1.5 g, 31.5%) . LC-MS: 211 [M+H] +.
Step 4: methyl 5- (4-hydroxybutyl) thiophene-2-carboxylate
To a solution of methyl 5- (3-hydroxyprop-1-yn-1-yl) thiophene-2-carboxylate (3.1 g, 14.76 mmol) in MeOH (30 mL) was added Pd/C (1 g) . The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16h under H2. The mixture was filtered and concentrated under vacuum to give the crude title compound (1 g, 65.8%) . LC-MS: 215 [M+H] +.
Step 5: 4- (5- (methoxycarbonyl) thiophen-2-yl) butanoic acid
To a solution of H5IO6 (2.82 g, 12.37 mmol) in ACN (10 mL) . The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 15 min. Then a solution of methyl 5- (4-hydroxybutyl) thiophene-2-carboxylate (1 g, 4.67 mmol) was added dropwise and the mixture was stirred at rt for 10 min. Finally, a solution of Pyridinium chlorochromate (25.2 mg, 0.12 mmol) in ACN (10 mL) and the mixture was stirred at rt for 3h. The mixture was quenched by water, extracted by EA (200 mL*3) , dried by Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain the target product (700 mg, 65.7%) . LC-MS: 229 [M+H] +.
Step 6: methyl 5- (4- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -4-oxobutyl) thiophene-2-carboxylate (Compound 20a)
To a solution of 4- (5- (methoxycarbonyl) thiophen-2-yl) butanoic acid (350 mg, 1.53 mmol) and 6-nitroindoline (209.8 mg, 1.28 mmol) in DMF (5mL) were added DIEA (496.3 mg,
3.84 mmol) and HATU (730.1 mg, 1.92 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was quenched by water, extracted by EA (100 mL*3) , dried by Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain as the target product (300 mg, 62.6%) . LC-MS: 375 [M+H] + . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.80 (s, 1H) , 7.86 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.63 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 1H) , 7.45 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H) , 6.98 (d, J = 3.7 Hz, 1H) , 4.17 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H) , 3.79 (s, 3H) , 3.25 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 2.95 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H) , 2.57 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H) , 2.00 (dd, J = 14.6, 7.2 Hz, 2H) .
Step 7: 5- (4- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -4-oxobutyl) thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (Compound 20b)
To a solution of methyl 5- (4- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -4-oxobutyl) thiophene-2-carboxylate (200 mg, 0.53 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) and H2O (1 mL) was added LiOH (134.4 mg, 3.19 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at 50℃ for 16 hours. Then, the reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain the target product (5.08 mg, 12.9%) . LC-MS 361[M+H] +. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 12.93 (s, 1H) , 8.84 (s, 1H) , 7.90 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.1 Hz, 1H) , 7.56 (d, J = 3.6 Hz, 1H) , 7.48 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H) , 6.97 (d, J = 3.5 Hz, 1H) , 4.18 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.26 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 2.92 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H) , 2.57 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H) , 2.02 –1.93 (m, 2H) .
Step 8: 1- (1- (5- (4- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -4-oxobutyl) thiophene-2-carbonyl) pyrrolidin-3-yl) urea (Compound 20)
To a solution of 5- (4- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -4-oxobutyl) thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (50 mg, 0.139 mmol) and 1- (pyrrolidin-3-yl) urea (21.5 mg, 0.166 mmol) in DMF (2mL) were added DIEA (53.9 mg, 0.417 mmol) and HATU (75.3 mg, 0.208 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was quenched by water, extracted by EA (100 mL*3) , dried by Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain as the target product (3.5 mg, 5.3%) . LC-MS: 472 [M+H] + . 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 8.84 (d, J = 2.0 Hz, 1H) , 7.90 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.3 Hz, 1H) , 7.48 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H) , 7.43 (d, J = 22.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.94 (s, 1H) , 6.33 (s, 1H) , 5.45 (s, 2H) , 4.18 (t, J = 8.6 Hz, 2H) , 4.11 (s, 1H) , 3.91 (s, 1H) , 3.79 (s, 1H) , 3.57 (d, J = 11.1 Hz, 1H) , 3.51 (s, 1H) , 3.26 (t, J = 8.5 Hz, 2H) , 2.90 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H) , 2.57 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H) , 2.07 (d, J = 26.2 Hz, 1H) , 2.00 –1.93 (m, 2H) , 1.76 (s, 1H) .
Synthesis of Compound 21: 7- (6- (3, 3-difluoropyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid
Compound 21 was prepared in two steps from methyl 7- (6-bromoindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate, according to the following procedure:
Step1: methyl 7- (6- (3, 3-difluoropyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate
A solution of 3, 3-difluoropyrrolidine (486.31 mg, 3.39 mmol) , methyl 7- (6-bromoindolin-
1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (400 mg, 1.13 mmol) , Pd (OAC) 2 (50.7 mg, 0.226 mmol) , BINAP (140.63 mg, 0.226 mmol) and Cs2CO3 (1104 mg, 3.39 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) was stirred at 100 ℃ for 16 hours under N2 atmosphere. Then, the reaction mixture was quenched by water. The reaction mixture was extracted by EA (30 mL *3) , dried by anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain the target product (320 mg, 74.5%) . MS [M+H] + 381.
Step 2: 7- (6- (3, 3-difluoropyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 21)
To a solution of methyl 7- (6- (3, 3-difluoropyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (110 mg, 0.29 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) and H2O (1 mL) was added LiOH (36.43 mg, 0.87 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 hours. Then, the reaction mixture was quenched by water, extracted by EA (30 mL *3) , dried by anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain the target product (21.9 mg, 20.7%) . MS [M+H] + 367. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 11.98 (s, 1H) , 7.53 (s, 1H) , 7.04 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H) , 6.24 (dd, J = 8.2, 2.2 Hz, 1H) , 4.05 (t, J = 8.4 Hz, 2H) , 3.62 (t, J = 13.5 Hz, 2H) , 3.39 (dd, J = 22.3, 15.2 Hz, 2H) , 3.00 (t, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H) , 2.58 –2.52 (m, 1H) , 2.48 (s, 1H) , 2.43 (dd, J = 15.4, 8.3 Hz, 2H) , 2.21 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 1.64 -1.47 (m, 4H) , 1.40 -1.26 (m, 2H) .
Synthesis of Compound 22: (E) -5-methyl-7-oxo-7- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) hept-5-enoic acid
Compound 22 was prepared in five synthetic steps from methyl 5-oxohexanoate, according to the following procedure:
Step 1: 1- (tert-butyl) 7-methyl (E) -3-methylhept-2-enedioate
To a solution of methyl 5-oxohexanoate (2 g, 13.8 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was NaH (0.43 g, 17.9 mmol) , followed by 2 (4 g, 17.9 mmol) at 0 ℃. The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum and purified by column chromatography to obtain the target product (2.6 g, 77.3%) . MS [M+H] + 243.
Step 2: (E) -7-methoxy-3-methyl-7-oxohept-2-enoic acid
To a solution of 3 (2.6 g, 10.74 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was added TFA (4 mL) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain the target product (1.8 g, 90.4 %) . MS [M+H] + 187.
Step 3: methyl (E) -7- (6-bromoindolin-1-yl) -5-methyl-7-oxohept-5-enoate
To a solution of 4 (1.8 g, 9.67 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was added 6-bromoindoline (2.2
g, 11.6 mmol) , followed by DIEA (3.7 g, 29 mmol) and HATU (5.5 g, 14.5 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum and purified by column chromatography to obtain the target product (1.7 g, 48.1%) . MS [M+H] + 366.
Step 4: methyl (E) -5-methyl-7-oxo-7- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) hept-5-enoate
To a solution of 6 (650 mg, 1.78 mmol) in 1, 4-dioxane (5 mL) was added 7 (378 mg, 5.34 mmol) , followed by Pd (OAc) 2 (79.68 mg, 0.35 mmol) , BINAP (220 mg, 0.35 mmol) and CS2CO3 (1.73g, 5.34 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at 90℃ for 16 under N2. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain the target product (70 mg, 15.7 %) . MS [M+H] + 357.
Step 5: (E) -5-methyl-7-oxo-7- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) hept-5-enoic acid (Compound 22)
To a solution of 8 (70 mg, 0.19 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) was added LiOH (23.94 mg, 0.57 mmol) , followed by H2O (0.4 mL) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 h. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain the target product (26.2 mg, 39.1 %) . MS [M+H] + 343.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 7.59 (s, 1H) , 7.02 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H) , 6.27 (s, 1H) , 6.00 (s, 1H) , 4.04 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H) , 3.22 (s, 4H) , 2.99 (s, 2H) , 2.23 (dd, J = 19.8, 12.6 Hz, 2H) , 2.16 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H) , 2.01 (s, 3H) , 1.95 (s, 4H) , 1.80-1.65 (m, 2H) .
Synthesis of Compound 23: 7- (3-methyl-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid and Compound 23a: methyl 7- (3-methyl-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate
Compound 23 was prepared in four steps from 6-bromo-3-methyl-1H-indole, according to the following procedure:
Step 1: 6-bromo-3-methylindoline
To a solution of 6-bromo-3-methyl-1H-indole (400 mg, 1.904 mmol) in AcOH (5 mL) was added NaBH3CN (358.97 mg, 5.712 mmol) . The reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 4 hours. The mixture was quenched by water (30 mL) , extracted by EA (30 mL*3) , dried over Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain the target product (198 mg, 49%) . MS [M+H] + 212. _
Step 2: methyl 7- (6-bromo-3-methylindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate
To a solution of 6-bromo-3-methylindoline (189 mg, 0.93 mmol) and 7-methoxy-7-oxoheptanoic acid (135.52 mg, 0.78 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added DIEA (301.52 mg, 2.33
mmol) and HATU (443.91 mg, 1.17 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 3 h. The reaction was quenched by water. The reaction mixture was extracted by EA (30 mL*3) , dried by anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by column chromatography to obtain the target product (186 mg, 64.9%) . MS [M+H] + 368.
Step 3: methyl 7- (3-methyl-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (Compound 23a)
To a solution of methyl 7- (6-bromo-3-methylindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (186 mg, 0.51 mmol) , pyrrolidine (107.76 mg, 1.52 mmol) , Pd (OAc) 2 (22.68 mg, 0.102 mmol) , BINAP (62.89 mg, 0.102 mmol) and Cs2CO3 (493.68 mg, 1.52 mmol) in dioxane (5 mL) . The reaction mixture was stirred at 90℃ for 16 hours. Then the reaction mixture was quenched by water, extracted by EA (30 mL *3) , dried by anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain the target product (85 mg, 46.9 %) . MS [M+H] + 359. 1HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 7.45 (s, 1H) , 6.98 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H) , 6.18 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H) , 4.22 (t, J = 9.8 Hz, 1H) , 3.58 (s, 3H) , 3.53 (dd, J = 9.9, 6.4 Hz, 1H) , 3.31 -3.26 (m, 1H) , 3.17 (s, 4H) , 2.41 (t, J = 6.9 Hz, 2H) , 2.31 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 1.93 (s, 4H) , 1.62 -1.51 (m, 4H) , 1.33 (dd, J = 15.0, 7.9 Hz, 2H) , 1.20 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 3H) .
Step 4: 7- (3-methyl-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 23)
To a solution of methyl 7- (3-methyl-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (84 mg, 0.23 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) and H2O (1 mL) was added LiOH (98.4 mg, 2.34 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at rt for 16 hours. Then, the reaction mixture was quenched by water, extracted by EA (30 mL *3) , dried by anhydrous Na2SO4, concentrated under vacuum, and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain the target product (39.1 mg, 48.4%) . MS [M+H] + 345. 1HNMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 7.51 (s, 1H) , 7.01 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H) , 6.26 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H) , 4.23 (t, J = 9.9 Hz, 1H) , 3.55 (dd, J = 10.2, 6.6 Hz, 1H) , 3.32 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H) , 3.21 (s, 4H) , 2.41 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H) , 2.21 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H) , 1.95 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 4H) , 1.60 –1.48 (m, 4H) , 1.38 –1.29 (m, 2H) , 1.21 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 3H) .
Synthesis of Compound 24: 7-hydroxy-1- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) heptan-1-one
Compound 24 was prepared in two synthetic steps from 7-hydroxyheptanoic acid, according to the following procedure:
Step 1: 1- (6-bromoindolin-1-yl) -7-hydroxyheptan-1-one
To a solution of 7-hydroxyheptanoic acid (0.85 g, 5.8 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added 6-bromoindoline (1.3 g, 6.9 mmol) , followed by DIEA (1.5 g, 11.6 mmol) and HATU (3.3g, 8.7 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum and purified by column chromatography to obtain the target product (1 g, 52.7%) . MS [M+H] + 326.
Step 2: 7-hydroxy-1- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) heptan-1-one (Compound 24)
To a solution of 3 (1 g, 3.16 mmol) in 1, 4-dioxane (10 mL) was added 4 (0.67 g, 9.49 mmol) , followed by Pd (OAc) 2 (0.13 g, 0.61 mmol) , BINAP (0.382 g, 0.61 mmol) and CS2CO3 (2.99 g, 9.19 mmol) . The reaction was stirred at 90℃ for 16 under N2. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum and purified by prep-HPLC to obtain the target product (350 mg, 36.08 %) . MS [M+H] + 317. 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO) δ 7.49 (s, 1H) , 6.97 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 1H) , 6.16 (dd, J = 8.1, 1.9 Hz, 1H) , 4.35 (s, 1H) , 4.03 (t, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H) , 3.42-3.36 (m, 2H) , 3.17 (s, 4H) , 2.98 (t, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H) , 2.40 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H) , 1.93 (t, J = 6.2 Hz, 4H) , 1.56 (d, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H) , 1.47-1.39 (m, 2H) , 1.32 (d, J = 3.3 Hz, 4H) .
The following compounds are prepared in a manner similar to the above compounds from the corresponding starting materails.
2.2 BINDING AFFINITY ASSAY
Protein Expression and Purification.
Prototypic Spike Protein. To produce S-Trimer fusion protein, cDNA encoding the ectodomain of SARS-CoV-2 S protein (amino acid residues 1 to 1211) with R682S, R683G, R685G, K986P, and V987P mutations was synthesized (Sino Biological) using optimized codons for the human cell. The cDNA was cloned into pcDNA3.1 vector to allow in-frame fusion of the mutated ectodomain of S protein to Trimer-Tag (residues 458 to 484 from Enterobacteria phage T6 Fibritin protein) followed by 8x histidine tag and Protein C tag. The purified plasmid coding the fusion protein was transfected into Expi293F cells (Thermo Fisher Scientific) using polyethyleneimine max (PEI, Polysciences) when cell density reached 1.5 million per mL. Transfected cells were shaken in SMM 293-TII expression medium (Sino Biological) for 72 h. 25 mM Tris (pH 8.0) and 10 mM CaCl2 were added into the centrifugal supernatant of the cell culture medium after the cell and debris were removed. The fusion protein was then purified by anti-ProteinC antibody affinity resin. After washing with buffer A (25 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 2 mM CaCl2) , the protein complex was eluted in buffer B (25 mM Tris, pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, 0.1 mg/mL Protein C peptide) , concentrated and purified on a Superose 6 increase 10/300 (GE Healthcare) size-exclusion column equilibrated in buffer C (25 mM HEPES, pH 8.0, and 150 mM NaCl) .
Omicron Spike Protein. Gene encoding the ectodomain of the Omicron BA. 4 spike protein (residues 14-1205) with 6P mutants (F817P, A892P, A899P, A942P, K986P and V987P) were fused with a C-terminal T4 fibritin trimerization domain, a StrepII tag, and an 8× His tag and cloned into a mammalian cell expression vector pCAGGS. A Kozak sequence and an exogenous signal peptide derived from μ-phosphatase (MGILPSPGMPALLSLVSLLSVLLMGCVAETGT) were added into the N terminus to maximize the protein production as previously reported. The pCAGGS-Splasmids were transfected using polyethylenimine (PEI) and expressed in HEK293F suspension-cultured cells (Gibco, Cat#11625-019) . Cells were cultured at 37 ℃ in SMM 293-TII Expression Medium (Sino Biological, Cat# M293TII) . Cell culture supernatants were collected after a 4-day infection and filtered through 0.22 μm filters. The supernatants containing the spike protein were purified
using His-Trap HP columns (GE Healthcare) and the SuperoseTM 6 Increase 10/300 GL column (GE Healthcare) . Purified proteins were stored in protein buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, 150 mM NaCl, pH 8.0) .
Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Assay
The binding affinity between compounds and spike protein was analyzed at 25 ℃ using the BIAcore T200 (GE Healthcare) . PBS-P running buffer (Cytiva, Cat# 28995084) containing 20 mM PBS (pH 7.4) , 2.7 mM KCl, 137 mM NaCl, and 0.05%surfactant P20 was used. For chip surface preparation, the SARS-CoV-2 trimeric spike protein was exchanged for PBS buffer via gel filtration and diluted to a final concentration of 50 μg/mL in NaAc buffer (pH 4.1) before immobilization on a CM5 chip through amine coupling. The protein flew through the chip at 10 μL/min in PBS-P buffer till the response unit (RU) reached approximately 12000. Reference channel surface was treated with the same procedure but replacing the ligand with buffer. To ensure full dissolution, the supernatant was taken for gradient dilution after high-speed centrifugation (14,000 g, 15 min) of the highest concentration for each testing compound. Therefore, the actual concentrations are lower than the expected testing concentrations and the binding affinities reported in this study are underestimated. SPR measurements of a series of compound concentrations were performed at a 30 μL/min flow rate. The contact time and the dissociation time were 60 s and 90 s, respectively. DMSO solvent correction was carried out following the BIAcore T200 guide. The steady-state affinity method incorporated in the BIAEVALUATION 4.1 software was used to display binding curves and calculate equilibrium binding constants (KD) .
The structures and the binding affinities of SPC-2 analogs are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Binding affinities of SPC-2 analogs.
aUnless otherwise noted, KD values represent binding affinities against the prototypic SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
bKD values were tested against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA. 4 spike protein.
cSPC-2 (i.e., 3- ( ( (2-methylthiazol-4-yl) methyl) thio) -1- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) propan-1-one) is commercially available and the binding affinity there is disclosed in the co-pending application entitled “SMALL-MOLECULE MODULATION OF SPIKE PROTEIN” filed on the same day.
e n.d. means “not determined” .
As shown in Table 1, Compound 1 exhibited a KD value of 9.5 μM. Similar binding affinity was observed when the nitro group was substituted with a bromo group (Compound 2, KD = 8.2 μM) or a methoxy group (Compound 4, KD = 4.8 μM) . In contrast, the trifluoromethoxy substitution exhibited a decreased binding affinity (Compound 5, KD = 21.8 μM) . Moreover, increasing the fatty chain length in Compound 1 resulted in noticeably decreased binding affinities (Compound 6, KD = 70.9 μM; Compound 7, KD = 34.2 μM; Compound 8, KD =25.8 μM) . The increased flexibility of the aliphatic chain is likely associated with the increased entropy cost and reduces the binding affinity. Notably, several compounds (Compound 1, Compound 2, and Compound 4) obtained better binding affinity in the SPR assay than the reference compounds reported in previous studies (LA, 34.2 μM; OA, 28.5 μM; ATRA, 15.7 μM) . To investigate the contribution of the carboxylic acid group for binding, we also tested the binding affinity of the ester analog of Compound 2 (Compound 3, KD = 6.9 μM) , which showed comparable binding affinity to Compound 2 (KD = 8.2 μM) .
Given that the Omicron lineages BA. 2, BA. 4, and BA. 5 have high mutation frequencies at residue R408 in the binding pocket, the binding affinities of several representative compounds against the spike protein of Omicron BA. 4 (one of the VOCs that are currently in circulation) were measured. Compound 1, Compound 2, and Compound 3 exhibited similar binding affinities against the prototypic and Omicron BA. 4 spike proteins (Table 1) . Since only the R408S mutation exists in the FFA-binding pocket for Omicron BA. 4 compared with the prototypic spike, it suggested that the R408S mutation has no impact on the binding affinities of the compounds disclosed herein.
Analysis of the FFA-Binding Pocket
The mutation frequencies of residues in the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein obtained from the GISAID database (https: //www. gisaid. org/) were also analyzed. Consistent with a previous report, the inventors of the instant invention found that residues in the FFA-binding pocket are evolutionarily conserved in contrast to the residues in the RBD-hACE2 interface. Therefore, small molecular modulators disclosed herein which are bound with the FFA-binding pocket are probably invulnerable to spike mutations.
Cryo-EM Model
Cryo-EM studies have been used to determine or verify the docking poses.
Cryo-EM grid preparation and data acquisition. For the spike+Compound 1 system, a total of 10 μL purified spike protein at the concentration of 3.42 mg/mL was incubated with 2.42 μL Compound 1 at the concentration of 1 mM/mL at a 1: 10 molar ratio on ice for 40 min for the next step of cryo-EM grid preparation. After centrifugation (13,500 g, 4 ℃ for 5 min) , 10 μL
supernatant was diluted into 1.53 mg/mL and applied for the next step of cryo-EM grid preparation. For the apo spike system, a total of 5 μL purified spike protein at the concentration of 3.42 mg/mL was diluted into 1.71 mg/mL and applied for cryo-EM grid preparation. An aliquot of 4 μL protein sample of spike and Compound 1 complex was applied onto a glow-discharged 400 mesh grid (Quantifoil Au R1.2/1.3) supported with a thin layer of GO (Graphene Oxide) , blotted with filter paper for 2.0 s and plunge-frozen in liquid ethane using a Thermo Fisher Vitrobot Mark IV. Cryo-EM micrographs were collected on a 300 kV Thermo Fisher Krios G4 electron microscope equipped with a Falcon 4 direct detection camera. The micrographs were collected at a calibrated magnification of x96,000, yielding a pixel size ofat a counting mode. In total, 3, 476 micrographs were collected at an accumulated electron dose ofon each micrograph that was fractionated into a stack of 32 frames with a defocus range of -1.0 μm to -2.0 μm.
EM data processing. Beam-induced motion correction was performed on the stack of frames using MotionCorr2. The contrast transfer function (CTF) parameters were determined by CTFFIND4. For the spike+Compound 1 complex, a total of 4, 841 good micrographs were selected for further data processing using cryoSPARC. Particles were auto-picked by the Auto-picking program in cryoSPARC, followed by three rounds of reference-free 2D classifications. Next, 140, 188 particles were selected from good 2D classes and were subjected to a round of 3D classification using a reconstruction of the spike protein as a starting model. Two converged 3D classes were selected for a final round of 3D refinement. In one class, all three RBDs of spike protein show down conformation. 59, 187 particles were included in this class, yielding a final reconstruction at a global resolution ofbased on the gold-standard Fourier shell correlation criterion at FSC=0.143. Some additional density other than the main chain can be observed in the FFA-binding pocket. During model building, those additional density had been identified as the corresponding density of Compound 1. The local resolution was then calculated on the final density map. In another class, one RBD of spike protein shows an up conformation, and the other two RBDs show down conformations. 65, 052 particles were included in this class, yielding a final reconstruction at a global resolution ofbased on the gold-standard Fourier shell correlation criterion at FSC=0.143. In this class, credible additional density around the FFA-binding pocket of molecule cannot be observed. The local resolution was then calculated on the final density map.
For the apo spike protein system, a total of 3, 048 good micrographs were selected for further data processing using cryoSPARC. Particles were auto-picked by the Auto-picking program in cryoSPARC, followed by 2 rounds of reference-free 2D classifications. Next, 68, 452 particles were selected from good 2D classes and were subjected to two rounds of 3D classification using a reconstruction of the spike protein as a starting model. One converged 3D class was selected for a final round of 3D refinement. In this class, one RBD shows up conformation, the other two RBDs show down conformations. 34, 118 particles were included in this class, yielding a final reconstruction at a global resolution ofbased on the gold-standard Fourier shell correlation criterion at FSC=0.143. No additional density other than the main chain can be observed in the apo spike protein system. The local resolution was then calculated on the final density map.
Model building and refinement. The model of spike+Compound 1 complex and apo spike was built by fitting the model of the structure of apo spike (predicted by AlphaFold2) into the density map using UCSF Chimera followed by a manual model building in COOT and a real
space refinement in PHENIX. The model statistics are listed in Table 2.
Table 2. Cryo-EM data collection, refinement and validation statistics.
Structure Determination. To explore the binding mode of Compound 1 against spike protein, we prepared cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) grids by incubating the purified SARS-CoV-2 spike protein with Compound 1 (at a 1: 10 molar ratio) or without Compound 1 as a vehicle control on ice for 40 min. For the spike+Compound 1 system, about 48%of the particles were in the closed state (three RBD "down" ) , and the other 52%of the particles were in the open state with one RBD "up" (Figure 1A) . On the contrary, for the apo spike system, almost all
the particles were in the open state with one RBD "up" , which is consistent with several previously described cryo-EM structures. This observation indicates that the presence of Compound 1 influences the conformation of RBDs. The cryo-EM structure of the closed state spike+Compound 1 was resolved to a resolution ofwith C3 symmetry imposed. Intriguingly, additional densities located on the three FFA-binding pockets are evident in the closed state spike+Compound 1 map, but not the open state spike+Compound 1 map and the apo spike map. Compound 1 could be well fitted to the densities, with the 6-nitroindoline moiety positioned deeply in the highly hydrophobic environment and the carboxylic group located close to the interface of RBDs (Figure 1B) . Hydrophobic interactions dominate the binding interactions, and π-π stacking interaction could be observed between the nitro group of Compound 1 and the aromatic ring of residue F338. Upon Compound 1 binding, each RBD in the trimer moves toward its neighboring RBD and results in a more compact RBD trimer architecture compared to the closed state apo spike (Figure 1C) , which is consistent with the previously published locked structure of the LA bound spike. The overall binding site residues of the Compound 1 bound spike (withinof Compound 1) adopt similar conformations to those of the spike bound with LA, OA, and ATRA (Figure 1D) , with root-mean-square deviations (RMSDs) ofandrespectively. Due to the bulkier 6-nitroindoline moiety of Compound 1, residues move toward to accommodate it, resulting in a relatively larger volume of the binding pocket nearby the 6-nitroindoline moiety (calculated by POVME 3.0) compared to the binding pockets of LA bound spikeOA bound spikeand ATRA bound spikeSince the FFA-binding pocket bound with Compound 1 is slightly enlarged than the other compound-bound structures, this pocket may be more flexible for binding diverse chemical scaffolds.
Interestingly, the carboxyl group of Compound 1 does not form direct salt-bridge interaction with R408 residue at the adjacent RBD due to the length restriction of its aliphatic chain, which is different from the binding mode of LA, OA, and ATRA. This binding mode indicates that the deeply buried 6-nitroindoline moiety dominates the ligand binding, and the carboxylic acid group is not essential for binding. This observation is consistent with the results that the ester substitute of the carboxylic acid group (ester-Compound 2) still maintains the binding and that the R408S mutation in Omicron BA. 4 showed no effect on the binding of our compounds.
In conclusion, the compounds of the instant invention can stabilize the closed hACE2-inaccessible conformation of the spike by being deeply buried into the hydrophobic FFA-binding pocket. Furthermore, the compounds disclosed herein do not prefer binding the prototypic spike and an Omicron BA. 4 variant (i.e., bind prototypic spike and an Omicron BA. 4 variant with similar binding affinities) , highlighting the potential of the FFA-binding pocket for developing broad-spectrum small-molecule modulators to interfere with virus entry.
The disclosures of all publications, patents, patent applications, and published patent applications referred to herein by an identifying citation are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it is apparent to those skilled in the art that certain minor changes and modifications will be practiced. Therefore, the description and examples should not be construed as limiting the scope of the invention.
Claims (30)
- A compound of formula (I)
or a stereoisomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,whereinR1 is Ra-O-C (=O) - [CRcRd] n-, N (RcRd) -C (=O) -N (Ra) -, Ra-S (O) 2-, Ra-O-or tetrazolyl;Z is a single bond, CH2, C3-8cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene;X is a single bond, CRcRd, S, O, NRe, C (=O) , C (=O) -O-, C3-8cycloalkylene, phenylene or heteroarylene;Y is a single bond, CRcRd, S, O, NRe, C3-8cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene, provided that X and Y are not both heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen;whereinn is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;Ra is H or C1-6alkyl, haloC1-6alkyl, or hydroxyC1-6alkyl;Rc and Rd are each independently H or C1-6alkyl;Re is H or C1-6alkyl;m is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 with one or two pair of -CH2-CH2-in the moiety – [CH2] m is optionaly replaced by CRc=CRd or C≡C;W is a single bond, C3-8cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene; provided that if Z is a single bond, then W is C3-8cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene; or if W is a single bond, then Z is CH2, C3-8cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene;R2 is -NO2, cyano, halogen, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, haloC1-6alkoxy, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl, each of said heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, or haloC1-6alkoxy;R3 and R4 are each independently halogen, C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, C3-8cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl, each of said C3-8cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, or haloC1- 6alkoxy, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, or C3-8cycloalkyl; alternatively, two R3, attached to the same carbon atom, form a spiro 3 to 8-membered ring and/or two R4, attached to the same carbon atom, form a spiro 3 to 8-membered ring; and/or alternatively, two R3, attached to two adjacent atoms, form a fused 3 to 8-membered ring and/or two R4, attached to two adjacent atoms, form a fused 3 to 8-membered ring;p is an integer of 0, 1 or 2; andq is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. - A compound of formula (II)
or a stereoisomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,whereinR1 is Ra-O-C (=O) - [CRcRd] n-;X is CRcRd, S, O, NRe, phenylene or heteroarylene;Y is CRcRd, S, O or NRe, provided that X and Y are not both heteroatom selected from oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen;whereinn is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;Ra is H or C1-6alkyl, haloC1-6alkyl, or hydroxyC1-6alkyl;Rc and Rd are each independently H or C1-6alkyl;Re is H or C1-6alkyl;m is an integer of 0, 1, 2 or 3;R2 is -NO2, halogen, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, haloC1-6alkoxy, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl, each of said heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, or haloC1-6alkoxy;R3 and R4 are each independently C1-6alkyl, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, C3-8cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl, each of said C3-8cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, or haloC1- 6alkoxy, C2-6alkenyl, C2-6alkynyl, or C3-8cycloalkyl;p is an integer of 0, 1 or 2; andq is an integer of 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4. - The compound according to claim 1, which is a compound of formula (I-1)
or a stereoisomer thereof, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof,whereinR1 is Ra-O-C (=O) - [CRcRd] n-;X is CRcRd, S, O, NRe, phenylene or heteroarylene;whereinn is an integer of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;Ra is H or C1-6alkyl, haloC1-6alkyl, or hydroxyC1-6alkyl;Rc and Rd are each independently H or C1-6alkyl;Re is H or C1-6alkyl;R2 is -NO2, halogen, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, haloC1-6alkoxy, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl, each of said heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or phenyl is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, C1-6alkyl, C1-6alkoxy, haloC1-6alkyl, or haloC1-6alkoxy. - The compound according to claim 1, whereinR1 is N (RcRd) -C (=O) -N (Ra) -, Z is phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene, and W is a single bond; orR1 is N (RcRd) -C (=O) -N (Ra) -, Z is phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene, X is C (=O) or C (=O) -O-, and W is a single bond; orR1 is N (RcRd) -C (=O) -N (Ra) -, Z is phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene, X is C (=O) or C (=O) -O-, Y is phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene, and W is a single bond; orR1 is N (RcRd) -C (=O) -N (Ra) -, Z is phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene, X is C (=O) or C (=O) -O-, Y is a single bond or CRcRd, and W is a single bond.
- The compound according to claim 1, whereinR1 is Ra-O-C (=O) - [CRcRd] n-or tetrazolyl, and Z is C3-8cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene, and W is a single bond; orR1 is Ra-O-C (=O) - [CRcRd] n-or tetrazolyl, Z is C3-8cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene, X is a single bond, CRcRd, S, O, NRe, C (=O) , or C (=O) -O-, Y is a single bond, CRcRd, S, O, or NRe, and W is a singble bond; orR1 is Ra-O-C (=O) - [CRcRd] n-or tetrazolyl, Z is C3-8cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene, X is a single bond or CRcRd, Y is a single bond or CRcRd, and W is a singble bond.
- The compound according to claim 1, whereinR1 is Ra-O-C (=O) - [CRcRd] n-or tetrazolyl, Z is a singble bond, X is a single bond, CRcRd, S, O, NRe, C (=O) , or C (=O) -O-, Y is a single bond, CRcRd, S, O, or NRe, and W is C3- 8cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene; orR1 is Ra-O-C (=O) - [CRcRd] n-or tetrazolyl, Z is a singble bond, X is a single bond or CRcRd, Y is a single bond or CRcRd, and W is C3-8cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene.
- The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein Ra is H or C1-6alkyl.
- The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein Rc and Rd are hydrogen and m is 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5.
- The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein R1 is NH2-C (=O) -NH-, C1-6alkyl-S (O) 2-, hydroxy, C1-6alkoxy or tetrazolyl.
- The compound according to any one of claims 1, and 4 to 9, wherein Z is CH2, C3- 8cycloalkylene, phenylene, heteroarylene or heterocyclylene; or Z is CH2, pyrrolidinylene, phenylene, or thiophenylene.
- The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein X is CRcRd, wherein Rc and Rd are each independently H or C1-6alkyl.
- The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein X is O, S or NH.
- The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein X is phenylene or heteroarylene.
- The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein X is CH2, S, phenylene, C (=O) , or
- The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein Y is CRcRd or heteroarylene.
- The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 23, wherein Y is O, S or NH, provided that X and Y are not both heteroatoms selected from any one of oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen.
- The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein m is an integer of 0 or 1.
- The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein W is phenylene or heterocyclylene.
- The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein X is CH2, Y is CH2, and m is an integer of 1 or 2 or 3; or X is S, O or NH, Y is CH2, and m is an integer of 1 or 2 or 3; or X is phenylene or heteroarylene, Y is CH2, O or S, and m is an integer of 0, 1 or 2 or 3.
- The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein R2 is -NO2, F, Cl, Br, -OMe, -OCF3, oxazol-2-yl, isopropyl, or pyrrolidin-1-yl, wherein said oxazol-2-yl or pyrrolidin-1-yl is unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, C1-6alkyl, haloC1-6alkyl, or hydroxyC1-6alkyl.
- The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein R3 and R4 are each independently halogen or C1-6alkyl.
- The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein two R4, attached to the same carbon atom, form a spiro 3 to 8-membered cycloalkyl ring.
- The compound according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the compound is selected from any one of the following:7- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 1) ;7- (6-bromoindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 2) ;methyl 7- (6-bromoindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (Compound 3) ;7- (6-methoxyindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 4) ;7-oxo-7- (6- (trifluoromethoxy) indolin-1-yl) heptanoic acid (Compound 5) ;9- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -9-oxononanoic acid (Compound 6) ;10- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -10-oxodecanoic acid (Compound 7) ;11- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -11-oxoundecanoic acid (Compound 8) ;7- (6- (oxazol-2-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 9) ;methyl 7- (6- (oxazol-2-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (Compound 9a) ;7- (6-isopropylindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 10) ;methyl 7- (6-isopropylindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (Compound 10a) ;7-oxo-7- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) heptanoic acid (Compound 11) ;methyl 7-oxo-7- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) heptanoate (Compound 11a) ;7- (3-methyl-6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 12) ;methyl 7- (3-methyl-6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (Compound 12a) ;3- (3- (2- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -2-oxoethoxy) phenyl) propanoic acid (Compound 13) ;methyl 3- (3- (2- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -2-oxoethoxy) phenyl) propanoate (Compound 13a) ;methyl 3- (5- (3- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -3-oxopropyl) thiophen-2-yl) propanoate (Compound 14) ;3- (5- (3- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -3-oxopropyl) thiophen-2-yl) propanoic acid (Compound 14a) ;3- (4- ( (6-nitroindoline-1-carbonyl) oxy) phenyl) propanoic acid (Compound 15) ;1- (1- (6- (2- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -2-oxoethyl) benzofuran-2-carbonyl) pyrrolidin-3-yl) urea (Compound 16) ;1- (4- (7- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoyl) phenyl) urea (Compound 17) ;5- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -5-oxopentyl 4-ureidobenzoate (Compound 18) ;7- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -7-oxohept-2-yn-1-yl 4- (methylsulfonyl) thiophene-2-carboxylate (Compound 19) ;7-hydroxy-1- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) hept-5-yn-1-one (Compound 19a) ;1- (1- (5- (4- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -4-oxobutyl) thiophene-2-carbonyl) pyrrolidin-3-yl) urea (Compound 20) ;methyl 5- (4- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -4-oxobutyl) thiophene-2-carboxylate (Compound 20a) ;5- (4- (6-nitroindolin-1-yl) -4-oxobutyl) thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (Compound 20b) ;7- (6- (3, 3-difluoropyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 21) ;(E) -5-methyl-7-oxo-7- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) hept-5-enoic acid (Compound 22) ;7- (3-methyl-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 23) ;methyl 7- (3-methyl-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (Compound 23a) ;7-hydroxy-1- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) heptan-1-one (Compound 24) ;7- (6- (3, 3-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 25) ;7- (6- (3, 3-difluoropyrrolidin-1-yl) -3-methylindolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 26) ;2- ( (4-oxo-4- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) butyl) thio) acetic acid (Compound 27) ;7- (4-chloro-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 28) ;(2E, 4E) -7-oxo-7- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) hepta-2, 4-dienoic acid (Compound 29) ;(3E, 5E) -7-oxo-7- (6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) hepta-3, 5-dienoic acid (Compound 30) ;7- (4-fluoro-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 31) ;methyl 7- (4-fluoro-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (Compound 32) ;7- (3, 3-dimethyl-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoic acid (Compound 33) ;methyl 7- (3, 3-dimethyl-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -7-oxoheptanoate (Compound 34) ;5- (3- (3-methyl-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -3-oxopropyl) thiophene-2-carboxylic acid (Compound 35) ;7-oxo-7- (6'- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) spiro [cyclopropane-1, 3'-indolin] -1'-yl) heptanoic acid (Compound 36);methyl 7-oxo-7- (6'- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) spiro [cyclopropane-1, 3'-indolin] -1'-yl) heptanoate (Compound 37) ;3- (3- (4-chloro-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indoline-1-carbonyl) phenyl) propanoic acid (Compound 38) ;3- (1- (4-chloro-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indoline-1-carbonyl) pyrrolidin-3-yl) propanoic acid (Compound 39) ;3- (1- (4-chloro-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indoline-1-carbonyl) piperidin-3-yl) propanoic acid (Compound 40) ;1- (3-methyl-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -6- (2H-tetrazol-5-yl) hexan-1-one (Compound 41) ;3- (3- (4-chloro-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -3-oxopropyl) cyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid (Compound 42) ; ormethyl 3- (3- (4-chloro-6- (pyrrolidin-1-yl) indolin-1-yl) -3-oxopropyl) cyclobutane-1-carboxylate (Compound 43) .
- A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of any one of claims 1 to 23 or a stereoisomer thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, optionally together with a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
- A method of modulating a betacoronavirus spike protein comprising administering the compound of any one of claims 1 to 23 or a stereoisomer thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject in need thereof.
- A method for preventing, treating or ameliorating at least one symptom or indication of betacoronavirus infection comprising administering the compound of any one of claims 1 to 23 or a stereoisomer thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject in need thereof.
- A method for treating a betacoronavirus infection or another virus mediated by an ACE2 receptor comprising administering the compound of any one of claims 1 to 23 or a stereoisomer thereof or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject in need thereof.
- The method according to any one of claims 24 to 37, wherein the betacoronavirus is a SARS virus selected from SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 or MERS-CoV; or the betacoronavirus spike protein is any one of the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2 or MERS-CoV or an Omicron variant selected from B. 1.1.529, BA. 1, BA. 1.1., BA. 2, BA. 3, BA. 4, BA. 5, BA. 6 and BA.7.
- The method according to any claim 24, wherein the modulation of a betacoronavirus spike protein is achieved by targeting the conserved FFA binding pocket of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
- The method according to any of claim 25, wherein the at least one symptom or indication is selected from the group consisting of inflammation in the lung, alveolar damage, viral load, fever, cough, shortness of breath, pneumonia, diarrhea, and organ failure.
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| WANG QING, MENG FANHAO; XIE YUTING; WANG WEI; MENG YUMIN; LI LINJIE; LIU TAO; QI JIANXUN; NI XIAODAN; ZHENG SANDUO; HUANG JIANHUI;: "In Silico Discovery of Small Molecule Modulators Targeting the Achilles’ Heel of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein", ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE, AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, vol. 9, no. 2, 22 February 2023 (2023-02-22), pages 252 - 265, XP093176512, ISSN: 2374-7943, DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.2c01190 * |
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