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WO2023043714A1 - Tensions coordonnées d'électrode d'attaque et d'électrode supérieure pour commuter l'état optique d'écrans électrophorétiques à l'aide de tensions positives et négatives d'amplitudes différentes - Google Patents

Tensions coordonnées d'électrode d'attaque et d'électrode supérieure pour commuter l'état optique d'écrans électrophorétiques à l'aide de tensions positives et négatives d'amplitudes différentes Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023043714A1
WO2023043714A1 PCT/US2022/043292 US2022043292W WO2023043714A1 WO 2023043714 A1 WO2023043714 A1 WO 2023043714A1 US 2022043292 W US2022043292 W US 2022043292W WO 2023043714 A1 WO2023043714 A1 WO 2023043714A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
voltage
electrode
drive electrode
particles
top electrode
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2022/043292
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English (en)
Inventor
Stephen J. Telfer
Crystal NGUYEN
Amit DELIWALA
Kosta Ladavac
Christopher L. HOOGEBOOM
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E Ink Corp
Original Assignee
E Ink Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Priority claimed from US17/474,375 external-priority patent/US11776496B2/en
Application filed by E Ink Corp filed Critical E Ink Corp
Priority to CA3231683A priority Critical patent/CA3231683A1/fr
Priority to CN202280060113.3A priority patent/CN117916799A/zh
Priority to JP2024514515A priority patent/JP7663783B2/ja
Priority to KR1020257028271A priority patent/KR20250130446A/ko
Priority to KR1020247007684A priority patent/KR102852260B1/ko
Priority to EP22785853.7A priority patent/EP4402673A1/fr
Publication of WO2023043714A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023043714A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
    • G09G3/3433—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices
    • G09G3/344—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices based on particles moving in a fluid or in a gas, e.g. electrophoretic devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/2003—Display of colours
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2330/00—Aspects of power supply; Aspects of display protection and defect management
    • G09G2330/02—Details of power systems and of start or stop of display operation
    • G09G2330/028—Generation of voltages supplied to electrode drivers in a matrix display other than LCD

Definitions

  • An electrophoretic display changes color by modifying the position of a charged colored particle with respect to a light-transmissive viewing surface.
  • Such electrophoretic displays are typically referred to as “electronic paper” or “ePaper” because the resulting display has high contrast and is sunlight-readable, much like ink on paper.
  • Electrophoretic displays have enjoyed widespread adoption in eReaders, such as the AMAZON KINDLE® because the electrophoretic displays provide a book-like reading experience, use little power, and allow a user to carry a library of hundreds of books in a lightweight handheld device.
  • electrophoretic displays included only two types of charged color particles, black and white.
  • the white particles are often of the light scattering type, and comprise, e.g., titanium dioxide, while the black particle are absorptive across the visible spectrum, and may comprise carbon black, or an absorptive metal oxide, such as copper chromite.
  • a black and white electrophoretic display only requires a light-transmissive electrode at the viewing surface, a back electrode, and an electrophoretic medium including oppositely charged white and black particles. When a voltage of one polarity is provided, the white particles move to the viewing surface, and when a voltage of the opposite polarity is provided the black particles move to the viewing surface.
  • the back electrode includes controllable regions (pixels) – either segmented electrodes or an active matrix of pixel electrodes controlled by transistors – a pattern can be made to appear electronically at the viewing surface.
  • the pattern can be, for example, the text to a book.
  • pixels controllable regions
  • the pattern can be, for example, the text to a book.
  • a variety of color option have become commercially available for electrophoretic displays, including three-color displays (black, white, red; black white, yellow), and four color displays (black, white, red, yellow). Similar to the operation of black and white electrophoretic displays, electrophoretic displays with three or four reflective pigments operate similar to the simple black and white displays because the desired color particle is driven to the viewing surface.
  • ACePTM Advanced Color electronic Paper
  • cyan, yellow, and magenta particles are subtractive rather than reflective, thereby allowing thousands of colors to be produced at each pixel.
  • the color process is functionally equivalent to the printing methods that have long been used in offset printing and ink-jet printers. A given color is produced by using the correct ratio of cyan, yellow, and magenta on a bright white paper background. In the instance of ACeP, the relative positions of the cyan, yellow, magenta and white particles with respect to the viewing surface will determine the color at each pixel.
  • This invention relates to color electrophoretic displays, especially, but not exclusively, to electrophoretic displays capable of rendering more than two colors using a single layer of electrophoretic material comprising a plurality of colored particles, for example white, cyan, yellow, and magenta particles.
  • two of the particles will be positively-charged, and two particles will be negatively-charged.
  • three of the particles will be positively-charged, and one particle will be negatively-charged.
  • one positively-charged particle will have a thick polymer shell and one negatively- charged particle has a thick polymer shell.
  • gray state is used herein in its conventional meaning in the imaging art to refer to a state intermediate two extreme optical states of a pixel, and does not necessarily imply a black-white transition between these two extreme states.
  • E Ink patents and published applications referred to below describe electrophoretic displays in which the extreme states are white and deep blue, so that an intermediate gray state would actually be pale blue. Indeed, as already mentioned, the change in optical state may not be a color change at all.
  • black and white may be used hereinafter to refer to the two extreme optical states of a display, and should be understood as normally including extreme optical states which are not strictly black and white, for example the aforementioned white and dark blue states.
  • bistable and bistability are used herein in their conventional meaning in the art to refer to displays comprising display elements having first and second display states differing in at least one optical property, and such that after any given element has been driven, by means of an addressing pulse of finite duration, to assume either its first or second display state, after the addressing pulse has terminated, that state will persist for at least several times, for example at least four times, the minimum duration of the addressing pulse required to change the state of the display element. It is shown in U.S. Patent No. 7,170,670 that some particle-based electrophoretic displays capable of gray scale are stable not only in their extreme black and white states but also in their intermediate gray states, and the same is true of some other types of electro-optic displays.
  • bistable This type of display is properly called multi-stable rather than bistable, although for convenience the term bistable may be used herein to cover both bistable and multi-stable displays.
  • impulse when used to refer to driving an electrophoretic display, is used herein to refer to the integral of the applied voltage with respect to time during the period in which the display is driven.
  • Various materials other than pigments (in the strict sense of that term as meaning insoluble colored materials) that absorb or reflect light, such as dyes or photonic crystals, etc., may also be used in the electrophoretic media and displays of the present invention.
  • Electrophoretic displays have been the subject of intense research and development for a number of years. In such displays, a plurality of charged particles (sometimes referred to as pigment particles) move through a fluid under the influence of an electric field. Electrophoretic displays can have attributes of good brightness and contrast, wide viewing angles, state bistability, and low power consumption when compared with liquid crystal displays. Nevertheless, problems with the long-term image quality of these displays have prevented their widespread usage. For example, particles that make up electrophoretic displays tend to settle, resulting in inadequate service-life for these displays. [Para 12] As noted above, electrophoretic media require the presence of a fluid.
  • electrophoretic media In most prior art electrophoretic media, this fluid is a liquid, but electrophoretic media can be produced using gaseous fluids; see, for example, Kitamura, T., et al., Electrical toner movement for electronic paper-like display, IDW Japan, 2001, Paper HCS1-1, and Yamaguchi, Y., et al., Toner display using insulative particles charged triboelectrically, IDW Japan, 2001, Paper AMD4-4). See also U.S. Patents Nos.7,321,459 and 7,236,291.
  • Such gas-based electrophoretic media appear to be susceptible to the same types of problems due to particle settling as liquid-based electrophoretic media, when the media are used in an orientation which permits such settling, for example in a sign where the medium is disposed in a vertical plane.
  • particle settling appears to be a more serious problem in gas-based electrophoretic media than in liquid-based ones, since the lower viscosity of gaseous suspending fluids as compared with liquid ones allows more rapid settling of the electrophoretic particles.
  • Numerous patents and applications assigned to or in the names of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and E Ink Corporation describe various technologies used in encapsulated electrophoretic and other electro-optic media.
  • Such encapsulated media comprise numerous small capsules, each of which itself comprises an internal phase containing electrophoretically-mobile particles in a fluid medium, and a capsule wall surrounding the internal phase.
  • the capsules are themselves held within a polymeric binder to form a coherent layer positioned between two electrodes.
  • the technologies described in these patents and applications include: (a) Electrophoretic particles, fluids and fluid additives; see for example U.S. Patents Nos.7,002,728 and 7,679,814; (b) Capsules, binders and encapsulation processes; see for example U.S.
  • Patents Nos.6,922,276 and 7,411,719 are disclosed in Japanese Patents Nos. 6,922,276 and 7,411,719;
  • Microcell structures, wall materials, and methods of forming microcells see for example United States Patents Nos. 7,072,095 and 9,279,906;
  • Methods for filling and sealing microcells see for example United States Patents Nos.7,144,942 and 7,715,088;
  • Films and sub-assemblies containing electro-optic materials see for example U.S. Patents Nos.6,982,178 and 7,839,564;
  • Backplanes, adhesive layers and other auxiliary layers and methods used in displays see for example U.S. Patents Nos.
  • Such polymer-dispersed electrophoretic media are regarded as sub-species of encapsulated electrophoretic media.
  • a related type of electrophoretic display is a so-called microcell electrophoretic display.
  • the charged particles and the fluid are not encapsulated within microcapsules but instead are retained within a plurality of cavities formed within a carrier medium, typically a polymeric film. See, for example, U.S. Patents Nos. 6,672,921 and 6,788,449.
  • electrophoretic media are often opaque (since, for example, in many electrophoretic media, the particles substantially block transmission of visible light through the display) and operate in a reflective mode
  • many electrophoretic displays can be made to operate in a so-called shutter mode in which one display state is substantially opaque and one is light- transmissive. See, for example, U.S. Patents Nos.5,872,552; 6,130,774; 6,144,361; 6,172,798; 6,271,823; 6,225,971; and 6,184,856.
  • Dielectrophoretic displays which are similar to electrophoretic displays but rely upon variations in electric field strength, can operate in a similar mode; see U.S. Patent No.4,418,346.
  • Electro-optic media operating in shutter mode can be used in multi-layer structures for full color displays; in such structures, at least one layer adjacent the viewing surface of the display operates in shutter mode to expose or conceal a second layer more distant from the viewing surface.
  • An encapsulated electrophoretic display typically does not suffer from the clustering and settling failure mode of traditional electrophoretic devices and provides further advantages, such as the ability to print or coat the display on a wide variety of flexible and rigid substrates.
  • the word printing is intended to include all forms of printing and coating, including, but without limitation: pre-metered coatings such as patch die coating, slot or extrusion coating, slide or cascade coating, curtain coating; roll coating such as knife over roll coating, forward and reverse roll coating; gravure coating; dip coating; spray coating; meniscus coating; spin coating; brush coating; air knife coating; silk screen printing processes; electrostatic printing processes; thermal printing processes; ink jet printing processes; electrophoretic deposition (See U.S. Patent No. 7,339,715); and other similar techniques.)
  • pre-metered coatings such as patch die coating, slot or extrusion coating, slide or cascade coating, curtain coating
  • roll coating such as knife over roll coating, forward and reverse roll coating
  • gravure coating dip coating
  • spray coating meniscus coating
  • spin coating spin coating
  • brush coating air knife coating
  • silk screen printing processes electrostatic printing processes
  • thermal printing processes ink jet printing processes
  • electrophoretic deposition See U.S. Patent No. 7,339,715); and other similar techniques.
  • electrophoretic media essentially display only two colors.
  • Such electrophoretic media either use a single type of electrophoretic particle having a first color in a colored fluid having a second, different color (in which case, the first color is displayed when the particles lie adjacent the viewing surface of the display and the second color is displayed when the particles are spaced from the viewing surface), or first and second types of electrophoretic particles having differing first and second colors in an uncolored fluid (in which case, the first color is displayed when the first type of particles lie adjacent the viewing surface of the display and the second color is displayed when the second type of particles lie adjacent the viewing surface).
  • the two colors are black and white.
  • a color filter array may be deposited over the viewing surface of the monochrome (black and white) display.
  • Displays with color filter arrays rely on area sharing and color blending to create color stimuli.
  • the available display area is shared between three or four primary colors such as red/green/blue (RGB) or red/green/blue/white (RGBW), and the filters can be arranged in one- dimensional (stripe) or two-dimensional (2x2) repeat patterns.
  • RGB red/green/blue
  • RGBW red/green/blue/white
  • 2x2 two-dimensional
  • RGB displays three (in the case of RGB displays) or four (in the case of RGBW displays) sub-pixels are chosen small enough so that at the intended viewing distance they visually blend together to a single pixel with a uniform color stimulus (‘color blending’).
  • color blending The inherent disadvantage of area sharing is that the colorants are always present, and colors can only be modulated by switching the corresponding pixels of the underlying monochrome display to white or black (switching the corresponding primary colors on or off).
  • each of the red, green, blue and white primaries occupy one fourth of the display area (one sub-pixel out of four), with the white sub- pixel being as bright as the underlying monochrome display white, and each of the colored sub- pixels being no lighter than one third of the monochrome display white.
  • the brightness of the white color shown by the display as a whole cannot be more than one half of the brightness of the white sub-pixel (white areas of the display are produced by displaying the one white sub- pixel out of each four, plus each colored sub-pixel in its colored form being equivalent to one third of a white sub-pixel, so the three colored sub-pixels combined contribute no more than the one white sub-pixel).
  • a commonly used system for quantifying the color characteristics of a display, including both brightness and hue is the CIELAB system, which assigns color coordinate values (i.e., L*, a*, b*) corresponding to colors displayed by typical color reflective display devices under a CIE standard illuminant D65 (e.g., with color temperature 6500K).
  • U.S. Patent Nos. 8,576,476 and 8,797,634 describe multicolor electrophoretic displays having a single back plane comprising independently addressable pixel electrodes and a common, light-transmissive front electrode.
  • the common, light-transmissive front electrode is also known as the top electrode. Between the back plane and the front electrode is disposed a plurality of electrophoretic layers. Displays described in these applications are capable of rendering any of the primary colors (red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow, white and black) at any pixel location.
  • displays described in these applications are capable of rendering any of the primary colors (red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow, white and black) at any pixel location.
  • optical losses in an electrophoretic layer closest to the viewing surface may affect the appearance of images formed in underlying electrophoretic layers.
  • U.S. Patent No.8,917,439 describes a color display comprising an electrophoretic fluid that comprises one or two types of pigment particles dispersed in a clear and colorless or colored solvent, the electrophoretic fluid being disposed between a common electrode and a plurality of pixel or driving electrodes. The driving electrodes are arranged to expose a background layer.
  • U.S. Patent No. 9,116,412 describes a method for driving a display cell filled with an electrophoretic fluid comprising two types of charged particles carrying opposite charge polarities and of two contrast colors.
  • the two types of pigment particles are dispersed in a colored solvent or in a solvent with non-charged or slightly charged colored particles dispersed therein.
  • the method comprises driving the display cell to display the color of the solvent or the color of the non-charged or slightly charged colored particles by applying a driving voltage that is about 1 to about 20% of the full driving voltage.
  • U.S. Patent Nos. 8,717,664 and 8,964,282 describe an electrophoretic fluid, and a method for driving an electrophoretic display.
  • the fluid comprises first, second and third type of pigment particles, all of which are dispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture.
  • the first and second types of pigment particles carry opposite charge polarities, and the third type of pigment particles has a charge level being less than about 50% of the charge level of the first or second type.
  • the three types of pigment particles have different levels of threshold voltage, or different levels of mobility, or both. None of these patent applications disclose full color display in the sense in which that term is used below, that is capable of achieving at least eight independent colors (white, red, green, blue, cyan, yellow, magenta, and black).
  • SUMMARY [Para 23] Disclosed herein are improved methods of driving full color electrophoretic displays and full color electrophoretic displays using these drive methods.
  • the invention involves a color electrophoretic display including a light-transmissive electrode at a viewing surface, a backplane including an array of thin film transistors coupled to pixel electrodes, wherein each thin film transistor comprising a layer of a metal oxide semiconductor, and a color electrophoretic medium disposed between the light-transmissive electrode and the backplane.
  • the color electrophoretic medium includes (a) a fluid, (b) a plurality of first and a plurality of second particles dispersed in the fluid, the first and second particles bearing charges of opposite polarity, the first particle being a light-scattering particle and the second particle having one of the subtractive primary colors, and (c) a plurality of third and a plurality of fourth particles dispersed in the fluid, the third and fourth particles bearing charges of opposite polarity, the third and fourth particles each having a subtractive primary color different from each other and from the second particles.
  • a first electric field required to separate an aggregate formed by the third and the fourth types of particles is greater than a second electric field required to separate an aggregate formed from any other two types of particles.
  • the second, third and fourth particles are non-light-scattering.
  • the first particles are white and the second, third and fourth particles are non- light-scattering.
  • the first and third particles are negatively charged and the second and fourth particles are positively charged.
  • the first, second, third and fourth particles are respectively white, cyan, yellow and magenta in color, with the white and yellow particles being negatively charged and the magenta and cyan particles positively charged.
  • the yellow, magenta and cyan pigments exhibit diffuse reflectances at 650, 550 and 450 nm, respectively, measured over a black background, of less than 2.5% when the pigment is approximately isotropically distributed at 15% by volume in a layer of thickness 1 ⁇ m comprising the pigment and a liquid of refractive index less than 1.55.
  • the liquid is a non-polar liquid having a dielectric constant less than about 5.
  • the fluid has have dissolved or dispersed therein a polymer having a number average molecular weight in excess of about 20,000 and being essentially non-absorbing on the particles.
  • the metal oxide semiconductor is indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO).
  • a color electrophoretic display including a controller, a light- transmissive electrode at a viewing surface, and a backplane including an array of thin film transistors coupled to pixel electrodes, each thin film transistor comprising a layer of a metal oxide semiconductor.
  • a color electrophoretic medium is disposed between the light- transmissive electrode and the backplane, and the color electrophoretic medium includes (a) a fluid, (b) a plurality of first and a plurality of second particles dispersed in the fluid, the first and second particles bearing charges of opposite polarity, the first particle being a light- scattering particle and the second particle having one of the subtractive primary colors, and (c) a plurality of third and a plurality of fourth particles dispersed in the fluid, the third and fourth particles bearing charges of opposite polarity, the third and fourth particles each having a subtractive primary color different from each other and from the second particles.
  • the controller is configured to provide a plurality of driving voltages to the pixel electrodes such that white, yellow, red, magenta, blue, cyan, green, and black can be displayed at each pixel electrode while keeping the light-transmissive electrode at a constant voltage.
  • the controller is configured to provide a voltage of greater than 25 Volts and less than -25 Volts to the pixel electrodes.
  • the controller is configured to additionally provide a voltage between 25 V and 0V and a voltage between -25V and 0V.
  • the metal oxide semiconductor is indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO).
  • a color electrophoretic display including a controller, a light- transmissive electrode at a viewing surface, a backplane electrode, and a color electrophoretic medium disposed between the light-transmissive electrode and the backplane electrode.
  • the color electrophoretic medium includes (a) a fluid, (b) a plurality of first and a plurality of second particles dispersed in the fluid, the first and second particles bearing charges of opposite polarity, the first particle being a light-scattering particle and the second particle having one of the subtractive primary colors, and (c)a plurality of third and a plurality of fourth particles dispersed in the fluid, the third and fourth particles bearing charges of opposite polarity, the third and fourth particles each having a subtractive primary color different from each other and from the second particles.
  • the controller is configured to provide a first high voltage and a first low voltage to the light transmissive electrode, and a second high voltage, a zero voltage, and a second low voltage to the backplane electrode, such that the colors white, yellow, red, magenta, blue, cyan, green, and black can be displayed at the viewing surface, wherein the magnitude of at least one of the first high voltage, the first low voltage, the second high voltage, and the second low voltage are not the same.
  • the magnitude of the first high voltage and the magnitude of the second high voltage are the same.
  • the magnitude of the first low voltage and the magnitude of the second low voltage are the same, and the magnitude of the first high voltage and the magnitude of the first low voltage are not the same.
  • a color electrophoretic display including a controller; a light- transmissive electrode at a viewing surface, a backplane electrode, and a color electrophoretic medium disposed between the light-transmissive electrode and the backplane electrode.
  • the color electrophoretic medium includes (a) a fluid, (b) a plurality of first and a plurality of second particles dispersed in the fluid, the first and second particles bearing charges of opposite polarity, the first particle being a light-scattering particle and the second particle having one of the subtractive primary colors; and (c) a plurality of third and a plurality of fourth particles dispersed in the fluid, the third and fourth particles bearing charges of opposite polarity, the third and fourth particles each having a subtractive primary color different from each other and from the second particles.
  • the controller is configured to cause the colors white, yellow, red, magenta, blue, cyan, green, and black color to be displayed at the viewing surface by providing one of a plurality of time dependent drive voltages to the backplane electrode while providing one of the following drive voltage to the light-transmissive electrode 1) a high voltage for time a first time, a low voltage for a second time, and a high voltage for a third time, or 2) a low voltage for time a first time, a high voltage for a second time, and a low voltage for a third time.
  • a system for driving an electrophoretic medium comprising an electrophoretic display, a power source capable of providing a positive voltage and a negative voltage, where the magnitude of the positive voltage and the negative voltage are different, and a controller coupled to the top electrode driver, the first drive electrode driver, and the second drive electrode driver.
  • the electrophoretic medium includes a light-transmissive top electrode at a viewing surface, a first drive electrode, a second drive electrode, and an electrophoretic medium disposed between the top electrode and the first and second drive electrodes.
  • the controller is configured to provide A) in a first frame, the positive voltage to the top electrode, the negative voltage to the first drive electrode, and the positive voltage to the second drive electrode, B) in a second frame, the negative voltage to the top electrode, the negative voltage to the first drive electrode, and the negative voltage to the second drive electrode, C) in a third frame, the ground voltage to the top electrode, the ground voltage to the first drive electrode, and the positive voltage to the second drive electrode, and D) in a fourth frame, the positive voltage to the top electrode, the positive voltage to the first drive electrode, and the positive voltage to the second drive electrode.
  • the controller is configured to further provide E) in a fifth frame, the negative voltage to the top electrode, the ground voltage to the first drive electrode, and the negative voltage to the second drive electrode, and F) in a sixth frame, the ground voltage to the top electrode, the ground voltage to the first drive electrode, and the ground voltage to the second drive electrode.
  • the electrophoretic medium is encapsulated in a plurality of microcapsules and the microcapsules are dispersed in a polymer binder between the top electrode and the first and second drive electrodes.
  • the electrophoretic medium is encapsulated in an array of microcells having openings wherein the opening are sealed with a polymer binder, and the array of microcells is disposed between the top electrode and the first and second drive electrodes.
  • the electrophoretic medium comprises a non-polar fluid and four sets of particles having different optical properties.
  • the first and second sets of particles bear charges of opposite polarity
  • the third and fourth sets of particles bear charges of opposite polarity
  • the first particle is a light-scattering particle
  • the second, third, and fourth sets of particles are each a subtractive primary color different from each other.
  • the controller is configured to provide combinations of the positive voltage, the negative voltage, and the ground voltage to the top electrode and the first drive electrode such that the colors white, yellow, red, magenta, blue, cyan, green, and black can be displayed at the viewing surface.
  • the first and second sets of particles bear charges of opposite polarity
  • the third and fourth sets of particles bear the same charge as the second particle
  • the first particle is a light-scattering particle
  • the second, third, and fourth sets of particles are each a subtractive primary color different from each other.
  • the controller is configured to provide combinations of the positive voltage, the negative voltage, and the ground voltage to the top electrode and the first drive electrode such that the colors white, yellow, red, magenta, blue, cyan, green, and black can be displayed at the viewing surface.
  • the positive voltage is +15V and the negative voltage is -9V.
  • the positive voltage is +9V and the negative voltage is -15V.
  • a system for driving an electrophoretic medium comprising an electrophoretic display, a power source capable of providing a positive voltage and a negative voltage, where the magnitude of the positive voltage and the negative voltage are different, and a controller coupled to the top electrode driver, the first drive electrode driver, and the second drive electrode driver.
  • the electrophoretic medium includes a light-transmissive top electrode at a viewing surface, a first drive electrode, a second drive electrode, and an electrophoretic medium disposed between the top electrode and the first and second drive electrodes.
  • the controller is configured to provide A) in a first frame, the positive voltage to the top electrode, the negative voltage to the first drive electrode, and the positive voltage to the second drive electrode, B) in a second frame, the negative voltage to the top electrode, the negative voltage to the first drive electrode, and the negative voltage to the second drive electrode, C) in a third frame, the ground voltage to the top electrode, the ground voltage to the first drive electrode, and the ground voltage to the second drive electrode, and D) in a fourth frame, the positive voltage to the top electrode, the positive voltage to the first drive electrode, and the positive voltage to the second drive electrode.
  • the controller is configured to further provide E) in a fifth frame, the negative voltage to the top electrode, the ground voltage to the first drive electrode, and the negative voltage to the second drive electrode, and F) in a sixth frame, the ground voltage to the top electrode, the ground voltage to the first drive electrode, and the ground voltage to the second drive electrode.
  • the electrophoretic medium is encapsulated in a plurality of microcapsules and the microcapsules are dispersed in a polymer binder between the top electrode and the first and second drive electrodes.
  • the electrophoretic medium is encapsulated in an array of microcells having openings wherein the opening are sealed with a polymer binder, and the array of microcells is disposed between the top electrode and the first and second drive electrodes.
  • the electrophoretic medium comprises a non-polar fluid and four sets of particles having different optical properties.
  • the first and second sets of particles bear charges of opposite polarity
  • the third and fourth sets of particles bear charges of opposite polarity
  • the first particle is a light-scattering particle
  • the second, third, and fourth sets of particles are each a subtractive primary color different from each other.
  • the controller is configured to provide combinations of the positive voltage, the negative voltage, and the ground voltage to the top electrode and the first drive electrode such that the colors white, yellow, red, magenta, blue, cyan, green, and black can be displayed at the viewing surface.
  • the first and second sets of particles bear charges of opposite polarity
  • the third and fourth sets of particles bear the same charge as the second particle
  • the first particle is a light-scattering particle
  • the second, third, and fourth sets of particles are each a subtractive primary color different from each other.
  • the controller is configured to provide combinations of the positive voltage, the negative voltage, and the ground voltage to the top electrode and the first drive electrode such that the colors white, yellow, red, magenta, blue, cyan, green, and black can be displayed at the viewing surface.
  • the positive voltage is +15V and the negative voltage is -9V.
  • the positive voltage is +9V and the negative voltage is -15V.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-section showing an embodiment of an encapsulated electrophoretic display suitable for use with the methods of the invention.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary equivalent circuit of a single pixel of an electrophoretic display wherein the voltage on the single pixel is controlled with a transistor. The circuit of FIG.3 is commonly used in active matrix backplanes.
  • FIG.4 illustrates how a positive voltage source and a negative voltage source can be applied to a top electrode and two separate drive electrodes to achieve the needed driving voltages at the two separate drive electrodes.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-section showing the positions of the various colored particles in an colored electrophoretic medium when displaying black, white, three subtractive primary colors and three additive primary colors.
  • FIG.6 shows exemplary push-pull drive schemes for addressing an electrophoretic medium including three subtractive particles and a scattering (white) particle.
  • FIG. 7 depicts simplified top plane driving waveforms for the production of eight colors in an electrophoretic medium including three subtractive particles and a scattering (white) particle.
  • FIG. 8 shows an exemplary drive pattern to achieve a green optical state at the viewing surface above a first drive electrode and a yellow optical state at the viewing surface above a second drive electrode using only two voltage sources.
  • FIG. 38 FIG.
  • FIG.9A shows the change in L*a*b* values of the eight color indices when the same four particle electrophoretic medium is driven with seven independent drive voltages or with two voltage sources and using coordinated top electrode voltage cycling.
  • FIG.9B shows the date in the graph of FIG.9A as simulated colors.
  • DETAILED DESCRIPTION [Para 40] A system for simplified driving of electrophoretic media using a positive and a negative voltage source, where the voltage sources have different magnitudes, and a controller that cycles the top electrode between the two voltage sources and ground while coordinating driving at least two drive electrodes opposed to the top electrode. The resulting system can achieve roughly the same color states as compared to supplying each drive electrode with six independent drive levels and ground.
  • the system simplifies the required electronics with only marginal loss in color gamut.
  • the system is particularly useful for addressing an electrophoretic medium including four sets of different particles, e.g., wherein three of the particles are colored and subtractive and one of the particles is light-scattering.
  • the invention provides improved methods of driving electro-optic media devices with so-called top-plane switching, i.e., where the voltage on the top (common) electrode is varied during the course of a device update.
  • the invention is used with an electrophoretic medium including four particles wherein two of the particles are colored and subtractive and at least one of the particles is scattering.
  • such a system includes a white particle and cyan, yellow, and magenta subtractive primary colored particles.
  • a display device may be constructed using an electrophoretic fluid of the invention in several ways that are known in the prior art.
  • the electrophoretic fluid may be encapsulated in microcapsules or incorporated into microcell structures that are thereafter sealed with a polymeric layer.
  • microcapsule or microcell layers may be coated or embossed onto a plastic substrate or film bearing a transparent coating of an electrically conductive material.
  • This assembly may be laminated to a backplane bearing pixel electrodes using an electrically conductive adhesive.
  • the electrophoretic fluid may be dispensed directly on a thin open-cell grid that has been arranged on a backplane including an active matrix of pixel electrodes. The filled grid can then be top-sealed with an integrated protective sheet/light- transmissive electrode.
  • an electrophoretic display typically includes a top light-transmissive electrode 110, an electrophoretic medium 120, and bottom drive electrodes 130/135, which are often pixel electrodes of an active matrix of pixels controlled with thin film transistors (TFT).
  • bottom drive electrodes 130/135 may be directly wired to a controller or some other switch that provides voltage to the bottom drive electrodes 130/135 to effect a change in the optical state of the electrophoretic medium 120, i.e., segmented electrodes.
  • a junction between drive electrodes 130/135 corresponds with an intersection of microcapsules or with a wall 127 of a microcell.
  • the electrophoretic medium 120 contains at least one electrophoretic particle 121, however a second electrophoretic particle 122, or a third electrophoretic particle 123, a fourth electrophoretic particle 124, or more particles is feasible.
  • the electrophoretic medium 120 typically includes a solvent, such as isoparaffins, and may also include dispersed polymers and charge control agents to facilitate state stability, e.g. bistability, i.e., the ability to maintain an electro-optic state without inputting any additional energy.
  • the electrophoretic medium 120 is typically compartmentalized such by a microcapsule 126 or the walls of a microcell 127.
  • the entire display stack is typically disposed on a substrate 150, which may be rigid or flexible.
  • the display (101, 102) typically also includes a protective layer 160, which may simply protect the top electrode 110 from damage, or it may envelop the entire display (101, 102) to prevent ingress of water, etc.
  • Electrophoretic displays (101, 102) may also include one or more adhesive layers 140, 170, and/or sealing layers 180 as needed.
  • an adhesive layer may include a primer component to improve adhesion to the electrode layer 110, or a separate primer layer (not shown in FIGS. 1 or 2) may be used.
  • TFT backplanes usually have only one transistor per pixel electrode or propulsion electrode.
  • each pixel electrode has associated therewith a capacitor electrode such that the pixel electrode and the capacitor electrode form a capacitor; see, for example, International Patent Application WO 01/07961.
  • N-type semiconductor e.g., amorphous silicon
  • the “select” and “non-select” voltages applied to the gate electrodes can be positive and negative, respectively.
  • the TFT When there is a negative voltage on the TFT gate, however, then there is high impedance and voltage is stored on the pixel storage capacitor and not affected by the voltage on the scan line as the other pixels are addressed (i.e., Vg “OFF” or “CLOSED”). Thus, ideally, the TFT should act as a digital switch. In practice, there is still a certain amount of resistance when the TFT is in the “ON” setting, so the pixel takes some time to charge. Additionally, voltage can leak from V S to V pix when the TFT is in the “OFF” setting, causing cross-talk. Increasing the capacitance of the storage capacitor Cs reduces cross-talk, but at the cost of rendering the pixels harder to charge, and increasing the charge time.
  • V TOP a separate voltage
  • V FPL pixel electrode
  • N-type semiconductor e.g., amorphous silicon
  • the “select” and “non-select” voltages applied to the gate electrodes can be positive and negative, respectively.
  • VCOM may be grounded, however there are many different designs for draining charge from the charge capacitor, e.g., as described in U.S. Patent No. 10,037,735, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • One problem with conventional amorphous silicon TFTs is that the operating voltage is limited to roughly ⁇ 15V, whereupon the transistors start to leak current and ultimately fail.
  • An exemplary electrophoretic display 401 includes an electrophoretic medium 420 disposed between a top electrode 410 and a (bottom) drive electrode 430.
  • both the top electrode 410 and the drive electrode 430 are supplied by two different power supplies 440 and 460, which could be from the same power source (not shown).
  • a ground voltage 470 is available. Typically one power supply is positive with respect to ground and one power supply is negative with respect to ground. Which power supply (or ground) is connected to which electrode at a given unit of time (a frame) is controlled by a controller 470.
  • the controller can be a commercial electrophoretic display controller such as manufactured by UltraChip, or it can be a research controller such as offered by E Ink Corporation (HULK Controller, ARC30TM controller) or it can be a virtual controller using, e.g., LABVIEW® to control the output of a voltage board.
  • ⁇ V V(Drive Electrode) – V(Top Electrode) on the electrophoretic medium 420.
  • FIG.4 illustrates only a single drive electrode 430, it is understood that the principle can be extended to a system with many drive pixels, such as available with an active matrix backplane.
  • top plane switching with an active matrix backplane uses independent voltage controllers for the top plane and the pixel electrodes, and requires top electrode voltage cycles that last many frames while the individual pixel electrodes are switched to produce the desired waveforms. More details of this method are described in U.S. Patent No.10,593,272, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • each of the eight principal colors corresponds to a different arrangement of the four pigments, such that the viewer only sees those colored pigments that are on the viewing side of the white pigment (i.e., the only pigment that scatters light). More specifically, when the cyan, magenta and yellow particles lie below the white particles (Situation [A] in FIG.5), there are no particles above the white particles and the pixel simply displays a white color. When a single particle is above the white particles, the color of that single particle is displayed, yellow, magenta and cyan in Situations [B], [D] and [F] respectively in FIG. 5.
  • the position of the light- scattering colored particle with respect to the other colored particles overlying the white particle would be important.
  • the scattering colored particle cannot lie over the non- scattering colored particles (otherwise they will be partially or completely hidden behind the scattering particle and the color rendered will be that of the scattering colored particle, not black). It would not be easy to render the color black if more than one type of colored particle scattered light.
  • waveforms to sort the four pigments into appropriate configurations to make these colors are best achieved with at least seven voltage levels (high positive, medium positive, low positive, zero, low negative, medium negative, high negative).
  • FIG. 6 shows typical waveforms (in simplified form) used to drive a four-particle color electrophoretic display system described above.
  • Such waveforms have a “push-pull” structure: i.e., they consist of a dipole comprising two pulses of opposite polarity. The magnitudes and lengths of these pulses determine the color obtained.
  • the “high” voltage is typically between 20V and 30V, more typically around 25V, e.g., 24V.
  • the “medium” (M) level is typically between 10V and 20V, more typically around 15V, e.g., 15V or 12V.
  • the “low” (L) level is typically between 3V and 10V, more typically around 7V, e.g., 9V or 5V.
  • H, M, L will depend somewhat on the composition of the particles, as well as the environment of the electrophoretic medium. In some applications, H, M, L may be set by the cost of the components for producing and controlling these voltage levels.
  • the lengths of these pulses (refresh and address) and of any rests (i.e., periods of zero voltage between them may be chosen so that the entire waveform (i.e., the integral of voltage with respect to time over the whole waveform) is DC balanced (i.e., the integral of voltage over time is substantially zero).
  • DC balance can be achieved by adjusting the lengths of the pulses and rests in the reset phase so that the net impulse supplied in the reset phase is equal in magnitude and opposite in sign to the net impulse supplied in the address phase, during which phase the display is switched to a particular desired color.
  • every backplane voltage is offset from the voltage supplied by the power supply by an amounts equal to the kickback voltage V KB .
  • the power supply used provides the three voltages +V, 0, and -V
  • the backplane would actually receive voltages V+VKB, VKB, and –V+ VKB (note that VKB, in the case of amorphous silicon TFTs, is usually a negative number).
  • the same power supply would, however, supply +V, 0, and –V to the front electrode without any kickback voltage offset. Therefore, for example, when the front electrode is supplied with –V the display would experience a maximum voltage of 2V+ VKB and a minimum of VKB.
  • a waveform may be divided into sections where the front electrode is supplied with a positive voltage, a negative voltage, and VKB.
  • the kickback HIGHER VOLTAGE ADDRESSING WITH METAL OXIDE BACKPLANES [Para 57] While modifying the rail voltages provides some flexibility in achieving differing electro-optical performance from a four-particle electrophoretic system, there are many limitations introduced by top-plane switching. For example, it is typically preferred, in order to make a white state with displays of the present invention, that the lower negative voltage VM- is less than half the maximum negative voltage VH-.
  • top-plane switching requires that the lower positive voltage is always at least half the maximum positive voltage, typically more than half.
  • An alternative solution to the complications of top-plane switching can be provided by fabricating the control transistors from less-common materials that have a higher electron mobility, thereby allowing the transistors to switch larger control voltages, for example +/-30V, directly.
  • Newly-developed active matrix backplanes may include thin film transistors incorporating metal oxide materials, such as tungsten oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, and zinc oxide. In these applications, a channel formation region is formed for each transistor using such metal oxide materials, allowing faster switching of higher voltages.
  • Such transistors typically include a gate electrode, a gate-insulating film (typically SiO2), a metal source electrode, a metal drain electrode, and a metal oxide semiconductor film over the gate- insulating film, at least partially overlapping the gate electrode, source electrode, and drain electrode.
  • a gate-insulating film typically SiO2
  • metal source electrode typically include a metal source electrode, a metal drain electrode, and a metal oxide semiconductor film over the gate- insulating film, at least partially overlapping the gate electrode, source electrode, and drain electrode.
  • Such backplanes are available from manufacturers such as Sharp/Foxconn, LG, and BOE.
  • IGZO indium gallium zinc oxide
  • IGZO-TFT has 20–50 times the electron mobility of amorphous silicon.
  • a source driver capable of supplying at least five, and preferably seven levels provides a different driving paradigm for a four-particle electrophoretic display system.
  • These levels may be chosen within the range of about - 27V to +27V, without the limitations imposed by top plane switching as described above.
  • [Para 60] Using advanced backplanes, such as metal oxide backplanes, it is possible to directly address each pixel with a suitable push-pull waveform, i.e., as described in FIG.
  • FIG. 7 shows such a solution in which a simplified top plane switching pulse sequence is used (top left panel), with simplified backplane pulse sequences (left; below) being matched to the single top-plane sequence, thereby providing at least distinct colors.
  • the top plane is switched between two voltages, one positive and one negative, while the back plane can take three different voltages: positive, negative, and zero.
  • the voltage levels are relative, i.e., 1, 0, -1, but would in many instances actually be 15V, 0, and -15V as is typically with commercial backplanes including amorphous silicon thin film transistors.
  • the electrophoretic fluid includes a white pigment that is negatively charged, a magenta pigment and a cyan pigment that are positively charged, and the yellow pigment may be either positively or negatively charged, or essentially neutral.
  • Other color/charge combinations are possible and the waveforms can be adujsted accordingly.
  • Option (c) is particularly helpful when at least one of the voltages required to be supplied is higher than the backplane electronics can support.
  • [Para 64] Because, with top plane switching, it is not possible to assert a high positive and a high negative potential simultaneously, it is necessary to offset the +/- dipoles of the top plane with respect to the -/+ dipoles of the backplane. In the waveform shown in FIG. 7, there is only one dipole per transition. This provides the least “flashy” waveform possible, since each dipole results in two visible optical changes to the display.
  • the voltages across the electrophoretic medium become 30V, 28V, 0V, -28V, and -30V.
  • the maximum voltage magnitudes (i.e., “rail”) of the top-plane electrode and the back-plane electrode need not be the same, however.
  • rail voltages offsets can be calculated from some nominal maximum voltage magnitude value, V.
  • the offset for each rail may be denoted w, x, y and z, while it is assumed that the zero voltage rail is kept at zero and not applied to the top plane.
  • the top plane switching pattern require thus be significantly more complex the one illustrated in FIG. 7.
  • a difficulty arises, however, in applications requiring simultaneous updates in different regions of a display with staggered start times separated by less than the length of one waveform. Because the top plane potential is asserted over the entire display it may be impossible to initiate a new update in one region of the display before the end of a previously- initiated update in another location.
  • the problem of coordinating multiple simultaneous updates each requiring top plane switching can be solved by cycling the top plane voltage while stretching out the waveform, as illustrated in FIG.8.
  • V TE top electrode voltage
  • V DE1 first drive electrode voltage
  • V DE2 second drive electrode voltage
  • ⁇ V DE1 voltage differential on electrophoretic medium between first drive electrode and top electrode
  • ⁇ V DE2 voltage differential on electrophoretic medium between second drive electrode and top electrode.
  • FIGS. 9A and 9B the filled circles represent the L*a*b* measurement of the seven-level driver, whereas the open circles represent the L*a*b* measurement of the cycled top electrode driving.
  • FIGS.9A and 9B the resulting primary color states are quite similar. (Compare positions of open circles to filled circles.) The greatest change is seen in the green primary (left center of FIG. 9A) where the green primary drifts quite a bit toward the yellow. The difference in color states for the green primary is also evident in FIG.9B.
  • the invention provides for full color electrophoretic displays that are capable of directly addressing the electrophoretic medium with and without top plane switching, as well as waveforms for such electrophoretic displays.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un système destiné à attaquer de manière simplifiée des milieux électrophorétiques à l'aide de sources de tension positive et négative, les sources de tension ayant des amplitudes différentes, et un dispositif de commande qui fait passer l'électrode supérieure de façon cyclique entre les deux sources de tension et la masse tout en coordonnant l'attaque d'au moins deux électrodes d'attaque opposées à l'électrode supérieure. Le système résultant peut obtenir à peu près les mêmes états de couleur par comparaison avec la fourniture de six niveaux d'attaque indépendants et d'une masse à chaque électrode d'attaque. Ainsi, le système simplifie l'électronique requise tout en ne souffrant que d'une perte marginale en ce qui concerne la gamme de couleurs. Le système est particulièrement utile dans le cas d'un milieu électrophorétique comprenant quatre ensembles de particules différentes, par exemple, dans lequel trois des particules sont colorées et soustractives et l'une des particules diffuse la lumière.
PCT/US2022/043292 2021-09-14 2022-09-13 Tensions coordonnées d'électrode d'attaque et d'électrode supérieure pour commuter l'état optique d'écrans électrophorétiques à l'aide de tensions positives et négatives d'amplitudes différentes Ceased WO2023043714A1 (fr)

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CA3231683A CA3231683A1 (fr) 2021-09-14 2022-09-13 Tensions coordonnees d'electrode d'attaque et d'electrode superieure pour commuter l'etat optique d'ecrans electrophoretiques a l'aide de tensions positives et negatives d'amplitudes differentes
CN202280060113.3A CN117916799A (zh) 2021-09-14 2022-09-13 使用不同大小的正负电压切换电泳显示器光学状态的协调式顶部电极－驱动电极电压
JP2024514515A JP7663783B2 (ja) 2021-09-14 2022-09-13 調整された上部電極－異なる大きさの正および負電圧を使用して電気泳動ディスプレイの光学状態を切り替えるための駆動電極電圧
KR1020257028271A KR20250130446A (ko) 2021-09-14 2022-09-13 상이한 크기들의 포지티브 전압 및 네거티브 전압을 사용하여 전기영동 디스플레이들의 광학 상태를 스위칭하기 위한 조정된 상부 전극 전압 - 구동 전극 전압
KR1020247007684A KR102852260B1 (ko) 2021-09-14 2022-09-13 상이한 크기들의 포지티브 전압 및 네거티브 전압을 사용하여 전기영동 디스플레이들의 광학 상태를 스위칭하기 위한 조정된 상부 전극 전압 - 구동 전극 전압
EP22785853.7A EP4402673A1 (fr) 2021-09-14 2022-09-13 Tensions coordonnées d'électrode d'attaque et d'électrode supérieure pour commuter l'état optique d'écrans électrophorétiques à l'aide de tensions positives et négatives d'amplitudes différentes

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US17/474,375 US11776496B2 (en) 2020-09-15 2021-09-14 Driving voltages for advanced color electrophoretic displays and displays with improved driving voltages
US202263320524P 2022-03-16 2022-03-16
US63/320,524 2022-03-16

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Cited By (3)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2024253934A1 (fr) * 2023-06-05 2024-12-12 E Ink Corporation Milieu électrophorétique couleur ayant quatre systèmes de particules de pigment adressables par des formes d'onde ayant quatre niveaux de tension
EP4610972A1 (fr) * 2024-03-01 2025-09-03 E-Paper Innovation Ltd. Procédé d'entraînement et de commande d'un milieu à pigment 3 ou 4 dans un système d'affichage électrophorétique
EP4610973A1 (fr) * 2024-03-01 2025-09-03 E-Paper Innovation Ltd. Procédé de commutation électrophorétique couleur avancée rapide et intelligente utilisant un mode source multiniveau

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