WO2024075742A1 - ポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
ポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024075742A1 WO2024075742A1 PCT/JP2023/036097 JP2023036097W WO2024075742A1 WO 2024075742 A1 WO2024075742 A1 WO 2024075742A1 JP 2023036097 W JP2023036097 W JP 2023036097W WO 2024075742 A1 WO2024075742 A1 WO 2024075742A1
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/0061—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof characterized by the use of several polymeric components
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C44/00—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
- B29C44/34—Auxiliary operations
- B29C44/3461—Making or treating expandable particles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C44/00—Shaping by internal pressure generated in the material, e.g. swelling or foaming ; Producing porous or cellular expanded plastics articles
- B29C44/34—Auxiliary operations
- B29C44/36—Feeding the material to be shaped
- B29C44/38—Feeding the material to be shaped into a closed space, i.e. to make articles of definite length
- B29C44/44—Feeding the material to be shaped into a closed space, i.e. to make articles of definite length in solid form
- B29C44/445—Feeding the material to be shaped into a closed space, i.e. to make articles of definite length in solid form in the form of expandable granules, particles or beads
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- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/04—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent
- C08J9/12—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof using blowing gases generated by a previously added blowing agent by a physical blowing agent
- C08J9/122—Hydrogen, oxygen, CO2, nitrogen or noble gases
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- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/16—Making expandable particles
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- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
- C08J9/16—Making expandable particles
- C08J9/18—Making expandable particles by impregnating polymer particles with the blowing agent
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- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
- C08L23/12—Polypropene
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- C08L23/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L23/16—Ethene-propene or ethene-propene-diene copolymers
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- C08J2203/00—Foams characterized by the expanding agent
- C08J2203/06—CO2, N2 or noble gases
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
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- C08J2205/00—Foams characterised by their properties
- C08J2205/04—Foams characterised by their properties characterised by the foam pores
- C08J2205/052—Closed cells, i.e. more than 50% of the pores are closed
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- C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
- C08J2323/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
- C08J2323/12—Polypropene
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- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
- C08J2323/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
- C08J2323/14—Copolymers of propene
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- C08J2323/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2323/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
- C08J2323/16—Ethene-propene or ethene-propene-diene copolymers
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- C08J2400/00—Characterised by the use of unspecified polymers
- C08J2400/30—Polymeric waste or recycled polymer
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2423/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2423/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
- C08J2423/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of propene
- C08J2423/12—Polypropene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2423/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2423/02—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after treatment
- C08J2423/16—Ethene-propene or ethene-propene-diene copolymers
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- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2207/00—Properties characterising the ingredient of the composition
- C08L2207/20—Recycled plastic
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/141—Feedstock
- Y02P20/143—Feedstock the feedstock being recycled material, e.g. plastics
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/62—Plastics recycling; Rubber recycling
Definitions
- the present invention relates to polypropylene resin foam particles and a method for producing the same.
- Polypropylene resin foamed bead molded bodies are lightweight and have excellent rigidity and compression properties, and are therefore used in a variety of applications, including packaging materials, containers, and shock absorbing materials.
- Polypropylene resin foamed bead molded bodies are manufactured, for example, by a method known as the in-mold molding method, in which polypropylene resin foamed beads are filled into a mold and heated with steam. In the in-mold molding method, steam is supplied into the mold to heat the foamed beads, which soften the beads and cause secondary expansion. This causes the foamed beads in the mold to fuse together, and a molded body having the desired shape corresponding to the shape of the mold cavity can be obtained.
- recycled materials such as post-consumer materials from the perspective of reducing the environmental burden.
- recycled materials containing polypropylene resin include polypropylene resin parts recovered from used home appliances and automobiles, and automobile shredder residue (hereinafter referred to as "ASR") generated during the disposal of automobiles, as described in Patent Document 1.
- the polypropylene resin composition derived from the above-mentioned recycled materials usually contains ethylene propylene rubber.
- the foamed beads produced using the polypropylene resin composition containing ethylene propylene rubber have room for improvement in moldability during molding in a mold.
- the present invention was made in consideration of this background, and aims to provide polypropylene-based resin foam particles that have good moldability in a mold even when they contain ethylene propylene-based rubber, and a method for producing the same.
- One aspect of the present invention is the polypropylene resin foam particles according to the following [1] to [6].
- a polypropylene-based resin foamed particle having a foamed layer composed of a polypropylene-based resin composition includes a polypropylene-based resin and a rubber-like body including an ethylene propylene-based rubber, the rubber-like material is dispersed in the polypropylene-based resin,
- the expanded polypropylene resin particles have a melting point Tm of 130°C or higher and 162°C or lower.
- the amount of acetone insoluble matter contained in an n-decane extract of the expanded beads is 0.02 g or more and 0.10 g or less per 1 g of the expanded beads,
- the melting point Tm of the expanded beads is 140° C. or more and 162° C. or less,
- polypropylene-based resin expanded particles according to any one of [1] to [3], wherein the polypropylene-based resin composition constituting the foamed layer contains a polypropylene-based resin derived from recycled polypropylene and an ethylene propylene-based rubber.
- the polypropylene-based resin expanded particles according to any one of [1] to [4], wherein the flexural modulus of the polypropylene-based resin composition constituting the foamed layer is 800 MPa or more and 1,300 MPa or less.
- the expanded beads have a crystal structure in which a first endothermic peak Pa having the largest peak area and a second endothermic peak Pb adjacent to the first endothermic peak Pa on the high-temperature side of the first endothermic peak Pa appear on a DSC curve obtained when the expanded beads are heated from 23° C. to 200° C.
- the foamed beads have a closed cell rate of 85% or more,
- the temperature Tb of the apex of the second endothermic peak Pb is 158° C. or higher; a difference Tb-Ta between a temperature Tb at the apex of the second endothermic peak Pb and a temperature Ta at the apex of the first endothermic peak Pa is 15°C or more and 30°C or less;
- the ratio hb/ha of the peak height hb of the second endothermic peak Pb to the peak height ha of the first endothermic peak Pa is 1.2 or more and 2.8 or less.
- the expanded polypropylene resin particles according to any one of [1] to [5].
- Another aspect of the present invention is the method for producing expanded polypropylene resin particles according to the following items [7] to [15].
- a method for producing expanded polypropylene-based resin beads by expanding polypropylene-based resin beads having a core layer to obtain expanded polypropylene-based resin beads having a foam layer comprising the steps of:
- the core layer is made of a molten mixture of a polypropylene resin composition containing an ethylene propylene rubber and having a melting point of 160° C. or more, and a polypropylene resin having a melting point of 125° C.
- the difference (Tm I - Tm B ) between the melting point (Tm I) of the polypropylene resin composition and the melting point (Tm B) of the polypropylene resin is 5°C or more and 35°C or less;
- the polypropylene resin composition has a melt mass-flow rate (MFR I) of 3 g/10 min or more when measured under conditions of a temperature of 230° C. and a load of 2.16 kg;
- the polypropylene resin has a melt mass-flow rate MFR B of 3 g/10 min or more and 10 g/10 min or less when measured under conditions of a temperature of 230° C.
- polypropylene resin foamed beads (hereinafter referred to as “foamed beads”) that have good moldability in a mold even when they contain ethylene propylene rubber, and a method for producing the same.
- FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram showing a method for calculating the heat of fusion of a high-temperature peak.
- FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram showing a method for calculating the peak height and full width at half maximum of each endothermic peak in a DSC curve.
- FIG. 3 is an electron microscope photograph showing the morphology of the polypropylene resin composition A1-1 in the example.
- FIG. 4 is an electron microscope photograph showing the morphology of the expanded beads of Examples 1-4.
- FIG. 5 is an electron microscope photograph showing the morphology of the resin particles of Examples 1-4.
- the polypropylene-based resin composition constituting the foamed layer of the foamed beads contains a polypropylene-based resin and a rubber-like body containing an ethylene propylene-based rubber. Details of the polypropylene-based resin composition constituting the foamed layer will be described later.
- the expanded beads have a melting point Tm of 130° C. or more and 162° C. or less. By setting the melting point Tm of the expanded beads within the specific range, the moldability of the expanded beads in a mold can be improved.
- the melting point Tm of the expanded beads is preferably 135°C or higher, more preferably 140°C or higher, even more preferably 143°C or higher, particularly preferably 146°C or higher, and most preferably 150°C or higher.
- the melting point Tm of the expanded beads is 160°C or less, and more preferably 158°C or less.
- the upper and lower limits of the melting point Tm of the expanded beads described above can be combined in any way.
- the preferred range of the melting point Tm of the expanded beads may be 135°C or more and 160°C or less, 140°C or more and 158°C or less, 143°C or more and 158°C or less, 146°C or more and 158°C or less, or 150°C or more and 162°C or less.
- the melting point Tm of the expanded particles is determined based on JIS K7121-1987. Specifically, a test piece made of expanded particles is first prepared, and the condition of the test piece is adjusted based on "(2) Measuring the melting temperature after a certain heat treatment" in "3. Conditioning of the test piece” in JIS K7121-1987. The heating rate and cooling rate in the condition adjustment are both 10°C/min. The condition-adjusted test piece is heated from 30°C to 230°C at a heating rate of 10°C/min to obtain a DSC curve, and the apex temperature of the melting peak that appears on the DSC curve is the melting point Tm of the expanded particles. The flow rate of nitrogen gas in the measurement environment is 30 mL per minute. If multiple melting peaks appear on the DSC curve, the apex temperature of the melting peak with the highest height based on the baseline is the melting point Tm of the expanded particles.
- the amount of acetone insoluble matter contained in the n-decane extract of the expanded beads (hereinafter, the acetone insoluble matter is referred to as "D sol -A insol in the expanded beads") is preferably 0.02 g or more and 0.10 g or less per 1 g of the expanded beads.
- the D sol -A insol in the expanded beads is mainly composed of an ethylene propylene rubber.
- the reason for this is thought to be that the expanded beads in which the amount of D sol -A insol in the expanded beads is within the specific range can suppress an excessive increase in the stress of the molded body when a high compressive strain is applied, and can reduce the change in stress associated with an increase in compressive strain.
- the n-decane extract is prepared by heating the expanded beads in n-decane at 145°C and then cooling to 23°C, as described below.
- the amount of D sol -A insol in the expanded beads is more preferably 0.03 g or more, and even more preferably 0.04 g or more, per gram of expanded beads.
- the amount of Dsol -A insol in the expanded beads is more preferably 0.09g or less, even more preferably 0.08g or less, and particularly preferably 0.07g or less per 1g of expanded beads.
- the above-mentioned upper and lower limits of the amount of D sol -A insol can be combined arbitrarily.
- the preferred range of the amount of D sol -A insol in the expanded beads may be 0.03 g to 0.09 g, 0.04 g to 0.08 g, or 0.04 g to 0.07 g per 1 g of expanded beads.
- the method for measuring the amount of D sol -A insol in the expanded beads is as follows. First, the expanded beads are heated in n-decane at 145°C, and then cooled to 23°C to prepare an n-decane extract. More specifically, the expanded beads are added to n-decane and heated to a temperature of 145°C to dissolve the n-decane solubles in the expanded beads in n-decane. This n-decane solution is cooled to 23°C, and the components insoluble in n-decane at 23°C that have precipitated in the n-decane solution are removed to obtain an n-decane extract containing n-decane solubles.
- This n-decane extract is added to acetone to precipitate the acetone insolubles in the n-decane extract (i.e., D sol -A insol in the expanded beads).
- the amount of D sol -A insol contained per gram of expanded beads can be calculated based on the mass of the precipitate obtained as described above and the mass of the expanded beads used in the measurement. A more detailed method for measuring the amount of D sol -A insol in the expanded beads will be described in the Examples.
- the difference Tm-Tc between the melting point Tm of the expanded beads and the crystallization temperature Tc of the expanded beads is preferably 38°C or less.
- the molded body immediately after the molding in the mold is easily locally shrunk, and it has been difficult to stably obtain a molded body having a desired shape.
- the difference Tm-Tc between the melting point Tm and the crystallization temperature Tc of the expanded beads is within the specific range, even if the expanded beads contain ethylene propylene rubber, the local shrinkage of the molded body after molding in the mold can be more effectively suppressed, and a molded body having a desired shape can be more easily obtained.
- the lower limit of the difference Tm-Tc in the expanded beads is usually 30°C.
- the lower limit of the difference Tm-Tc is preferably 32°C.
- the crystallization temperature Tc of the expanded beads is measured using a heat flux differential scanning calorimeter based on JIS K7121-1987. More specifically, the expanded beads are first heated from 23°C to 230°C at a heating rate of 10°C/min. Next, after maintaining the temperature at 230°C for 10 minutes, the beads are cooled from 230°C to 30°C at a cooling rate of 10°C/min to obtain a DSC curve. The apex temperature of the crystallization peak in this DSC curve is taken as the crystallization temperature Tc of the expanded beads. The flow rate of nitrogen gas in the measurement environment is 30 mL per minute. If multiple crystallization peaks appear in the DSC curve, the apex temperature of the crystallization peak with the highest peak height is taken as the crystallization temperature Tc of the expanded beads.
- the foamed layer of the foamed beads is composed of a polypropylene-based resin composition (hereinafter also referred to as "resin composition") containing a polypropylene-based resin and the rubber-like body.
- the polypropylene-based resin composition refers to a resin composition containing a polypropylene-based resin as a main component. More specifically, the mass ratio of the polypropylene-based resin in the resin composition is preferably 50 mass% or more, more preferably 60 mass% or more, even more preferably 70 mass% or more, and particularly preferably 80 mass% or more.
- the polypropylene-based resin refers to a homopolymer of a propylene monomer (i.e., a propylene homopolymer), a propylene-based copolymer containing 70% or more by mass of structural units derived from propylene, and a mixture of a propylene homopolymer and the propylene-based copolymer.
- the propylene-based copolymer may be a copolymer of propylene with ethylene and/or an ⁇ -olefin having 4 or more carbon atoms.
- the propylene-based copolymer may be a random copolymer or a block copolymer.
- the total content of structural units derived from ethylene and structural units derived from ⁇ -olefin having 4 or more carbon atoms in the propylene-based copolymer is preferably 1% by mass or more and 15% by mass or less, and more preferably 2% by mass or more and 12% by mass or less.
- polypropylene-based resins and elastomers such as ethylene-propylene-based rubber are different substances, and in this respect, polypropylene-based resins are distinguished from polypropylene-based resin compositions containing ethylene-propylene-based rubber such as impact polypropylene.
- the rubber-like body contains an ethylene propylene-based rubber.
- the ethylene propylene-based rubber means a rubber-like material composed of an ethylene propylene-based copolymer containing an ethylene component and a propylene component. That is, the ethylene propylene-based rubber may be a copolymer of ethylene and propylene (i.e., EPM).
- the ethylene propylene-based rubber may also be an ethylene propylene-based copolymer (e.g., EPDM) containing a component derived from a monomer other than ethylene and propylene, such as a diene, within a range that does not impair the above-mentioned action and effect.
- the mass ratio of the component derived from ethylene to the component derived from propylene in the ethylene propylene-based rubber is usually 30:70 to 80:20.
- the rubber-like material is dispersed in the polypropylene resin.
- the rubber-like material exists as a domain (i.e., a dispersed phase) dispersed in a matrix (i.e., a continuous phase) made of polypropylene resin. That is, the foam layer of the foamed beads has a morphology in which the polypropylene resin is the matrix and the rubber-like material is the domain.
- the rubber-like material may contain a polyethylene resin in addition to the ethylene propylene rubber. The form of the rubber-like material in the foam layer can be confirmed by observing the morphology of the cross section of the foamed beads as shown below.
- the method for observing the morphology of foamed beads is as follows. First, a sample for observation is cut out from near the center of a foamed bead. Next, this sample for observation is embedded in epoxy resin and electronically stained with ruthenium tetroxide, after which a slice is made from the sample using an ultramicrotome or the like. This slice is placed on the grid of a transmission electron microscope (for example, JEM-1040Flash manufactured by JEOL Ltd.) and observed at a specified magnification (for example, 5000x), while a cross-sectional photograph of the foamed bead (i.e., a TEM photograph) is taken. From the cross-sectional photograph, the morphology of the polypropylene resin phase and the rubber-like body phase containing ethylene propylene rubber in the foam layer is visually observed.
- a transmission electron microscope for example, JEM-1040Flash manufactured by JEOL Ltd.
- a cross-sectional photograph of the foamed bead i.e.
- the average diameter of the rubber-like body containing the ethylene propylene-based rubber dispersed in the polypropylene-based resin is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 2 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.3 ⁇ m or more and 1.5 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 1 ⁇ m or less.
- the average diameter of the rubber-like body is calculated based on the TEM photograph. Specifically, the longest diameter and the shortest diameter of 50 or more domains randomly selected from the domains (i.e., the rubber-like body phase) appearing in the TEM photograph are measured, and then the arithmetic mean of these is calculated. The arithmetic mean value of the longest diameter and the shortest diameter thus obtained is regarded as the average diameter of the rubber-like body containing the ethylene propylene-based rubber.
- the polypropylene resin composition constituting the foam layer is preferably a molten mixture of impact polypropylene and polypropylene resin, more preferably a molten mixture of impact polypropylene with a melting point of 160°C or more and polypropylene resin with a melting point of 125°C or more and less than 160°C, and even more preferably a molten mixture of impact polypropylene with a melting point of 160°C or more and polypropylene resin with a melting point of 130°C or more and less than 160°C.
- foamed beads with good moldability in the mold can be stably obtained.
- a molded body with small changes in stress due to an increase in compression strain can be more stably obtained.
- Impact polypropylene is a polypropylene resin composition in which a rubber-like body containing ethylene-propylene-based rubber is dispersed in a polypropylene resin.
- Examples of impact polypropylene include those used and commercially available polypropylene resin compositions used to form vehicle components.
- Impact polypropylene also includes multistage polymers produced by copolymerizing ethylene and propylene in the presence of a propylene polymer through multistage polymerization, and mixtures produced by melt mixing a polypropylene resin and an ethylene-propylene-based rubber.
- the polypropylene-based resin composition constituting the foam layer contains a polypropylene-based resin derived from recycled polypropylene, and it is more preferable that it contains a polypropylene-based resin derived from recycled polypropylene and an ethylene propylene-based rubber.
- the polypropylene-based resin composition containing a polypropylene-based resin derived from recycled polypropylene and an ethylene propylene-based rubber is also referred to as "resin composition A".
- recycled polypropylene examples include polypropylene resin compositions derived from pre-consumer materials and polypropylene resin compositions derived from post-consumer materials. It is also preferable that the recycled polypropylene contains ethylene propylene rubber derived from post-consumer materials.
- post-consumer materials refer to "materials discarded from households, or materials generated as products that can no longer be used for their original purpose by commercial facilities, industrial facilities, and various facilities that are end users of products," as described in JIS Q14021:2000. Post-consumer materials also include materials returned from distribution channels.
- post-consumer materials include, for example, post-consumer materials derived from automotive parts and post-consumer materials derived from home appliances.
- post-consumer materials derived from automotive parts include exterior materials such as bumpers and interior materials such as instrument panels removed from used automobiles, and ASR (i.e., automobile shredding residue) generated during the disposal of automobiles.
- resin composition A containing ethylene propylene-based rubber is recovered.
- the main component of resin composition A is preferably impact polypropylene in which a rubber-like body containing ethylene propylene-based rubber is dispersed in a polypropylene-based resin.
- the melting point of the polypropylene-based resin contained in the impact polypropylene is preferably 160°C or higher.
- the main component of resin composition A is polypropylene-based resin composition a (hereinafter referred to as "resin composition a”) derived from automotive parts. More specifically, the mass ratio of resin composition a derived from automotive parts in resin composition A is preferably 50 mass% or more, and more preferably 60 mass% or more. It is more preferable that the main component of resin composition A is polypropylene-based resin composition a1 (hereinafter referred to as "resin composition a1") recovered from ASR. More specifically, the mass ratio of resin composition a1 recovered from ASR in resin composition A is preferably 50 mass% or more, and more preferably 60 mass% or more.
- the resin composition a1 recovered from ASR contains, as a main component, a polypropylene-based resin that has been subjected to a thermal history due to molding processing for molding automotive parts.
- the resin composition a1 recovered from ASR usually contains polypropylene-based resins recovered from a large number of automotive parts and a large number of used automobiles. For these reasons, it has been conventionally considered difficult to use the resin composition a1 recovered from ASR for the production of expanded beads.
- the amount of Dsol - Ainsol in the expanded beads, the melting point Tm, and the difference Tm-Tc between the melting point Tm and the crystallization temperature Tc are each set within the above-mentioned specific ranges, so that even when the resin composition a1 recovered from ASR is used as a raw material, the in-mold moldability of the expanded beads can be improved.
- a molded body having a low rate of increase in compressive stress with an increase in compressive strain can be easily obtained.
- the main component of polypropylene-based resin composition a is polypropylene-based resin.
- the mass ratio of polypropylene-based resin in polypropylene-based resin composition a is preferably 50 mass% or more, more preferably 60 mass% or more, and even more preferably 70 mass% or more.
- ASR refers to "automobile shredding residue" as defined in Article 2-5 of the "Law Concerning Recycling of End-of-Life Automobiles” (Law No. 87 of 2002). More specifically, after removing recyclable parts such as engines and batteries from end-of-life automobiles, dismantled automobiles are shredded, metals and other useful materials are separated from the shredded material, and the remaining material after these are collected is called ASR.
- ASR usually contains polypropylene-based resins derived from automobile parts, as well as other plastics and rubbers other than polypropylene-based resins such as polystyrene (PS) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin (ABS), various metals, etc.
- PS polystyrene
- ABS acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin
- the method for recovering the resin composition a1 from the ASR is not particularly limited, and the resin composition a1 can be recovered from the ASR by appropriately combining known sort
- ASR One example of a method for obtaining ASR is a method that includes a dismantling process for removing reusable and non-reusable parts from used automobiles, an accessory separation process for removing automobile accessories from dismantled automobiles that have been through the dismantling process, and a crushing and sorting process for crushing the dismantled automobiles and/or automobile accessories that have been through the separation process, separating metals from the resulting crushed material, and recovering ASR. More specifically, ASR can be obtained by the methods described in Patent No. 6609877, Patent No. 6627142, Patent No. 6762071, etc.
- a method of carrying out the following selection steps ( ⁇ ) to ( ⁇ ) alone or in combination of two or more kinds can be adopted.
- the resin composition a1 contained in the ASR can be sorted by a method that utilizes water flow classification and sedimentation velocity as described in Japanese Patent No. 3711472, or a method that uses an apparatus equipped with a pulsating bubbling tank that intermittently discharges air bubbles and a sedimentation tank and a floating matter separation tank for separating substances lighter than water from those heavier than water as described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2004-58032. Also, as described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2008-178846 and Japanese Patent No. 6762071, these sorting processes can be performed in combination.
- the resin composition a1 contained in the ASR can be sorted by combining the wind sorting process and the wet specific gravity sorting process, separating the light and heavy substances contained in the ASR by wind force, and then immersing each of them separately in a sorting liquid for specific gravity sorting.
- the expanded beads may have a single-layer structure consisting of only a foamed layer made of the resin composition, or may have a multi-layer structure including the foamed layer and a fusion layer that is provided to enhance the fusion between the expanded beads during in-mold molding and covers the foamed layer.
- the fusion layer may be present on the entire surface of the expanded beads, or may be present on a part of the surface.
- the fusion layer may be in a foamed state or a non-foamed state, but is preferably in a substantially non-foamed state.
- non-foamed state includes a state in which the fusion layer is not foamed and does not contain bubbles, and a state in which the bubbles disappear after foaming, and means that there is almost no bubble structure in the fusion layer.
- the foamed layer covered by the fusion layer may be called the "foamed core layer”.
- the method for producing expanded beads having a fusion layer is not particularly limited, and examples include a method of foaming resin beads having a non-foamed core layer and a fusion layer covering the core layer, and a method of foaming a non-foamed core layer to obtain a foamed core layer, and then attaching a fusion layer to the surface of the foamed core layer.
- foaming resin beads having a fusion layer on the surface to obtain expanded beads it is preferable to use a method in which, when producing resin beads, a molten mixture for forming the core layer and a resin melt for forming the fusion layer are co-extruded using an extrusion device capable of co-extrusion, thereby laminating the fusion layer on the core layer.
- the proportion of the fused layer in the expanded beads is preferably approximately 0.5% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less, and more preferably 1% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less.
- Examples of the base resin constituting the fusion layer include crystalline polyolefin resins having a melting point lower than the melting point of the resin composition constituting the foamed core layer, and amorphous polyolefin resins having a softening point lower than the melting point of the resin composition constituting the foamed core layer.
- the base resin constituting the fusion layer is preferably a polypropylene resin and/or a polyethylene resin, and more preferably a polypropylene resin.
- the melting point of the crystalline polyolefin resin is preferably 100°C or higher and lower than 160°C, more preferably 110°C or higher and 158°C or lower, and even more preferably 120°C or higher and 155°C or lower.
- the difference between the melting point of the resin composition constituting the foamed core layer and the melting point of the base resin constituting the fusion layer is preferably approximately 1°C or more and 40°C or less, more preferably 2°C or more and 35°C or less, and even more preferably 5°C or more and 30°C or less.
- the moldability of the foamed beads in the mold can be improved even when the molding pressure is relatively low. Furthermore, by molding such foamed beads in the mold, a molded body having good compression properties can be more easily obtained.
- the foamed beads may also have a tubular shape with through holes that pass through the inside of the beads in the axial direction.
- the foamed beads may have a bottom surface, a top surface that is located above the bottom surface and has roughly the same shape as the bottom surface, and a side peripheral surface that connects the edge of the bottom surface to the edge of the top surface, and may also have through holes that pass through the inside of the foamed beads in the axial direction and open to the bottom surface and the top surface.
- the tubular shape includes a cylinder and a square tube. The number of through holes may be two or more.
- the average pore size of the through holes is preferably less than 1 mm, more preferably 0.95 mm or less, even more preferably 0.90 mm or less, and particularly preferably 0.85 mm or less. In this case, it is possible to easily shorten the cooling time during molding in the mold while ensuring the compression properties of the molded body. Furthermore, by using such expanded beads, a molded body with good surface properties can be easily obtained even if the curing process for the expanded beads is shortened or omitted. From the viewpoint of ease of manufacturing, the average pore size of the expanded beads is preferably approximately 0.2 mm or more, and more preferably 0.3 mm or more.
- the ratio of the average pore size of the through holes to the average outer diameter of the expanded beads is 0.4 or less, more preferably 0.3 or less, and even more preferably 0.25 or less. In this case, it is possible to easily shorten the cooling time during molding in a mold while ensuring the compression properties of the molded body. Furthermore, by using such expanded beads, a molded body with good surface properties can be easily obtained even if the curing process of the expanded beads is shortened or omitted. From the viewpoint of ease of manufacture, it is preferable that the ratio of the average pore size of the through holes to the average outer diameter of the expanded beads is 0.1 or more.
- the flexural modulus of the resin composition constituting the foamed layer of the foamed beads is preferably 800 MPa or more and 1600 MPa or less, more preferably 800 MPa or more and 1400 MPa or less, even more preferably 800 MPa or more and 1300 MPa or less, particularly preferably 800 MPa or more and 1200 MPa or less, and most preferably 900 MPa or more and 1200 MPa or less.
- the moldability of the foamed beads in the mold can be more easily improved.
- a molded body in which the compressive stress is unlikely to increase when a compressive strain is applied can be easily obtained.
- the flexural modulus of the resin composition constituting the foamed layer is obtained by measuring in accordance with JIS K7171:2008.
- the test piece used to measure the flexural modulus may be taken, for example, from a non-foamed sheet produced by heat pressing foamed particles.
- the melt mass flow rate of the resin composition constituting the foam layer measured at a temperature of 230° C. and a load of 2.16 kg, is preferably 5 g/10 min or more and 20 g/10 min or less, more preferably 8 g/10 min or more and 18 g/10 min or less, and even more preferably 10 g/10 min or more and 16 g/10 min or less.
- the moldability of the foamed beads in the mold can be more easily improved.
- foamed beads capable of producing a molded body having good compressive strength can be more easily obtained.
- the melt mass flow rate of the resin composition constituting the foam layer is a value measured using foamed beads or resin beads as a sample under the conditions of a test temperature of 230° C. and a load of 2.16 kg based on JIS K7210-1:2014.
- the foamed beads used as the sample may be previously subjected to a defoaming treatment.
- the bulk density of the expanded beads is preferably 10 kg/m 3 or more and 200 kg/m 3 or less, more preferably 12 kg/m 3 or more and 100 kg/m 3 or less, further preferably 15 kg/m 3 or more and 80 kg/m 3 or less, and particularly preferably 20 kg/m 3 or more and 70 kg/m 3 or less.
- a molded product that is lightweight and has good compressive strength can be more easily obtained.
- the method for calculating the bulk density of the expanded beads is as follows. First, the expanded beads are left to stand for 24 hours or more in an environment of 50% relative humidity, 23°C temperature, and 1 atm pressure to adjust the state of the expanded beads. The expanded beads thus obtained are filled into a measuring cylinder, and the bottom surface of the measuring cylinder is lightly tapped on the floor surface several times to stabilize the filling height of the expanded beads in the measuring cylinder. The bulk volume (unit: L) of the expanded beads is read from the graduations on the measuring cylinder. The bulk density (unit: kg/ m3 ) of the expanded beads can then be obtained by converting the value obtained by dividing the mass (unit: g) of the expanded beads in the measuring cylinder by the aforementioned bulk volume.
- the apparent density of the expanded beads is preferably 10 kg/m 3 or more and 150 kg/m 3 or less.
- the apparent density of the expanded beads is preferably 10 kg/m 3 or more, more preferably 20 kg/m 3 or more, and even more preferably 30 kg/m 3 or more, a molded article having sufficient rigidity can be more easily obtained.
- the apparent density of the expanded beads is preferably 100 kg/m 3 or less, and more preferably 80 kg/m 3 or less, a lighter molded article can be obtained.
- the upper and lower limits of the apparent density described above can be combined arbitrarily.
- the apparent density may be 20 kg/ m3 or more and 100 kg/ m3 or less, or 30 kg/ m3 or more and 80 kg/ m3 or less.
- the method for calculating the apparent density of expanded beads is as follows. First, the expanded beads are left to stand for one day in an environment of 50% relative humidity, 23°C temperature, and 1 atm pressure to adjust the state of the expanded beads. After measuring the mass (unit: g) of the expanded beads, the expanded beads are submerged in a measuring cylinder containing water at 23°C using a wire net or the like, and the volume (unit: L) of the expanded beads is calculated from the rise in the water level. The mass of the expanded beads is then divided by the volume of the expanded beads to convert the value into units, thereby calculating the apparent density (unit: kg/ m3 ) of the expanded beads.
- the average cell diameter of the expanded beads is preferably 40 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, more preferably 45 ⁇ m to 90 ⁇ m, and even more preferably 50 ⁇ m to 80 ⁇ m, in which case the moldability of the expanded beads in the mold can be further improved, and a good molded product can be more easily obtained in a wide range of molding pressures.
- the average bubble diameter of expanded beads is a value calculated by the following method. First, the expanded beads are cut into roughly two equal parts. Next, an enlarged photograph is taken so that the exposed cut surface is entirely within the field of view. On the enlarged photograph obtained, four line segments are drawn from the outermost surface of the expanded beads, passing through the center, to the outermost surface on the opposite side, with adjacent line segments making equal angles (i.e., adjacent line segments making 45° angles). The total length of the four line segments obtained in this way is divided by the total number of bubbles that intersect with the lines, and this value is the bubble diameter of each expanded bead.
- the above procedure is carried out on 10 or more randomly selected expanded beads, and the arithmetic mean of the bubble diameters obtained for each expanded bead is taken as the average bubble diameter of the expanded beads.
- the closed cell ratio of the expanded beads is preferably 80% or more, more preferably 85% or more, and even more preferably 90% or more, in which case the moldability of the expanded beads in a mold can be further improved, and a good molded product can be more easily obtained over a wide range of molding pressures.
- the closed cell ratio of the expanded beads is a value measured using an air comparison type pycnometer based on ASTM-D2856-70 procedure C.
- the method for measuring the closed cell ratio of the expanded beads is specifically as follows.
- the expanded beads having a bulk volume of about 20 cm 3 after conditioning are used as a measurement sample, and the measurement sample is submerged in a graduated cylinder containing ethanol, and the apparent volume Va of the measurement sample is measured from the rise in the liquid level.
- the true volume value Vx of the measurement sample is measured using an air comparison type pycnometer ("Beckman Model 1000 Air Comparison Pycnometer" manufactured by Tokyo Science Co., Ltd.) according to procedure C described in ASTM-D2856-70.
- the closed cell ratio (unit: %) of the measurement sample is calculated based on the following formula (1).
- Vx the true volume of the measurement sample measured by the above method, i.e., the sum of the volume of the resin constituting the expanded beads and the total volume of the air bubbles in the closed cell portion in the expanded beads (unit: cm 3 )
- Va Apparent volume of the measurement sample measured from the rise in the liquid level when the measurement sample is submerged in a graduated cylinder containing ethanol (unit: cm 3 )
- W Mass of the measurement sample (unit: g) ⁇ : density of the resin constituting the foamed beads (unit: g/cm 3 )
- the ash content of the expanded beads is preferably 0.1% by mass or more and 4% by mass or less. In this case, the amount of components derived from post-consumer materials can be increased while ensuring good moldability of the expanded beads in a mold, making it easier to utilize post-consumer materials.
- the ash content of the expanded beads is more preferably 0.2% by mass or more, and even more preferably 0.5% by mass or more.
- the ash content of the expanded beads is more preferably 3% by mass or less, and even more preferably 2% by mass or less.
- the upper and lower limits of the ash content of the expanded beads described above can be combined in any way.
- the preferred range of the ash content of the expanded beads may be 0.1% by mass or more and 3% by mass or less, 0.2% by mass or more and 3% by mass or less, or 0.5% by mass or more and 2% by mass or less.
- the ash content of the foamed beads described above can be measured in accordance with the direct incineration method (Method A) of JIS K7250-1:2006. More specifically, the ash content of the foamed beads can be calculated from the mass of the residue remaining after burning the foamed beads.
- the expanded beads preferably have a crystal structure in which a melting peak due to melting inherent to the resin component contained in the expanded beads and one or more melting peaks located on the higher temperature side than the melting peak appear in a DSC curve obtained when the expanded beads are heated from 23°C to 230°C at a heating rate of 10°C/min.
- Expanded beads having such a crystal structure have excellent moldability in a mold.
- a molded product having excellent compression properties can be more easily obtained.
- the melting peak due to melting inherent to the resin component appearing in the DSC curve is referred to as a "resin-specific peak”, and the melting peak appearing on the higher temperature side than the resin-specific peak is referred to as a "high-temperature peak”.
- the resin-specific peak appears due to melting of crystals that the resin component contained in the expanded beads usually has.
- the high-temperature peak is presumed to appear due to melting of secondary crystals formed in the resin component during the manufacturing process of the expanded beads. That is, when a high-temperature peak appears in a DSC curve, it is presumed that secondary crystals are formed in the resin component.
- Whether or not the expanded particles have the above-mentioned crystalline structure can be determined based on the DSC curve obtained by performing differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) under the above-mentioned conditions in accordance with JIS K7122-1987.
- the flow rate of nitrogen gas in the measurement environment should be 30 mL per minute.
- 1 to 3 mg of expanded particles should be used as the sample.
- the DSC curve obtained when heating from 23°C to 230°C at a heating rate of 10°C/min (i.e., the first heating) as described above shows both a resin-specific peak of the resin component contained in the expanded beads and a high-temperature peak.
- the DSC curve obtained when the first heating is followed by cooling from 230°C to 23°C at a cooling rate of 10°C/min and then heating again from 23°C to 230°C at a heating rate of 10°C/min (i.e., the second heating) shows only the resin-specific peak of the resin component contained in the expanded beads. Therefore, by comparing the DSC curve obtained during the first heating with the DSC curve obtained during the second heating, it is possible to distinguish between the resin-specific peak and the high-temperature peak.
- the apex temperature of the high-temperature peak of the expanded beads is preferably 155°C or higher and 170°C or lower, and more preferably 160°C or higher and 170°C or lower.
- the heat of fusion of the high-temperature peak is preferably 10 J/g or higher and 45 J/g or lower, more preferably 12 J/g or higher and 35 J/g or lower, and even more preferably 15 J/g or higher and 32 J/g or lower.
- the total heat of fusion of the expanded beads is preferably 60 J/g or more and 100 J/g or less, more preferably 65 J/g or more and 90 J/g or less, and even more preferably 70 J/g or more and 85 J/g or less.
- the moldability of the expanded beads in a mold can be more easily improved.
- a molded product having excellent compression properties can be more easily obtained.
- the above-mentioned high-temperature peak apex temperature, high-temperature peak heat of fusion, and total heat of fusion are values that can be determined as follows.
- a DSC curve is obtained by performing differential scanning calorimetry under conditions of heating from 23°C to 230°C at a heating rate of 10°C/min.
- Figure 1 shows an example of a DSC curve.
- the DSC curve will show a resin-specific peak ⁇ H1 and a high-temperature peak ⁇ H2 whose apex is on the higher temperature side than the apex of the resin-specific peak ⁇ H1.
- the temperature corresponding to the apex of this high-temperature peak ⁇ H2 is defined as the apex temperature of the high-temperature peak.
- a straight line L1 is drawn connecting point ⁇ on the DSC curve, which corresponds to 80°C, and point ⁇ , which corresponds to the end temperature T of melting of the expanded beads.
- the end temperature T of melting is the high-temperature end point of the high-temperature peak ⁇ H2, i.e., the intersection point of the high-temperature peak ⁇ H2 and the baseline on the higher temperature side of the high-temperature peak ⁇ H2 on the DSC curve.
- a line L2 is drawn that passes through the maximum point ⁇ that exists between the resin-specific peak ⁇ H1 and the high-temperature peak ⁇ H2 and is parallel to the vertical axis of the graph.
- This line L2 divides the resin-specific peak ⁇ H1 and the high-temperature peak ⁇ H2.
- the heat of fusion of the high-temperature peak ⁇ H2 can be calculated based on the area of the part of the DSC curve that constitutes the high-temperature peak ⁇ H2 and the part surrounded by the lines L1 and L2.
- the total heat of fusion of the expanded beads can be calculated based on the area of the part of the DSC curve that constitutes the resin-specific peak ⁇ H1, the part of the high-temperature peak ⁇ H2, and the part surrounded by the line L1.
- the total heat of fusion of the expanded beads is the sum of the heat of fusion of the resin-specific peak ⁇ H1 and the heat of fusion of the high-temperature peak ⁇ H2.
- the expanded beads have a crystal structure in which a first endothermic peak Pa having the largest peak area and a second endothermic peak Pb adjacent to the first endothermic peak Pa on the high-temperature side of the first endothermic peak Pa appear on a DSC curve obtained when the expanded beads are heated from 23° C. to 200° C. at a heating rate of 10° C./min,
- the temperature Tb of the apex of the second endothermic peak Pb is 158° C.
- a difference Tb-Ta between a temperature Tb at the apex of the second endothermic peak Pb and a temperature Ta at the apex of the first endothermic peak Pa is 15°C or more and 30°C or less; It is preferable that the ratio hb/ha of the peak height hb of the second endothermic peak Pb to the peak height ha of the first endothermic peak Pa is 1.2 or more and 2.8 or less.
- Expanded beads with such DSC characteristics have good moldability in the mold and an excellent balance of rigidity against molding pressure.
- the reasons for this are, for example, as follows.
- Expanded beads having a peak temperature Tb of the second endothermic peak Pb within the above-mentioned specific range have excellent heat resistance, and therefore damage to the bubbles of the expanded beads during molding heating is suppressed. Furthermore, by molding such expanded beads in a mold, the heat resistance of the molded product can be further improved. From the viewpoint of further enhancing these effects, it is preferable that the peak temperature Tb of the second endothermic peak Pb is 160°C or higher, and more preferably 162°C or higher. From the viewpoint of further improving the moldability of the expanded beads in a mold, it is preferable that the peak temperature Tb of the second endothermic peak Pb is 175°C or lower.
- a method for controlling the temperature Tb of the apex of the second endothermic peak Pb within the specific range can be, for example, a method of using a polypropylene-based resin with a relatively high melting point as a raw material.
- a polypropylene-based resin composition containing the ethylene propylene-based rubber and having a relatively high melting point into the resin composition constituting the foam layer, the temperature Tb of the apex of the second endothermic peak Pb can be more easily controlled within the specific range.
- expanded beads made of a polypropylene-based resin composition containing the ethylene propylene-based rubber tend to have poor moldability in a mold because the temperature Tb at the peak of the second endothermic peak Pb is high and the difference in peak temperatures Tb-Ta is easily small.
- the moldability of the expanded beads can be improved by setting the difference Tb-Ta between the temperature Tb at the peak of the second endothermic peak Pb and the temperature Ta at the peak of the first endothermic peak Pa within the specific range.
- the reason for this is thought to be that, for example, by setting the peak temperature difference Tb-Ta within the above-mentioned specific range, even when in-mold molding is performed at a relatively low molding pressure, it is possible to maintain the relatively difficult-to-melt crystals present in the foamed beads (i.e., the crystals that produce the second endothermic peak Pb when melted) while sufficiently melting the relatively easy-to-melt crystals (i.e., the crystals that produce the first endothermic peak Pa when melted) during in-mold molding, thereby softening the foamed beads appropriately.
- the relatively difficult-to-melt crystals present in the foamed beads i.e., the crystals that produce the second endothermic peak Pb when melted
- the relatively easy-to-melt crystals i.e., the crystals that produce the first endothermic peak Pa when melted
- the peak temperature difference Tb-Ta is preferably 18°C or more, and more preferably 20°C or more.
- the peak temperature difference Tb-Ta is preferably 28°C or less, and more preferably 26°C or less.
- the upper and lower limits of the apex temperature difference Tb-Ta described above can be combined in any way.
- the apex temperature difference Tb-Ta may be 18°C or more and 28°C or less, or 20°C or more and 26°C or less.
- One example of a method for controlling the peak temperature difference Tb-Ta within the specific range is to use a molten mixture of a polypropylene resin composition containing the ethylene propylene rubber, which has a relatively high melting point, and a propylene random copolymer, which has a relatively low melting point, as the resin composition that constitutes the foamed layer.
- the expanded beads have DSC characteristics in which the peak height ratio hb/ha falls within the above-mentioned specific range, and therefore have a good balance of rigidity against molding pressure, even when they contain ethylene propylene-based rubber.
- the peak height ratio hb/ha of the expanded beads falls within the above-mentioned specific range, and therefore the balance of rigidity against molding pressure is improved, but the following reasons are considered, for example.
- the peak height ratio hb/ha is thought to be related to the state and amount of highly rigid crystals with a uniform crystal structure (i.e., crystals that produce the second endothermic peak Pb when melted), and a high peak height ratio hb/ha is thought to indicate that the aforementioned highly rigid crystals exist in a state with few structural defects. In addition, such highly rigid crystals are thought to affect the thermal processability of the expanded beads.
- the peak height ratio hb/ha it is possible to achieve an appropriate balance between the amount of highly rigid, relatively hard-to-melt crystals present in the expanded beads and the amount of relatively easy-to-melt crystals, and it is also possible to make the distribution of melting temperatures of the relatively easy-to-melt crystals appropriately broad. As a result, it is thought that the bubbles in the expanded beads are less likely to be damaged during molding in the mold.
- the peak height ratio hb/ha is preferably 1.3 or more, more preferably 1.4 or more, and even more preferably 1.5 or more. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of more improving the balance of rigidity with respect to molding pressure, the peak height ratio hb/ha is preferably 2.6 or less, and more preferably 2.4 or less.
- the upper and lower limits of the peak height ratio hb/ha described above can be combined in any way.
- the peak height ratio hb/ha may be 1.3 or more and 2.6 or less, 1.4 or more and 2.6 or less, or 1.5 or more and 2.4 or less.
- Methods for controlling the peak height ratio hb/ha within the specific range include, for example, using the molten mixture as the resin composition constituting the foamed layer, and adjusting the ratio of the amount of the polypropylene resin composition containing the ethylene propylene rubber with a relatively high melting point to the amount of the propylene random copolymer with a relatively low melting point in the molten mixture within the range described below, adjusting the flexural modulus of the random copolymer within the range described below, adjusting the retention time in the step of forming the second endothermic peak Pb during the manufacturing process of the foamed beads, and adjusting the foaming temperature during the manufacturing process of the foamed beads.
- the peak height of each endothermic peak mentioned above is the distance perpendicular to the horizontal axis between the interpolated baseline and the apex of the peak.
- the peak height of an endothermic peak is a value that can be calculated as follows.
- a DSC curve is obtained by the following method, and the first endothermic peak Pa and the second endothermic peak Pb are determined. Specifically, 1 to 3 mg of the foamed beads after conditioning is used as a sample, and a DSC curve is obtained by performing differential scanning calorimetry under conditions of heating from 23°C to 230°C at a heating rate of 10°C/min. At least two endothermic peaks appear in the DSC curve of the foamed beads.
- a straight line L1 is drawn connecting point ⁇ on the DSC curve, which corresponds to 80°C, and point ⁇ , which corresponds to the end-of-melting temperature T of the expanded beads.
- the end-of-melting temperature T is the high-temperature end point of the endothermic peak with the highest peak temperature, i.e., the intersection point of the endothermic peak with the highest peak temperature on the DSC curve and the baseline on the higher temperature side of the endothermic peak.
- draw line L2 parallel to the vertical axis of the graph through the maximum point ⁇ that exists between adjacent endothermic peaks.
- This line L2 divides the adjacent endothermic peaks into individual endothermic peaks.
- the area of the part that constitutes each endothermic peak in the DSC curve and the part surrounded by lines L1 and L2 is defined as the peak area of the endothermic peak.
- the endothermic peak with the largest peak area among the multiple endothermic peaks is defined as the first endothermic peak Pa, and the endothermic peak adjacent to the first endothermic peak Pa on the high temperature side of the first endothermic peak Pa is defined as the second endothermic peak Pb.
- a line segment parallel to the vertical axis of the graph is drawn from the apex of each endothermic peak on the DSC curve to the line L1, and the length of this line segment is taken as the peak height of each endothermic peak. That is, the peak height ha of the first endothermic peak Pa is the length of the line segment L3 drawn parallel to the vertical axis of the graph from the apex of the first endothermic peak Pa to the line L1. Also, the peak height hb of the second endothermic peak Pb is the length of the line segment L4 drawn parallel to the vertical axis of the graph from the apex of the second endothermic peak Pb to the line L1.
- the DSC curve may show only two endothermic peaks, the first endothermic peak Pa and the second endothermic peak Pb, or may show other endothermic peaks in addition to the first endothermic peak Pa and the second endothermic peak Pb.
- the first endothermic peak Pa may be, for example, the resin-specific peak described above
- the second endothermic peak Pb may be, for example, the high-temperature peak described above.
- the full width at half maximum of the first endothermic peak Pa is 15°C or more and less than 25°C.
- the balance of rigidity with respect to molding pressure is further improved, and a molded body having rigidity commensurate with the molding pressure can be more easily obtained.
- the full width at half maximum wa of the first endothermic peak Pa described above is a value that can be determined as follows. First, using the method described above, a line segment L3 is drawn parallel to the vertical axis of the graph from the apex of the first endothermic peak Pa to the line L1. Next, as shown in FIG. 2, a line L5 is drawn that passes through the midpoint of the line segment L3 and is parallel to the line L1. Then, two intersections between the line L5 and the first endothermic peak Pa are identified. At the two intersections thus obtained, the difference between the temperature corresponding to the higher-temperature intersection and the temperature corresponding to the lower-temperature intersection is determined to be the full width at half maximum wa of the first endothermic peak Pa.
- line L5 may not intersect with the part of the first endothermic peak Pa that is higher than the apex.
- the intersection point between line L5 and a line parallel to the vertical axis that passes through the melting end temperature of the first endothermic peak Pa is identified, and the difference between the temperature corresponding to this intersection point and the temperature corresponding to the intersection point on the lower temperature side is taken as the full width at half maximum wa of the first endothermic peak Pa.
- the melting end temperature of the first endothermic peak Pa when determining the full width at half maximum wa means the temperature corresponding to the intersection point between line L1 and a tangent drawn at the point where the gradient is maximum on the curve on the higher temperature side of the first endothermic peak Pa.
- the expanded beads have a crystal structure in which a first endothermic peak Pa having the largest peak area and a second endothermic peak Pb adjacent to the first endothermic peak Pa on the high-temperature side of the first endothermic peak Pa appear on a DSC curve obtained when the expanded beads are heated from 23°C to 200°C at a heating rate of 10°C/min,
- the foamed beads have a closed cell rate of 85% or more,
- the temperature Tb of the apex of the second endothermic peak Pb is 158° C.
- a difference Tb-Ta between a temperature Tb at the apex of the second endothermic peak Pb and a temperature Ta at the apex of the first endothermic peak Pa is 15°C or more and 30°C or less; It is more preferable that the ratio hb/ha of the peak height hb of the second endothermic peak Pb to the peak height ha of the first endothermic peak Pa is 1.2 or more and 2.8 or less.
- the expanded beads are heated from 23°C to 200°C at a heating rate of 10°C/min, then cooled to 23°C at a cooling rate of 10°C/min, and then heated again from 23°C to 200°C at a heating rate of 10°C/min.
- the melting end temperature in the second DSC curve obtained by this is preferably 160°C or higher.
- the melting end temperature in the second DSC curve is related to the melting point of the resin component contained in the expanded beads, and when a resin component having a high melting point is contained, the melting end temperature in the second DSC curve tends to be high. Therefore, expanded beads having a melting end temperature of 160°C or higher in the second DSC curve can more reliably improve heat resistance.
- the upper limit of the melting end temperature in the second DSC curve of the expanded beads is not particularly limited, but is generally 175°C.
- the method for measuring the end-of-melting temperature of the expanded beads is as follows. First, using a heat flux differential scanning calorimeter, the expanded beads are heated from 23°C to 200°C at a heating rate of 10°C/min. The expanded beads are then cooled from 200°C to 23°C at a cooling rate of 10°C/min. After cooling is complete, the expanded beads are heated again from 23°C to 200°C at a heating rate of 10°C/min (i.e., the second heating) to obtain a DSC curve.
- the end-of-melting temperature is determined as the high-temperature end point of the melting peak that appears on the DSC curve in the second heating, i.e., the temperature at the intersection of the melting peak and the baseline on the higher temperature side than the melting peak in the second DSC curve.
- the expanded beads can be obtained by expanding polypropylene-based resin beads having a core layer.
- the expanded beads can be produced by the following production method.
- the polypropylene resin beads having a core layer are expanded to obtain the expanded polypropylene resin beads having a foam layer.
- the core layer of the resin particles used in the manufacturing method is composed of a molten mixture of a polypropylene-based resin composition I containing an ethylene propylene-based rubber and having a melting point of 160° C. or more and a polypropylene-based resin B having a melting point of 125° C. or more and less than 160° C.
- resin particles having the core layer are prepared.
- the core layer it is preferable to use impact polypropylene containing ethylene propylene rubber and having a melting point of 160°C or more as the polypropylene resin composition I.
- the polypropylene resin composition I and the polypropylene resin B are melt-mixed to form the core layer.
- the core layer becomes the foam layer of the expanded beads after foaming. Therefore, the composition of the molten mixture constituting the core layer can be appropriately referred to the composition of the resin composition constituting the foam layer of the expanded beads described above.
- Polypropylene resin composition I As the polypropylene-based resin composition I (hereinafter also referred to as resin composition I) used in the preparation of the resin particles, for example, the resin composition A or impact polypropylene constituting the foamed layer of the foamed particles described above can be used. Therefore, for the configuration of the resin composition A or impact polypropylene used as the resin composition I, the configuration of the resin composition A or impact polypropylene used in the foamed layer described above can be appropriately referred to.
- the preferred ranges of the physical property values of resin composition I shown below such as melting point Tm I , melt mass-flow rate MFR I , flexural modulus M I , and heat of fusion H I , are the same as the preferred ranges of the corresponding physical property values of resin composition A, such as melting point Tm A , melt mass-flow rate MFR A , flexural modulus M A, and heat of fusion H A. Therefore, when resin composition A is used as resin composition I to produce polypropylene-based resin expanded beads, the preferred ranges of the corresponding physical property values of resin composition I can be adopted as the preferred ranges of the physical property values of resin composition A contained in the expanded beads.
- the preferred ranges of the physical property values of resin composition I shown below such as melting point Tm I , melt mass-flow rate MFR I , flexural modulus M I and heat of fusion H I , are the same as the preferred ranges of the corresponding physical property values in impact polypropylene. Therefore, when impact polypropylene is used as resin composition I to prepare expanded polypropylene resin beads, the preferred ranges of the corresponding physical property values in resin composition I can be adopted as the preferred ranges of the physical property values of the impact polypropylene contained in the expanded beads.
- the melting point Tm I of the resin composition I is preferably 150 ° C. or more, more preferably 160 ° C. or more, even more preferably 161 ° C. or more, and particularly preferably 162 ° C. or more.
- the compressive stress at a relatively small amount of compressive strain tends to be high.
- the change in stress associated with an increase in compressive strain can be more easily reduced.
- the melting point Tm I of the resin composition I is preferably 170 ° C. or less, more preferably 168 ° C. or less, and even more preferably 165 ° C. or less.
- the above-mentioned upper and lower limits of the melting point Tm I can be arbitrarily combined.
- the preferred range of the melting point Tm I may be 150°C or more and 170°C or less.
- the expandability of the expanded beads can be further improved.
- the preferred range of the melting point Tm I may be 160°C or more and 170°C or less, 161°C or more and 168°C or less, or 162°C or more and 165°C or less.
- the method for measuring the melting point Tm I of resin composition I is the same as the method for measuring the melting point Tm of the expanded beads described above, except that a test piece made of resin composition I is used instead of the expanded beads.
- the flexural modulus M I of the resin composition I is preferably 800 MPa or more and 1600 MPa or less, more preferably 800 MPa or more and 1400 MPa or less, even more preferably 800 MPa or more and 1300 MPa or less, particularly preferably 800 MPa or more and 1200 MPa or less, and most preferably 900 MPa or more and 1200 MPa or less.
- the flexural modulus M I can be determined based on JIS K7171:2008.
- the MFR I of the resin composition I measured under the conditions of a temperature of 230° C. and a load of 2.16 kg is preferably 3 g/10 min or more, more preferably 10 g/10 min or more, even more preferably 14 g/10 min or more, and particularly preferably 20 g/10 min or more.
- the melt mass flow rate MFR I measured under the conditions of a temperature of 230° C. and a load of 2.16 kg is preferably 40 g/10 min or less, more preferably 35 g/10 min or less, and even more preferably 30 g/10 min or less. In this case, the moldability of the expanded beads in the mold can be further improved, and the range of molding pressure at which a good molded body can be obtained can be wider.
- any combination of the upper and lower limits of the melt mass-flow rate MFR I can be used.
- the preferred range of MFR I may be 3 g/10 min or more and 40 g/10 min or less, 10 g/10 min or more and 40 g/10 min or less, 14 g/10 min or more and 35 g/10 min or less, or 20 g/10 min or more and 30 g/10 min or less.
- the MFR I of the resin composition I described above is a value measured based on JIS K7210-1:2014 under conditions of a test temperature of 230° C. and a load of 2.16 kg.
- the ash content of the resin composition I is preferably 1% by mass or more and 25% by mass or less. In this case, even if the melt mass-flow rate of the resin composition I is relatively high, the moldability of the foamed beads in the mold can be further improved, and the range of molding pressures at which a good molded product can be obtained can be wider.
- the bubble diameter of the expanded beads can be made relatively small and the bubble film can be made thin.
- such expanded beads are likely to soften when heated, but the resin is unlikely to stretch excessively. Therefore, by using resin composition I whose ash content is within the above-mentioned specific range, it is believed that shrinkage of the molded body can be easily suppressed even when molding is performed in a mold at a high molding pressure.
- the ash content of the resin composition I is preferably 2% by mass or more, and more preferably 3% by mass or more.
- polypropylene resin compositions with a relatively high ash content such as resin composition a1 derived from ASR, can be more easily blended, and the resin components derived from post-consumer materials can be more effectively utilized.
- the ash content of resin composition I is more preferably 20% by mass or less, even more preferably 15% by mass or less, even more preferably 10% by mass or less, particularly preferably 8% by mass or less, and most preferably 6% by mass or less.
- the above-mentioned upper and lower limit values of the ash content can be combined in any way.
- the preferred range of the ash content of resin composition I may be 1% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less, 2% by mass or more and 15% by mass or less, 2% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less, 3% by mass or more and 8% by mass or less, or 3% by mass or more and 6% by mass or less.
- the ash content of the resin composition I described above can be measured in accordance with the direct incineration method (Method A) of JIS K7250-1:2006. More specifically, the ash content can be calculated from the mass of the residue remaining after burning the resin composition I.
- the ash content contained in the combustion residue of the resin composition I is mainly a component derived from inorganic substances contained in the resin composition I, such as inorganic fillers.
- the resin composition I preferably exhibits a morphology in which the polypropylene resin is the matrix (i.e., the continuous phase) and the rubber-like material containing the ethylene propylene rubber is the domain (i.e., the dispersed phase). It is more preferable that the resin composition I exhibits a morphology in which the polypropylene resin is homopolypropylene as the matrix and the rubber-like material containing the ethylene propylene rubber is the domain.
- the resin composition I By including the resin composition I in the foam layer, foamed beads having good moldability in a mold can be obtained more stably. Furthermore, by using the foamed beads to perform molding in a mold, a molded article having good mechanical properties such as compressive strength can be obtained more easily. From the same viewpoint, it is more preferable that the melting point of the polypropylene resin constituting the matrix in the resin composition I is 160°C or higher.
- the domain of the rubber-like body in the resin composition I may contain a polyethylene resin in addition to the ethylene propylene rubber.
- the method for observing the morphology of the resin composition I is as follows. First, an observation sample is cut out from the resin composition I. There is no particular limitation on the method for cutting out the observation sample, but for example, when the resin composition I is in the form of a cylindrical pellet, the pellet may be cut perpendicularly to the height direction of the pellet so as to pass through the center of the pellet. In this way, an observation sample in which the cross section of the center of the pellet made of the resin composition I is exposed can be obtained. Next, the observation sample is embedded in epoxy resin and electronically stained with ruthenium tetroxide, and then a slice is made from the sample using an ultramicrotome or the like.
- the slice is placed on the grid of a transmission electron microscope (for example, JEM-1040Flash manufactured by JEOL Ltd.) and observed at a predetermined magnification (for example, 5000 times), while a cross-sectional photograph (i.e., a TEM photograph) of the resin composition A is taken. From the cross-sectional photograph, the morphology of the polypropylene resin phase and the rubber-like body phase containing the ethylene propylene rubber in the resin composition A is visually observed.
- a transmission electron microscope for example, JEM-1040Flash manufactured by JEOL Ltd.
- the average diameter of the rubber-like bodies containing the ethylene propylene-based rubber in the resin composition I is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.8 ⁇ m or more and 3 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 2 ⁇ m or less.
- the average diameter of the rubber-like bodies in the resin composition I is calculated based on the TEM photograph. Specifically, the longest diameter and the shortest diameter of 50 or more domains randomly selected from the domains (i.e., the rubber-like body phase) appearing in the TEM photograph are measured, and then the arithmetic mean of these diameters is calculated. The arithmetic mean value of the longest diameter and the shortest diameter thus obtained is regarded as the average diameter of the rubber-like bodies containing the ethylene propylene-based rubber.
- the amount of acetone insoluble matter contained in the n-decane extract of the resin composition I is preferably 0.05 g or more and 0.30 g or less, more preferably 0.06 g or more and 0.25 g or less, and even more preferably 0.08 g or more and 0.20 g or less per 1 g of the resin composition I. In this case, the expanded beads can be obtained more easily.
- the Dsol -A insol in the resin composition I is a component mainly derived from the ethylene propylene rubber.
- the method for measuring the amount of Dsol -A insol in the resin composition I is the same as the method for measuring the amount of Dsol -A insol in the expanded beads described above, except that the resin composition I is used instead of the expanded beads and the amount of Dsol -A insol per 1 g of the resin composition I is calculated.
- the resin composition I may contain resins other than polypropylene-based resins and elastomers other than ethylene propylene-based rubbers, etc., to the extent that the above-mentioned effects are not impaired.
- resins that may be contained in the resin composition I include polystyrene-based resins, polyethylene-based resins, and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resins, and examples of elastomers include ethylene butene rubber and ethylene octene rubber. These resins and elastomers may be derived from post-consumer materials.
- the resin composition I may contain inorganic substances such as talc, silica, and glass fibers, to the extent that the above-mentioned action and effect are not impaired. It is preferable that the main component of the inorganic substances contained in the resin composition I is talc. In this case, even when a resin composition I having a relatively high melting point is used, the fusibility of the expanded beads can be further improved. As a result, the moldability of the expanded beads in the mold can be further improved. The reason for this is thought to be that the average cell diameter of the expanded beads tends to become small.
- the resin composition I may contain additives such as a bubble regulator, a crystal nucleating agent, a flame retardant, a flame retardant assistant, a plasticizer, an antistatic agent, an antioxidant, an ultraviolet absorber, a light stabilizer, an antibacterial agent, and a colorant, within a range that does not impair the above-mentioned action and effect.
- the resin composition I preferably contains carbon black as a colorant.
- the content of carbon black in the resin composition A may be 0.1 mass% or more and 2 mass% or less, or 0.2 mass% or more and 1 mass% or less.
- the polypropylene resin B (hereinafter also referred to as resin B) used in the preparation of the resin particles may be a polypropylene resin that has not been subjected to a thermal history due to molding processing or the like for forming a molded product (i.e., a non-recycled polypropylene resin), or a polypropylene resin that has been subjected to a thermal history (more specifically, a recycled polypropylene resin that has been material recycled). From the viewpoint of being able to more stably improve the moldability in the mold of the foamed beads, it is preferable that resin B is a non-recycled polypropylene resin.
- the melting point Tm B of resin B is preferably 125° C. or more and less than 160° C., more preferably 130° C. or more and less than 160° C., even more preferably 135° C. or more and less than 158° C., particularly preferably 140° C. or more and less than 156° C., and most particularly preferably 142° C. or more and less than 155° C.
- the expandability during the production process of the expanded beads can be further improved, and the moldability of the expanded beads in the mold can be further improved.
- the method for measuring the melting point Tm of resin B is the same as the method for measuring the melting point Tm of expanded beads described above, except that a test piece made of resin B is used instead of expanded beads.
- a test piece made of resin B is used instead of expanded beads.
- the flexural modulus M of resin B is preferably 800 MPa or more, more preferably 850 MPa or more, and even more preferably 900 MPa or more.
- the moldability of the expanded beads in the mold can be more easily improved, and the balance of rigidity against molding pressure can be more easily improved.
- the flexural modulus M of resin B is preferably 1500 MPa or less, more preferably 1400 MPa or less, even more preferably 1350 MPa or less, and particularly preferably 1300 MPa or less.
- the preferred range of the flexural modulus M of resin B may be 800 MPa or more and 1500 MPa or less, 800 MPa or more and 1400 MPa or less, 850 MPa or more and 1350 MPa or less, 900 MPa or more and 1500 MPa or less, 900 MPa or more and 1400 MPa or less, or 900 MPa or more and 1300 MPa or less.
- the flexural modulus M of resin B can be determined based on JIS K7171: 2008.
- the multiple types of polypropylene resins are melt-mixed in the same ratio as the compounding ratio in the production process of the expanded beads, and the flexural modulus of a test piece made of the molten mixture of these polypropylene resins is defined as the flexural modulus M of resin B.
- the ash content of resin B is preferably less than 1% by mass, and more preferably 0.5% by mass or less. In this case, it is possible to improve the moldability of the expanded beads in the mold while maintaining good expandability during the manufacturing process of the expanded beads, and to broaden the range of molding pressures at which good molded bodies can be obtained.
- the ash content of resin B mentioned above can be measured in accordance with the direct incineration method (method A) of JIS K7250-1:2006. More specifically, the ash content of resin B can be calculated from the mass of the residue remaining after burning resin B.
- the melt mass-flow rate MFR B of resin B measured under conditions of a temperature of 230° C. and a load of 2.16 kg, is preferably 3 g/10 min to 10 g/10 min, more preferably 6 g/10 min to 9 g/10 min. In this case, the moldability of the expanded beads can be more stably improved.
- the melt mass-flow rate of a sample obtained by melt-mixing these polypropylene resins in the same ratio as the compounding ratio in the manufacturing process of the expanded beads is defined as the melt mass-flow rate MFR B of resin B.
- the heat of fusion H B of resin B is preferably 50 J/g or more and 100 J/g or less. In this case, the moldability in the mold of the expanded beads can be more stably improved. From the same viewpoint, the heat of fusion H B of the polypropylene-based resin B is more preferably 60 J/g or more and 98 J/g or less, and further preferably 65 J/g or more and 96 J/g or less. When two or more polypropylene-based resins are used as resin B, the heat of fusion H B of a sample obtained by melt-mixing these polypropylene-based resins in the same mass ratio as that in producing the resin beads is defined as the heat of fusion H B of resin B.
- the heat of fusion H B of resin B can be determined based on a DSC curve obtained by performing differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in accordance with JIS K 7122-1987. Specifically, first, resin B is used as a test piece, and the condition of the test piece is adjusted based on "(2) When the melting temperature is measured after a certain heat treatment" in "3. Conditioning of the test piece" in JIS K 7122-1987. The heating rate and cooling rate in the condition adjustment are both 10 ° C. / min, and the temperature range is from 23 ° C. to 230 ° C. Then, the condition-adjusted test piece is heated again from 23 ° C. to 230 ° C. at a rate of 10 ° C.
- DSC curve at the time of the second heating.
- the flow rate of nitrogen gas in the measurement environment is 30 mL per minute.
- a straight line is drawn connecting the point corresponding to 80 ° C. and the high-temperature end point of the melting peak with the highest apex temperature.
- the heat of fusion H B of resin B can be calculated based on the area of the region surrounded by the straight line thus determined and the melting peak of the DSC curve.
- Resin B is preferably a propylene-based copolymer containing 70% by mass or more of structural units derived from propylene, and more preferably a propylene-based copolymer containing 80% by mass or more of structural units derived from propylene. By using such a resin B, expanded beads with excellent moldability in a mold can be more easily obtained. Note that resin B may contain two or more types of propylene-based copolymers.
- resin B is a copolymer of propylene and ethylene and/or an ⁇ -olefin having 4 or more carbon atoms. Moreover, it is more preferable that the copolymer is a random copolymer (i.e., a propylene-based random copolymer).
- ⁇ -olefins used in the propylene-based copolymer include 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, and 4-methyl-1-butene.
- the total content of structural units derived from ethylene and structural units derived from ⁇ -olefins having 4 or more carbon atoms is preferably 1% by mass or more and 15% by mass or less, and more preferably 2% by mass or more and 12% by mass or less.
- the content of the comonomer component described above is the ratio of the mass of the comonomer component to the total mass of these polypropylene resins (i.e., the total mass of resin B).
- the content of the comonomer component is the sum of the content of structural units derived from ethylene and the content of structural units derived from ⁇ -olefins having 4 or more carbon atoms in a sample obtained by melt-mixing multiple types of polypropylene resins in the same ratio as the blending ratio in the manufacturing process of the expanded beads.
- the main component of resin B is preferably a copolymer of propylene with ethylene and/or butene, and more preferably a propylene-based copolymer b1 containing structural units derived from ethylene as a copolymerization component (i.e., ethylene component) and/or a propylene-based copolymer b2 containing structural units derived from ethylene and 1-butene as copolymerization components (i.e., ethylene component and butene component).
- a copolymerization component i.e., ethylene component
- propylene-based copolymer b2 containing structural units derived from ethylene and 1-butene as copolymerization components
- Examples of the propylene-based copolymer b1 include propylene-ethylene random copolymers.
- Examples of the propylene-based copolymer b2 include propylene-ethylene-butene random copolymers.
- the sum of the proportion of copolymer b1 and the proportion of copolymer b2 relative to the total mass of resin B contained in the expanded beads is preferably 60% by mass or more, more preferably 80% by mass or more, and even more preferably 90% by mass or more.
- the content of the ethylene component in copolymer b1 is preferably 1% by mass or more, and more preferably 2% by mass or more. In this case, the moldability of the foamed beads in the mold can be further improved when the in-mold molding is performed at a low molding pressure.
- the content of the ethylene component in copolymer b1 is preferably 6% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less, even more preferably 4% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 3% by mass or less. In this case, a molded product having good compressive strength, etc. can be more easily obtained.
- the sum of the ethylene component content and the butene component content in copolymer b2 is preferably 2 mass% or more, more preferably 4 mass% or more, and even more preferably 6 mass% or more.
- the in-mold moldability of the expanded beads can be further improved when in-mold molding is performed at a low molding pressure.
- the sum of the ethylene content and the butene content in copolymer b2 is preferably 15% by mass or less, and more preferably 12% by mass or less. In this case, a molded product having good compressive strength, etc. can be more easily obtained.
- the ratio of the butene component content to the ethylene component content in copolymer b2 is preferably 7 or more and 25 or less, more preferably 8 or more and 20 or less, and even more preferably 10 or more and 18 or less.
- the content of ethylene-derived components and butene-derived components in resin B can be determined, for example, based on IR spectrum.
- the method for measuring the content of ethylene-derived components and butene-derived components in resin B will be described in detail in the Examples.
- the resin B may contain additives such as bubble regulators, crystal nucleating agents, flame retardants, flame retardant assistants, plasticizers, antistatic agents, antioxidants, UV absorbers, light stabilizers, antibacterial agents, and colorants, to the extent that the above-mentioned effects are not impaired.
- additives such as bubble regulators, crystal nucleating agents, flame retardants, flame retardant assistants, plasticizers, antistatic agents, antioxidants, UV absorbers, light stabilizers, antibacterial agents, and colorants, to the extent that the above-mentioned effects are not impaired.
- the mass ratio of resin composition A is set to 2 mass% or more, thereby increasing the amount of resin composition A derived from recycled materials such as post-consumer materials that can be blended into the resin particles, and making more effective use of the resin components derived from recycled materials.
- the mass ratio of resin composition I to the total of resin composition I and resin B is preferably 3 mass% or more, more preferably 5 mass% or more, even more preferably 8 mass% or more, and particularly preferably 10 mass% or more.
- the rate of increase in compressive stress with increasing strain can be made lower, and the impact absorption performance of the molded body can be further improved.
- the mass ratio of resin composition I to 70 mass% or less is preferably 65 mass% or less, more preferably 60 mass% or less, even more preferably 50 mass% or less, particularly preferably 45 mass% or less, and most preferably 40 mass% or less.
- the difference Tm I -Tm B between the melting point Tm I of resin composition I and the melting point Tm B of resin B is preferably 5°C or more.
- the melting point difference Tm I -Tm B is more preferably 8°C or more, and even more preferably 10°C or more.
- the melting point difference Tm I -Tm B is preferably 35°C or less, more preferably 30°C or less, even more preferably 28°C or less, particularly preferably 25°C or less, and most preferably 20°C or less.
- the preferred range of the melting point difference Tm I -Tm B it is possible to arbitrarily combine the upper and lower limits of the melting point difference Tm I -Tm B.
- the preferred range of the melting point difference Tm I -Tm B may be 5°C or more and 35°C or less, 8°C or more and 28°C or less, 10°C or more and 30°C or less, 10°C or more and 25°C or less, or 5°C or more and 20°C or less.
- the difference MFR I -MFR B between the melt mass flow rate MFR I of resin composition I and the melt mass flow rate MFR B of resin B is preferably 5 g/10 min or more, more preferably 8 g/10 min or more, and even more preferably 12 g/10 min or more.
- the difference MFR I -MFR B in the melt mass flow rates is preferably 40 g/10 min or less, more preferably 35 g/10 min or less, even more preferably 30 g/10 min or more, and particularly preferably 25 g/10 min or less. In this case, the variation in moldability of the expanded beads in the mold can be further reduced.
- the difference in melt mass-flow rates MFR I -MFR B may be 5 g/10 min or more and 40 g/10 min or less, 5 g/10 min or more and 35 g/10 min or less, 8 g/10 min or more and 30 g/10 min or less, 12 g/10 min or more and 25 g/10 min or less, or 10 g/10 min or more and 40 g/10 min or less.
- the ratio MFR I /MFR B of the melt mass flow rate MFR I of Resin Composition I to the melt mass flow rate MFR B of Resin B is preferably 0.3 or more and 8 or less, more preferably 0.5 or more and 7.5 or less, and even more preferably 1 or more and 7 or less. In this case, the balance between the foamability and the moldability in the mold is good, and even if the apparent density is low, the moldability in the mold can be more easily improved.
- the ratio M B /M I of the flexural modulus M B of resin B to the flexural modulus M I of resin composition I is preferably 0.8 or more, more preferably 0.9 or more, even more preferably 1 or more, and particularly preferably more than 1.
- the ratio M B / M I of the flexural modulus M B of resin B to the flexural modulus M I of resin composition I is preferably 2 or less, more preferably 1.6 or less, and even more preferably 1.5 or less.
- any combination of the upper and lower limits of the ratio M B /M I can be used.
- the preferred range of the ratio M B /M I may be 0.8 or more and 2 or less, 0.9 or more and 1.6 or less, more than 1 and 2 or less, or 1 or more and 1.5 or less.
- the compressive stress at a relatively small amount of compressive strain of the obtained molded body is easily increased.
- the resin composition A tends to have a relatively low ratio of the flexural modulus M A to the melting point Tm A , and the moldability of the expanded beads in the mold tends to decrease.
- the polypropylene resin composition constituting the foam layer contains such a resin composition A and a resin B having a melting point Tm B lower than the melting point Tm A of the resin composition A and a relatively high flexural modulus, and therefore, the balance between the melting point and the flexural modulus in the foam layer is improved, and it becomes easier to stably obtain expanded beads capable of molding a molded body having excellent moldability in the mold and excellent compressive strength.
- the core layer of the resin particles in the method for producing expanded beads is made of a molten mixture of a polypropylene-based resin composition A having a melting point Tm A of 160° C. or more and a flexural modulus M A of 800 MPa or more and 1200 MPa or less, and a polypropylene-based resin B having a melting point Tm B of less than 160° C.
- the polypropylene-based resin composition A contains a polypropylene-based resin derived from post-consumer materials as recycled polypropylene and an ethylene propylene-based rubber, a ratio M B /M A of the bending modulus M B to the bending modulus M A is 1 or more;
- the resin components derived from post-consumer materials can be effectively utilized, and an expanded bead molding having good moldability in a mold and excellent compressive strength can be stably obtained.
- the heat of fusion H I of the resin composition I is 60 J/g or more and 100 J/g or less
- the heat of fusion H B of the resin B is 60 J/g or more and 100 J/g or less
- the sum H I +H B of the heat of fusion H I and the heat of fusion H B is 140 J/g or more and 175 J/g or less.
- the ratio H B /H I of the heat of fusion H B of Resin B to the heat of fusion H I of Resin Composition I is preferably 0.7 or more and 1.2 or less, more preferably 0.8 or more and 1.1 or less.
- the method for measuring the heat of fusion H I of resin composition I is the same as the method for measuring the heat of fusion H B of resin B described above, except that resin composition I is used as the test piece instead of resin B.
- the method for preparing the resin particles is not particularly limited.
- the resin composition I, the resin B, and additives used as necessary are fed to an extruder, and the resin composition I and the resin B are kneaded while being heated in the extruder to obtain a molten mixture.
- This molten mixture is extruded in the form of a strand from a small hole in a die attached to the downstream side of the extruder.
- This strand-shaped extrudate is collected and cut to the desired length to obtain resin particles consisting of a molten mixture (more specifically, a molten kneaded product) of the resin composition I and the resin B.
- the operation of producing a molten mixture of resin composition I and resin B and the operation of producing resin particles from the molten mixture may be performed in the same extruder as described above. Also, for example, the two operations described above may be performed using separate extruders, etc.
- the amount of acetone insoluble matter contained in the n-decane extract of the resin particles is preferably 0.02 g or more and 0.10 g or less per 1 g of resin particles.
- the Dsol -A insol in the resin particles is mainly composed of ethylene propylene rubber. By setting the amount of Dsol -A insol in the resin particles within the specific range, the expanded beads can be obtained more easily. From the viewpoint of further improving the impact absorption performance of the molded body, the amount of Dsol -A insol in the resin particles is more preferably 0.03 g or more, and even more preferably 0.04 g or more, per 1 g of resin particles.
- the amount of Dsol -A insol in the resin particles is more preferably 0.09 g or less, even more preferably 0.08 g or less, and particularly preferably 0.07 g or less, per 1 g of resin particles.
- the upper limit and the lower limit of the amount of Dsol -A insol in the resin particles described above can be combined arbitrarily.
- the preferred range of the amount of Dsol -A insol in the resin particles may be 0.03g or more and 0.09g or less, 0.04g or more and 0.08g or less, or 0.04g or more and 0.07g or less per 1g of resin particles.
- the method for measuring the amount of Dsol -A insol in the resin particles is the same as the method for measuring the amount of Dsol -A insol in the expanded beads described above, except that resin particles are used instead of expanded beads and the amount per 1g of resin particles is calculated.
- the melting point Tmr of the resin particles is preferably 130°C or higher and 162°C or lower.
- the melting point Tmr of the resin particles is preferably 135°C or higher, more preferably 140°C or higher, even more preferably 143°C or higher, particularly preferably 146°C or higher, and most preferably 150°C or higher.
- the melting point Tmr of the resin particles is preferably 160°C or lower, and more preferably 158°C or lower.
- the upper and lower limits of the melting point Tmr of the resin particles described above can be combined in any way.
- the preferred range of the melting point Tmr of the resin particles may be 135°C or more and 160°C or less, 140°C or more and 158°C or less, 143°C or more and 158°C or less, 146°C or more and 158°C or less, or 150°C or more and 162°C or less.
- the method for measuring the melting point Tmr of the resin particles is the same as the method for measuring the melting point Tm of the expanded particles described above, except that a test piece made of resin particles is used instead of the test piece made of expanded particles.
- the flexural modulus of the polypropylene resin composition (more specifically, the molten mixture of resin composition I and resin B) constituting the core layer of the resin particles is preferably 800 MPa or more and 1600 MPa or less, more preferably 800 MPa or more and 1400 MPa or less, even more preferably 800 MPa or more and 1300 MPa or less, particularly preferably 900 MPa or more and 1300 MPa or less, and most preferably 900 MPa or more and 1200 MPa or less.
- the moldability of the expanded beads in the mold can be further improved.
- the difference Tmr-Tcr between the melting point Tmr of the resin particles and the crystallization temperature Tcr of the resin particles is preferably 38°C or less. In this case, the expanded beads can be obtained more easily.
- the lower limit of the difference Tmr-Tcr in the resin particles is usually 30°C.
- the lower limit of the difference Tmr-Tcr is preferably 32°C.
- the method for measuring the crystallization temperature Tcr of the resin particles is the same as the method for measuring the crystallization temperature Tcr of the expanded beads described above, except that a test piece made of resin particles is used instead of a test piece made of expanded beads.
- the rubber-like bodies are preferably present as domains dispersed in a matrix made of polypropylene resin.
- the average diameter of the rubber-like bodies dispersed in the polypropylene resin in the resin particles is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 2 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 0.3 ⁇ m or more and 1.5 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 1 ⁇ m or less.
- the method of observing the morphology of the resin particles and the method of measuring the average diameter of the rubber-like bodies are the same as the method of observing the morphology of the foamed beads and the method of measuring the average diameter of the rubber-like bodies described above, except that resin particles are used instead of foamed beads.
- the expandability can be improved when producing expanded beads from resin beads, and expanded beads having excellent moldability in a mold can be stably obtained.
- the core layer of the resin beads is composed of a molten mixture of impact polypropylene as the polypropylene-based resin composition I and a propylene-based random copolymer as the polypropylene-based resin B, the difference Tm I - Tm B between the melting point Tm I of the impact polypropylene as the resin composition I and the melting point Tm B of the propylene-based random copolymer as the resin B is 5°C or more and 35°C or less;
- the melt mass-flow rate MFR I of the resin composition I is 3 g/10 min or more when measured under conditions of a temperature of 230° C.
- the melt mass-flow rate MFR B of the resin B is 3 g/10 min or more and 10 g/10 min or less when measured under conditions of a temperature of 230° C. and a load of 2.16 kg
- the ratio MFR I /MFR B of the melt mass-flow rate MFR I of the resin composition I to the melt mass-flow rate MFR B of the resin B is preferably 0.3 or more and 8 or less.
- the method for expanding the resin particles is not particularly limited, but it is preferable to expand the resin particles by a method called a "direct expansion method" in which the resin particles, which are dispersed in an aqueous medium in a container and impregnated with a blowing agent, are released from the container together with the aqueous medium into an atmosphere with a pressure lower than that inside the container.
- a direct expansion method in which the resin particles, which are dispersed in an aqueous medium in a container and impregnated with a blowing agent, are released from the container together with the aqueous medium into an atmosphere with a pressure lower than that inside the container.
- the resin particles are first placed in a container such as a pressure vessel and dispersed in an aqueous medium. At this time, if necessary, a dispersant, dispersion aid, surfactant, etc. may be added to disperse the resin particles in the aqueous medium in the container.
- inorganic fine particles such as aluminum oxide, tricalcium phosphate, magnesium pyrophosphate, zinc oxide, kaolin, mica, etc. can be used. These inorganic fine particles may be used alone, or two or more types of inorganic fine particles may be used in combination.
- aluminum sulfate, etc. can be used.
- anionic surfactants such as sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium alkane sulfonate, etc. can be used. These surfactants may be used alone, or two or more types of surfactants may be used in combination.
- a foaming agent is supplied into the container, and the pressure inside the container is increased to impregnate the resin particles with the foaming agent. This allows resin particles containing the foaming agent to be obtained. At this time, the resin particles in the container are heated together with the aqueous medium to promote the impregnation of the resin particles with the foaming agent.
- the foaming agent used in the foaming step may be, for example, an inorganic physical foaming agent such as carbon dioxide, air, nitrogen, helium, or argon; or an organic physical foaming agent such as a hydrocarbon such as propane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, isopentane, or hexane; or a halogenated hydrocarbon such as ethyl chloride, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, or trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene.
- carbon dioxide is preferably used as the foaming agent.
- the amount of foaming agent added is preferably 0.1 to 30 parts by mass, and more preferably 0.5 to 15 parts by mass, per 100 parts by mass of resin particles.
- the pressure inside the container immediately before foaming is preferably 0.5 MPa (G) or more in gauge pressure.
- the pressure inside the container is preferably 4.0 MPa (G) or less in gauge pressure. If it is within the above range, the foamed particles can be produced safely without risk of damage or explosion of the container.
- the contents of the container are released into an atmosphere with a lower pressure than the container. This causes the resin particles to foam and form a bubble structure, and the foam particles are cooled by the outside air (i.e., the atmosphere), stabilizing the bubble structure and obtaining foamed particles.
- the outside air i.e., the atmosphere
- a step of adjusting the crystal structure of the resin component contained in the resin particles may be carried out between dispersing the resin particles in the aqueous medium and expanding the resin particles.
- the method for adjusting the crystal structure of the resin component is, for example, as follows. First, a holding step is performed in which the temperature of the resin particles is held within a temperature range of (melting point of the resin composition constituting the core layer of the resin particles - 15°C) or more and (melting point of the resin composition + 15°C) or less for a sufficient period of time, preferably about 10 to 60 minutes. By foaming the resin particles that have undergone this holding step, it is possible to obtain expanded particles having a crystal structure that causes the aforementioned high-temperature peak to appear in the DSC curve. Note that the temperature inside the container during foaming is preferably (melting point of the resin composition - 5°C) or more and (melting point of the resin composition + 10°C) or less.
- the resin particles that have been subjected to the holding step may be prepared in advance, and the resin particles may be expanded to obtain expanded particles.
- the resin particles when the resin particles are expanded, the resin particles may be expanded in one stage as described above, or the resin particles may be expanded in two or more stages.
- the resin particles are expanded by a direct expansion method or the like in the first stage expansion step to obtain first stage expanded particles.
- the first stage expanded particles may be pressurized with air or the like to increase the pressure (internal pressure) in the bubbles of the first stage expanded particles, and then the first stage expanded particles may be heated with steam or the like to further expand them.
- a heating medium such as steam is supplied into the mold to perform molding within the mold, thereby obtaining a molded product.
- the density of the molded product is preferably 10 kg/ m3 or more and 200 kg/ m3 or less. In this case, the molded product has a better balance between light weight and compressive strength.
- the density of the molded body is more preferably 12 kg/m 3 or more, even more preferably 15 kg/m 3 or more, and particularly preferably 20 kg/m 3 or more. From the viewpoint of further increasing the lightness of the molded body, the density of the molded body is more preferably 100 kg/m 3 or less, even more preferably 80 kg/m 3 or less, particularly preferably 70 kg/m 3 or less, and most preferably 60 kg/m 3 or less.
- the density of the molded body is calculated by dividing the mass (unit: g) of the molded body by the volume (unit: L) obtained from the outer dimensions of the molded body and converting the unit.
- the closed cell rate of the molded body is preferably 70% or more, more preferably 75% or more, and even more preferably 80% or more.
- the closed cell ratio of the molded body is measured in accordance with ASTM2865-70 Procedure C. Specifically, a test specimen measuring 25 mm length x 25 mm width x 30 mm height is cut out from the center of the molded body, and the geometric volume Va (unit: cm 3 ) of the test specimen, that is, the product of the vertical dimension (unit: cm), horizontal dimension (unit: cm), and height dimension (unit: cm) of the test specimen is calculated. Next, in accordance with Procedure C described in ASTM-D2856-70, the true volume value Vx of the test specimen is measured using an air comparison type pycnometer (specifically, "Beckman Model 1000 Air Comparison Pycnometer" manufactured by Tokyo Science Co., Ltd.). The true volume value Vx obtained by the air comparison type pycnometer is the sum (unit: cm 3 ) of the volume of the resin constituting the measurement sample and the total volume of the air bubbles in the closed cell portion in the measurement sample.
- an air comparison type pycnometer specifically,
- the above procedure is carried out for five test specimens, and the closed cell ratio for each test specimen is calculated.
- the arithmetic mean value of the closed cell ratios for these five test specimens is then taken as the closed cell ratio for the molded body.
- the ratio of 5% compressive strength to 50% compressive strength in the molded body is preferably 0.45 or more, more preferably 0.50 or more, even more preferably 0.52 or more, and particularly preferably 0.55 or more.
- the energy absorption properties of the molded body can be evaluated based on the magnitude of compressive stress at various strain amounts. More specifically, in a stress-strain curve with the horizontal axis representing the strain amount applied to the molded body and the vertical axis representing the compressive stress corresponding to the strain amount, the closer the shape of the stress-strain curve from the start of compression to the strain amount ⁇ a is to a rectangle, the more desirable the energy absorption properties of the molded body are.
- the upper limit of the ratio of the 5% compressive strength to the 50% compressive strength in the molded body is not particularly limited as long as it is within a range in which the intended object of the present invention can be achieved, but is usually 1.0, and may be 0.8 or 0.7.
- a molded body having a compressive strength ratio within the specific range has a stress-strain curve that is closer to a rectangle, and therefore has good compressive properties and can improve energy absorption characteristics over a wide range of strain amounts.
- vehicle components include impact absorbing materials such as bumper cores, tibia pads, floor spacers, and seat core materials.
- the 5% and 50% compressive strengths of the molded body are values obtained based on the method specified in JIS K7220:2006. The method for measuring the 5% and 50% compressive strengths of the molded body is explained in more detail in the Examples.
- the resin raw material for expanded beads used in the method for producing expanded beads is It is preferable that the polypropylene resin composition contains a polypropylene resin composition a derived from an automobile part and has a melting point of 160° C. or higher.
- a resin raw material for expanded beads as polypropylene-based resin composition A in the above-mentioned production method, it becomes possible to produce expanded beads having excellent in-mold moldability, and further to effectively utilize the resin components derived from automotive parts as a resource.
- the resin raw material includes at least polypropylene-based resin composition a derived from automobile parts, that is, automobile parts made of polypropylene-based resin compositions such as bumpers and instrument panels, recycled polypropylene-based resin compositions derived from defective products and scraps generated during the manufacturing process of automobile parts, and recycled polypropylene-based resin compositions mainly composed of polypropylene-based resin compositions recovered from ASR.
- the resin raw material may also include recycled polypropylene-based resin compositions derived from consumer goods other than automobiles, such as home appliances, and non-recycled polypropylene-based resins.
- the content of polypropylene-based resin composition a derived from automotive parts contained in the resin raw material is preferably 50% by mass or more, and more preferably 60% by mass or more.
- the content of polypropylene-based resin composition a1 recovered from ASR contained in the resin raw material is preferably 50% by mass or more, and more preferably 60% by mass or more.
- the resin raw material is configured so that it can be used as polypropylene-based resin composition A in the manufacturing method. Therefore, for more detailed information about the composition of the resin raw material, the explanation of polypropylene-based resin composition A can be referred to as appropriate.
- the resin raw material preferably has a melt mass flow rate of 10 g/10 min or more and 40 g/10 min or less when measured at a temperature of 230° C. and a load of 2.16 kg.
- a resin raw material having a melt mass flow rate within the specific range can be suitably used for producing the expanded beads.
- the ash content of the resin raw material is 1% by mass or more and 25% by mass or less.
- the resin raw material exhibits a morphology in which a polypropylene resin is the matrix and a rubber-like body containing an ethylene propylene rubber is the domain, and that the flexural modulus of the resin raw material is 800 MPa or more and 1200 MPa or less.
- the method for producing the resin raw material is, for example, as follows. First, polypropylene-based resin composition a derived from automotive parts is fed to an extruder and melt-kneaded. At this time, if necessary, pretreatment such as crushing the polypropylene-based resin composition a derived from automotive parts may be performed. Also, if necessary, a recycled polypropylene-based resin composition derived from consumer goods other than automobiles, non-recycled polypropylene-based resin, additives, etc. can be added to the extruder in addition to the polypropylene-based resin composition a derived from automotive parts.
- the molten mixture is extruded from the extruder.
- the extrudate thus obtained is cooled, cut to an appropriate length, and pelletized to obtain the resin raw material.
- Table 1 shows the properties of the polypropylene resin composition A used in the production of the expanded beads in this embodiment.
- the resin composition A1-1 used in this example is "PLC-A02" manufactured by Planic Co., Ltd.
- the resin composition A1-2 is "ELVBP-10" manufactured by Haison Co., Ltd.
- Both of the resin compositions A1-1 and A1-2 are impact polypropylenes containing ethylene propylene rubber derived from post-consumer materials.
- the main component of the resin composition A1-1 is the polypropylene resin composition a1 recovered from ASR
- the resin composition A1-2 is the polypropylene resin composition a recovered from parts (more specifically, bumpers) of used automobiles.
- Resin compositions A1-1 and A1-2 are cylindrical pellets, with an average pellet length in the height direction (average length in the extrusion direction during pellet production) of 3 mm, a pellet diameter of 3 mm, and an average pellet mass of 16 mg. Resin compositions A1-1 and A1-2 also contain an inorganic substance whose main component is talc. When the morphology of resin compositions A1-1 and A1-2 used in this example was observed using the method described below, both resin compositions A1-1 and A1-2 showed a morphology in which a polypropylene resin was used as a matrix and a rubber-like body containing ethylene propylene rubber was used as a domain.
- Dsol -A insol in resin composition A that is, the amount of components soluble in n-decane and insoluble in acetone, was determined by the following method. Specifically, first, about 5 g of the resin composition A was precisely weighed as a sample. The sample was added to 200 ml of n-decane, and heated and dissolved at 145°C for 30 minutes. Next, the obtained n-decane solution was cooled to 23°C over 2 hours and left at 23°C for 30 minutes. This caused the components insoluble in n-decane contained in the n-decane solution to precipitate.
- n-decane solution was filtered to separate the precipitate, and an n-decane extract containing n-decane solubles was obtained.
- This n-decane extract was added to acetone in an amount about three times that of the n-decane extract, and left at 23°C for 18 hours to cause the acetone insolubles in the n-decane extract (that is, Dsol - Ainsol in the resin composition A).
- the precipitate was filtered and dried, and then the mass of the precipitate was measured. The mass (unit: g) of the precipitate thus measured was divided by the mass (unit: g) of the sample to calculate the amount (unit: g) of D sol -A insol contained in resin composition A per 1 g of resin composition A.
- the morphology of the resin composition A1-1 was observed by the following method. First, a cylindrical pellet made of the resin composition A1-1 was cut perpendicularly to the height direction of the pellet so as to pass through the center of the pellet, and an observation sample was prepared in which the cross section of the center of the pellet was exposed. Next, the observation sample was embedded in an epoxy resin and subjected to electronic staining with ruthenium tetroxide, and then a slice including the center of the pellet was prepared from the sample using an ultramicrotome or the like.
- the slice was placed on the grid of a transmission electron microscope (for example, "JEM-1040Flash” manufactured by JEOL Ltd.) and observed at a magnification of 5000 times, and a cross-sectional photograph (i.e., a TEM photograph) of the resin composition A1-1 was taken.
- a transmission electron microscope for example, "JEM-1040Flash” manufactured by JEOL Ltd.
- a cross-sectional photograph i.e., a TEM photograph
- FIG. 3 shows a cross-sectional photograph of resin composition A1-1.
- domain D of the rubber-like body containing ethylene propylene rubber is shown in a relatively dark color tone
- the polypropylene resin matrix M is shown in a lighter color tone than domain D.
- the average diameter of the rubber-like bodies containing ethylene propylene-based rubber was calculated based on the TEM photograph. More specifically, the longest and shortest diameters of 50 domains randomly selected from the domains (specifically the rubber-like bodies) that appeared in the TEM photograph were measured. The arithmetic mean value of the longest and shortest diameters thus obtained was taken as the average diameter of the rubber-like bodies containing ethylene propylene-based rubber. As a result, the average diameter of the rubber-like bodies containing ethylene propylene-based rubber in resin composition A1-1 was 1.2 ⁇ m.
- the ash content of the resin composition A was measured according to the direct ashing method (method A) of JIS K7250-1:2006. Specifically, about 5 g of the resin composition A was weighed out and then placed in a crucible. The resin composition A in the crucible was heated for 1 hour in an electric furnace with the atmospheric temperature set to 600°C, thereby burning the resin composition A. After the heating was completed, the mass of the residue remaining in the crucible was measured. The ratio of the mass of the residue to the mass of the resin composition A before heating, expressed as a percentage, was taken as the ash content (unit: mass%) of the resin composition A.
- the melting point Tm A of the resin composition A was determined based on JIS K7121-1987. Specifically, the condition of the test piece made of the resin composition A was adjusted based on "(2) When the melting temperature is measured after a certain heat treatment" in "3. Condition adjustment of the test piece” described in JIS K7121-1987. The test piece after the condition adjustment was heated from 23°C to 230°C at a heating rate of 10°C/min to obtain a DSC curve. The flow rate of nitrogen gas in the measurement environment was 30 mL per minute. The apex temperature of the melting peak that appeared on the DSC curve was taken as the melting point Tm A. The measurement device used was a heat flux differential scanning calorimeter (manufactured by SII Nanotechnology Co., Ltd., model number: DSC7020).
- the heat of fusion H of resin composition A was determined from a DSC curve obtained by performing differential scanning calorimetry in accordance with JIS K 7122-1987. Specifically, a straight line was drawn on the DSC curve obtained in the measurement of the melting point Tm A described above, connecting a point on the DSC curve corresponding to 80°C and the high-temperature end point of the melting peak with the highest apex temperature. Then, the heat of fusion H of resin composition A was calculated based on the area of the region enclosed by the straight line thus determined and the melting peak of the DSC curve.
- melt mass flow rate MFR A The melt mass-flow rate MFR A of resin composition A was measured in accordance with JIS K7210-1:2014 under conditions of a temperature of 230° C. and a load of 2.16 kg.
- Polypropylene Resin B Table 2 shows the properties of the polypropylene resin B used in the production of the expanded beads in this embodiment. All of the resins B used in this example are composed of non-recycled polypropylene resins.
- the resins B used in this example are either propylene-ethylene random copolymers (B1-1 to B1-4) or homopropylene (B1-5).
- the propylene random copolymers are referred to as "rPP” and the homopropylene is referred to as "hPP”.
- the method for measuring the physical properties shown in Table 2 is the same as the method for measuring the physical properties of resin composition A described above.
- the calculation method for the "ethylene component content" of resin B in Table 2 is as follows.
- the ethylene content in Resin B was determined by a known method using IR spectroscopy. Specifically, it was determined using the method described in the Polymer Analysis Handbook (edited by the Polymer Analysis Research Forum of the Japan Society for Analytical Chemistry, published in January 1995 by Kinokuniya Shoten, page numbers and item names: 615-616 "II.2.3 2.3.4 Propylene/ethylene copolymer", 618-619 "II.2.3 2.3.5 Propylene/butene copolymer”), that is, a quantitative determination was performed based on the relationship between the absorbance of ethylene and butene corrected by a predetermined coefficient and the thickness of the film-like test piece, etc.
- resin B was heat-pressed in an environment of 180° C. to form a film, and a plurality of test pieces with different thicknesses ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 mm were prepared.
- the IR spectrum of each test piece was measured to read the absorbances at 722 cm ⁇ 1 and 733 cm ⁇ 1 (A 722 , A 733 ) attributable to ethylene, and the absorbance at 766 cm ⁇ 1 (A 766 ) attributable to butene.
- the ethylene component content (unit: mass%) in resin B was calculated using the following formulas (3) to (5). The arithmetic average of the ethylene component contents obtained for each test piece was taken as the ethylene component content (unit: mass%) in resin B.
- K'c is the corrected absorption coefficient
- A is the absorbance
- ⁇ is the density of the resin (unit: g/ cm3 )
- t is the thickness of the film-like test piece (unit: cm).
- the butene component content (unit: mass%) in Resin B was calculated using the following formula (6).
- the arithmetic average of the butene component contents obtained for each test piece was defined as the butene component content (unit: mass%) in Resin B.
- Butene component content 12.3 ( A / L) ... (6)
- A is the absorbance
- L is the thickness (unit: mm) of the film-like test piece.
- Example 1-1 The expanded beads of Example 1-1 have a foamed layer made of a polypropylene resin composition.
- the resin composition constituting the foamed layer contains a polypropylene resin and a rubber-like body G containing an ethylene propylene rubber, and the rubber-like body G is dispersed in the polypropylene resin.
- the resin composition A1-1, the resin B1-1, and the bubble regulator were charged into an extruder, and a molten mixture of the resin composition A and the resin B was formed in the extruder.
- the mass ratio of the resin composition A1-1 to the resin B1-1 was set to the value shown in Table 3.
- zinc borate was used as the bubble regulator.
- the amount of zinc borate added was 0.05 mass% relative to the total of 100 mass% of the resin composition A1-1 and the resin B1-1. Thereafter, the molten mixture was extruded in a strand shape from a small hole in a die provided downstream of the extruder. The strand-shaped extrudate was taken, cooled, and then cut to an appropriate length using a pelletizer to obtain resin particles.
- the resin particles thus obtained were foamed by the direct foaming method. Specifically, 1 kg of resin particles was first placed in a 5 L container together with 3 L of water as an aqueous medium. Next, 0.3 parts by mass of dispersant, 0.02 parts by mass of sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate and 0.01 parts by mass of aluminum sulfate as dispersion aids were added to the container relative to 100 parts by mass of resin particles, and the resin particles were dispersed in the aqueous medium. Kaolin was used as the dispersant.
- Examples 1-2 to 1-4 The expanded beads of Examples 1-2 to 1-4 have generally the same configuration as the expanded beads of Example 1-1, except that the mass ratio of the resin composition A1-1 and the resin B1-1 was changed as shown in Table 3.
- the manufacturing method of the expanded beads in these Examples is generally the same as the manufacturing method of the expanded beads of Example 1-1, except that the mass ratio of the resin composition A1-1 and the resin B1-1 supplied to the extruder was changed, and the temperature in the container during expansion was changed to 152.5°C in Example 1-2, 161°C in Example 1-3, and 158.5°C in Example 1-4.
- Examples 1-5 to 1--7 The expanded beads of Examples 1-5 to 1-7 have generally the same configuration as the expanded beads of Example 1-4, except that one of polypropylene-based resins B1-2 to B1-4 was used as resin B instead of polypropylene-based resin B1-1 as shown in Table 4.
- the manufacturing method of the expanded beads in these Examples is generally the same as the manufacturing method of the expanded beads of Example 4, except that resin B supplied to the extruder was changed from polypropylene-based resin B1-1 to polypropylene-based resin B shown in Table 4.
- the foam layer of the expanded beads of Comparative Example 1-1 is composed of resin composition A and does not contain resin B.
- the method for producing the expanded beads of Comparative Example 1-1 is generally similar to the method for producing the expanded beads of Example 1-1, except that, as shown in Table 5, instead of the resin composition containing resin composition A and resin B, resin composition A1-1 was used to produce the resin beads, and the temperature inside the container during foaming was changed to 164°C.
- Comparative Example 1-2 The expanded beads of Comparative Example 1-2 have a configuration generally similar to that of Example 1-4, except that polypropylene-based resin B1-5 was used instead of polypropylene-based resin B1-1 as resin B, as shown in Table 5.
- the manufacturing method of the expanded beads in Comparative Example 1-2 is generally similar to that of Example 1-4, except that resin B supplied to the extruder was changed from polypropylene-based resin B1-1 to polypropylene-based resin B5, and the temperature inside the container during expansion was changed to 164°C.
- the foam layer of the expanded beads of Comparative Example 1-3 does not contain resin composition A and is composed of resin B1-1 and resin B1-5, as shown in Table 5.
- the manufacturing method of the expanded beads of Comparative Example 1-3 is generally similar to the manufacturing method of the expanded beads of Example 1-1, except that the resin particles are produced using a resin composition composed of resin B1-1 and resin B1-5 instead of the resin composition containing resin composition A and resin B, as shown in Table 5.
- Example 1-8 The expanded beads of Example 1-8 have a structure similar to that of Example 1-1, except that the bulk density is 27 kg/ m3 , as shown in Table 6.
- the manufacturing method of the expanded beads of Example 1-8 is similar to that of Example 1-1, except that the temperature in the container during expansion is changed to 155.5°C, and the pressure in the container during expansion is changed to 2.8 MPa (G).
- Example 1-9 The expanded beads of Example 1-9 have a configuration generally similar to that of Example 1-4, except that resin composition A1-2 was used instead of resin composition A1-1 as resin composition A, as shown in Table 7.
- the manufacturing method of the expanded beads in Example 1-9 is generally similar to that of Example 1-4, except that the resin composition A supplied to the extruder was changed from resin composition A1-1 to resin composition A1-2.
- the foam layer of the expanded beads of Reference Example 1-1 does not contain resin composition A, but is composed of resin B.
- the method for producing the expanded beads of Reference Example 1-1 is generally similar to the method for producing the expanded beads of Example 1-1, except that the resin particles were produced using resin B1-1 instead of the resin composition containing resin composition A and resin B, and the temperature inside the container during foaming was changed to 149.5°C.
- the foam layer of the expanded beads of Reference Example 1-2 does not contain resin composition A, but is composed of resin B.
- the method for producing the expanded beads of Reference Example 1-2 is generally similar to the method for producing the expanded beads of Reference Example 1-1, except that the temperature in the container during expansion was changed to 147° C. and the pressure in the container was changed to 4.0 MPa (G).
- Example 1-10 The expanded beads of Example 1-10 have a foamed core layer composed of a polypropylene-based resin composition and a fusion layer covering the foamed core layer.
- the polypropylene-based resin composition constituting the foamed core layer contains a polypropylene-based resin and a rubber-like body G containing an ethylene propylene-based rubber, and the rubber-like body G is dispersed in the polypropylene-based resin.
- Example 1-10 In producing the expanded beads of Example 1-10, first, a co-extrusion device equipped with an extruder for forming a core layer, an extruder for forming a fusion layer, and a co-extrusion die connected to these two extruders was used, and the composite extruded from the co-extrusion device was cut by a strand cut method to produce multi-layered resin beads having a fusion layer.
- resin composition A1-1, resin B1-1, bubble control agent and carbon black were fed to an extruder for forming a core layer, and a molten mixture for forming a core layer of resin composition A1-1 and resin B1-1 was formed in the extruder.
- Zinc borate was used as the bubble control agent.
- the amount of zinc borate added was 0.05% by mass relative to 100% by mass of the total of resin composition A1-1 and resin B1-1.
- the amount of carbon black added was 2.8% by mass relative to 100% by mass of the total of resin composition A1-1 and resin B1-1.
- polypropylene resin specifically, propylene-ethylene-butene random copolymer, melting point 122°C, melt mass flow rate 6 g/10 min
- carbon black was supplied to the extruder for forming the fusion layer, and a molten mixture for forming the fusion layer was formed in the extruder.
- the amount of carbon black added to the molten mixture for forming the fusion layer was 2.8% by mass relative to 100% by mass of polypropylene resin.
- the multilayer resin particles were expanded by a direct expansion method. Specifically, first, 100 kg of the multilayer resin particles were placed in a container with an internal volume of 400 L together with 220 L of water as an aqueous medium. Next, 0.3 parts by mass of a dispersant, 0.004 parts by mass of sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate and 0.01 parts by mass of aluminum sulfate as dispersion aids were added to the container relative to 100 parts by mass of the multilayer resin particles, and the multilayer resin particles were dispersed in the aqueous medium. Kaolin was used as the dispersant.
- the first-stage expanded particles were then placed in a pressure tank as a pressure-resistant container, and the tank was sealed. In this state, the tank was pressurized with air as an inorganic gas, and the bubbles of the first-stage expanded particles were impregnated with air so that the pressure inside the bubbles was 0.35 MPa (G). After the application of internal pressure to the first-stage expanded particles was completed, the first-stage expanded particles were removed from the pressure tank and placed in a metal drum. Steam was then supplied to the first-stage expanded particles, and they were heated under atmospheric pressure. As a result, the first-stage expanded particles were further expanded to obtain expanded particles (i.e., second-stage expanded particles). As a result, the expanded particles of Example 1-10 were obtained. The proportion of the fusion layer in the expanded particles was 3 mass%.
- the expanded beads of Example 1-11 have a foamed core layer composed of a polypropylene resin composition and a fusion layer covering the foamed core layer.
- the polypropylene resin composition constituting the foamed core layer contains a polypropylene resin and a rubber-like body G containing an ethylene propylene rubber, and the rubber-like body G is dispersed in the polypropylene resin.
- the expanded beads of Example 1-11 are cylindrical expanded beads having a through hole penetrating the inside in the axial direction.
- Example 1-11 In producing the expanded beads of Example 1-11, first, a co-extrusion device equipped with a core layer forming extruder, a fusion layer forming extruder, and a co-extrusion die connected to these two extruders was used, and the composite extruded from the co-extrusion device was cut by a strand cut method to produce multi-layered resin particles having a fusion layer.
- the co-extrusion die used in Example 1-11 is equipped with a mechanism capable of forming a through hole in the core layer of the multi-layered resin particle.
- resin composition A1-1, resin B1-1, a bubble adjusting agent, and carbon black were fed to an extruder for forming a core layer, and a molten mixture for forming a core layer of resin composition A1-1 and resin B1-1 was formed in the extruder.
- Zinc borate was used as the bubble adjusting agent.
- the amount of zinc borate added was 0.05 mass% relative to 100 mass% of the total of resin composition A1-1 and resin B1-1.
- the amount of carbon black added was 2.8 mass% relative to 100 mass% of the total of resin composition A1-1 and resin B1-1.
- polypropylene resin specifically, propylene-ethylene random copolymer, melting point 133°C, melt mass flow rate 24 g/10 min
- carbon black was supplied to the extruder for forming the fusion layer, and a molten mixture for forming the fusion layer was formed in the extruder.
- the amount of carbon black added to the molten mixture for forming the fusion layer was 2.8% by mass relative to 100% by mass of the polypropylene resin.
- molten mixtures were merged in the die to form a composite consisting of a cylindrical non-foamed core layer and a non-foamed fusion layer covering the lateral surface of the core layer, which was then co-extruded from the die in the form of a strand.
- This strand-like composite was taken, cooled, and then cut to an appropriate length using a pelletizer to obtain cylindrical multilayer resin particles having a core layer with a through hole passing through the inside in the axial direction, and a fusion layer covering the outer surface of the core layer.
- the proportion of the fusion layer in the multilayer resin particles was 5% by mass.
- the multilayer resin particles were expanded by a direct expansion method. Specifically, first, 100 kg of the multilayer resin particles were placed in a container with an internal volume of 400 L together with 220 L of water as an aqueous medium. Next, 0.3 parts by mass of a dispersant, 0.004 parts by mass of sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate and 0.01 parts by mass of aluminum sulfate as dispersion aids were added to the container relative to 100 parts by mass of the multilayer resin particles, and the multilayer resin particles were dispersed in the aqueous medium. Kaolin was used as the dispersant.
- the first-stage expanded particles were placed in a pressure tank as a pressure-resistant container, and the pressure tank was sealed.
- the pressure tank was pressurized with air as an inorganic gas, and the bubbles of the first-stage expanded particles were impregnated with air so that the pressure inside the bubbles was 0.35 MPa (G).
- the first-stage expanded particles were removed from the pressure tank and placed in a metal drum.
- steam was supplied to the first-stage expanded particles, and they were heated under atmospheric pressure.
- the first-stage expanded particles were further expanded to obtain expanded particles (i.e., second-stage expanded particles).
- the expanded particles of Example 1-11 were obtained.
- the proportion of the fusion layer in the expanded particles was 5 mass%.
- the expanded particles had through holes that penetrated the inside in the axial direction, the average hole diameter of the through holes was 0.69 mm, and the ratio of the average hole diameter of the through holes to the average outer diameter of the expanded particles was 0.20.
- the average diameter of the through holes was determined as follows. First, 100 expanded beads were randomly selected, and these expanded beads were cut at the position where the cross-sectional area was maximum along a plane perpendicular to the axial direction to expose the cut surface of the expanded beads. Next, the cut surface of the expanded beads was photographed, and the cross-sectional area of the through holes in the cut surface (i.e., the opening area) was measured by performing image analysis. Then, the diameter of an imaginary perfect circle having the same area as the cross-sectional area of the through holes was calculated, and this value was used as the diameter of the through holes in each expanded bead. The above procedure was performed for 100 expanded beads, and the arithmetic mean value of the obtained diameters of the through holes was used as the average diameter of the through holes in the expanded beads.
- the average outer diameter of the expanded beads was determined as follows. First, 100 expanded beads were randomly selected, and these expanded beads were cut at the position where their cross-sectional area was maximum along a plane perpendicular to the axial direction to expose the cut surface of the expanded beads. Next, the cut surface of the expanded beads was photographed and image analysis was performed to measure the cross-sectional area of the expanded beads including the through holes (i.e., the area of the region surrounded by the outer edge of the expanded beads on the cut surface). Then, the diameter of a virtual perfect circle having the same area as the cross-sectional area of the expanded beads was calculated, and this value was taken as the outer diameter of each expanded bead. The above procedure was performed for 100 expanded beads, and the arithmetic mean value of the obtained outer diameters of the expanded beads was taken as the average outer diameter of the expanded beads.
- Tables 3 to 7 show the properties of the resin particles, expanded particles, and molded bodies obtained by molding the expanded particles in a mold of Examples 1-1 to 1-9 and Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-3 obtained as described above.
- the expanded beads of Example 1-10 had a bulk density of 27 kg/ m3 , the amount of Dsol -A insol in the expanded beads was 0.03 g per 1 g of the expanded beads, the melting point Tm was 148°C, the difference Tm-Tc between the melting point Tm and the crystallization temperature Tc was 35°C, and the heat of fusion of the high-temperature peak was 20 J/g.
- the moldable range of the expanded beads of Example 1-10 was 0.27-0.31 MPa (G).
- the density of the molded body of Example 1-10 was 30 kg/ m3 , the 5% compression strength was 220 kPa, the 50% compression strength was 420 kPa, and the compression strength ratio was 0.52.
- the expanded beads of Example 1-11 had a bulk density of 33 kg/ m3 , the amount of Dsol - Ainsol in the expanded beads was 0.03 g per 1 g of the expanded beads, the melting point Tm was 148°C, the difference Tm-Tc between the melting point Tm and the crystallization temperature Tc was 35°C, and the heat of fusion of the high-temperature peak was 22 J/g.
- the moldable range of the expanded beads of Example 1-11 was 0.30-0.34 MPa (G).
- the density of the molded body of Example 1-11 was 35 kg/ m3 , the 5% compression strength was 140 kPa, the 50% compression strength was 270 kPa, and the compression strength ratio was 0.52.
- the expanded beads of Reference Example 1-1 did not contain a rubber-like body containing an ethylene propylene rubber.
- the expanded beads of Reference Example 1-1 had a bulk density of 45 kg/m 3 , an average cell diameter of 110 ⁇ m, a closed cell ratio of 96%, a melting point Tm of 143° C., the difference Tm-Tc of 40° C., an ash content of 0 mass%, a melt mass flow rate of 9 g/10 min, a bending modulus of 950 MPa, a top temperature Th of the high-temperature peak of 156° C., and a heat of fusion of the high-temperature peak of 16 J/g.
- the moldable range of the expanded beads of Reference Example 1-1 was 0.28-0.32 MPa (G).
- the density of the molded body of Reference Example 1-1 was 50 kg/m 3 , a closed cell ratio of 86%, a 5% compression strength of 210 kPa, a 50% compression strength of 425 kPa, and a compression strength ratio of 0.49.
- the expanded beads of Reference Example 1-2 did not contain a rubber-like material containing an ethylene propylene rubber.
- the expanded beads of Reference Example 1-2 had a bulk density of 27 kg/m 3 , an average cell diameter of 150 ⁇ m, a closed cell ratio of 96%, a melting point Tm of 143° C., the difference Tm-Tc of 40° C., an ash content of 0 mass%, a melt mass flow rate of 9 g/10 min, a bending modulus of 950 MPa, a top temperature Th of the high-temperature peak of 156° C., and a heat of fusion of the high-temperature peak of 16 J/g.
- the moldable range of the expanded beads of Reference Example 1-2 was 0.28-0.32 MPa (G).
- the density of the molded body of Reference Example 1-2 was 30 kg/m 3 , a closed cell ratio of 85%, a 5% compression strength of 95 kPa, a 50% compression strength of 240 kPa, and a compression strength ratio of 0.40.
- Crystallization temperature Tc of expanded beads and crystallization temperature Tcr of resin beads Based on JIS K7121-1987, the crystallization temperature Tc of the expanded beads was measured using a heat flux differential scanning calorimeter. More specifically, the expanded beads were first heated from 23°C to 230°C at a heating rate of 10°C/min, and then the temperature of 230°C was maintained for 10 minutes. Then, the expanded beads were cooled from 230°C to 30°C at a cooling rate of 10°C/min to obtain a DSC curve. The flow rate of nitrogen gas in the measurement environment was 30 mL per minute. The apex temperature of the crystallization peak in this DSC curve was taken as the crystallization temperature Tc of the expanded beads. When multiple crystallization peaks appear in the DSC curve, the apex temperature of the crystallization peak with the highest peak height was taken as the crystallization temperature Tc of the expanded beads.
- the method for measuring the crystallization temperature Tcr of resin particles is the same as the method for measuring the crystallization temperature Tc of expanded beads described above, except that resin particles are used instead of expanded beads.
- the closed cell ratio of the expanded beads was measured using an air comparison type pycnometer based on procedure C of ASTM-D2856-70. Specifically, first, the expanded beads having a bulk volume of about 20 cm 3 after conditioning were used as a measurement sample, and the measurement sample was submerged in a graduated cylinder containing ethanol. The apparent volume Va of the measurement sample was measured from the amount of rise in the liquid level at this time. After the measurement sample whose apparent volume Va was measured was thoroughly dried, the true volume value Vx of the measurement sample was measured using an air comparison type pycnometer ("Beckman Model 1000 Air Comparison Pycnometer" manufactured by Tokyo Science Co., Ltd.) according to procedure C described in ASTM-D2856-70.
- the closed cell ratio (unit: %) of the measurement sample was calculated based on the following formula (1).
- Vx the true volume of the measurement sample measured by the above method, i.e., the sum of the volume of the resin constituting the expanded beads and the total volume of the air bubbles in the closed cell portion in the expanded beads (unit: cm 3 )
- Va Apparent volume of the measurement sample measured from the rise in the liquid level when the measurement sample is submerged in a graduated cylinder containing ethanol (unit: cm 3 )
- W Mass of the measurement sample (unit: g)
- ⁇ density of the resin constituting the foamed beads (unit: g/cm 3 )
- Dsol - Ainsol in the expanded beads that is, the amount of components soluble in n-decane and insoluble in acetone, was determined by the following method. Specifically, first, about 5 g of expanded beads was precisely weighed as a sample. The sample was added to 200 ml of n-decane and heated to 145°C for 30 minutes to dissolve. Next, the obtained n-decane solution was cooled to 23°C over 2 hours and left at 23°C for 30 minutes. This caused the components insoluble in n-decane in the n-decane solution to precipitate.
- n-decane solution was filtered to separate the precipitate, and an n-decane extract containing n-decane soluble components was obtained.
- This n-decane extract was added to acetone in an amount about three times that of the n-decane extract, and left at 23°C for 18 hours to cause the acetone insoluble components in the n-decane extract (that is, Dsol - Ainsol in the expanded beads).
- This precipitate was filtered and dried, and then the mass of the precipitate was measured. The mass (unit: g) of the precipitate thus measured was divided by the mass (unit: g) of the sample to calculate the amount (unit: g) of D sol -A insol contained in the expanded beads per 1 g of the expanded beads.
- the method for measuring the amount of D sol -A insol in the resin particles is the same as the method for measuring the amount of D sol -A insol in the expanded beads described above, except that resin particles were used instead of expanded beads and the amount per 1 g of resin particles was calculated.
- the slice was placed on the grid of a transmission electron microscope ("JEM-1040Flash” manufactured by JEOL Ltd.) and observed at a magnification of 5000 times, and a cross-sectional photograph of the expanded bead (i.e., a TEM photograph) was taken.
- JEM-1040Flash a transmission electron microscope
- FIG. 4 shows a cross-sectional photograph of the foamed bead of Example 1-4. As shown in FIG. 4, it was confirmed that the bubble film 11 of the foamed bead 1 has a morphology in which domains D of the rubber-like body G containing ethylene propylene rubber are dispersed in a matrix M of the polypropylene resin.
- the average diameter of the rubber-like body in the morphology of the foamed bead was calculated using a method similar to that used to calculate the average diameter of the rubber-like body in the morphology of resin composition A.
- the method for observing the morphology of the resin particles is the same as the method for observing the morphology of the expanded particles described above, except that resin particles were used instead of expanded particles.
- a cross-sectional photograph of the resin particles of Example 1-4 is shown in Figure 5.
- the resin particles 10 have a morphology in which domains D of rubber-like bodies G containing ethylene propylene-based rubber are dispersed in a matrix M of polypropylene-based resin.
- the average diameter of the rubber-like bodies in the morphology of the resin particles was calculated using a method similar to the method for calculating the average diameter of the rubber-like bodies in the morphology of resin composition A.
- the method for measuring the ash content of the resin particles and the ash content of the expanded beads is the same as the method for measuring the ash content of the resin composition A described above, except that resin particles or expanded beads are used instead of resin composition A.
- the apex temperature and heat of fusion of the high-temperature peak were obtained from a DSC curve obtained by performing differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in accordance with JIS K7122-1987. Specifically, first, about 3 mg of expanded particles was used as a sample, and the sample was heated from 23°C to 230°C at a heating rate of 10°C/min to perform differential scanning calorimetry to obtain a DSC curve. The flow rate of nitrogen gas in the measurement environment was 30 mL per minute. Based on this DSC curve, the apex temperature T l of the resin-specific peak ⁇ H1 and the apex temperature T h of the high-temperature peak ⁇ H2 were obtained.
- a straight line L1 was drawn connecting point ⁇ corresponding to 80°C on the DSC curve and point ⁇ corresponding to the end temperature of melting T of the expanded beads. Furthermore, a straight line L2 was drawn parallel to the vertical axis of the graph, passing through the maximum point ⁇ that exists between the resin-specific peak ⁇ H1 and the high-temperature peak ⁇ H2, and the resin-specific peak ⁇ H1 and the high-temperature peak ⁇ H2 were divided by the straight line L2.
- the heat of fusion of the resin-specific peak ⁇ H1 was calculated based on the area of the part of the DSC curve that constitutes the resin-specific peak ⁇ H1 and the part surrounded by the lines L1 and L2.
- the heat of fusion of the high-temperature peak ⁇ H2 was calculated based on the area of the part of the DSC curve that constitutes the high-temperature peak ⁇ H2 and the part surrounded by the lines L1 and L2.
- the above procedure was carried out three times using different samples, and the arithmetic mean value of the heat of fusion of the resin-specific peak ⁇ H1 obtained in each measurement was taken as the heat of fusion of the resin-specific peak ⁇ H1 of the expanded beads, and the arithmetic mean value of the heat of fusion of the high-temperature peak ⁇ H2 was taken as the heat of fusion of the high-temperature peak ⁇ H2 of the expanded beads.
- the foamed bead molding was obtained by molding in the mold at the lowest molding pressure within the above-mentioned moldable range.
- the mass (unit: g) of the foamed bead molding was divided by the volume (unit: L) calculated from the outer dimensions of the molding, and the density (unit: kg/ m3 ) of the molding was calculated by unit conversion.
- molded bodies were produced by in-mold molding while changing the molding pressure during main heating from 0.26 MPa (G) to 0.42 MPa (G) in increments of 0.01 MPa, and the moldable range was determined based on the surface properties, fusion properties, and recovery properties of the obtained molded bodies.
- the manufacturing method of the molded body is as follows. First, the foamed particles are placed in a pressure vessel, and the pressure vessel is pressurized with air to impregnate the foamed particles with air, and an internal pressure of 0.10 MPa (G) is applied to the foamed particles. Next, the foamed particles to which internal pressure has been applied are filled into a mold by the cracking filling method.
- a mold was used that has a cavity capable of molding a flat molded body of 250 mm length, 200 mm width, and 50 mm thickness.
- the foamed particles are filled into the mold with a cracking gap of 5 mm in the thickness direction of the molded body (i.e., 10% cracking amount), and then the mold is completely closed to mechanically compress the foamed particles in the mold.
- in-mold molding first, steam was supplied into the mold for 5 seconds with the drain valve of the mold open to perform preheating. Next, the drain valve was closed, and steam was supplied from one side of the mold until a pressure 0.08 MPa (G) lower than the molding pressure during main heating was reached, to perform a first one-sided heating. Next, steam was supplied from the other side of the mold until a pressure 0.04 MPa (G) lower than the molding pressure during main heating was reached, to perform a second one-sided heating. After that, steam was supplied from both sides of the mold until the molding pressure during main heating was reached, to perform main heating. After main heating was completed, the pressure in the mold was released, and the molded body was cooled in the mold until the surface pressure due to the foaming force of the molded body was 0.04 MPa (G).
- the molded body was removed from the mold and left to stand in an oven at 80°C for 12 hours for a curing process.
- the molded body was conditioned by being left to stand for 24 hours under conditions of 50% relative humidity, 23°C, and 1 atm.
- the surface properties, fusion properties, and recovery properties of the molded body after conditioning were evaluated, and the range of molding pressures that passed all items in the evaluation criteria described below (i.e., molding pressures at which a passing product could be obtained) was determined to be the moldable range.
- the wider the moldable range the better the in-mold moldability.
- the lower the possible molding pressure the more excellent the productivity, since in-mold molding can be achieved with a smaller amount of steam.
- a 100 mm x 100 mm square was drawn in the center of one skin surface in the thickness direction of the molded body, and then a diagonal was drawn from one corner of the square. Then, the number of voids present on the diagonal, that is, voids having a size of 1 mm x 1 mm or more among the gaps formed between the foamed particles, was counted. Then, when the number of voids was 2 or less, it was judged as pass, and when the number was 3 or more, it was judged as fail.
- the molded body was broken into roughly equal parts in the longitudinal direction. 100 or more randomly selected expanded beads exposed on the fracture surface were visually observed to determine whether the expanded beads were broken inside the beads (i.e., expanded beads with material destruction) or at the interface between the expanded beads. The ratio of the number of expanded beads broken inside the beads to the total number of expanded beads observed was calculated as a percentage (i.e., material destruction rate), and this value was taken as the fusion rate. A fusion rate of 80% or more was judged to be acceptable, and a fusion rate of less than 80% was judged to be unacceptable.
- the thickness of the molded body at four positions 10 mm inward from each vertex of the surface surrounded by the vertical side of 250 mm and the horizontal side of 200 mm was measured, and the thickness of the molded body at the center of the surface was measured.
- the ratio (unit: %) of the thickness of the thinnest part to the thickness of the thickest part among the measured parts was calculated. If the thickness ratio obtained in this way was 95% or more, it was judged to be passed, and if it was less than 95%, it was judged to be failed.
- the "50% compression strength/density" column in Tables 3 to 7 lists the value (unit: kPa/(kg/m 3 )) obtained by dividing the value of the 50% compression strength by the density of the molded body, and the “compressive strength ratio” column lists the ratio of the 5% compression strength to the 50% compression strength, that is, the value obtained by dividing the 5% compression strength by the 50% compression strength.
- the polypropylene resin composition constituting the foam layer in the foamed beads of Examples 1-1 to 1-7 contains a polypropylene resin and a rubber-like body containing an ethylene propylene rubber, and the rubber-like body is dispersed in the polypropylene resin.
- the melting point Tm of the foamed beads is within the specific range. Therefore, the foamed beads of Examples 1-1 to 1-7 have good moldability in a mold.
- the amount of D sol -A insol in the foamed beads of Examples 1-1 to 1-7 and the difference Tm - Tc between the melting point Tm and the crystallization temperature Tc are all within the specific range, so that the molded articles made of these foamed beads have a low rate of increase in compressive stress with an increase in compressive strain and have excellent impact absorption properties.
- the melting point Tm of the expanded beads of Comparative Example 1-1 is outside the specific range. Therefore, the expanded beads of Comparative Example 1-1 could not form a good molded product.
- the melting point Tm of the expanded beads of Comparative Example 1-2 is outside the specific range. Therefore, the expanded beads of Comparative Example 1-2 were unable to form a good molded product.
- the expanded beads of Comparative Example 1-3 do not contain a rubber-like material containing an ethylene propylene-based rubber. Compared to the expanded beads of the Examples, the expanded beads of Comparative Example 1-3 had a narrower range of molding pressures at which a good molded body could be obtained. In addition, the compressive strength ratio of the molded body made from the expanded beads of Comparative Example 1-3 was lower than that of the molded body made from the expanded beads of the Examples, and the rate of increase in compressive stress with increasing compressive strain was higher.
- Table 8 shows the properties of the polypropylene resin composition A used in the production of the expanded beads of this embodiment.
- the resin composition A2-1 shown in Table 8 is a recycled polypropylene mainly composed of the polypropylene resin composition a1 recovered from ASR (more specifically, the resin composition A2-1 is "PLC-A02" manufactured by Planic Co., Ltd.).
- the shape of the resin composition A2-1 is a cylindrical pellet, the average length in the height direction of the pellet (average length in the extrusion direction during pellet production) is 3 mm, the diameter of the pellet is 3 mm, and the average mass of the pellet is 16 mg.
- the resin composition A2-1 contains an inorganic substance mainly composed of talc.
- the resin composition A2-1 showed a morphology in which polypropylene was used as a matrix and a rubber-like body containing the ethylene propylene rubber was used as a domain.
- the method for measuring the physical properties of polypropylene resin composition A shown in Table 8 is the same as the method for measuring the physical properties of polypropylene resin composition A in embodiment 1.
- the method for measuring the physical properties of polypropylene resin B shown in Table 9 is the same as the method for measuring the physical properties of polypropylene resin B in embodiment 1.
- Example 2-1 Resin composition A2-1, polypropylene resin B2-1, and a bubble control agent were charged into an extruder in the mass ratio shown in Table 10, and a molten mixture containing resin composition A2-1 and resin B2-1 was formed in the extruder.
- Zinc borate was used as the bubble control agent.
- the amount of zinc borate added was 500 ppm by mass relative to the total amount of resin composition A2-1 and resin B2-1.
- the molten mixture was extruded in the form of strands from small holes in a die installed downstream of the extruder.
- the strand-shaped extrudate was collected, cooled, and then cut to an appropriate length using a pelletizer to obtain resin particles.
- the resin particles thus obtained were foamed by the direct foaming method. Specifically, 1 kg of resin particles was first placed in a 5 L container together with 3 L of water as an aqueous medium. Next, 0.3 parts by mass of dispersant, 0.02 parts by mass of sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate and 0.01 parts by mass of aluminum sulfate as dispersion aids were added to the container relative to 100 parts by mass of resin particles, and the resin particles were dispersed in the aqueous medium. Kaolin was used as the dispersant.
- Example 2-2 to 2-3 The manufacturing method of the expanded beads of Examples 2-2 to 2-3 was generally the same as that of Example 2-1, except that the mass ratio of resin composition A and resin B and the expansion conditions were changed as shown in Table 10.
- Example 2-4 to 2-5 The manufacturing method of the expanded beads of Examples 2-4 to 2-5 is generally the same as the manufacturing method of the expanded beads of Example 2-1, except that the type of resin B, the mass ratio of resin composition A to resin B, and the expansion conditions were changed as shown in Tables 10 and 11.
- Example 2-6 The method for producing the expanded beads of Example 2-6 was generally the same as that of Example 2-1, except that the mass ratio of resin composition A and resin B and the expansion conditions were changed as shown in Table 11.
- Example 2--7 The method for producing the expanded beads of Example 2-7 was generally the same as that for producing the expanded beads of Example 2-3, except that the type of resin B and the expansion conditions were changed as shown in Table 11.
- Example 2-8 The method for producing the expanded beads of Example 2-8 was generally the same as that for producing the expanded beads of Example 2-1, except that the expansion conditions were changed as shown in Table 11.
- Comparative Examples 2-1 to 2-2 As shown in Table 12, the expanded beads of Comparative Example 2-1 and Comparative Example 2-2 are composed of resin composition A2-1 without resin B.
- the manufacturing method of the expanded beads of these Comparative Examples is generally similar to the manufacturing method of the expanded beads of Example 2-1, except that resin B was not used and only resin composition A2-1 was used, and the expansion conditions were changed as shown in Table 12.
- Comparative Example 2-3 The method for producing the expanded beads of Comparative Example 2-3 was generally similar to that of Example 2-3, except that the type of resin B and the expansion conditions were changed as shown in Table 12.
- Reference Example 2-1 The method for producing the expanded beads of Reference Example 2-1 is generally the same as that of Example 2-3, except that the resin composition A2-1 was replaced with polypropylene resin B2-6 not containing ethylene propylene rubber, and the foaming conditions were changed as shown in Table 12.
- the resin particles, expanded particles, and molded bodies obtained by molding the expanded particles in a mold were used to evaluate the evaluation items shown in Tables 10 to 12.
- the evaluation methods for the evaluation items not evaluated in embodiment 1 are shown below. Note that, among the evaluation items evaluated in the present embodiment and subsequent embodiments, the evaluation methods for the same evaluation items as those evaluated in the previous embodiments are the same as the evaluation methods in the previous embodiments.
- the expanded beads were left to stand for one day in an environment of 50% relative humidity, 23°C temperature, and 1 atm pressure to condition the expanded beads.
- the mass (unit: g) of the expanded beads was measured, and then the expanded beads were submerged in a measuring cylinder containing water at 23°C using a wire net, and the volume (unit: L) of the expanded beads was calculated from the rise in the water level.
- the apparent density (unit: kg/ m3 ) of the expanded beads was calculated by converting the value obtained by dividing the mass of the expanded beads by the volume of the expanded beads.
- Tables 10 to 12 show the ratio hb/ha of the peak height hb of the second endothermic peak Pb to the peak height ha of the first endothermic peak Pa, calculated based on the height of each endothermic peak, the difference in apex temperature Tb-Ta, and the full width at half maximum of each endothermic peak, calculated based on the temperature of the apex of each endothermic peak.
- the apex temperature of the melting peak that appeared in the DSC curve in the second heating was taken as the melting point of the expanded beads, and the end point on the high temperature side of the melting peak, that is, the temperature of the intersection between the melting peak and the baseline on the high temperature side of the melting peak in the second DSC curve, was taken as the melting end temperature.
- the melting point of the expanded beads measured in this manner is equivalent to the melting point Tm of the expanded beads measured by the measurement method of embodiment 1.
- the full width at half maximum of the melting peak in the second DSC curve was calculated using a method similar to that used to measure the full width at half maximum (wa) of the first endothermic peak (Pa).
- the surface properties, adhesion, and recovery of the expanded bead moldings after conditioning were evaluated, and the range of molding pressures that passed all of the evaluation criteria described below (i.e., molding pressures during main heating at which an acceptable product could be obtained) was determined as the moldable range, and the lowest molding pressure within the moldable range was determined as the minimum molding pressure.
- the evaluation method for the surface properties, adhesion, and recovery of the expanded bead moldings was the same as in embodiment 1.
- the value calculated based on the following formula (7) (unit: kPa ⁇ m3 /kg) was taken as the value expected from the molding pressure, and the balance between molding pressure and rigidity was evaluated based on the results of comparing this value with the 50% compressive strength/density value.
- the molding pressure (unit: kPa) in the following formula (7) was taken as the molding pressure at which the molded body at which the 50% compressive strength/density value was measured, i.e., the minimum molding pressure.
- the minimum molding pressure in the following formula (7) is an absolute pressure, and the unit of the minimum molding pressure is "kPa". 0.025 ⁇ (molding pressure) ⁇ 2.75 (7)
- the polypropylene resin composition constituting the foamed layer in the foamed beads of Examples 2-1 to 2-8 contains a polypropylene resin and a rubber-like body containing an ethylene propylene rubber, and the rubber-like body is dispersed in the polypropylene resin.
- the melting point of the foamed beads is within the specific range. Therefore, the foamed beads of Examples 2-1 to 2-8 have good moldability in a mold.
- the closed cell ratio of the foamed beads of Examples 2-1 to 2-5 is 85% or more.
- the temperature Tb of the apex of the second endothermic peak Pb in these foamed beads is 158°C or more
- the difference Tb-Ta between the temperature Tb of the apex of the second endothermic peak Pb and the temperature Ta of the apex of the first endothermic peak Pa is 15°C or more and 30°C or less
- the ratio hb/ha of the peak height hb of the second endothermic peak Pb to the peak height ha of the first endothermic peak Pa is 1.2 or more and 2.8 or less.
- foamed beads have good moldability in the mold and an excellent balance of rigidity against molding pressure.
- foamed layer contains a high-melting point polypropylene resin composition including an ethylene propylene rubber derived from post-consumer materials.
- the expanded beads of Examples 2-1 and 2-2 have a better balance between molding pressure and the rigidity of the molded body than the expanded beads of Examples 2-3 to 2-5. Furthermore, the expanded beads of Examples 2-1 and 2-2 have better moldability in a mold than the expanded beads of Examples 2-3 to 2-5, and have a wider range of moldability.
- the expanded beads of Comparative Example 2-1 and Comparative Example 2-2 do not contain a rubber-like material that includes an ethylene propylene-based rubber. Therefore, the expanded beads of these Comparative Examples could not be used to obtain a good molded product.
- the melting point of the expanded beads of Comparative Example 2-3 is outside the specific range. Therefore, the expanded beads of Comparative Example 2-3 were unable to form a good molded product.
- Reference Example 2-1 is an expanded bead composed of a polypropylene resin composition containing homopolypropylene as the main component and not including ethylene propylene rubber.
- the expanded bead of Reference Example 2-1 has a higher peak height ratio hb/ha than Examples 2-1 to 2-5, the balance of rigidity against molding pressure was good. From this, it can be understood that the effect of improving the balance of rigidity against molding pressure by setting the peak height ratio hb/ha within the above-mentioned specific range is an effect specific to expanded beads containing ethylene propylene rubber.
- Table 13 shows the properties of the polypropylene resin composition A used in the production of the expanded beads of this embodiment.
- the polypropylene resin composition A3-1 shown in Table 13 is a recycled polypropylene mainly composed of the polypropylene resin composition a1 recovered from ASR (more specifically, the resin composition A3-1 is "PLC-A02" manufactured by PLANIC Co., Ltd.).
- the shape of the resin composition A3-1 is a cylindrical pellet, the average length in the height direction of the pellet (average length in the extrusion direction during pellet production) is 3 mm, the diameter of the pellet is 3 mm, and the average mass of the pellet is 16 mg.
- the polypropylene resin composition A3-1 contains an inorganic substance mainly composed of talc.
- the polypropylene resin composition A3-1 showed a morphology in which the polypropylene resin was the matrix and the rubber-like body containing the ethylene propylene rubber was the domain.
- the method for measuring the physical properties of polypropylene resin composition A shown in Table 13 is the same as the method for measuring the physical properties of polypropylene resin composition A in embodiment 1.
- Table 14 shows the properties of the polypropylene resin B used in the production of the expanded beads of this embodiment.
- the method for measuring the physical properties of polypropylene-based resin B shown in Table 14 is the same as the method for measuring the physical properties of polypropylene-based resin B in embodiment 1.
- Example 3-1 Resin composition A3-1, resin B3-1, and a bubble control agent were charged into an extruder in the mass ratio shown in Table 15, and a molten mixture containing resin composition A3-1 and resin B3-1 was formed in the extruder.
- Zinc borate was used as the bubble control agent.
- the amount of zinc borate added was 500 ppm by mass relative to the total amount of resin composition A3-1 and resin B3-1.
- the molten mixture was extruded in the form of strands from small holes in a die installed downstream of the extruder.
- the strand-shaped extrudate was collected, cooled, and then cut to an appropriate length using a pelletizer to obtain resin particles.
- the resin particles thus obtained were foamed by the direct foaming method. Specifically, 1 kg of resin particles was first placed in a 5 L container together with 3 L of water as an aqueous medium. Next, 0.3 parts by mass of dispersant, 0.02 parts by mass of sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate and 0.01 parts by mass of aluminum sulfate as dispersion aids were added to the container relative to 100 parts by mass of resin particles, and the resin particles were dispersed in the aqueous medium. Kaolin was used as the dispersant.
- Example 3-2 The method for producing the expanded beads of Example 3-2 is generally the same as that for producing the expanded beads of Example 3-1, except that the mass ratio of resin composition A3-1 and resin B3-1 was changed as shown in Table 15, and the temperature inside the container during expansion was changed to 152.5°C.
- Example 3-3 The method for producing the expanded beads of Example 3-3 was generally the same as that for producing the expanded beads of Example 3-1, except that the mass ratio of resin composition A3-1 and resin B3-1 was changed as shown in Table 15, and the temperature inside the container during expansion was changed to 161°C.
- Example 3-4 The method for producing the expanded beads of Example 3-4 is generally the same as that for producing the expanded beads of Example 3-1, except that the mass ratio of resin composition A3-1 and resin B3-1 was changed as shown in Table 15, and the temperature inside the container during expansion was changed to 158.5°C.
- Example 3-5 The method for producing the expanded beads of Example 3-5 was generally the same as the method for producing the expanded beads of Example 3-1, except that the type of resin B was changed as shown in Table 15, the mass ratio of resin composition A to resin B was changed as shown in Table 15, and the temperature inside the container during expansion was changed to 158.5°C.
- Examples 3 to 6 The manufacturing method of the expanded beads in Example 3-6 was generally the same as that in Example 3-1, except that the type of resin B was changed as shown in Table 15, the mass ratio of resin composition A to resin B was changed as shown in Table 15, and the temperature inside the container during expansion was changed to 158.5°C.
- Example 3--7 The manufacturing method of the expanded beads in Example 3-7 was generally the same as that in Example 3-1, except that the type of resin B was changed as shown in Table 16, the mass ratio of resin composition A to resin B was changed as shown in Table 16, and the temperature inside the container during expansion was changed to 158.5°C.
- Example 3-8 The manufacturing method of the expanded beads in Example 3-8 was generally the same as that in Example 3-1, except that the type of resin composition A was changed as shown in Table 16, the mass ratio of resin composition A to resin B was changed as shown in Table 16, and the temperature inside the container during expansion was changed to 158.5°C.
- Example 3-9 The method for producing the expanded beads of Example 3-9 was generally the same as the method for producing the expanded beads of Example 3-1, except that the type of resin composition A was changed as shown in Table 16, the mass ratio of resin composition A to resin B was changed as shown in Table 16, and the temperature inside the container during expansion was changed to 158.5°C.
- Example 3-10 The method for producing the expanded beads of Example 3-10 was generally the same as that of Example 3-1, except that the temperature in the vessel during expansion was changed to 155.5° C. and the pressure in the vessel was changed to 2.8 MPa (G).
- the expanded beads of Comparative Example 3-1 are composed of resin composition A3-1 and do not contain resin B.
- the manufacturing method of the expanded beads of Comparative Example 3-1 is generally similar to that of Example 3-1, except that resin B was not used and resin composition A3-1 was used, and the temperature inside the container during expansion was changed to 164°C.
- Comparative Example 3-2 The method for producing the expanded beads of Comparative Example 3-2 was generally similar to the method for producing the expanded beads of Example 3-1, except that the type of resin B was changed as shown in Table 16, the mass ratio of resin composition A to resin B was changed as shown in Table 16, and the temperature inside the container during expansion was changed to 164°C.
- the expanded beads of Reference Example 3-1 are composed of resin B3-1 without containing resin composition A.
- the method for producing the expanded beads of Reference Example 3-1 is generally similar to the method for producing the expanded beads of Example 3-1, except that resin composition A was not used and only resin B3-1 was used, and the temperature inside the container during expansion was changed to 149.5°C.
- the resin particles, expanded particles, and molded articles obtained by molding the expanded particles in a mold were used to evaluate the evaluation items shown in Tables 15 and 16. Among these evaluation items, the evaluation methods for the items not evaluated in the above-mentioned embodiments are shown below.
- [Melting point T r of expanded beads] Using a heat flux differential scanning calorimeter (manufactured by SII Nanotechnology Co., Ltd., model number: DSC7020), the expanded beads were heated from 30°C to 230°C at a heating rate of 10°C/min. Thereafter, the expanded beads were cooled from 230°C to 23°C at a cooling rate of 10°C/min.
- the expanded beads were again heated from 23°C to 230°C at a heating rate of 10°C/min (i.e., the second heating) to obtain a DSC curve.
- the apex temperature of the melting peak that appeared on the DSC curve in the second heating was taken as the melting point T r of the expanded beads.
- the melting point T r of the expanded beads measured in this manner is equivalent to the melting point Tm of the expanded beads measured by the measurement method of embodiment 1.
- the expansion temperature at which the bulk density was 60 kg/ m3 or less, the expanded beads had no clear wrinkles, and the expanded beads showed almost no shrinkage was determined to be the expandable temperature, and the lowest and highest temperatures among the expandable temperatures were determined to be the lower and upper limits of the expandable range.
- the surface properties, adhesion, and recovery of the foamed bead moldings after conditioning were evaluated, and the range of molding pressures that passed all of the evaluation criteria described below (i.e., molding pressures during main heating that allowed for obtaining a passing product) was determined to be the moldable range.
- the evaluation method for the surface properties, adhesion, and recovery of the foamed bead moldings was the same as in embodiment 1.
- the polypropylene resin composition constituting the foamed layer in the foamed beads of Examples 3-1 to 3-10 contains a polypropylene resin and a rubber-like body containing an ethylene propylene rubber, and the rubber-like body is dispersed in the polypropylene resin.
- the melting point T r of the foamed beads is within the above-mentioned specific range. Therefore, the foamed beads of Examples 3-1 to 3-10 have good moldability in a mold.
- the molded articles obtained from the expanded beads obtained by expanding the resin beads of Examples 3-1 to 3-10 exhibited good compression properties. Furthermore, the molded articles obtained had a mottled pattern of relatively light black (gray) and white, resulting in molded articles with excellent design.
- the expanded beads of Examples 3-1 and 3-2 in particular have good moldability in the mold, comparable to that of Reference Example 3-1 shown in Table 16, that is, expanded polypropylene resin beads made from non-recycled polypropylene resin, despite containing polypropylene resin composition a1 derived from ASR.
- the expanded beads of Comparative Example 3-1 did not contain a rubber-like material containing an ethylene propylene-based rubber, and the melting point T r of the expanded beads was outside the above-mentioned specific range, so that the expanded beads of Comparative Example 3-1 could not give a good molded article.
- the melting point T r of the expanded beads of Comparative Example 3-2 was outside the above-mentioned specific range, and therefore the expanded beads of Comparative Example 3-2 could not form a good molded article.
- Table 17 shows the properties of the polypropylene resin composition A used in the production of the expanded beads of this embodiment.
- Resin composition A4-1 shown in Table 17 is "PLC-A02" manufactured by Planic Co., Ltd.
- resin composition A4-2 is "ELVBP-10" manufactured by Haisono Co., Ltd.
- Both resin compositions A4-1 and A4-2 are recycled polypropylenes derived from post-consumer materials and containing ethylene propylene rubber. More specifically, the main component of resin composition A4-1 is polypropylene resin composition a1 recovered from ASR, and resin composition A4-2 is polypropylene resin composition a recovered from parts (more specifically bumpers) of used automobiles.
- Resin composition A4-1 and resin composition A4-2 are cylindrical pellets, with an average pellet length in the height direction (average length in the extrusion direction during pellet production) of 3 mm, a pellet diameter of 3 mm, and an average pellet mass of 16 mg. Resin composition A4-1 and resin composition A4-2 also contain an inorganic substance whose main component is talc. When the morphology of resin composition A4-1 and resin composition A4-2 used in this example was observed using the method described below, both resin composition A4-1 and resin composition A4-2 showed a morphology in which a polypropylene resin was used as a matrix and a rubber-like body containing ethylene propylene rubber was used as a domain.
- polypropylene resin composition A shown in Table 17 The methods for measuring the physical properties of polypropylene resin composition A shown in Table 17 are the same as those for polypropylene resin composition A in embodiment 1.
- the column "23°C n-decane solubles" in Table 17 lists the value obtained by converting the amount of D sol -A insol contained in resin composition A per 1 g of resin composition A into a percentage (unit: mass%) relative to the mass of resin composition A.
- the method for measuring the physical properties of polypropylene resin B shown in Table 18 is the same as the method for measuring the physical properties of polypropylene resin B in embodiment 1.
- Example 4-1 Resin composition A4-1, resin B4-1, and a bubble control agent were charged into an extruder in the mass ratio shown in Table 19, and a molten mixture containing resin composition A4-1 and resin B4-1 was formed in the extruder.
- Zinc borate was used as the bubble control agent. The amount of zinc borate added was 500 ppm by mass relative to the total amount of resin composition A4-1 and resin B4-1.
- the molten mixture was extruded in the form of strands from small holes in a die installed downstream of the extruder.
- the strand-shaped extrudate was collected, cooled, and then cut to an appropriate length using a pelletizer to obtain resin particles.
- the resin particles thus obtained were foamed by the direct foaming method. Specifically, 1 kg of resin particles was first placed in a 5 L container together with 3 L of water as an aqueous medium. Next, 0.3 parts by mass of dispersant, 0.02 parts by mass of sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate and 0.01 parts by mass of aluminum sulfate as dispersion aids were added to the container relative to 100 parts by mass of resin particles, and the resin particles were dispersed in the aqueous medium. Kaolin was used as the dispersant.
- the first-stage expanded particles were loaded into a pressure vessel, and air was injected into the pressure vessel to increase the pressure inside the pressure vessel from atmospheric pressure to 0.6 MPa (G) over a period of 24 hours. This pressure was maintained for 24 hours to allow the air to permeate the bubbles.
- the first-stage expanded particles were then removed from the pressure vessel and loaded into a second-stage expansion machine, where they were further expanded by supplying steam at a pressure of 0.15 MPa (G). In this manner, the expanded particles of Example 4-1 were obtained.
- Example 4-2 The method for producing the expanded beads of Example 4-2 was generally the same as that of Example 4-1, except that the mass ratio of the resin composition A4-1 and the resin B4-1 was changed as shown in Table 19.
- Example 4-3 The method for producing the expanded beads of Example 4-3 was generally the same as that for producing the expanded beads of Example 4-1, except that polypropylene-based resin B4-2 was used instead of polypropylene-based resin B4-1 as resin B, as shown in Table 19.
- Example 4-4 The method for producing the expanded beads of Example 4-4 was generally the same as that for producing the expanded beads of Example 4-1, except that resin composition A4-2 was used instead of resin composition A4-1 as resin composition A, as shown in Table 19.
- Example 4-5 The expanded beads of Example 4-5 are first-stage expanded beads obtained by the same method as that of Example 4-1, and have a bulk density of 45 kg/ m3 .
- the expanded beads of Comparative Example 4-1 are composed of resin composition A4-1 without resin B.
- the manufacturing method of the expanded beads of Comparative Example 4-1 is generally similar to the manufacturing method of the expanded beads of Example 4-1, except that resin B is not used and resin composition A4-1 is used.
- the expanded beads of Reference Example 4-1 are composed of resin B4-1 without containing resin composition A.
- the method for producing the expanded beads of Reference Example 4-1 is generally the same as the method for producing the expanded beads of Example 4-1, except that resin composition A is not used and only resin B4-1 is used.
- the resin particles, expanded particles, and molded bodies obtained by molding the expanded particles in a mold were used to evaluate the evaluation items shown in Table 19.
- the evaluation methods for the items not evaluated in the previously described embodiments are shown below.
- the melting point Tm R , bending modulus M R and melt mass-flow rate MFR R of the polypropylene resin composition R listed in Table 19 are physical property values corresponding to the melting point Tm of the expanded beads in embodiment 1, and the bending modulus and melt mass-flow rate of the polypropylene resin composition constituting the expanded beads, respectively.
- the foamed beads were heat-pressed at 180° C. to prepare a sheet having a thickness of 4 mm, and a test piece having a length of 80 mm, a width of 10 mm, and a thickness of 4 mm was cut out from the sheet to measure the flexural modulus M.
- the expanded beads were first heat-pressed at a temperature of 180° C. for 3 minutes to defoam the expanded beads, and a resin sheet made of the mixed resin constituting the expanded beads was produced.
- the melt mass-flow rate MFR was measured using a pellet-shaped sample obtained by cutting this resin sheet.
- the surface properties, adhesion, and recovery of the foamed bead moldings after conditioning were evaluated, and the range of molding pressures that passed all of the evaluation criteria described below (i.e., molding pressures during main heating that allowed for obtaining a passing product) was determined to be the moldable range.
- the evaluation method for the surface properties, adhesion, and recovery of the foamed bead moldings was the same as in embodiment 1.
- the polypropylene resin composition constituting the foam layer in the foamed beads of Examples 4-1 to 4-5 contains a polypropylene resin and a rubber-like body containing an ethylene propylene rubber, and the rubber-like body is dispersed in the polypropylene resin.
- the melting point Tm R of the polypropylene resin composition R constituting the foam layer is within the above-mentioned specific range. Therefore, the foamed beads of Examples 4-1 to 4-5 have good moldability in a mold.
- the resin composition A used in these examples is a polypropylene-based resin composition derived from post-consumer materials.
- the melting point Tm A of the resin composition A is 160° C. or higher, and the flexural modulus M A is 800 MPa or higher and 1200 MPa or lower.
- the melting point Tm B of the resin B is less than 160° C., the flexural modulus M B is 900 MPa or higher and 1400 MPa or lower, and the ratio M B /M A of the flexural modulus M B to the flexural modulus M A is 1 or higher.
- the expanded beads of Comparative Example 4-1 did not contain a rubber-like material containing an ethylene propylene-based rubber, and the melting point Tm R of the polypropylene-based resin composition R was outside the above-mentioned specific range. Therefore, the expanded beads of Comparative Example 4-1 could not give a good molded product.
- the expanded beads were prepared using impact polypropylene as the polypropylene-based resin composition I and a propylene-based random copolymer as the polypropylene-based resin B.
- the impact polypropylene and the propylene-based random copolymer used in this embodiment are as follows.
- ICP1 Planic polypropylene "PLC-A02", weight average molecular weight (Mw) 220,000, number average molecular weight (Mn) 24,000, ethylene component 26% by mass.
- ICP2 Block polypropylene "MK112” manufactured by Idemitsu Kosan Co., Ltd.
- ICP3 Prime Polymer block polypropylene "J762HP”
- ICP4 cracking raw material of ICP2 (ICP2 to which 0.2 parts by mass of NOF Corp.'s Perhexa 25B was added, melt-kneaded once in an extruder, and pelletized).
- ICP5 Block polypropylene "CPP050RP” manufactured by REEF Technology Co., Ltd., weight average molecular weight (Mw) 265,000, number average molecular weight (Mn) 46,000.
- r-PP1 random polypropylene (ethylene content 2.5% by mass) manufactured by Prime Polymer Co., Ltd.
- r-PP2 Sinopec Shanghai Petrochemical Co., Ltd., ethylene-propylene-butene random copolymer resin (ethylene content: 0.9% by mass, butene content: 9.6% by mass).
- Table 20 shows the properties of the impact polypropylene and propylene random copolymer used to manufacture the expanded beads of this embodiment.
- the methods for measuring the physical properties shown in Table 20 are the same as those for the polypropylene resin composition A in embodiment 1.
- carbon black is abbreviated as "CB”.
- Tm I the melting point of the impact polypropylene
- Tm B the melting point of the propylene random copolymer
- MFR I melt mass-flow rate of the impact polypropylene
- MFR B the melt mass-flow rate of the propylene random copolymer
- Examples 5-1 to 5-5, Comparative Examples 5-1 to 5-3, Reference Examples 5-1 and 5-2 The impact polypropylene and the propylene-based random copolymer shown in Table 21 were fed to the extruder in the blending ratio shown in Table 21. Furthermore, a bubble regulator was fed to the extruder to form a molten mixture containing the impact polypropylene and the propylene-based random copolymer in the extruder. Zinc borate was used as the bubble regulator. The amount of zinc borate added was 1000 mass ppm with respect to the total of the impact polypropylene and the propylene-based random copolymer.
- Example 5-4 Comparative Example 5-1, Comparative Example 5-2, Reference Example 5-1 and Reference Example 5-2, a carbon black master batch and a talc master batch based on r-PP1 were added to the extruder so as to obtain the CB amount and ash amount shown in Table 21.
- the molten mixture was then extruded in the form of strands from small holes in a die installed downstream of the extruder.
- the strand-shaped extrudate was collected, cooled, and then cut to an appropriate length using a pelletizer to obtain resin particles.
- the mass of the resin particles was approximately 1.0 mg.
- the resin particles thus obtained were expanded by the direct expansion method. Specifically, 1 kg of resin particles was first placed in an autoclave with an internal volume of 5 L together with 3 L of water as an aqueous medium. Next, 3 g of kaolin as a dispersant, and 0.04 g of sodium alkylbenzenesulfonate and 0.1 g of aluminum sulfate as dispersion aids were added to the autoclave, and the resin particles were dispersed in the aqueous medium.
- the foaming temperature is the temperature at which the apparent density becomes minimum while maintaining good in-mold moldability by fixing the foaming pressure (back pressure inside the autoclave) at 2.1 MPa during dispersion medium release foaming.
- the resin particles, expanded particles, and molded bodies obtained by molding the expanded particles in a mold were used to evaluate the evaluation items shown in Table 21.
- the evaluation methods for the items not evaluated in embodiment 1 are shown below. Note that the evaluation methods for the same items as those evaluated in embodiment 1 were the same as those in embodiment 1 among the evaluation items shown in Table 21.
- the ash content of the polypropylene resin composition constituting the core layer was measured by the following method using a thermogravimetric analyzer ("TG/DTA7200" manufactured by Hitachi High-Tech Corporation) and a platinum sample pan (K-Y50-035 PT ⁇ 5 ⁇ 5 PAN).
- residue weight 2 The weight of the residue after removing the carbon black (hereinafter referred to as "residue weight 2”) was measured. Using the weight of the sample obtained above, residue weight 1 (unit: mg), and residue weight 2 (unit: mg), the CB amount (unit: wt%) was calculated based on the following formula (8), and the ash content (unit: wt%) was calculated using formula (9). In addition, the ratio of the CB amount to the ash content is shown in the "CB amount/ash content” column in Table 21.
- CB amount (residue weight 1 ⁇ residue weight 2) ⁇ sample weight ⁇ 100 (8)
- Ash content residue weight 2 ⁇ sample weight ⁇ 100 (9)
- the manufacturing method of the molded body is as follows. First, the foamed particles were filled into the mold by the cracking filling method.
- a mold was used that had a rectangular molding cavity with internal dimensions of 300 mm in the vertical direction, 250 mm in the horizontal direction, and 50 mm in the thickness direction.
- the foamed particles were filled into the molding cavity when the mold was opened 5 mm in the thickness direction from the completely closed state (i.e., 5 mm cracking gap), and after filling was completed, the mold was completely closed (i.e., 10% cracking amount).
- the surface appearance, fusion and recovery of the molded body after curing were evaluated, and the range of molding pressures that passed all the items in the evaluation criteria described below (i.e., molding pressures at which a passing product could be obtained) was determined as the moldable range.
- the wider the moldable range the better the moldability in the mold.
- the highest molding pressure was determined as the upper limit molding pressure, and the lowest molding pressure was determined as the lower limit molding pressure.
- the lowest molding pressure among the molding pressures at which the fusion passed the evaluation criteria described below was determined as the lower limit fusion pressure.
- the symbol "-" was entered in the "Moldable range" column in Table 21.
- the foamed bead molding was folded and broken, and the total number of foamed beads present on the fracture surface (C1) and the number of foamed beads broken inside the foamed beads on the fracture surface (C2) were determined.
- the ratio of the number of foamed beads broken inside the foamed beads C2 to the total number of foamed beads C1 was expressed as a percentage (i.e., C2/C1 x 100) and calculated as the material failure rate (unit: %).
- the above operation was performed five times, and the arithmetic average of the five material failure rates was calculated. The arithmetic average of the material failure rates of 90% or more was judged to be acceptable.
- a square of 100 mm x 100 mm was drawn in the center of one skin surface in the thickness direction of the expanded bead molding, and a diagonal line was drawn from one corner of the square. Then, the number of voids present on the diagonal line, that is, voids of 1 mm x 1 mm or more in size among the gaps formed between the expanded beads, was counted. When the number of voids was less than 5 and the surface was free of irregularities, it was judged to be acceptable.
- the thickness of the molded body at four positions (hereinafter referred to as "corners") 10 mm inward from each vertex of a surface surrounded by a side of 300 mm length and a side of 250 mm width was measured, and the thickness of the molded body at the center of the surface was also measured.
- the ratio (unit: %) of the thickness of the central part to the thickness of the thickest corner among the four corners was calculated. A thickness ratio of 99% or more obtained in this way was considered to be acceptable.
- the foamed bead molding was performed at the lowest molding pressure within the above-mentioned moldable range to obtain a foamed bead molding.
- the mass (unit: g) of this foamed bead molding was divided by the volume (unit: L) calculated from the outer dimensions of the molding, and the density (unit: kg/m 3 ) of the molding was calculated by converting the unit.
- the shrinkage rate of the molding was calculated using the molding obtained by performing molding in the mold at a molding pressure of 0.44 MPa (G).
- the core layer contains an ethylene propylene rubber and is composed of a molten mixture of an impact polypropylene having a melting point Tm I of 160°C or more and a propylene random copolymer having a melting point Tm B of 125°C or more and less than 160°C.
- Examples 5-1 to 5-5 it was possible to manufacture the expanded beads at a high expansion temperature compared to Comparative Example 5-1 which does not contain impact polypropylene. Furthermore, the apparent density of the expanded beads of Examples 5-1 to 5-5 and the apparent density of the molded body were lower than those of Comparative Example 5-1, and the expandability was improved.
- Comparative Example 5-2 was composed of the same propylene random copolymer as Comparative Example 5-1, and the resin particles were expanded at a higher expansion temperature than in Comparative Example 5-1. As a result, the expandability was improved and expanded particles with a small apparent density were obtained, but the moldability of the expanded particles in the mold was reduced, the shrinkage of the obtained expanded particle molding was large, and wrinkles occurred on the surface.
- the resin particles of Comparative Example 5-3 do not contain a propylene-based random copolymer, and have a core layer composed of impact polypropylene.
- the foaming temperature could be increased, but the moldability of the resulting foamed particles in the mold decreased, and a good molded product could not be obtained even when the molding pressure was changed.
- the resin particles of Reference Example 5-1 contain impact polypropylene, which has a relatively low melting point.
- the resin particles of Reference Example 5-1 were inferior in expandability compared to the resin particles of Examples 5-1 to 5-5.
- the expanded beads of Reference Example 5-1 were also inferior in moldability in a mold compared to the expanded beads of Examples 5-1 to 5-5.
- the resin particles of Reference Example 5-2 contain impact polypropylene, which has a relatively low melting point.
- the expanded particles of Reference Example 5-2 had inferior moldability in the mold compared to the expanded particles of Examples 5-1 to 5-5.
- the expanded beads and molded article according to embodiment 1 can be understood from a different perspective as the expanded bead invention according to [1-1] to [1-4] below and the molded article invention according to [1-5] below.
- the melting point Tm of the expanded beads is 140° C. or more and 162° C. or less,
- the expanded polypropylene resin beads have a difference (Tm-Tc) between the melting point (Tm) of the expanded beads and the crystallization temperature (Tc) of the expanded beads of 38° C. or less.
- [1-2] The expanded polypropylene resin particles according to [1-1], wherein the average diameter of the rubber-like bodies is 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 2 ⁇ m or less.
- [1-3] The polypropylene-based resin expanded particles according to [1-1] or [1-2], wherein the polypropylene-based resin composition constituting the foamed layer contains a polypropylene-based resin derived from recycled polypropylene and an ethylene propylene-based rubber.
- [1-4] The polypropylene-based resin expanded particles according to any one of [1-1] to [1-3], wherein the flexural modulus of the polypropylene-based resin composition constituting the foamed layer is 800 MPa or more and 1300 MPa or less.
- polypropylene resin foam beads capable of molding a foamed bead molding having good moldability in a mold and a low rate of increase in compressive stress with an increase in compressive strain, and a polypropylene resin foamed bead molding obtained by molding the foam beads in a mold.
- the polypropylene resin foamed bead molding is used for applications such as vehicle components, it is desirable that the molding has good impact absorption performance.
- the expanded beads according to embodiment 2 can be understood as the expanded beads according to the following [2-1] to [2-10] inventions.
- Expanded beads having a foamed layer composed of a polypropylene-based resin composition The polypropylene-based resin composition contains an ethylene propylene-based rubber,
- the expanded beads have a crystal structure in which a first endothermic peak Pa having the largest peak area and a second endothermic peak Pb adjacent to the first endothermic peak Pa on the high-temperature side of the first endothermic peak Pa appear on a DSC curve obtained when the expanded beads are heated from 23° C. to 200° C. at a heating rate of 10° C./min,
- the foamed beads have a closed cell rate of 85% or more
- the temperature Tb of the apex of the second endothermic peak Pb is 158° C.
- a difference Tb-Ta between a temperature Tb at the apex of the second endothermic peak Pb and a temperature Ta at the apex of the first endothermic peak Pa is 15°C or more and 30°C or less;
- the expanded polypropylene resin particles have a ratio hb/ha of a peak height hb of the second endothermic peak Pb to a peak height ha of the first endothermic peak Pa of 1.2 or more and 2.8 or less.
- the expanded beads are made of a polypropylene resin composition containing an ethylene propylene rubber, it is possible to provide expanded polypropylene resin beads that have good moldability in a mold and a good balance of rigidity against molding pressure in a mold.
- the method for producing expanded beads according to embodiment 3 and the resin composition A used as a raw material for the expanded beads can be understood as inventions for the method for producing expanded beads according to the following [3-1] to [3-5] and inventions for the resin raw material for expanded beads according to [3-6] to [3-9].
- a method for producing expanded beads comprising releasing resin particles made of a polypropylene-based resin composition impregnated with a blowing agent, which are dispersed in an aqueous medium contained in a container, together with the aqueous medium from the container into an atmosphere having a pressure lower than the pressure inside the container, thereby expanding the resin particles to obtain expanded beads, comprising:
- the resin particles are composed of a molten mixture of a polypropylene-based resin composition A having a melting point of 160° C. or more, which contains a polypropylene-based resin composition a derived from an automobile component, and a polypropylene-based resin B having a melting point of 130° C.
- [3-2] The method for producing expanded beads according to [3-1], wherein the difference Tm A - Tm B between the melting point Tm A of the polypropylene resin composition A and the melting point Tm B of the polypropylene resin B is 10°C or more and 30°C or less.
- [3-3] The method for producing expanded beads according to [3-1] or [3-2], wherein the polypropylene resin composition A has a melt flow rate of 10 g/10 min or more and 40 g/10 min or less when measured at a temperature of 230° C. and a load of 2.16 kg.
- [3-4] The method for producing expanded beads according to any one of [3-1] to [3-3], wherein the ash content of the polypropylene resin composition A is 1% by mass or more and 25% by mass or less.
- [3-5] The method for producing expanded beads according to any one of [3-1] to [3-4], wherein the polypropylene-based resin composition A exhibits a morphology in which a polypropylene-based resin is a matrix and a rubber-like body containing an ethylene-propylene-based rubber is a domain, and the flexural modulus is 800 MPa or more and 1200 MPa or less.
- a resin raw material for expanded beads used in the production of expanded beads is a polypropylene-based resin composition including a polypropylene-based resin composition a derived from an automotive part,
- the polypropylene resin composition has a melting point of 160° C. or higher.
- the expanded beads and the manufacturing method thereof according to embodiment 4 can be understood as the following inventions of the manufacturing method of expanded beads according to [4-1] to [4-7] and the expanded beads according to [4-8] to [4-10].
- a method for producing expanded beads by expanding polypropylene-based resin beads to obtain expanded beads comprising the steps of:
- the resin particles include a polypropylene-based resin composition derived from a post-consumer material, and are composed of a molten mixture of a polypropylene-based resin composition A having a melting point Tm A of 160° C. or more and a flexural modulus M A of 800 MPa or more and 1200 MPa or less, and a polypropylene-based resin B having a melting point Tm B of less than 160° C.
- [4-2] The method for producing expanded beads according to [4-1], wherein the resin particles are composed of a polypropylene-based resin composition r having a melting point Tm r of 150° C. or more and 162° C. or less and a flexural modulus M r of 900 MPa or more and 1300 MPa or less.
- [4-3] The method for producing expanded beads according to [4-1] or [4-2], wherein the difference Tm A - Tm B between the melting point Tm A of the polypropylene resin composition A and the melting point Tm B of the polypropylene resin B is 5°C or more and 20°C or less.
- [4-5] The method for producing expanded beads according to any one of [4-1] to [4-4], wherein the polypropylene-based resin composition A exhibits a morphology in which a polypropylene-based resin is a matrix and a rubber-like body containing an ethylene-propylene-based rubber is a domain.
- [4-6] The method for producing expanded beads according to any one of [4-1] to [4-5], wherein the expanded beads have a bulk density of 10 kg/m 3 or more and 200 kg/m 3 or less.
- [4-7] The method for producing expanded beads according to any one of [4-1] to [4-6], wherein the expanded beads have a closed cell rate of 90% or more.
- Expanded beads comprising a polypropylene resin composition R derived from a post-consumer material, the polypropylene resin composition R having a melting point Tm R of 150°C or more and 162°C or less and a flexural modulus M R of 900 MPa or more and 1300 MPa or less.
- Tm R melting point
- M R flexural modulus
- the embodiments shown in [4-1] to [4-10] can effectively utilize the resin components derived from post-consumer materials, and can provide expanded beads and a manufacturing method thereof that have good moldability in a mold and can produce expanded bead moldings with excellent compressive strength.
- the method for producing expanded beads according to embodiment 5 can be understood as an invention for the method for producing expanded beads according to the following [5-1] to [5-4].
- a method for producing expanded polypropylene-based resin particles comprising releasing polypropylene-based resin particles containing a foaming agent, which are dispersed in a dispersion medium in a sealed container, from the sealed container together with the dispersion medium into a pressure region lower than the pressure inside the container to expand the polypropylene-based resin particles,
- the polypropylene-based resin composition constituting the polypropylene-based resin particles is a molten mixture obtained by kneading at least one propylene-based random copolymer selected from the group consisting of ethylene-propylene random copolymers and ethylene-propylene-butene random copolymers, and an impact polypropylene having a morphology in which a polypropylene-based resin is a matrix and a rubber-like body containing an ethylene-propylene-based rubber is a domain; a mass ratio of the blending amount of the propylene-based random copolymer to the blending amount of the
- [5-4] The method for producing expanded polypropylene resin beads according to any one of [5-1] to [5-3], wherein the ratio M I /M B of the flexural modulus M I of the impact polypropylene to the flexural modulus M B of the propylene random copolymer is greater than 1 and is 2 or less.
- the embodiments shown in [5-1] to [5-4] provide a method for producing expanded beads that has excellent foaming properties when producing expanded beads from resin beads, and also has excellent moldability when using the resulting expanded beads for molding in a mold.
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Abstract
Description
前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物は、ポリプロピレン系樹脂と、エチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含むゴム状体とを含み、
前記ゴム状体が前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂中に分散しており、
前記発泡粒子の融点Tmが130℃以上162℃以下である、ポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子。
前記発泡粒子の融点Tmが140℃以上162℃以下であり、
前記発泡粒子の融点Tmと、前記発泡粒子の結晶化温度Tcとの差Tm-Tcが38℃以下である、〔1〕に記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子。
〔3〕前記ゴム状体の平均径が0.1μm以上2μm以下である、〔1〕又は〔2〕に記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子。
〔4〕前記発泡層を構成している前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物が、リサイクルポリプロピレンに由来するポリプロピレン系樹脂及びエチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含む、〔1〕~〔3〕のいずれか1つに記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子。
〔6〕前記発泡粒子は、前記発泡粒子を10℃/分の加熱速度で23℃から200℃まで加熱した際に得られるDSC曲線に、最もピーク面積の大きい第1吸熱ピークPaと、前記第1吸熱ピークPaの高温側において前記第1吸熱ピークPaに隣り合う第2吸熱ピークPbとが現れる結晶構造を有し、
前記発泡粒子の独立気泡率が85%以上であり、
前記第2吸熱ピークPbの頂点の温度Tbが158℃以上であり、
前記第2吸熱ピークPbの頂点の温度Tbと前記第1吸熱ピークPaの頂点の温度Taとの差Tb-Taが15℃以上30℃以下であり、
前記第1吸熱ピークPaのピーク高さhaに対する前記第2吸熱ピークPbのピーク高さhbの比hb/haが1.2以上2.8以下である、〔1〕~〔5〕のいずれか1つに記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子。
前記芯層は、エチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含み、融点が160℃以上であるポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物と、融点が125℃以上160℃未満であるポリプロピレン系樹脂との溶融混合物から構成されており、
前記芯層における前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物と前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂との質量比が、ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物:ポリプロピレン系樹脂=2:98~70:30である、ポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子の製造方法。
〔9〕前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物がインパクトポリプロピレンである、〔7〕又は〔8〕に記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子の製造方法。
〔10〕前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物の融点TmIと、前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂の融点TmBとの差TmI-TmBが5℃以上35℃以下である、〔7〕~〔9〕のいずれか1つに記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子の製造方法。
〔11〕温度230℃、荷重2.16kgの条件で測定した場合における前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物のメルトマスフローレイトMFRIが3g/10分以上40g/10分以下である、〔7〕~〔10〕のいずれか1つに記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子の製造方法。
〔13〕前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物が、リサイクルポリプロピレンに由来するポリプロピレン系樹脂及びエチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含む、〔7〕~〔12〕のいずれか1つに記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子の製造方法。
〔14〕容器内の水性媒体中に分散している、発泡剤が含浸された前記樹脂粒子を、前記水性媒体とともに、前記容器から前記容器内の圧力よりも低い圧力の雰囲気下に放出することにより、前記樹脂粒子を発泡させて発泡粒子を得る、〔7〕~〔13〕のいずれか1つに記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子の製造方法。
温度230℃、荷重2.16kgの条件で測定した場合における前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物のメルトマスフローレイトMFRIが3g/10分以上であり、
温度230℃、荷重2.16kgの条件で測定した場合における前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂のメルトマスフローレイトMFRBが3g/10分以上10g/10分であり、
前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂のメルトマスフローレイトMFRBに対する、前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物のメルトマスフローレイトMFRIの比MFRI/MFRBが0.3以上8以下である、〔7〕~〔14〕のいずれか1つに記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子の製造方法。
前記発泡粒子の発泡層を構成しているポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物は、ポリプロピレン系樹脂と、エチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含むゴム状体とを含んでいる。なお、前記発泡層を構成しているポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物の詳細については、後述する。
前記発泡粒子の融点Tmは130℃以上162℃以下である。発泡粒子の融点Tmを前記特定の範囲内とすることにより、発泡粒子の型内成形性を向上させることができる。
前記発泡粒子のn-デカン抽出液に含まれるアセトン不溶分(以下、前記アセトン不溶分を「発泡粒子中のDsol-Ainsol」という。)の量は、発泡粒子1gあたり0.02g以上0.10g以下であることが好ましい。発泡粒子中のDsol-Ainsolは、主にエチレンプロピレン系ラバーから構成されている。発泡粒子中のDsol-Ainsolの量を前記特定の範囲内とすることにより、発泡粒子の型内成形性をより向上させることができる。また、かかる発泡粒子を型内成形することにより、成形体の衝撃吸収性能をより向上させることができる。この理由としては、発泡粒子中のDsol-Ainsolの量が前記特定の範囲内である発泡粒子は、高い圧縮ひずみを付与した際の成形体の応力の過度の上昇が抑制されるためか、圧縮ひずみの増加に伴う応力の変化を小さくすることができることが考えられる。なお、n-デカン抽出液は、後述するように、前記発泡粒子を145℃のn-デカン中で加熱した後、23℃まで冷却することにより調製される。
前記発泡粒子の融点Tmと、前記発泡粒子の結晶化温度Tcとの差Tm-Tcは38℃以下であることが好ましい。従来、エチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含む発泡粒子を型内成形した場合には、型内成形が完了した直後の成形体が局所的に収縮しやすく、所望の形状を備えた成形体を安定して得ることが難しい傾向があった。これに対し、前記発泡粒子は、融点Tmと結晶化温度Tcとの差Tm-Tcを前記特定の範囲内とすることにより、エチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含んでいても、型内成形後の成形体の局所的な収縮をより効果的に抑制し、所望の形状を備えた成形体をより容易に得ることができる。なお、前記発泡粒子における前記差Tm-Tcの下限は、通常30℃である。前記差Tm-Tcの下限は32℃であることが好ましい。
前記発泡粒子の発泡層は、ポリプロピレン系樹脂と前記ゴム状体とを含むポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物(以下、「樹脂組成物」ともいう。)から構成されている。本明細書において、ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物とは、ポリプロピレン系樹脂を主成分とする樹脂組成物をいう。より具体的には、樹脂組成物中のポリプロピレン系樹脂の質量比率は、50質量%以上であることが好ましく、60質量%以上であることがより好ましく、70質量%以上であることがさらに好ましく、80質量%以上であることが特に好ましい。
(α)磁力により金属類と非金属類とを選別する磁力選別工程
(β)風力により軽量物と重量物とを選別する風力選別工程
(γ)溶媒により軽比重物と重比重物とを選別する湿式比重選別工程
(δ)帯電のしやすさにより樹脂を選別する静電選別工程
前記発泡粒子は、前記樹脂組成物から構成されている発泡層のみからなる単層構造を有していてもよく、前記発泡層と、型内成形時の発泡粒子同士の融着性を高めるために設けられ、発泡層を被覆する融着層とを備えた多層構造を有していてもよい。融着層は、発泡粒子の表面全体に存在していてもよく、表面の一部に存在していてもよい。また、融着層は、発泡状態であってもよく、非発泡状態であってもよいが、実質的に非発泡状態であることが好ましい。なお、前述した「非発泡状態」とは、融着層が発泡せず、気泡が含まれない状態と、発泡後に気泡が消失した状態とを含み、融着層内にほとんど気泡構造がないことを意味する。また、発泡粒子が発泡層と融着層とを有する場合には、融着層によって被覆された発泡層を「発泡芯層」ということがある。
前記発泡粒子の発泡層を構成している樹脂組成物の曲げ弾性率は800MPa以上1600MPa以下であることが好ましく、800MPa以上1400MPa以下であることがより好ましく、800MPa以上1300MPa以下であることがさらに好ましく、800MPa以上1200MPa以下であることが特に好ましく、900MPa以上1200MPa以下であることが最も好ましい。この場合には、発泡粒子の型内成形性をより容易に向上させることができる。また、かかる発泡粒子を用いて成形体を作製することにより、圧縮ひずみを加えた際に圧縮応力が上昇しにくい成形体を容易に得ることができる。
前記発泡層を構成している樹脂組成物の、温度230℃、荷重2.16kgで測定した場合におけるメルトマスフローレイトは5g/10分以上20g/10分以下であることが好ましく、8g/10分以上18g/10分以下であることがより好ましく、10g/10分以上16g/10分以下であることがさらに好ましい。この場合には、発泡粒子の型内成形性をより容易に向上させることができる。また、かかる発泡粒子を用いて型内成形を行うことにより、圧縮強度が良好な成形体を製造可能な発泡粒子をより容易に得ることができる。発泡層を構成している樹脂組成物のメルトマスフローレイトは、試料として発泡粒子または樹脂粒子を用い、JIS K7210-1:2014に基づき、試験温度230℃、荷重2.16kgの条件で測定される値である。なお、試料として用いられる発泡粒子には、予め脱泡処理が施されていてもよい。
前記発泡粒子の嵩密度は、10kg/m3以上200kg/m3以下であることが好ましく、12kg/m3以上100kg/m3以下であることがより好ましく、15kg/m3以上80kg/m3以下であることがさらに好ましく、20kg/m3以上70kg/m3以下であることが特に好ましい。この場合には、軽量であるとともに、圧縮強度が良好な成形体をより容易に得ることができる。
前記発泡粒子の見掛け密度は10kg/m3以上150kg/m3以下であることが好ましい。発泡粒子の見掛け密度を好ましくは10kg/m3以上、より好ましくは20kg/m3以上、さらに好ましくは30kg/m3以上とすることにより、十分な剛性を有する成形体をより容易に得ることができる。また、発泡粒子の見掛け密度を好ましくは100kg/m3以下、より好ましくは80kg/m3以下とすることにより、より軽量な成形体を得ることができる。
前記発泡粒子の平均気泡径は40μm以上100μm以下であることが好ましく、45μm以上90μm以下であることがより好ましく、50μm以上80μm以下であることがさらに好ましい。この場合には、発泡粒子の型内成形性をより高め、幅広い成形圧の範囲において良好な成形体をより容易に得ることができる。
発泡粒子の独立気泡率は、80%以上であることが好ましく、85%以上であることがより好ましく、90%以上であることがさらに好ましい。この場合には、発泡粒子の型内成形性をより高め、幅広い成形圧の範囲において良好な成形体をより容易に得ることができる。
ただし、上記式(1)における記号の意味は以下の通りである。
Vx:上記方法で測定される測定用サンプルの真の体積、即ち、発泡粒子を構成する樹脂の容積と、発泡粒子内の独立気泡部分の気泡全容積との和(単位:cm3)
Va:測定用サンプルを、エタノールの入ったメスシリンダーに沈めた際の液面の上昇量から測定される測定用サンプルの見掛けの体積(単位:cm3)
W:測定用サンプルの質量(単位:g)
ρ:発泡粒子を構成する樹脂の密度(単位:g/cm3)
前記発泡粒子の灰分量は、0.1質量%以上4質量%以下であることが好ましい。この場合には、発泡粒子の良好な型内成形性を確保しつつ、ポストコンシューマ材料に由来する成分の配合量を高めることができ、ポストコンシューマ材料をより活用しやすくなる。
前記発泡粒子は、加熱速度10℃/分で23℃から230℃まで加熱した際に得られるDSC曲線に、発泡粒子に含まれる樹脂成分固有の融解による融解ピークと、この融解ピークよりも高温側に位置する1以上の融解ピークとが現れる結晶構造を有することが好ましい。このような結晶構造を備えた発泡粒子は、優れた型内成形性を有している。また、かかる発泡粒子を型内成形することにより、圧縮物性に優れる成形体をより容易に得ることができる。なお、以下において、前記DSC曲線に現れる樹脂成分固有の融解による融解ピークを「樹脂固有ピーク」といい、樹脂固有ピークよりも高温側に現れる融解ピークを「高温ピーク」という。樹脂固有ピークは、発泡粒子に含まれる樹脂成分が通常有する結晶の融解によって現れる。一方、高温ピークは、発泡粒子の製造過程で樹脂成分中に形成された二次結晶の融解によって現れると推定される。すなわち、DSC曲線に高温ピークが現れた場合、樹脂成分中に二次結晶が形成されていると推定される。
前記発泡粒子は、前記発泡粒子を10℃/分の加熱速度で23℃から200℃まで加熱した際に得られるDSC曲線に、最もピーク面積の大きい第1吸熱ピークPaと、前記第1吸熱ピークPaの高温側において前記第1吸熱ピークPaに隣り合う第2吸熱ピークPbとが現れる結晶構造を有し、
前記第2吸熱ピークPbの頂点の温度Tbが158℃以上であり、
前記第2吸熱ピークPbの頂点の温度Tbと前記第1吸熱ピークPaの頂点の温度Taとの差Tb-Taが15℃以上30℃以下であり、
前記第1吸熱ピークPaのピーク高さhaに対する前記第2吸熱ピークPbのピーク高さhbの比hb/haが1.2以上2.8以下であることが好ましい。
前記発泡粒子の独立気泡率が85%以上であり、
前記第2吸熱ピークPbの頂点の温度Tbが158℃以上であり、
前記第2吸熱ピークPbの頂点の温度Tbと前記第1吸熱ピークPaの頂点の温度Taとの差Tb-Taが15℃以上30℃以下であり、
前記第1吸熱ピークPaのピーク高さhaに対する前記第2吸熱ピークPbのピーク高さhbの比hb/haが1.2以上2.8以下であることがより好ましい。
前記発泡粒子を10℃/分の加熱速度で23℃から200℃まで加熱し、次いで10℃/分の冷却速度で23℃まで冷却し、再び10℃/分の加熱速度で23℃から200℃まで加熱した際に得られる2回目のDSC曲線における、融解終了温度は160℃以上であることが好ましい。2回目のDSC曲線における融解終了温度は、発泡粒子中に含まれる樹脂成分の融点と関連しており、高い融点を有する樹脂成分が含まれている場合には2回目のDSC曲線における融解終了温度が高くなる傾向がある。従って、2回目のDSC曲線における融解終了温度が160℃以上である発泡粒子は、耐熱性をより確実に高めることができる。なお、発泡粒子の2回目のDSC曲線における融解終了温度の上限は特に限定されないが、概ね175℃である。
前記発泡粒子は、芯層を有するポリプロピレン系樹脂粒子を発泡させることで得ることができる。好ましくは、以下の製造方法により、前記発泡粒子を製造することができる。
前記製造方法に用いられる樹脂粒子の前記芯層は、エチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含み、融点が160℃以上であるポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Iと、融点が125℃以上160℃未満であるポリプロピレン系樹脂Bとの溶融混合物から構成されており、
前記芯層における、ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Iとポリプロピレン系樹脂Bとの質量比が、ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物I:ポリプロピレン系樹脂B=2:98~70:30である。かかる芯層を備えた樹脂粒子を発泡させることにより、前記発泡粒子をより容易に得ることができる。
前記製造方法においては、まず、前記芯層を備えた樹脂粒子を準備する。前記芯層を形成するにあたっては、エチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含み、融点が160℃以上であるインパクトポリプロピレンを前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Iとして用いることが好ましい。また、後述するように、前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Iと前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂Bとを溶融混合することで、芯層を形成することができる。芯層は、発泡後に発泡粒子の発泡層となる。従って、芯層を構成する溶融混合物の構成は、前述した発泡粒子の発泡層を構成する樹脂組成物の構成を適宜参照することができる。
前記樹脂粒子の作製に用いられるポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物I(以下、樹脂組成物Iともいう。)としては、例えば、前述した発泡粒子の発泡層を構成する樹脂組成物Aやインパクトポリプロピレンを用いることができる。従って、樹脂組成物Iとして用いられる樹脂組成物Aやインパクトポリプロピレンの構成に関しては、前述した発泡層に用いられる樹脂組成物Aやインパクトポリプロピレンに関する構成を適宜参照することができる。
前記樹脂粒子の作製に用いられるポリプロピレン系樹脂B(以下、樹脂Bともいう)は、成形品を成形するための成形加工等による熱履歴を受けていないポリプロピレン系樹脂(つまり、非再生ポリプロピレン系樹脂)であってもよく、熱履歴を受けたポリプロピレン系樹脂(より具体的には、マテリアルリサイクルされた再生ポリプロピレン系樹脂)であってもよい。発泡粒子の型内成形性をより安定して向上させることができる観点からは、樹脂Bは、非再生ポリプロピレン系樹脂であることが好ましい。
前記芯層における、樹脂組成物Iと樹脂Bとの配合比(ただし、樹脂組成物Iの質量と樹脂Bの質量との合計を100質量%とする)は、樹脂組成物I:樹脂B=2:98~70:30であることが好ましい。すなわち、前記芯層に配合される、樹脂組成物Iと樹脂Bとの合計に対する樹脂組成物Iの質量比率は2質量%以上70質量%以下であることが好ましい。
8:92~60:40であってもよく、10:90~70:30であってもよく、10:90~50:50であってもよく、3:97~40:60であってもよく、2:98~45:55であってもよい。
樹脂組成物Iの融点TmIと樹脂Bの融点TmBとの差TmI-TmBは5℃以上であることが好ましい。この場合には、発泡粒子の型内成形性をより高め、良好な成形体が得られる成形圧の範囲をより広くすることができる。かかる作用効果をより確実に得る観点からは、前記融点差TmI-TmBは、8℃以上であることがより好ましく、10℃以上であることがさらに好ましい。同様の観点から、前記融点差TmI-TmBは、35℃以下であることが好ましく、30℃以下であることがより好ましく、28℃以下であることがさらに好ましく、25℃以下であることが特に好ましく、20℃以下であることが最も好ましい。
樹脂組成物IのメルトマスフローレイトMFRIと樹脂BのメルトマスフローレイトMFRBとの差MFRI-MFRBは5g/10分以上であることが好ましく、8g/10分以上であることがより好ましく、12g/10分以上であることがさらに好ましい。また、前記メルトマスフローレイトの差MFRI-MFRBは40g/10分以下であることが好ましく、35g/10分以下であることがより好ましく、30g/10分以上であることがさらに好ましく、25g/10分以下であることが特に好ましい。この場合には、発泡粒子の型内成形性のばらつきをより低減することができる。
樹脂BのメルトマスフローレイトMFRBに対する樹脂組成物IのメルトマスフローレイトMFRIの比MFRI/MFRBは0.3以上8以下であることが好ましく、0.5以上7.5以下であることがより好ましく、1以上7以下であることがさらに好ましい。この場合には、発泡性と型内成形性のバランスが良好となり、見掛け密度が低い場合であっても型内成形性をより容易に向上させることができる。
樹脂組成物Iの曲げ弾性率MIに対する樹脂Bの曲げ弾性率MBの比MB/MIは0.8以上であることが好ましく、0.9以上であることがより好ましく、1以上であることがさらに好ましく、1を超えることが特に好ましい。また、樹脂組成物Iの曲げ弾性率MIに対する樹脂Bの曲げ弾性率MBの比MB/MIは2以下であることが好ましく、1.6以下であることがより好ましく、1.5以下であることがさらに好ましい。樹脂組成物Iと組み合わせる樹脂Bの曲げ弾性率MBを前記特定の範囲内とすることにより、発泡粒子の型内成形性をより向上させることができる。さらに、かかる発泡粒子を用いて型内成形を行うことにより、成形体の圧縮強度をより容易に高めることができる。
前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Aがリサイクルポリプロピレンとしてのポストコンシューマ材料に由来するポリプロピレン系樹脂及びエチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含み、
前記曲げ弾性率MAに対する前記曲げ弾性率MBの比MB/MAが1以上であり、
前記芯層における前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Aと前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂Bとの質量比が、ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物A:ポリプロピレン系樹脂B=10:90~70:30であることが好ましい。この場合には、ポストコンシューマ材料に由来する樹脂成分を有効に活用できると共に、型内成形性が良好であり、圧縮強度に優れた発泡粒子成形体を安定して得ることができる。
前記樹脂組成物Iとしてのインパクトポリプロピレンの融点TmIと、前記樹脂Bとしてのプロピレン系ランダム共重合体の融点TmBとの差TmI-TmBが5℃以上35℃以下であり、
温度230℃、荷重2.16kgの条件で測定した場合における前記樹脂組成物IのメルトマスフローレイトMFRIが3g/10分以上であり、
温度230℃、荷重2.16kgの条件で測定した場合における前記樹脂BのメルトマスフローレイトMFRBが3g/10分以上10g/10分であり、
前記樹脂BのメルトマスフローレイトMFRBに対する、前記樹脂組成物IのメルトマスフローレイトMFRIの比MFRI/MFRBが0.3以上8以下であることが好ましい。
次に、前記樹脂粒子を発泡させる。樹脂粒子を発泡させる方法は特に限定されることはないが、容器内の水性媒体中に分散している、発泡剤が含浸された樹脂粒子を、水性媒体とともに前記容器から容器内の圧力よりも低い圧力の雰囲気下に放出する、「ダイレクト発泡法」と呼ばれる方法により樹脂粒子を発泡させることが好ましい。以下に、発泡方法の好ましい態様を説明する。
前記発泡粒子を成形型に充填した後、成形型内にスチームなどの加熱媒体を供給して型内成形することにより、成形体を得ることができる。成形体の密度は10kg/m3以上200kg/m3以下であることが好ましい。この場合には、成形体の軽量性と圧縮強度とのバランスがより良好となる。
独立気泡率=(Vx-W/ρ)×100/(Va-W/ρ)・・・(2)
前記成形体における、50%圧縮強度に対する5%圧縮強度の比は0.45以上であることが好ましく、0.50以上であることがより好ましく、0.52以上であることがさらに好ましく、0.55以上であることが特に好ましい。成形体のエネルギー吸収特性は、種々のひずみ量における圧縮応力の大きさに基づいて評価することができる。より具体的には、横軸を成形体に加えたひずみ量とし、縦軸をひずみ量に対応する圧縮応力とした応力-ひずみ曲線において、圧縮開始からひずみ量εaまでの応力-ひずみ曲線の形状が矩形に近い形状であるほど、成形体が望ましいエネルギー吸収特性を有することを意味する。換言すれば、ひずみ量εaにおける圧縮応力σaと、ひずみ量εaよりも小さいひずみ量εbにおける圧縮応力σbとの差が小さいほど、応力-ひずみ曲線の形状が矩形に近くなり、ひずみ量εaまでの領域における成形体のエネルギー吸収特性が良好であるといえる。なお、前記成形体における、50%圧縮強度に対する5%圧縮強度の比の上限は、本発明の所期の目的を達成できる範囲であれば特に限定されないが、通常、1.0であり、0.8であってもよく、0.7であってもよい。
前記発泡粒子の製造方法において用いられる発泡粒子用樹脂原料は、
自動車用部材に由来するポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物aを含み、かつ、融点が160℃以上のポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物であることが好ましい。
かかる発泡粒子用樹脂原料を、前記製造方法におけるポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Aとして用いることにより、型内成形性に優れる発泡粒子を製造することが可能となり、さらに自動車用部材に由来する樹脂成分を資源として有効に活用することができる。
(ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物A)
表1に、本実施形態において発泡粒子の製造に使用したポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Aの性状等を示す。なお、本例において使用した樹脂組成物A1-1は株式会社プラニックにより製造されている「PLC-A02」であり、樹脂組成物A1-2はいその株式会社により製造されている「ELVBP-10」である。樹脂組成物A1-1及びA1-2は、いずれもポストコンシューマ材料に由来するエチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含有するインパクトポリプロピレンである。より具体的には、樹脂組成物A1-1の主成分は、ASRから回収されたポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物a1であり、樹脂組成物A1-2は、使用済自動車の部品(より具体的にはバンパー)から回収されたポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物aである。
樹脂組成物A中のDsol-Ainsol、つまり、n-デカン中に可溶で、かつアセトンに不溶な成分の量は、以下の方法により求めた。具体的には、まず、試料として、約5gの樹脂組成物Aを精秤した。n-デカン200ml中に試料を加え、145℃で30分間加熱溶解を行った。次に、得られたn-デカン溶液を2時間かけて23℃まで冷却し、23℃で30分間放置した。これにより、n-デカン溶液中に含まれるn-デカンに不溶な成分を析出させた。その後、n-デカン溶液をろ過して析出物をろ別し、n-デカン可溶分を含むn-デカン抽出液を得た。このn-デカン抽出液を、n-デカン抽出液に対して約3倍量のアセトン中に加え、23℃で18時間放置し、n-デカン抽出液中のアセトン不溶分(つまり、樹脂組成物A中のDsol-Ainsol)を析出させた。この析出物をろ取して乾燥させた後、析出物の質量を測定した。このようにして測定された析出物の質量(単位:g)を試料の質量(単位:g)で除した値を、樹脂組成物A中に含まれる、樹脂組成物A 1gあたりのDsol-Ainsolの量(単位:g)として算出した。
以下の方法により樹脂組成物A1-1のモルフォロジーを観察した。まず、樹脂組成物A1-1からなる円柱状のペレットを、その中心部を通るように、ペレットの高さ方向に対して垂直に切断し、ペレットの中心部の断面が露出した観察用サンプルを準備した。次いで、この観察用サンプルをエポキシ樹脂に包埋し、四酸化ルテニウムにて電子染色を行った後、ウルトラミクロトーム等を用いてサンプルからペレットの中心部を含む切片を作製した。この切片を透過型電子顕微鏡(例えば、日本電子社製「JEM-1040Flash」)のグリッドに載せ、倍率5000倍で観察すると共に、樹脂組成物A1-1の断面写真(すなわち、TEM写真)を撮影した。
JIS K7250-1:2006の直接灰化法(A法)に準拠して、樹脂組成物Aの灰分量を測定した。具体的には、まず、約5gの樹脂組成物Aを精秤した後、樹脂組成物Aをるつぼに入れた。雰囲気温度を600℃に設定した電気炉内でるつぼ内の樹脂組成物Aを1時間加熱することにより、樹脂組成物Aを燃焼させた。加熱が完了した後、るつぼ内に残った残渣の質量を測定した。そして、加熱前の樹脂組成物Aの質量に対する残渣の質量の比率を百分率で表した値を、樹脂組成物Aの灰分量(単位:質量%)とした。
樹脂組成物Aの融点TmAは、JIS K7121-1987に基づき求めた。具体的には、まず、JIS K7121-1987に記載の「3.試験片の状態調節」の「(2)一定の熱処理を行なった後、融解温度を測定する場合」に基づいて樹脂組成物Aからなる試験片の状態を調節した。状態調節後の試験片を10℃/分の加熱速度で23℃から230℃まで昇温することによりDSC曲線を取得した。なお、測定環境下における窒素ガスの流量は、毎分30mLとした。そして、DSC曲線に現れた融解ピークの頂点温度を融点TmAとした。なお、測定装置としては、熱流束示差走査熱量測定装置(エスアイアイ・ナノテクノロジー(株)社製、型番:DSC7020)を用いた。
JIS K7210-1:2014に準拠し、温度230℃、荷重2.16kgの条件で樹脂組成物AのメルトマスフローレイトMFRAを測定した。
樹脂組成物Aを180℃でヒートプレスして厚さ4mmのシートを作製し、このシートから長さ80mm×幅10mm×厚さ4mmの試験片を切り出した。この試験片の曲げ弾性率MAを、JIS K7171:2008に準拠して求めた。なお、圧子の半径R1及び支持台の半径R2は共に5mmであり、支点間距離は64mmであり、試験速度は2mm/分である。
表2に、本実施形態において発泡粒子の製造に使用したポリプロピレン系樹脂Bの性状等を示す。なお、本例において使用した樹脂Bは、いずれも、非再生ポリプロピレン系樹脂から構成されている。また、本例において使用した樹脂Bは、プロピレン-エチレンランダム共重合体(B1-1~B1-4)またはホモプロピレン(B1-5)のいずれかである。なお、表2においては、プロピレン系ランダム共重合体を「rPP」と記載し、ホモプロピレンを「hPP」と記載した。
(K´722)c=1/0.96{(K´722)a-0.150(K´733)a}・・・(4)
エチレン成分含有量=0.575{(K´722)c+(K´733)c}・・・(5)
ブテン成分含有量=12.3(A766/L)・・・(6)
ただし、式(6)におけるAは吸光度であり、Lはフィルム状の試験片の厚み(単位:mm)である。
実施例1-1の発泡粒子は、ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物から構成された発泡層を有している。発泡層を構成する樹脂組成物は、ポリプロピレン系樹脂と、エチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含むゴム状体Gと、を含んでおり、ゴム状体Gがポリプロピレン系樹脂中に分散している。実施例1-1の発泡粒子を作製するに当たっては、まず、樹脂組成物A1-1と、樹脂B1-1と、気泡調整剤とを押出機に投入し、押出機内で樹脂組成物Aと樹脂Bとの溶融混合物を形成した。なお、樹脂組成物A1-1と樹脂B1-1との質量比率は表3に示す値とした。また、気泡調整剤としてはホウ酸亜鉛を使用した。ホウ酸亜鉛の添加量は、樹脂組成物A1-1と樹脂B1-1との合計100質量%に対して0.05質量%とした。その後、押出機の下流側に設けられたダイの小孔から前記溶融状態の混合物をストランド状に押し出した。このストランド状の押出物を引き取り、冷却した後にペレタイザーを用いて適当な長さに切断することにより樹脂粒子を得た。
実施例1-2~1-4の発泡粒子は、樹脂組成物A1-1と樹脂B1-1との質量比率を表3に示すように変更したこと以外は、概ね実施例1-1の発泡粒子と同様の構成を有している。これらの実施例における発泡粒子の製造方法は、押出機に供給する樹脂組成物A1-1と樹脂B1-1との質量比率を変更した点、及び発泡時の容器内の温度を、実施例1-2では152.5℃に、実施例1-3では161℃に、実施例1-4では158.5℃にそれぞれ変更した点以外は、概ね実施例1-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
実施例1-5~1-7の発泡粒子は、表4に示すように、樹脂Bとして、ポリプロピレン系樹脂B1-1に替えてポリプロピレン系樹脂B1-2~B1-4のうちいずれかの樹脂を使用した点以外は、概ね実施例1-4の発泡粒子と同様の構成を有している。これらの実施例における発泡粒子の製造方法は、押出機に供給する樹脂Bをポリプロピレン系樹脂B1-1から表4に示すポリプロピレン系樹脂Bに変更した点以外は、概ね実施例4の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
比較例1-1の発泡粒子の発泡層は、樹脂Bを含まず、樹脂組成物Aから構成されている。比較例1-1の発泡粒子の製造方法は、表5に示すように、樹脂組成物Aと樹脂Bとを含む樹脂組成物に替えて、樹脂組成物A1-1を使用して樹脂粒子を作製した点、及び発泡時の容器内の温度を164℃に変更した点以外は、概ね実施例1-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
比較例1-2の発泡粒子は、表5に示すように、樹脂Bとして、ポリプロピレン系樹脂B1-1に替えてポリプロピレン系樹脂B1-5を使用した点以外は、概ね実施例1-4の発泡粒子と同様の構成を有している。比較例1-2における発泡粒子の製造方法は、押出機に供給する樹脂Bをポリプロピレン系樹脂B1-1からポリプロピレン系樹脂B5に変更した点、及び発泡時の容器内の温度を164℃に変更した点以外は、概ね実施例1-4の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
比較例1-3の発泡粒子の発泡層は、表5に示すように、樹脂組成物Aを含まず、樹脂B1-1と樹脂B1-5とから構成されている。比較例1-3の発泡粒子の製造方法は、表5に示すように、樹脂組成物Aと樹脂Bとを含む樹脂組成物に替えて、樹脂B1-1と樹脂B1-5とから構成される樹脂組成物を使用して樹脂粒子を作製した点以外は、概ね実施例1-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
実施例1-8の発泡粒子は、表6に示すように、嵩密度が27kg/m3である点以外は概ね実施例1-1の発泡粒子と同様の構成を有している。実施例1-8の発泡粒子の製造方法は、発泡時の容器内の温度を155.5℃に変更した点、及び発泡時の容器内圧力を2.8MPa(G)に変更した点以外は概ね実施例1-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
実施例1-9の発泡粒子は、表7に示すように、樹脂組成物Aとして、樹脂組成物A1-1に替えて樹脂組成物A1-2を使用した点以外は、概ね実施例1-4の発泡粒子と同様の構成を有している。実施例1-9における発泡粒子の製造方法は、押出機に供給する樹脂組成物Aを樹脂組成物A1-1から樹脂組成物A1-2に変更した点以外は、概ね実施例1-4の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
参考例1-1の発泡粒子の発泡層は、樹脂組成物Aを含まず、樹脂Bから構成されている。参考例1-1の発泡粒子の製造方法は、樹脂組成物Aと樹脂Bとを含む樹脂組成物に替えて、樹脂B1-1を使用して樹脂粒子を作製したこと、及び発泡時の容器内の温度を149.5℃に変更したこと以外は、概ね実施例1-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
参考例1-2の発泡粒子の発泡層は、樹脂組成物Aを含まず、樹脂Bから構成されている。参考例1-2の発泡粒子の製造方法は、発泡時の容器内の温度を147℃に変更した点、及び容器内圧力を4.0MPa(G)に変更した点以外は、概ね参考例1-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
実施例1-10の発泡粒子は、ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物から構成された発泡芯層と、発泡芯層を被覆する融着層とを有している。発泡芯層を構成するポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物は、ポリプロピレン系樹脂と、エチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含むゴム状体Gとを含んでおり、ゴム状体Gがポリプロピレン系樹脂中に分散している。実施例1-10の発泡粒子を作製するに当たっては、まず、芯層形成用押出機と、融着層形成用押出機と、これら2台の押出機に接続された共押出ダイとを備えた共押出装置を用い、共押出装置から押し出された複合体をストランドカット方式により切断して融着層を有する多層樹脂粒子を作製した。
実施例1-11の発泡粒子は、ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物から構成された発泡芯層と、発泡芯層を被覆する融着層とを有している。発泡芯層を構成するポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物は、ポリプロピレン系樹脂と、エチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含むゴム状体Gとを含んでおり、ゴム状体Gがポリプロピレン系樹脂中に分散している。また、実施例1-11の発泡粒子は、内部を軸方向に貫通する貫通孔を有する筒形状の発泡粒子である。実施例1-11の発泡粒子を作製するに当たっては、まず、芯層形成用押出機と、融着層形成用押出機と、これら2台の押出機に接続された共押出ダイとを備えた共押出装置を用い、共押出装置から押し出された複合体をストランドカット方式により切断して融着層を有する多層樹脂粒子を作製した。なお、実施例1-11で使用した共押出用ダイには、多層樹脂粒子の芯層に貫通孔を形成可能な機構が備えられている。
発泡粒子の融点Tm及び樹脂粒子の融点Tmrの測定方法は、樹脂組成物Aに替えて発泡粒子または樹脂粒子を使用したこと以外は、前述した樹脂組成物Aの融点TmAの測定方法と同様である。
JIS K7121-1987に基づき、熱流束示差走査熱量計を用いて発泡粒子の結晶化温度Tcの測定を行った。より具体的には、まず、発泡粒子を10℃/分の加熱速度で23℃から230℃まで昇温させた後、230℃の温度を10分間保持した。その後、10℃/分の冷却速度で230℃から30℃まで冷却させることによりDSC曲線を得た。なお、測定環境下における窒素ガスの流量は、毎分30mLとした。このDSC曲線における結晶化ピークの頂点温度を発泡粒子の結晶化温度Tcとした。なお、DSC曲線に複数の結晶化ピークが表れる場合は、ピーク高さの最も高い結晶化ピークの頂点温度を発泡粒子の結晶化温度Tcとした。
相対湿度50%、温度23℃、気圧1atmの環境下で発泡粒子を24時間以上静置し、発泡粒子の状態を調節した。このようにして得られた嵩体積約500cm3の発泡粒子をメスシリンダー内に充填し、メスシリンダー底面で床面を数度、軽く叩くことにより、メスシリンダー内の発泡粒子群の充填高さを安定させた。その後、メスシリンダーの目盛から発泡粒子群の正確な嵩体積(単位:L)を読み取った。そして、メスシリンダー内の発泡粒子群の質量(単位:g)を前述した嵩体積で除した値を単位換算することにより、発泡粒子の嵩密度(単位:kg/m3)を算出した。
発泡粒子を概ね2等分となるように切断した。次に、露出した切断面が視野内に全て納まるように拡大写真を取得した。得られた拡大写真上に、発泡粒子の最表面から中央部を通って反対側の最表面に至る線分を、隣り合う線分のなす角度が等しくなるようにして(つまり、隣り合う線分のなす角度が45°となるようにして)4本引いた。このようにして得られた4本の線分の合計長さを線分と交差する気泡の総数で除した値を、個々の発泡粒子の気泡径とした。
ASTM-D2856-70手順Cに基づき空気比較式比重計を用いて発泡粒子の独立気泡率を測定した。具体的には、まず、状態調節後の嵩体積約20cm3の発泡粒子を測定用サンプルとし、測定用サンプルをエタノールの入ったメスシリンダーに沈めた。この時の液面の上昇量から測定用サンプルの見掛けの体積Vaを測定した。見掛けの体積Vaを測定した測定用サンプルを十分に乾燥させた後、ASTM-D2856-70に記載されている手順Cに準じ、空気比較式比重計(東京サイエンス株式会社製「Beckman Model1000 Air Comparison Pycnometer」)により測定される測定用サンプルの真の体積の値Vxを測定した。そして、これらの体積の値Va及びVxを用い、下記の式(1)に基づいて測定用サンプルの独立気泡率(単位:%)を計算した。以上の操作を測定用サンプルを変更して5回行い、5つの測定用サンプルにおける独立気泡率の算術平均値(N=5)を発泡粒子の独立気泡率(単位:%)とした。
Vx:上記方法で測定される測定用サンプルの真の体積、即ち、発泡粒子を構成する樹脂の容積と、発泡粒子内の独立気泡部分の気泡全容積との和(単位:cm3)
Va:測定用サンプルを、エタノールの入ったメスシリンダーに沈めた際の液面の上昇量から測定される測定用サンプルの見掛けの体積(単位:cm3)
W:測定用サンプルの質量(単位:g)
ρ:発泡粒子を構成する樹脂の密度(単位:g/cm3)
発泡粒子中のDsol-Ainsol、つまり、n-デカン中に可溶で、かつアセトンに不溶な成分の量は、以下の方法により求めた。具体的には、まず、試料として、約5gの発泡粒子を精秤した。n-デカン200ml中に試料を加え、145℃で30分間加熱溶解を行った。次に、得られたn-デカン溶液を2時間かけて23℃まで冷却し、23℃で30分間放置した。これにより、n-デカン溶液中のn-デカンに不溶な成分を析出させた。その後、n-デカン溶液をろ過して析出物をろ別し、n-デカン可溶分を含むn-デカン抽出液を得た。このn-デカン抽出液を、n-デカン抽出液に対して約3倍量のアセトン中に加え、23℃で18時間放置し、n-デカン抽出液中のアセトン不溶分(つまり、発泡粒子中のDsol-Ainsol)を析出させた。この析出物をろ取して乾燥させた後、析出物の質量を測定した。このようにして測定された析出物の質量(単位:g)を試料の質量(単位:g)で除することにより、発泡粒子中に含まれる発泡粒子1gあたりのDsol-Ainsolの量(単位:g)を算出した。
以下の方法により発泡粒子のモルフォロジーを観察した。まず、前記発泡粒子を、その中心部を通るように切断して、発泡粒子の中心部の断面が露出した観察用サンプルを準備した。次いで、この観察用サンプルをエポキシ樹脂に包埋し、四酸化ルテニウムにて電子染色を行った後、ウルトラミクロトーム等を用いてサンプルから発泡粒子の中心部を含む切片を作製した。この切片を透過型電子顕微鏡(日本電子社製「JEM-1040Flash」)のグリッドに載せ、倍率5000倍で観察すると共に、発泡粒子の断面写真(すなわち、TEM写真)を撮影した。
樹脂粒子の灰分量及び発泡粒子の灰分量の測定方法は、樹脂組成物Aに替えて樹脂粒子または発泡粒子を用いたこと以外は、前述した樹脂組成物Aの灰分量の測定方法と同様である。
発泡粒子を180℃の温度で3分間ヒートプレスすることにより、発泡粒子の脱泡処理を行い、発泡粒子を構成している樹脂組成物から構成されるシートを作製した。このシートを切断することで得られたペレット状の試料を用い、JIS K7210-1:2014に準拠し、温度230℃、荷重2.16kgの条件でメルトマスフローレイトの測定を行った。
発泡粒子を180℃でヒートプレスして厚さ4mmのシートを作製し、このシートから長さ80mm×幅10mm×厚さ4mmの試験片を切り出した。この試験片の曲げ弾性率を、JIS K7171:2008に準拠して求めた。なお、圧子の半径R1及び支持台の半径R2は共に5mmであり、支点間距離は64mmであり、試験速度は2mm/分である。
高温ピークの頂点温度及び融解熱量は、JIS K7122-1987に準拠して示差走査熱量測定(DSC)を行うことで得られるDSC曲線から求めた。具体的には、まず、発泡粒子約3mgを試料として用い、加熱速度10℃/分で23℃から230℃まで試料を加熱して示差走査熱量測定を行うことによりDSC曲線を得た。なお、測定環境下における窒素ガスの流量は、毎分30mLとした。このDSC曲線に基づいて、樹脂固有ピークΔH1の頂点温度Tl及び高温ピークΔH2の頂点温度Thを求めた。また、表3~表7の「頂点温度の差Th-Tl」欄には、高温ピークΔH2の頂点温度Thから樹脂固有ピークΔH1の頂点温度Tlを差し引いた値を記載した。
前述した成形可能範囲のうち、最も低い成形圧で型内成形を行い、発泡粒子成形体を得た。この発泡粒子成形体の質量(単位:g)を当該成形体の外形寸法から求められる体積(単位:L)で除した後、単位換算することにより成形体の密度(単位:kg/m3)を算出した。
成形可能範囲の評価においては、本加熱時の成形圧を0.26MPa(G)から0.42MPa(G)までの間で0.01MPaずつ変化させて型内成形を行うことにより成形体を作製し、得られた成形体の表面性、融着性及び回復性に基づいて成形可能範囲を決定した。
成形体の厚み方向における一方のスキン面の中央部に100mm×100mmの正方形を描き、次いでこの正方形のいずれか1つの角から対角線を引いた。そして、対角線上に存在するボイド、つまり、発泡粒子間に形成される隙間のうち、1mm×1mm以上の大きさを有するボイドの数を数えた。そして、ボイドの数が2個以下の場合に合格と判断し、3個以上である場合に不合格と判断した。
成形体を長手方向に概ね等分となるように破断させた。破断面に露出した発泡粒子のうち無作為に選択した100個以上の発泡粒子を目視により観察し、粒子内部で破断した発泡粒子(つまり、材料破壊した発泡粒子)であるか、発泡粒子同士の界面で破断した発泡粒子であるかを判別した。そして、観察した発泡粒子の総数に対する粒子内部で破断した発泡粒子の数の比率を百分率で表した値(つまり、材料破壊率)を算出し、この値を融着率とした。そして、融着率が80%以上である場合を合格と判断し、80%未満である場合を不合格と判断した。
成形体を厚み方向から見た平面視において、縦250mmの辺と横200mmの辺とで囲まれた面の各頂点から、当該面の中心方向に10mm内側となる4か所の位置における成形体の厚みと、当該面の中央部における成形体の厚みとをそれぞれ計測した。次いで、計測した箇所のうち最も厚みの厚い箇所の厚みに対する最も厚みの薄い箇所の厚みの比(単位:%)を算出した。このようにして得られた厚みの比が95%以上である場合に合格と判断し、95%未満である場合に不合格と判断した。
前述した成形可能範囲のうち、最も低い成形圧で型内成形を行い、成形体を得た。この成形体の中心部から縦25mm×横25mm×高さ30mmの試験体を切り出し、試験体の幾何学的体積Va(単位:cm3)、つまり、縦寸法(単位:cm)と横寸法(単位:cm)と高さ寸法(単位:cm)との積を算出した。次に、ASTM-D2856-70に記載されている手順Cに準じ、空気比較式比重計(具体的には、東京サイエンス株式会社製「Beckman Model1000 Air Comparison Pycnometer」)により、試験体の真の体積の値Vxを測定した。なお、空気比較式比重計により得られる真の体積の値Vxは、測定用サンプルを構成する樹脂の容積と、測定用サンプル内の独立気泡部分の気泡全容積との和(単位:cm3)である。
独立気泡率=(Vx-W/ρ)×100/(Va-W/ρ)・・・(2)
前述した成形可能範囲のうち、最も低い成形圧で型内成形を行い、成形体を得た。この成形体の中心部から、縦50mm、横50mm、厚み25mmの直方体状の試験片を採取した。JIS K7220:2006に規定された方法に基づいて10mm/minの圧縮速度で試験片の圧縮試験を行い、応力-ひずみ曲線を取得した。なお、圧縮試験は23℃の実験室において行った。この応力-ひずみ曲線に基づいて試験片の5%変形圧縮応力及び50%変形圧縮応力を算出し、この値を成形体の5%圧縮強度及び50%圧縮強度とした。また、表3~表7の「50%圧縮強度/密度」欄には、50%圧縮強度の値を成形体の密度で除した値(単位:kPa/(kg/m3))を記載し、「圧縮強度比」欄には、50%圧縮強度に対する5%圧縮強度の比、つまり、5%圧縮強度を50%圧縮強度で除した値を記載した。
(ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物A)
表8に、本形態の発泡粒子の製造に使用したポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Aの性状等を示す。表8に示す樹脂組成物A2-1は、ASRから回収されたポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物a1を主成分とするリサイクルポリプロピレン(より具体的には、樹脂組成物A2-1は、株式会社プラニック製「PLC-A02」)である。樹脂組成物A2-1の形状は円柱状のペレットであり、ペレットの高さ方向における平均長さ(ペレット製造時の押出方向における平均長さ)は3mm、ペレットの直径は3mm、ペレットの平均質量は16mgである。また、樹脂組成物A2-1には、タルクを主成分とする無機物が含まれている。後述する方法により、本例において使用した樹脂組成物A2-1のモルフォロジーを観察したところ、樹脂組成物A2-1は、ポリプロピレンをマトリックスとし、前記エチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含むゴム状体をドメインとするモルフォロジーを示した。
表9に、本形態の発泡粒子の製造に使用したポリプロピレン系樹脂Bの性状等を示す。
樹脂組成物A2-1と、ポリプロピレン系樹脂B2-1と、気泡調整剤とを、表10に示す質量比で押出機に投入し、押出機内で樹脂組成物A2-1と樹脂B2-1とを含む溶融状態の混合物を形成した。なお、気泡調整剤としてはホウ酸亜鉛を使用した。ホウ酸亜鉛の添加量は、樹脂組成物A2-1と樹脂B2-1との合計に対して500質量ppmとした。
実施例2-2~2-3の発泡粒子の製造方法は、樹脂組成物Aと樹脂Bとの質量比率及び発泡条件を表10に示すように変更したこと以外は、概ね実施例2-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
実施例2-4~2-5の発泡粒子の製造方法は、樹脂Bの種類、樹脂組成物Aと樹脂Bとの質量比率及び発泡条件を表10及び表11に示すように変更したこと以外は、概ね実施例2-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
実施例2-6の発泡粒子の製造方法は、樹脂組成物Aと樹脂Bとの質量比率及び発泡条件を表11に示すように変更したこと以外は、概ね実施例2-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
実施例2-7の発泡粒子の製造方法は、樹脂Bの種類及び発泡条件を表11に示すように変更したこと以外は、概ね実施例2-3の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
実施例2-8の発泡粒子の製造方法は、発泡条件を表11に示すように変更したこと以外は、概ね実施例2-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
表12に示すように、比較例2-1及び比較例2-2の発泡粒子は、樹脂Bを含まず、樹脂組成物A2-1から構成されている。これらの比較例の発泡粒子の製造方法は、樹脂Bを使用せず、樹脂組成物A2-1のみを用いたこと、及び発泡条件を表12に示すように変更したこと以外は、概ね実施例2-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
比較例2-3の発泡粒子の製造方法は、樹脂Bの種類及び発泡条件を表12に示すように変更したこと以外は、概ね実施例2-3の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
参考例2-1の発泡粒子の製造方法は、樹脂組成物A2-1に替えてエチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含まないポリプロピレン系樹脂B2-6を使用したこと及び発泡条件を表12に示すように変更したこと以外は、概ね実施例2-3の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
樹脂粒子の灰分量及び発泡粒子の灰分量の測定方法は、樹脂組成物A)に替えて樹脂粒子または発泡粒子を用いたこと以外は、前述した樹脂組成物Aの灰分量の測定方法と同様である。
相対湿度50%、温度23℃、気圧1atmの環境下で発泡粒子群を1日間静置し、発泡粒子の状態を調節した。この発泡粒子群の質量(単位:g)を測定した後、23℃の水を入れたメスシリンダー内に、金網を使用して沈め、水面の上昇分から発泡粒子群の体積(単位:L)を求めた。その後、発泡粒子群の質量を発泡粒子群の体積で除した値を単位換算することにより、発泡粒子の見掛け密度(単位:kg/m3)を算出した。
前述した方法により、第1吸熱ピークPaの頂点の温度Ta、ピーク高さha、半値全幅wa及び第2吸熱ピークPbの頂点の温度Tb、ピーク高さhb、半値全幅wbを測定した。そして、表10~表12には、各吸熱ピークの高さに基づいて算出した、第1吸熱ピークPaのピーク高さhaに対する第2吸熱ピークPbのピーク高さhbの比hb/haの値と、各吸熱ピークの頂点の温度に基づいて算出した、頂点温度の差Tb-Taと、各吸熱ピークの半値全幅とを記載した。
まず、各吸熱ピークの頂点温度等の測定と同じ条件で示差走査熱量測定を行うことによりDSC曲線を得た。次に、図1に示すように、DSC曲線上における80℃に相当する点αと、発泡粒子の融解終了温度Tに相当する点βとを結ぶ直線L1を引いた。
熱流束示差走査熱量測定装置(エスアイアイ・ナノテクノロジー(株)社製、型番:DSC7020)を用い、発泡粒子を10℃/分の加熱速度で23℃から200℃まで加熱した。その後、発泡粒子を10℃/分の冷却速度で200℃から23℃まで冷却した。冷却が完了した後、再び10℃/分の加熱速度で23℃から200℃まで発泡粒子の加熱(つまり、2回目の加熱)を行い、DSC曲線を取得した。そして、2回目の加熱におけるDSC曲線に現れた融解ピークの頂点温度を発泡粒子の融点とし、融解ピークの高温側の端点、つまり、2回目のDSC曲線における、融解ピークと、融解ピークよりも高温側のベースラインとの交点の温度を融解終了温度とした。なお、このようにして測定される発泡粒子の融点は、実施形態1の測定方法により測定される発泡粒子の融点Tmと同等となる。
成形可能範囲及び最低成形圧の評価においては、本加熱時の成形圧を0.26~0.46MPa(G)の間で0.01MPaずつ変化させて型内成形を行うことにより発泡粒子成形体を作製し、得られた成形体の表面性、融着性及び回復性に基づいて最低成形圧及び成形可能範囲を決定した。なお、発泡粒子成形体の具体的な製造方法は、実施形態1と同様である。
成形圧と剛性とのバランスは、50%圧縮強度を密度で除した値に基づいて評価した。ポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子成形体の剛性は、成形体の密度が高いほど高くなる傾向がある。また、ポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子成形体の剛性は、成形圧が高いほど高くなる傾向がある。従って、成形体の密度の影響を考慮して50%圧縮強度/密度の値を前記バランスの指標として用い、50%圧縮強度/密度の値が成形圧から期待される値よりも高い場合には成形圧と剛性とのバランスが良好であると判断することができる。
0.025×(成形圧)-2.75 ・・・(7)
Excellent:50%圧縮強度/密度の値が式(7)の値+1.0以上である
Good:50%圧縮強度/密度の値が式(7)の値以上、式(7)の値+1.0未満である
Poor:50%圧縮強度/密度の値が式(7)の値未満である
(ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物A)
表13に、本形態の発泡粒子の製造に使用したポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Aの性状等を示す。表13に示すポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物A3-1は、ASRから回収されたポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物a1を主成分とするリサイクルポリプロピレン(より具体的には樹脂組成物A3-1は、株式会社プラニック製「PLC-A02」)である。樹脂組成物A3-1の形状は円柱状のペレットであり、ペレットの高さ方向における平均長さ(ペレット製造時の押出方向における平均長さ)は3mm、ペレットの直径は3mm、ペレットの平均質量は16mgである。また、ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物A3-1には、タルクを主成分とする無機物が含まれている。後述する方法により、本例において使用したポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物A3-1のモルフォロジーを観察したところ、ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物A3-1は、ポリプロピレン系樹脂をマトリックスとし、前記エチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含むゴム状体をドメインとするモルフォロジーを示した。
表14に、本形態の発泡粒子の製造に使用したポリプロピレン系樹脂Bの性状等を示す。
樹脂組成物A3-1と、樹脂B3-1と、気泡調整剤とを、表15に示す質量比で押出機に投入し、押出機内で樹脂組成物A3-1と樹脂B3-1とを含む溶融状態の混合物を形成した。なお、気泡調整剤としてはホウ酸亜鉛を使用した。ホウ酸亜鉛の添加量は、樹脂組成物A3-1と樹脂B3-1との合計に対して500質量ppmとした。
実施例3-2の発泡粒子の製造方法は、樹脂組成物A3-1と樹脂B3-1との質量比率を表15に示すように変更したこと、及び発泡時の容器内の温度を152.5℃に変更したこと以外は、概ね実施例3-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
実施例3-3の発泡粒子の製造方法は、樹脂組成物A3-1と樹脂B3-1との質量比率を表15に示すように変更したこと、及び発泡時の容器内の温度を161℃に変更したこと以外は、概ね実施例3-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
実施例3-4の発泡粒子の製造方法は、樹脂組成物A3-1と樹脂B3-1との質量比率を表15に示すように変更したこと、及び発泡時の容器内の温度を158.5℃に変更したこと以外は、概ね実施例3-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
実施例3-5の発泡粒子の製造方法は、樹脂Bの種類を表15に示すように変更したこと、樹脂組成物Aと樹脂Bとの質量比率を表15に示すように変更したこと、及び発泡時の容器内の温度を158.5℃に変更したこと以外は、概ね実施例3-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
実施例3-6の発泡粒子の製造方法は、樹脂Bの種類を表15に示すように変更したこと、樹脂組成物Aと樹脂Bとの質量比率を表15に示すように変更したこと、及び発泡時の容器内の温度を158.5℃に変更したこと以外は、概ね実施例3-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
実施例3-7の発泡粒子の製造方法は、樹脂Bの種類を表16に示すように変更したこと、樹脂組成物Aと樹脂Bとの質量比率を表16に示すように変更したこと、及び発泡時の容器内の温度を158.5℃に変更したこと以外は、概ね実施例3-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
実施例3-8の発泡粒子の製造方法は、樹脂組成物Aの種類を表16に示すように変更したこと、樹脂組成物Aと樹脂Bとの質量比率を表16に示すように変更したこと、及び発泡時の容器内の温度を158.5℃に変更したこと以外は、概ね実施例3-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
実施例3-9の発泡粒子の製造方法は、樹脂組成物Aの種類を表16に示すように変更したこと、樹脂組成物Aと樹脂Bとの質量比率を表16に示すように変更したこと、及び発泡時の容器内の温度を158.5℃に変更したこと以外は、概ね実施例3-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
実施例3-10の発泡粒子の製造方法は、発泡時の容器内の温度を155.5℃及び容器内圧力を2.8MPa(G)に変更したこと以外は、概ね実施例3-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
比較例3-1の発泡粒子は、樹脂Bを含まず、樹脂組成物A3-1から構成されている。比較例3-1の発泡粒子の製造方法は、樹脂Bを使用せず、樹脂組成物A3-1を用いたこと、及び発泡時の容器内の温度を164℃に変更したこと以外は、概ね実施例3-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
比較例3-2の発泡粒子の製造方法は、樹脂Bの種類を表16に示すように変更したこと、樹脂組成物Aと樹脂Bとの質量比率を表16に示すように変更したこと、及び発泡時の容器内の温度を164℃に変更したこと以外は、概ね実施例3-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
参考例3-1の発泡粒子は、樹脂組成物Aを含まず、樹脂B3-1から構成されている。参考例3-1の発泡粒子の製造方法は、樹脂組成物Aを使用せず、樹脂B3-1のみを用いたこと、及び発泡時の容器内の温度を149.5℃に変更したこと以外は、概ね実施例3-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
〔発泡粒子の融点Tr〕
熱流束示差走査熱量測定装置(エスアイアイ・ナノテクノロジー(株)社製、型番:DSC7020)を用い、発泡粒子を10℃/分の加熱速度で30℃から230℃まで加熱した。その後、発泡粒子を10℃/分の冷却速度で230℃から23℃まで冷却した。冷却が完了した後、再び発泡粒子を10℃/分の加熱速度で23℃から230℃までの加熱(つまり、第2回目の加熱)を行い、DSC曲線を取得した。そして、第2回目の加熱におけるDSC曲線に現れた融解ピークの頂点温度を発泡粒子の融点Trとした。なお、このようにして測定される発泡粒子の融点Trは、実施形態1の測定方法により測定される発泡粒子の融点Tmと同等となる。
前述した発泡粒子の製造方法において、発泡時の温度を150℃から165℃の範囲で0.5℃ずつ段階的に変更して樹脂粒子を発泡させた。この際、容器内の平衡蒸気圧は、2.1MPa(G)とした。
成形可能範囲の評価においては、本加熱時の成形圧を0.26MPa(G)から0.38MPa(G)までの間で0.01MPaずつ変化させて型内成形を行うことにより発泡粒子成形体を作製し、得られた成形体の表面性、融着性及び回復性に基づいて成形可能範囲を決定した。なお、発泡粒子成形体の具体的な製造方法は、実施形態1と同様である。
(ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物A)
表17に、本形態の発泡粒子の製造に使用したポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Aの性状等を示す。表17に示す樹脂組成物A4-1は、株式会社プラニックにより製造されている「PLC-A02」であり、樹脂組成物A4-2はいその株式会社により製造されている「ELVBP-10」である。樹脂組成物A4-1及びA4-2は、いずれもポストコンシューマ材料に由来し、エチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含有するリサイクルポリプロピレンである。より具体的には、樹脂組成物A4-1の主成分は、ASRから回収されたポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物a1であり、樹脂組成物A4-2は、使用済自動車の部品(より具体的にはバンパー)から回収されたポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物aである。
表18に、本形態の発泡粒子の製造に使用したポリプロピレン系樹脂Bの性状等を示す。
樹脂組成物A4-1と、樹脂B4-1と、気泡調整剤とを、表19に示す質量比で押出機に投入し、押出機内で樹脂組成物A4-1と樹脂B4-1とを含む溶融状態の混合物を形成した。なお、気泡調整剤としてはホウ酸亜鉛を使用した。ホウ酸亜鉛の添加量は、樹脂組成物A4-1と樹脂B4-1との合計に対して500質量ppmとした。
実施例4-2の発泡粒子の製造方法は、樹脂組成物A4-1と樹脂B4-1との質量比率を表19に示すように変更したこと以外は、概ね実施例4-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
実施例4-3の発泡粒子の製造方法は、表19に示すように、樹脂Bとして、ポリプロピレン系樹脂B4-1に替えてポリプロピレン系樹脂B4-2を使用したこと以外は、概ね実施例4-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
実施例4-4の発泡粒子の製造方法は、表19に示すように、樹脂組成物Aとして、樹脂組成物A4-1に替えて樹脂組成物A4-2を使用したこと以外は、概ね実施例4-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
実施例4-5の発泡粒子は、概ね実施例4-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様にして得られた一段発泡粒子である。実施例4-5の発泡粒子の嵩密度は45kg/m3である。
比較例4-1の発泡粒子は、樹脂Bを含まず、樹脂組成物A4-1から構成されている。比較例4-1の発泡粒子の製造方法は、樹脂Bを使用せず、樹脂組成物A4-1を用いたこと以外は、概ね実施例4-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
参考例4-1の発泡粒子は、樹脂組成物Aを含まず、樹脂B4-1から構成されている。参考例4-1の発泡粒子の製造方法は、樹脂組成物Aを使用せず、樹脂B4-1のみを用いたこと以外は、概ね実施例4-1の発泡粒子の製造方法と同様である。
発泡層を構成するポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Rの融点TmR、曲げ弾性率MR、メルトマスフローレイトMFRR及び融解熱量HRの測定方法は、樹脂組成物Aに替えて発泡粒子を使用したこと以外は、前述した樹脂組成物Aの融点TmA、曲げ弾性率MA、メルトマスフローレイトMFRA及び融解熱量HAの測定方法と同様である。すなわち、表19に記載したポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Rの融点TmR、曲げ弾性率MR及びメルトマスフローレイトMFRRは、それぞれ、実施形態1における発泡粒子の融点Tm、発泡粒子を構成するポリプロピレン系樹脂樹脂組成物の曲げ弾性率及びメルトマスフローレイトと対応する物性値である。
成形可能範囲の評価においては、本加熱時の成形圧を0.32MPa(G)から0.44MPa(G)までの間で0.01MPaずつ変化させて型内成形を行うことにより発泡粒子成形体を作製し、得られた成形体の表面性、融着性及び回復性に基づいて成形可能範囲を決定した。なお、発泡粒子成形体の具体的な製造方法は、実施形態1と同様である。
(ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物I、ポリプロピレン系樹脂B)
本形態においては、ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Iとしてのインパクトポリプロピレンと、ポリプロピレン系樹脂Bとしてのプロピレン系ランダム共重合体とを用いて発泡粒子を作製した。本形態において用いたインパクトポリプロピレン及びプロピレン系ランダム共重合体は以下の通りである。
(1)略称「ICP1」:プラニック製ポリプロピレン「PLC-A02」、重量平均分子量(Mw)22万、数平均分子量(Mn)2.4万、エチレン成分26質量%。
(2)略称「ICP2」:出光興産株式会社製ブロックポリプロピレン「MK112」
(3)略称「ICP3」:プライムポリマー社製ブロックポリプロピレン「J762HP」
(4)略称「ICP4」:ICP2の分解原料(ICP2に日油株式製パーヘキサ25Bを0.2質量部加えて押出機にて一度溶融混練し、ペレット化したものである)
(5)略称「ICP5」:REEF Technology Co.,Ltd.製ブロックポリプロピレン「CPP050RP」、重量平均分子量(Mw)26.5万、数平均分子量(Mn)4.6万。
(1)略称「r-PP1」:株式会社プライムポリマー製ランダムポリプロピレン(エチレン含有量2.5質量%)
(2)略称「r-PP2」:中国石化上海石油化工股▲分▼有限公司(Sinopec ShanghaiPetrochemical Co., Ltd.)製、エチレン・プロピレン・ブテンランダム共重合樹脂(エチレン含有量0.9質量%、ブテン含有量9.6質量%)
表21に示すインパクトポリプロピレンと、プロピレン系ランダム共重合体とを、表21に示す配合割合で押出機に供給した。さらに気泡調整剤を押出機に供給し、押出機内でインパクトポリプロピレンとプロピレン系ランダム共重合体とを含む溶融状態の混合物を形成した。なお、気泡調整剤としてはホウ酸亜鉛を使用した。ホウ酸亜鉛の添加量は、インパクトポリプロピレンとプロピレン系ランダム共重合体との合計に対して1000質量ppmとした。また、実施例5-4、比較例5-1、比較例5-2、参考例5-1及び参考例5-2においては、表21に記載のCB量、灰分量となるように、r-PP1を基材とするカーボンブラックマスターバッチ、タルクマスターバッチを押出機内に添加した。
芯層を構成するポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物の灰分量は、熱重量測定装置(株式会社日立ハイテク製「TG/DTA7200」)を使用し、白金製サンプルパン(K-Y50-035 PTΦ5×5PAN)を用いて以下の方法により測定した。
CB量=(残渣重量1-残渣重量2)÷試料の重量×100 ・・・(8)
灰分量=残渣重量2÷試料の重量×100 ・・・(9)
表21の「見掛け密度/発泡圧」欄には、発泡粒子の見掛け密度を発泡圧で除した値を記載した。本形態においては、見掛け密度/発泡圧の値に基づいて発泡粒子の発泡性の評価を行った。発泡粒子の発泡性は、発泡圧(発泡時における密閉容器内の背圧)を一定の圧力に固定(具体的には2.1MPa)して発泡粒子を製造し、見掛け密度が80kg/m3以下、独立気泡率が80%以上である発泡粒子を安定して製造することができるか否かを基準として評価した。より具体的には、発泡粒子の見掛け密度/発泡圧で表される比が小さいほど、優れた発泡性を有していると判断した。
下限融着圧、下限成形圧及び成形可能範囲の評価においては、本加熱時の成形圧を0.20MPa(G)から0.44MPa(G)までの間で0.01MPaずつ変化させて型内成形を行うことにより成形体を作製し、得られた成形体の表面性、融着性及び回復性に基づいて成形可能範囲を決定した。
発泡粒子成形体を折り曲げて破断させ、破断面に存在する発泡粒子の総数(C1)と、破断面において発泡粒子の内部で破断した発泡粒子の数(C2)とを求めた。そして、発泡粒子の総数C1に対する発泡粒子の内部で破断した発泡粒子の数C2の比率を百分率で表した値(つまり、C2/C1×100)を材料破壊率(単位:%)として算出した。以上の作業を5回行い、5回の材料破壊率の算術平均値を算出した。そして、材料破壊率の算術平均値が90%以上である場合を合格とし判断した。
発泡粒子成形体の厚み方向における一方のスキン面の中央部に100mm×100mmの正方形を描き、該正方形のいずれか1つの角から対角線を引いた。そして、対角線上に存在するボイド、つまり発泡粒子間に形成される隙間のうち、1mm×1mmの大きさ以上のボイドの数を数えた。そして、ボイドの数が5個未満であり、かつ表面に凹凸がないときを合格とした。
成形体を厚み方向から見た平面視において、縦300mmの辺と横250mmの辺とで囲まれた面の各頂点から、当該面の中心方向に10mm内側となる4か所の位置(以下、「角部」という。)における成形体の厚みと、当該面の中央部における成形体の厚みとをそれぞれ計測した。次いで、4か所の角部のうち最も厚みの厚い角部の厚みに対する中心部の厚みの比(単位:%)を算出した。このようにして得られた厚みの比が99%以上であるときを合格とした。
前述した成形可能範囲のうち、上限成形圧で型内成形を行い、成形体を得た。この成形体の表面状態を目視により観察した。上限成形圧における表面状態の評価においては、成形体の表面外観が良好でかつ、表面にシワが無い状態を良好と判断した。また、成形体の表面を構成する発泡粒子部分に、部分的にシワ(凹溝状の凹み部分)が寄った箇所が5か所以上存在する状態をシワありと判断した。なお、後述するように、比較例5-3においては良好な成形体が得られる成形圧が存在しなかったため、上限成形圧における表面状態の評価を行わなかった。そのため、比較例5-3における「上限成形圧における表面状態」欄には記号「-」を記載した。
前述した成形可能範囲のうち、下限成形圧で型内成形を行い、成形体を得た。この成形体を80℃の雰囲気下で12時間養生した後、徐冷し、さらに23℃の雰囲気下で6時間養生することにより試験体を準備した。そして、試験体の長辺、つまり最も長い辺の長さを計測した。以上により得られた試験体の長辺の長さL(単位:mm)及び成形型における成形キャビティの長辺の長さLm(単位:mm)を用い、下記式(12)に基づいて試験体の収縮率(単位:%)を算出した。
収縮率=(Lm-L)/Lm×100 ・・・(12)
前述した成形可能範囲のうち、最も低い成形圧で型内成形を行い、発泡粒子成形体を得た。この発泡粒子成形体の質量(単位:g)を当該成形体の外形寸法から求められる体積(単位:L)で除した後、単位換算することにより成形体の密度(単位:kg/m3)を算出した。なお、比較例5-3においては良好な成形体が得られる成形圧が存在しなかったため、0.44MPa(G)の成形圧で型内成形を行うことにより得られる成形体を用いて成形体の収縮率を算出した。
前述した成形可能範囲のうち、下限成形圧で型内成形を行い、成形体を得た。得られた成形体を大気圧下、相対湿度50%、23℃の条件の恒温室内にて10日間放置し養生した。次に、該成形体から25×25×30mmの試料を切り出し、この試料を用いて前述した発泡粒子の独立気泡率と同様の方法により成形体の独立気泡率を測定した。なお、比較例5-3においては良好な成形体が得られる成形圧が存在しなかったため、独立気泡率の測定を行わなかった。そのため、比較例5-3における成形体の「独立気泡率」欄には記号「-」を記載した。
前記発泡層を構成しているポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物がポリプロピレン系樹脂とエチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含むゴム状体とを含み、
前記ゴム状体が前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂中に分散しており、
前記発泡粒子のn-デカン抽出液に含まれるアセトン不溶分の量が、発泡粒子1gあたり0.02g以上0.10g以下であり、
前記発泡粒子の融点Tmが140℃以上162℃以下であり、
前記発泡粒子の融点Tmと、前記発泡粒子の結晶化温度Tcとの差Tm-Tcが38℃以下である、ポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子。
〔1-3〕前記発泡層を構成しているポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物が、リサイクルポリプロピレンに由来するポリプロピレン系樹脂及びエチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含む、〔1-1〕または〔1-2〕に記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子。
〔1-4〕前記発泡層を構成しているポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物の曲げ弾性率が、800MPa以上1300MPa以下である、〔1-1〕~〔1-3〕のいずれか1つに記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子。
前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物がエチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含み、
前記発泡粒子は、前記発泡粒子を10℃/分の加熱速度で23℃から200℃まで加熱した際に得られるDSC曲線に、最もピーク面積の大きい第1吸熱ピークPaと、前記第1吸熱ピークPaの高温側において前記第1吸熱ピークPaに隣り合う第2吸熱ピークPbとが現れる結晶構造を有し、
前記発泡粒子の独立気泡率が85%以上であり、
前記第2吸熱ピークPbの頂点の温度Tbが158℃以上であり、
前記第2吸熱ピークPbの頂点の温度Tbと前記第1吸熱ピークPaの頂点の温度Taとの差Tb-Taが15℃以上30℃以下であり、
前記第1吸熱ピークPaのピーク高さhaに対する前記第2吸熱ピークPbのピーク高さhbの比hb/haが1.2以上2.8以下である、ポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子。
〔2-3〕前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Iが、ポリプロピレン系樹脂をマトリックスとし、前記エチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含むゴム状体をドメインとするモルフォロジーを有し、前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂Bが、プロピレンとエチレン及び/又はブテンとの共重合体である、〔2-2〕に記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子。
〔2-4〕前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Iと前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂Bとの質量比が、樹脂組成物I:樹脂B=3:97~40:60である、〔2-2〕又は〔2-3〕に記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子。
〔2-6〕前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂Bの曲げ弾性率が900MPa以上1500MPa以下である、〔2-2〕~〔2-5〕のいずれか1つに記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子。
〔2-7〕前記発泡粒子を10℃/分の加熱速度で23℃から200℃まで加熱し、次いで10℃/分の冷却速度で23℃まで冷却し、再び10℃/分の加熱速度で23℃から200℃まで加熱した際に得られる2回目のDSC曲線における、融解終了温度が160℃以上である、〔2-1〕~〔2-6〕のいずれか1つに記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子。
〔2-9〕前記発泡粒子の平均気泡径が40μm以上100μm以下である、〔2-1〕~〔2-8〕のいずれか1つに記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子。
〔2-10〕前記発泡粒子の見掛け密度が10kg/m3以上80kg/m3である、〔2-1〕~〔2-9〕のいずれか1つに記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子。
前記樹脂粒子は、自動車用部材に由来するポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物aを含む融点が160℃以上であるポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Aと、融点が130℃以上160℃未満であるポリプロピレン系樹脂Bとの溶融混合物から構成されており、
前記樹脂粒子における前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Aと前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂Bとの質量比が、ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物A:ポリプロピレン系樹脂B=3:97~60:40である、発泡粒子の製造方法。
〔3-3〕温度230℃、荷重2.16kgで測定した場合における前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Aのメルトフローレイトが10g/10分以上40g/10分以下である、〔3-1〕又は〔3-2〕に記載の発泡粒子の製造方法。
〔3-4〕前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Aの灰分量が1質量%以上25質量%以下である、〔3-1〕~〔3-3〕のいずれか1つに記載の発泡粒子の製造方法。
〔3-5〕前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Aは、ポリプロピレン系樹脂をマトリックスとし、エチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含むゴム状体をドメインとするモルフォロジーを示し、曲げ弾性率が800MPa以上1200MPa以下である、〔3-1〕~〔3-4〕のいずれか1つに記載の発泡粒子の製造方法。
前記樹脂原料は、自動車用部材に由来するポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物aを含むポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物であり、
前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物の融点が160℃以上である、発泡粒子用樹脂原料。
〔3-8〕前記樹脂原料の灰分量が1質量%以上25質量%以下である、〔3-6〕又は〔3-7〕に記載の発泡粒子用樹脂原料。
〔3-9〕前記樹脂原料は、ポリプロピレン系樹脂をマトリックスとし、エチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含むゴム状体をドメインとするモルフォロジーを示し、前記樹脂原料の曲げ弾性率が800MPa以上1200MPa以下である、〔3-6〕~〔3-8〕のいずれか1つに記載の発泡粒子用樹脂原料。
前記樹脂粒子は、ポストコンシューマ材料に由来するポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物を含み、融点TmAが160℃以上であり、曲げ弾性率MAが800MPa以上1200MPa以下であるポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Aと、融点TmBが160℃未満であり、曲げ弾性率MBが900MPa以上1400MPa以下であるポリプロピレン系樹脂Bとの溶融混合物から構成されており、
前記曲げ弾性率MAに対する前記曲げ弾性率MBの比MB/MAが1以上であり、
前記樹脂粒子における前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Aと前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂Bとの質量比が、ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物A:ポリプロピレン系樹脂B=10:90~70:30である、発泡粒子の製造方法。
〔4-3〕前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Aの融点TmAと前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂Bの融点TmBとの差TmA-TmBが5℃以上20℃以下である、〔4-1〕又は〔4-2〕に記載の発泡粒子の製造方法。
〔4-4〕温度230℃、荷重2.16kgで測定した場合における前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物Aのメルトマスフローレイトが10g/10分以上40g/10分以下である、〔4-1〕~〔4-3〕のいずれか1つに記載の発泡粒子の製造方法。
〔4-6〕前記発泡粒子の嵩密度が10kg/m3以上200kg/m3以下である、〔4-1〕~〔4-5〕のいずれか1つに記載の発泡粒子の製造方法。
〔4-7〕前記発泡粒子の独立気泡率が90%以上である、〔4-1〕~〔4-6〕のいずれか1つに記載の発泡粒子の製造方法。
〔4-9〕前記発泡粒子の嵩密度が10kg/m3以上200kg/m3以下である、〔4-8〕に記載の発泡粒子。
〔4-10〕前記発泡粒子の独立気泡率が90%以上である、〔4-8〕又は〔4-9〕に記載の発泡粒子。
前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂粒子を構成しているポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物は、エチレン-プロピレンランダム共重合体及びエチレン-プロピレン-ブテンランダム共重合体からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種のプロピレン系ランダム共重合体と、ポリプロピレン系樹脂をマトリックスとし、エチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含むゴム状体をドメインとするモルフォロジーを有するインパクトポリプロピレンとを混練して得られる溶融混合物であり、
前記プロピレン系ランダム共重合体の配合量と前記インパクトポリプロピレンの配合量との質量比がプロピレン系ランダム共重合体:インパクトポリプロピレン=55:45~98:2を満足し、
前記プロピレン系ランダム共重合体の融点:d(単位:℃)と、前記インパクトポリプロピレンの融点:c(単位:℃)とが下式(I)及び(II)を満足すると共に、
150(℃)<c<170(℃) ・・・(I)
5(℃)≦c-d≦35(℃) ・・・(II)
前記ポリプロピレン系ランダム共重合体の温度230℃、荷重2.16kgの条件で測定されるメルトマスフローレイト:f(単位:g/10分)と、前記インパクトポリプロピレンの温度230℃、荷重2.16kgの条件で測定されるメルトマスフローレイト:e(単位:g/10分)とが、下式(III)、(IV)及び(V)を満足する、ポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子の製造方法。
3(g/10分)≦e ・・・(III)
0.3≦e/f≦8 ・・・(IV)
3(g/10分)≦f≦10(g/10分) ・・・(V)
〔5-3〕前記インパクトポリプロピレンの曲げ弾性率が800MPa以上1200MPa以下である、〔5-1〕又は〔5-2〕に記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子の製造方法。
〔5-4〕前記プロピレン系ランダム共重合体の曲げ弾性率MBに対する、前記インパクトポリプロピレンの曲げ弾性率MIの比MI/MBが1を超え2以下である、〔5-1〕~〔5-3〕のいずれか1つに記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子の製造方法。
Claims (15)
- ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物から構成されている発泡層を有するポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子であって、
前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物は、ポリプロピレン系樹脂と、エチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含むゴム状体とを含み、
前記ゴム状体が前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂中に分散しており、
前記発泡粒子の融点Tmが130℃以上162℃以下である、ポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子。 - 前記発泡粒子のn-デカン抽出液に含まれるアセトン不溶分の量が、前記発泡粒子1gあたり0.02g以上0.10g以下であり、
前記発泡粒子の融点Tmが140℃以上162℃以下であり、
前記発泡粒子の融点Tmと、前記発泡粒子の結晶化温度Tcとの差Tm-Tcが38℃以下である、請求項1に記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子。 - 前記ゴム状体の平均径が0.1μm以上2μm以下である、請求項1又は2に記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子。
- 前記発泡層を構成している前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物が、リサイクルポリプロピレンに由来するポリプロピレン系樹脂及びエチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含む、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子。
- 前記発泡層を構成している前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物の曲げ弾性率が800MPa以上1300MPa以下である、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子。
- 前記発泡粒子は、前記発泡粒子を10℃/分の加熱速度で23℃から200℃まで加熱した際に得られるDSC曲線に、最もピーク面積の大きい第1吸熱ピークPaと、前記第1吸熱ピークPaの高温側において前記第1吸熱ピークPaに隣り合う第2吸熱ピークPbとが現れる結晶構造を有し、
前記発泡粒子の独立気泡率が85%以上であり、
前記第2吸熱ピークPbの頂点の温度Tbが158℃以上であり、
前記第2吸熱ピークPbの頂点の温度Tbと前記第1吸熱ピークPaの頂点の温度Taとの差Tb-Taが15℃以上30℃以下であり、
前記第1吸熱ピークPaのピーク高さhaに対する前記第2吸熱ピークPbのピーク高さhbの比hb/haが1.2以上2.8以下である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子。 - 芯層を有するポリプロピレン系樹脂粒子を発泡させて発泡層を有するポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子を得るポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子の製造方法であって、
前記芯層は、エチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含み、融点が160℃以上であるポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物と、融点が125℃以上160℃未満であるポリプロピレン系樹脂との溶融混合物から構成されており、
前記芯層における前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物と前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂との質量比が、ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物:ポリプロピレン系樹脂=2:98~70:30である、ポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子の製造方法。 - 前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂の融点が130℃以上160℃未満である、請求項7に記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子の製造方法。
- 前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物がインパクトポリプロピレンである、請求項7又は8に記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子の製造方法。
- 前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物の融点TmIと、前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂の融点TmBとの差TmI-TmBが5℃以上35℃以下である、請求項7~9のいずれか1項に記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子の製造方法。
- 温度230℃、荷重2.16kgの条件で測定した場合における前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物のメルトマスフローレイトMFRIが3g/10分以上40g/10分以下である、請求項7~10のいずれか1項に記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子の製造方法。
- 前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物の曲げ弾性率が800MPa以上1200MPa以下である、請求項7~11のいずれか1項に記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子の製造方法。
- 前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物が、リサイクルポリプロピレンに由来するポリプロピレン系樹脂及びエチレンプロピレン系ラバーを含む、請求項7~12のいずれか1項に記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子の製造方法。
- 容器内の水性媒体中に分散している、発泡剤が含浸された前記樹脂粒子を、前記水性媒体とともに、前記容器から前記容器内の圧力よりも低い圧力の雰囲気下に放出することにより、前記樹脂粒子を発泡させて発泡粒子を得る、請求項7~13のいずれか1項に記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子の製造方法。
- 前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物の融点TmIと、前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂の融点TmBとの差TmI-TmBが5℃以上35℃以下であり、
温度230℃、荷重2.16kgの条件で測定した場合における前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物のメルトマスフローレイトMFRIが3g/10分以上であり、
温度230℃、荷重2.16kgの条件で測定した場合における前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂のメルトマスフローレイトMFRBが3g/10分以上10g/10分であり、
前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂のメルトマスフローレイトMFRBに対する、前記ポリプロピレン系樹脂組成物のメルトマスフローレイトMFRIの比MFRI/MFRBが0.3以上8以下である、請求項7~14のいずれか1項に記載のポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子の製造方法。
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| WO2025205816A1 (ja) * | 2024-03-26 | 2025-10-02 | 株式会社カネカ | ポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子、ポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡成形体およびポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子の製造方法 |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2025187582A1 (ja) * | 2024-03-04 | 2025-09-12 | 株式会社カネカ | ポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子、ポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡成形体、およびポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子の製造方法 |
| WO2025205816A1 (ja) * | 2024-03-26 | 2025-10-02 | 株式会社カネカ | ポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子、ポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡成形体およびポリプロピレン系樹脂発泡粒子の製造方法 |
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| EP4578901A1 (en) | 2025-07-02 |
| MX2025003925A (es) | 2025-05-02 |
| KR20250086682A (ko) | 2025-06-13 |
| TW202432686A (zh) | 2024-08-16 |
| CN119866358A (zh) | 2025-04-22 |
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