WO2022123837A1 - 強膜菲薄化治療用点眼剤及び強膜菲薄化治療剤のスクリーニング方法 - Google Patents
強膜菲薄化治療用点眼剤及び強膜菲薄化治療剤のスクリーニング方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention maintains the normal eye shape by suppressing scleral thinning that affects the scleral shape for the adult eye with advanced myopia, and causes eye diseases associated with scleral thinning.
- the present invention relates to an ophthalmic agent for scleral thinning treatment containing an active ingredient that can be treated, and a method for screening the scleral thinning therapeutic agent.
- Non-Patent Document 1 The latest research on myopia and severe myopia predicts a significant increase in the world's myopia population, with about 5 billion myopia and about 1 billion severe myopia in 2050. (See Non-Patent Document 1).
- Non-Patent Document 2 Classification of these scleral thinning-related eye diseases includes posterior ocular diseases such as myopia macular degeneration, cataracts, and eye movement disorders.
- posterior ocular diseases such as myopia macular degeneration, cataracts, and eye movement disorders.
- Suppressing deformation is a radical cure.
- myopia CNV myopia choroidal neovascularization
- aflibercept and ranibizumab are known as existing drugs that suppress the neovascularization.
- these antibody drugs can suppress new blood vessels, they have no therapeutic effect on scleral thinning, and poor prognosis such as scarring of the choroid is known. Therefore, there is a strong demand for early radical treatment (reduction of mechanical pressure on the posterior eye) before the disease becomes severe.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a screening method for searching for a component capable of suppressing scleral thinning caused by severe myopia in an adult, and to use the active ingredient obtained by the screening method for scleral thinning and thinning of the sclera.
- the purpose is to provide eye drops capable of treating the accompanying eye disease.
- the present invention [1] An eye drop for scleral thinning treatment containing an inhibitor of the PERK (PKRK-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase) pathway and / or the ATF6 (Activating transcription factor 6) pathway as an active ingredient.
- PERK PSRK-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
- ATF6 Activating transcription factor 6
- [7] The step of contacting the candidate substance with the cell derived from the eye and the step of selecting the candidate substance using the protein of the signal transduction system of PERK and / or ATF6 and / or the gene change as an index in the cell.
- a method for screening a scleral thinning therapeutic agent including.
- the active ingredient obtained by the screening method can be used to provide eye drops capable of treating scleral thinning and its associated eye diseases.
- (B) is an explanatory diagram for measuring the sclera, in which the position of the optic disc is "0" and the distances (400 ⁇ m, 700 ⁇ m, 1000 ⁇ m, 1300 ⁇ m) above (+) and below (-) from the optic disc. The sclera was measured at 1600 ⁇ m, 1900 ⁇ m, 2200 ⁇ m and 2500 ⁇ m).
- (C) is a graph of the sclera measurement result.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing changes in axial elongation and refraction (myopia) due to instillation of various inhibitors of the PERK pathway, ATF6 pathway, and IRE1 pathway to mice.
- the result (# p ⁇ 0.05) compared with the STF instillation NL group or the -30D lens wearing group.
- It is a graph in which induction of myopia in mice induces upregulation of UPR gene expression in the sclera, and intraperitoneal injection of PBS (PBS) and administration of sodium phenylbutyrate (4-PBA; 200 mg / kg / day) sclera (each).
- (A) is a transmission electron microscope image of scleral collagen fibers (three biologically independent images) when PBS or 4-PBA is instilled in C57BL6J mice without a lens (NL) and equipped with a -30D lens. It is a typical image of the sample).
- the eye drops for treating scleral thinning and concomitant eye diseases according to the present invention contain an inhibitor of the PERK (PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase) pathway and the ATF6 (Activating transition factor 6) pathway as active ingredients.
- PERK PLR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
- ATF6 Activating transition factor 6
- scleral thinning As mentioned above, excessive axial elongation causes scleral thinning (deformation of the eyeball), which is involved in the induction and / or exacerbation of scleral thinning and concomitant eye diseases. As shown in the experimental examples described later, it was confirmed that the scleral thinning that causes the deformation of the eyeball is induced in the myopia-induced mouse model, and the mechanism is the upregulation of the expression of a specific gene in the UPR gene group. As a result, it was suggested that the narrowing of collagen fibers in the sclera was induced, leading to the thinning of the sclera. Therefore, a substance having an inhibitory effect on the thinning of the sclera can be an active ingredient.
- genes and / or proteins involved in scleral thinning are targeted and suppressed, and nucleic acids such as antisense oligonucleotides and siRNA are used to treat scleral thinning and associated eye diseases. It can be added to eye drops as an effective ingredient.
- the inhibitor of the PERK pathway and the ATF6 pathway means a substance having an inhibitory effect on both the PERK signal transduction system (PERK pathway) and the ATF6 signal transduction system (ATF6 pathway). ..
- the inhibitory effect on these signal transduction systems can be evaluated by a known method using changes in genes and / or proteins involved in these signal transduction systems as an index, as in the examples described later.
- a substance having an inhibitory effect on both the PERK pathway and the ATF6 pathway can be an active ingredient for suppressing pathological axial elongation (scleral thinning).
- a compound that targets and reduces genes and proteins involved in PERK and / or ATF6 signaling and nucleic acids such as antisense oligonucleotides and siRNA that reduce protein expression in the PERK and / or ATF6 pathways. It can be added to eye drops as an effective ingredient for the treatment of strong membrane thinning.
- the inhibitor of the PERK pathway or the ATF6 pathway means a substance having an inhibitory effect on the signal transduction system of PERK or the signal transduction system of ATF6 in the endoplasmic reticulum.
- the inhibitory effect on these signal transduction systems should be evaluated by the method described in the experimental examples described later or by a known method, using changes in genes and / or proteins involved in these signal transduction systems as indicators. Can be done.
- the evaluation is made by changing the expression of the factor by at least 1% depending on the candidate substance as compared with the control in which the candidate substance is not added. It is possible.
- the expression of the factor fluctuates by at least 1% depending on the candidate substance as compared with the control in which the candidate substance is not added. It is possible to evaluate.
- PERK is an endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane kinase, and as factors involved in its signal transduction, for example, eIF2 ⁇ (eucaryotic initiation factor 2 ⁇ ), ATF4 (Activating protein factor 4), CHOP (C / EBPhomo) Growth arrest DNA and damage protein 34) and the like can be mentioned.
- eIF2 ⁇ eucaryotic initiation factor 2 ⁇
- ATF4 Activating protein factor 4
- CHOP C / EBPhomo Growth arrest DNA and damage protein 34
- ATF6 is a membrane-bound transcription factor belonging to the CREB / ATF family, and examples of factors involved in its signal transduction include BiP (Binding immunoglobulin protein, also referred to as “GRP78”) and Txndc12 (thioredoxin dominant proteining). 12, (also referred to as "ERp18"), S1P (site-1 protease), S2P (site-2 protease) and the like.
- the present invention is not limited to these, and at least a component specified as a component that suppresses the ATF6 pathway and a component newly specified as a component that suppresses the PERK pathway and the ATF6 pathway can also be used.
- the inhibitor of the PERK pathway and the ATF6 pathway is not limited, but sodium phenylbutyrate is preferable from the viewpoint of solubility in eye drops.
- sodium phenylbutyrate is preferable because it can inhibit the PERK pathway in addition to the ATF6 pathway.
- Inhibitors of the PERK pathway and / or the ATF6 pathway may be synthesized and used by a known method, or commercially available products may be obtained and used.
- the "pharmaceutically acceptable salt” is not particularly limited, and specific examples thereof include organic acid salts, inorganic acid salts, organic bases, and inorganic bases.
- organic acid salt include monocarboxylates such as acetate, trifluoroacetate, butyrate, palmitate and stearate; fumarate, maleate, succinate, malonate and the like.
- Examples of the inorganic acid salt include hydrochloride, sulfate, nitrate, hydrobromide, and phosphate.
- Examples of the salt with an organic base include salts with organic amines such as methylamine, triethylamine, triethanolamine, diethanolamine, morpholine, piperazine, pyrrolidine, tripyridine, picolin and ethylenediamine.
- Examples of the salt with an inorganic base include ammonium salts; alkali metals such as sodium or potassium, alkaline earth metals such as calcium or magnesium, and various salts such as salts with metals such as aluminum. These salts may be used alone or in any combination of two or more.
- the "pharmaceutically acceptable salt” may include a solvate or hydrate of the salt.
- the content of the inhibitor of the PERK pathway and / or the ATF6 pathway can be appropriately changed depending on the usage, dosage, type of additive and the like. For example, 0.01% by mass or more is preferable, 0.05% by mass or more is more preferable, 0.1% by mass or more is further preferable, and 0.2% by mass or more is particularly preferable with respect to the total amount of eye drops.
- the content of the inhibitor of the PERK pathway and / or the ATF6 pathway is, for example, preferably 5% by mass or less, more preferably 4% by mass or less, still more preferably 3% by mass or less, based on the total amount of the eye drops. Mass% or less is particularly preferable.
- the content of the inhibitor of the PERK pathway and / or the ATF6 pathway is, for example, preferably 0.01 to 5% by mass, more preferably 0.05 to 4% by mass, and 0.1 to 0.1% by mass, based on the total amount of eye drops. It is more preferably to 3% by mass, and particularly preferably 0.2 to 2% by mass.
- the content thereof is, for example, 0. 01 to 5% by mass is preferable, 0.05 to 4% by mass is more preferable, 0.1 to 3% by mass is further preferable, and 0.2 to 2% by mass is particularly preferable.
- Axial length grows rapidly from birth to about 2 years of age, after which it gradually grows.
- the axial elongation accompanying such growth is called “physiological axial elongation” and is an indispensable phenomenon for eye development.
- pathological axial elongation is an indispensable phenomenon for eye development.
- pathological axial elongation an extension of 1 mm axial length in the adult eye leads to an increase in myopia of about 3.0D.
- the eye drops according to the present invention are used for the treatment of scleral thinning and concomitant eye diseases.
- the scleral thinning-related eye disease refers to a disease caused by an excessive extension of the axial length organically due to severe myopia.
- severe myopia thinning of the sclera that maintains the shape of the eyeball is said to be the initial symptom of the above-mentioned associated eye disease (see Non-Patent Document 4).
- the thinning of the sclera is selected from the group consisting of the thick film, the thickness of the collagen fibers in the sclera, or the collagen-related genes / proteins (COL1A1, COL4A3, COL8A2, COL11A2, and COL15A1) in the sclera. It is considered that it can be used for the treatment of scleral thinning and associated eye diseases by suppressing the deformation of the eyeball by evaluating by the expression of at least one type) and screening for a component capable of suppressing this thinning.
- scleral thinning is evaluated by simultaneous enhancement of the PERK pathway and ATF6 pathway, and by screening for components that can suppress these, it is possible to suppress the deformation of the eyeball and use it for the treatment of scleral thinning and associated ophthalmopathy. It is thought that it can be done.
- Eye diseases associated with macular thinning include myopic macular degeneration, myopic retina atrophy, myopic choroidal neovascularization, myopic optic neuropathy, myopic retinopathy, retinal macular atrophy, macular bleeding, and myopic traction macular disease.
- Myopic macular disease myopic macular lesion, myopic macular separation, myopic refractory dark spot, myopic conus, myopic central fossa separation, diffuse atrophic lesion, localized atrophic lesion, Lacquer cracks, posterior grape Eye diseases such as tumor, macular detachment, macular foramen, tilted papillary syndrome, myopic turbulence, fixed internal squint, mechanical abduction limitation, internal squint, and severe myopic squint.
- posterior ocular disease is preferable from the viewpoint of having a strong causal relationship with scleral thinning (deformation of the eyeball). Furthermore, from the viewpoint of clear and direct causal relationship, the present invention may be applied to myopia macular degeneration, myopia reticulochoroidal atrophy, myopia choroidal neovascularization, or myopia optic neuropathy. preferable.
- the composition according to the present invention is used as an eye drop.
- the dosage form of the eye drop for scleral thinning treatment is not limited, and examples thereof include an aqueous eye drop, a time-dissolving eye drop, a suspension eye drop, an oil-based eye drop, and an eye ointment. Be done. Among these, an aqueous eye drop is preferable from the viewpoint of remarkably exerting the effect of the present invention.
- active ingredients can be added to the eye drops.
- active ingredients are not particularly limited, and are, for example, decongestion components, eye muscle regulator components, anti-inflammatory drug components, astringent drug components, antihistamine drug components, antiallergic drug components, vitamins, amino acids, and antibacterial components.
- examples thereof include drug components, sugars, polymer compounds or derivatives thereof, cellulose or derivatives thereof, local anesthetic components and the like.
- various ingredients and additives are appropriately selected according to a conventional method according to the use and form thereof, as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired, and one or two or more of them are contained in combination.
- those components or additives for example, carriers, fragrances or refreshing agents, preservatives, bactericides or antibacterial agents, pH regulators, chelating agents, stabilizers, etc., which are generally used for preparing liquids and the like, etc.
- examples thereof include various additives such as a tensioning agent, a buffering agent, and a thickening agent.
- the following are examples of typical ingredients used in eye drops, but are not limited thereto.
- the carrier examples include an aqueous solvent such as water and hydrous ethanol.
- a solubilizer may be used.
- the solubilizer include polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, polyoxyl 40 stearate, povidone, polysorbate 80 and the like.
- fragrance or refreshing agent examples include terpenes (specifically, anethole, eugenol, camphor, geraniol, cineole, borneol, menthol, limonene, ryuno, etc., which may be d-form, l-form or dl-form. Good), essential oils (eucalyptol oil, cool mint oil, kehi oil, spear mint oil, sardine water, sardine oil, peppermint oil, bergamot oil, eucalyptus oil, rose oil, etc.) and the like.
- terpenes specifically, anethole, eugenol, camphor, geraniol, cineole, borneol, menthol, limonene, ryuno, etc.
- essential oils eucalyptol oil, cool mint oil, kehi oil, spear mint oil, sardine water, sardine oil, peppermint oil, berga
- preservatives, bactericides or antibacterial agents examples include polydronium chloride, alkyldiaminoethylglycine hydrochloride, sodium benzoate, ethanol, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, chlorhexidine gluconate, chlorobutanol, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, etc.
- pH adjusting agent examples include hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, triethanolamine, monoethanolamine, diisopropanolamine, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid and the like.
- chelating agent examples include ascorbic acid, tetrasodium edetate, sodium edetate, citric acid and the like.
- the stabilizer examples include sodium edetate hydrate, povidone, polysorbate 80, dibutylhydroxytoluene, trometamol, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate (longalit), tocopherol, sodium pyrosulfate, monoethanolamine, aluminum monostearate, and the like. Examples thereof include glycerin monostearate.
- tonicity agent examples include potassium chloride, sodium chloride, concentrated glycerin, glucose, D-mannitol and the like.
- buffering agent examples include sodium citrate hydrate, sodium acetate hydrate, sodium hydrogen carbonate, trometamol, boric acid, borosand, sodium hydrogen phosphate hydrate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate and the like.
- thickening agent examples include carboxyvinyl polymer, povidone, polyvinyl alcohol (partially saponified product), hydroxyethyl cellulose, hypromellose, methyl cellulose, glycerin and the like.
- the additive can be blended in the range where the effect of the present invention is expected or the effect of the present invention is not impaired.
- the content thereof is not particularly limited, but is preferably about 0.001 to 1% by mass with respect to the total amount of eye drops.
- the pH of the eye drops may be 3 to 10, preferably 4 to 9 from the viewpoint of usability, and more preferably 5 to 8.5 from the viewpoint of usability.
- a known eye drop container can be used without limitation.
- the eye drop container a container having a shape that allows the eye drop to be dropped onto the eye, for example, a shape having a nozzle and a container mouth at the tip of the nozzle can be used.
- the instillation container has a structure in which a nozzle separately molded is attached to the container, and a container in which the nozzle portion (liquid pouring portion) and the container body are integrally molded (for example,). It may be any of the single-use type instillation containers, etc.).
- the eye drop container may usually be a plastic container.
- the constituent materials of the plastic container are not particularly limited, but for example, one of polyethylene terephthalate, polyarylate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyimide, copolymers thereof, or two or more thereof. Can be mentioned.
- polyethylene terephthalate, polyarylate, polyethylene naphthalate, a copolymer thereof, or a mixture of two or more thereof is preferable from the viewpoint that the effect of the present invention can be easily exerted by adjusting the extrusion or the like.
- the eye drops may be filled in a transparent container (a container having transparency enough to observe foreign substances) containing such a material as a main material, or may be filled in a light-shielded container. good.
- the light shielding may be performed, for example, by adding a colorant to the transparent container material, or by covering the container with a shrink film, an outer box, or the like.
- the capacity of the container is preferably about 0.5 to 50 mL, more preferably about 3 to 20 mL, in order to further facilitate the effect of the present invention by adjusting the extrusion or the like.
- the structure and constituent materials of the nozzle provided in the eye drop container are not particularly limited.
- the structure of the nozzle may be any structure generally adopted as the nozzle of the eye drop container.
- the constituent material of the nozzle for example, the same material as the constituent material of the plastic container can be mentioned.
- a nozzle containing polyethylene or polypropylene as a constituent material is suitable.
- the type of polyethylene include high-density polyethylene and low-density polyethylene, and among them, a nozzle containing low-density polyethylene as a constituent material is preferable.
- the eye drops according to the present invention can be prepared by a method commonly used or known to those skilled in the art. For example, after each component is dispersed on a carrier such as water, a solubilizer is added if necessary, heated as necessary, homogenized, dissolved or emulsified using a homomixer or the like to adjust the pH. It may be prepared by adjusting the pH with an agent. Further, as a method for sterilizing the preparation, a method such as electron beam sterilization, autoclave sterilization, or filtration sterilization can be selected.
- the usage and dosage of the eye drops according to the present invention vary depending on the patient's symptoms and the like, but usually, about 1 to 6 times a day, about 1 to 2 drops may be instilled.
- the eye drop according to the present invention is not limited, but contains at least one selected from the group consisting of phenylbutyric acid and a pharmacologically acceptable salt thereof as a therapeutic agent for thinning the membrane.
- the eye drops can be instilled once or twice a day with one or two drops at a time, and it is preferable to instill the eye drops once a day with one drop.
- the eye drops according to the present invention can be used, for example, before taking a nap, before going to bed, or other times when the activity is not active.
- the screening method for the therapeutic agent for thinning of the membrane is a step of contacting a candidate substance with cells derived from the eye, and a protein and / or gene of the signal transduction system of PERK and / or ATF6 in the cells. It includes a step of selecting a candidate substance using a change as an index.
- cells are contacted in the presence or absence of a candidate substance, and changes in PERK and / or ATF6 signaling system proteins and / or genes due to the candidate substance are measured and compared. This can lead to screening of candidate substances.
- the cells derived from the eye are not limited, but are preferably cells in the sclera from the viewpoint of remarkably exerting the effect of the present invention.
- the cells derived from the eye are preferably cells derived from the animal model that induced myopia.
- a myopia induction model a known animal model can be used.
- examples of the myopia-inducing model include an animal model in which a minus lens is worn to induce myopia, and an animal model in which a myopia-inducing agent is administered to induce myopia.
- a negative lens As such a negative lens, a -20 to -40 diopter (D) can be used, and a -25 to -35 diopter (D) is preferable.
- a method of wearing the minus lens a known method can be used, and the method of wearing the minus lens is not limited, and examples thereof include fixing the minus lens in front of the eyes of an animal using a fixative.
- the wearing period of the minus lens can be, for example, at least one week, preferably two weeks or more, and more preferably three weeks or more.
- the myopia inducer a known substance can be used, but for example, tunicamycin, thapsigargin, etc. can be used as the myopia inducer.
- an activator of the PERK pathway and an activator of the ATF6 pathway can be used in combination.
- Examples of the PERK pathway activator include CCT020312 and the like, and examples of the ATF6 pathway activator include AA147 and the like, which can be administered alone or in combination, and these can be administered in combination. It is preferable to do so.
- Such myopia inducers are not limited, but can be administered as, for example, an injection or an eye drop from the viewpoint of acting on cells of the eye such as the sclera, and should be administered as an eye drop. Is preferable.
- tunicamycin When used as an eye drop, it can be, for example, 10 to 100 ⁇ g / mL, preferably 20 to 80 ⁇ g / mL, and more preferably 40 to 60 ⁇ g / mL.
- Thapsigargin When Thapsigargin is used as an eye drop, it can be, for example, 1 to 100 ⁇ M, preferably 2 to 60 ⁇ M, and more preferably 5 to 30 ⁇ M.
- the time to start wearing the minus lens is preferably the weaning time, and more preferably a 3-week-old mouse.
- physiological axial elongation occurs from 3 to 6 weeks of age. Therefore, by inducing myopia from the age of 3 weeks, it is possible to promote excessive axial elongation in addition to physiological axial elongation, and thus it is possible to cause pathological axial elongation.
- the application time of the candidate substance is preferably, for example, during myopia induction (3 to 6 weeks of age, etc.) and / or after myopia induction (6 to 8 weeks of age, etc.). From the viewpoint of the period corresponding to adulthood in humans, where scleral thinning causes posterior ocular damage, the application time of the candidate substance is, for example, after myopia induction (6 to 8 weeks of age, etc.). ) Is more preferable.
- the effect of the candidate substance on residual pathological axial elongation and scleral thinning after the end of myopia progression in childhood according to techniques that apply the candidate substance after induction of myopia. It is possible to evaluate.
- the step of bringing the candidate substance into contact with cells derived from the eye is preferably administered by oral, intraperitoneal injection or eye drops, and more preferably by eye drops.
- the candidate substance can be contained in eye drops and administered.
- a known evaluation method can be used in the step of measuring the protein of the signal transduction system of PERK and / or ATF6 by the candidate substance and / or the gene change.
- gene expression and protein expression or secretion can be measured by known methods such as microarray, real-time PCR method, PCR method, Western blotting method, ELISA method, and immune tissue staining.
- RNA extraction method when measuring changes in genes in the signal transduction system of PERK or ATF6, it is possible to extract RNA from cultured cells using a known RNA extraction method and use it as a step for quantitative analysis of mRNA expression.
- the step of quantitatively analyzing the expression of mRNA is not limited, but it is preferable to use the real-time PCR method.
- the factor involved in signal transduction described above in the item inhibitor of PERK pathway and ATF6 pathway
- Examples of factors involved in the PERK pathway include CHOP, ATF4, GADD34 and the like.
- factors involved in the ATF6 pathway include GRP78, GRP94, PDI, Cnex, HYOU, ERdj3 and the like.
- a known evaluation method can be used in the step of measuring the thinning of the sclera due to the candidate substance.
- the sclera can be measured by staining the sclera tissue with HE staining or the like and observing and analyzing the tissue with a microscope or the like when evaluating by the strong film thickness.
- OCT optical coherence tomography
- SD spectral domain
- SS swept source
- the fiber area and the diameter in the fiber cross section are measured by observing and analyzing the collagen fibers in the sclera with an electron microscope or the like. It is possible to do.
- the candidate substance can be selected as a therapeutic agent for scleral thinning and used as a therapeutic agent for scleral thinning.
- the present invention may also have the following aspects.
- An eye drop for the treatment of scleral thinning which contains an inhibitor of the PERK (PKRK-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase) pathway and / or the ATF6 (Activating transcription factor 6) pathway as an active ingredient; Eye drops containing an inhibitor of the PERK pathway and / or the ATF6 pathway as an active ingredient for use in the treatment of scleral thinning; Use of inhibitors of the PERK and / or ATF6 pathways for the production of eye drops for the treatment of scleral thinning; A method for treating scleral thinning, which comprises ingesting an effective amount of an inhibitor of the PERK pathway and / or the ATF6 pathway in a person; The eye drops, uses, or methods described above, wherein the inhibitor comprises selectively inhibiting at least the ATF6 pathway; The eye drops, uses, or methods described above, wherein the inhibitor is an inhibitor of both the PERK and ATF6 pathways; The
- Myopic macular disease myopic macular lesion, myopic macular separation, myopic refractory dark spot, myopic conus, myopic central fossa separation, diffuse atrophic lesion, localized atrophic lesion, Lacquer cracks, posterior grape Tumors, macular detachment, macular foramen, tilted papillary syndrome, myopic turbulence, fixed internal squint, mechanical abduction limitation, internal squint, or severe myopic squint, the eye drops, use, or method described above.
- the eye drops, use, or method according to the above, wherein the eye drops are aqueous eye drops;
- the eye drops, use, or method according to the above, wherein the eye drops are used before taking a nap or before going to bed;
- the sclera includes a step of contacting the candidate substance with the cell derived from the eye and a step of selecting the candidate substance using the protein of the signal transduction system of PERK and / or ATF6 and / or the gene change as an index in the
- the screening method according to the above, wherein the cells derived from the eye are cells derived from an animal model that induced myopia;
- the screening method according to the above, wherein the negative lens is a -20 to -40 diopter (D) lens;
- the screening method according to the above, wherein the wearing period of the minus lens is at least one week;
- the screening method according to the above, wherein the myopia inducer comprises tunicamycin and / or thapsigargin;
- the screening method according to the above, wherein the concentration of the tunicamycin in the case of eye drop administration is 10 to 100 ⁇ g / mL;
- the screening method according to the above, wherein the concentration of Thapsigargin in the case of eye drop administration is 1 to 100 ⁇ M;
- the screening method which comprises selecting the candidate substance as a scleral thinning therapeutic agent when the expression of the protein and / or gene of the signal transduction system of PERK and ATF6 by the candidate substance is suppressed. ;
- the screening method according to the above which comprises selecting the candidate substance as a therapeutic agent for scleral thinning when the expression of the collagen-related protein and / or the gene in the sclera by the candidate substance is normalized;
- the screening method according to the above, wherein the collagen-related protein and / or the gene is at least one selected from the group consisting of COL1A1, COL4A3, COL8A2, COL11A2, and COL15A1.
- Non-Patent Document 3 the human eye has hyperopia immediately after birth, and then the axis of the eye extends (that is, myopia) and becomes emmetropic in school age (around 8 years old).
- the eye axis of the mouse C57BL6
- the 3 to 6 weeks of age of this myopia induction period is equivalent to that of human children in terms of the dynamics of myopia progression.
- after the end of the myopia induction period it corresponds to the real adult period.
- Fig. 1 (a) schematically shows the mechanism by which axial myopia is induced by wearing a minus lens.
- Emmetropia is a state in which the image is clearly visible because the parallel rays that enter the eye form an image on the retina.
- axial myopia is a state in which parallel rays entering the eye form an image in front of the retina due to the long axial length of the eye, and therefore cannot be clearly seen.
- the axis of the eye extends to the position where the image is formed when the minus lens is worn, that is, the state where the image is clearly visible when the minus lens is worn.
- the axis of the eye is elongated, and it is possible to create an eye condition similar to that of axial myopia.
- a myopia-guided mouse is prepared as follows.
- the myopia guidance, axial length and refraction were measured by the same methods as in Non-Patent Documents 6 and 7.
- male C57BL6J mice were housed in standard clear cages in a temperature controlled clean room under a 12 hour light-dark cycle. Animals were allowed free intake of standard feed and high pressure steam sterilized tap water.
- mice Immediately after weaning, 3-week-old mice are anesthetized with a three-kind mixed anesthesia of Domitor (Nippon Zenyaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.), Betorfar (Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd.), and Midazolam (Sand Co., Ltd.), and the skull is exposed with scissors.
- a support is erected on the skull and fixed with dental cement (Super-Bond, Sun Medical Co., Ltd.).
- the stanchion is provided with a thread so that the adjustment device described later can be fixed with a nut.
- a -30 diopter (D) minus lens (Rainbow Contact, Rainbow Optical Laboratory Co., Ltd.) as the right eye (myopia-guided eye), and use a 0D lens as a control, or only the frame as the left eye. Attach it to (control eye).
- D diopter
- a protector having a shape protruding laterally is adhered to the frame portion at the bottom of the lens so that the mouse is not damaged by the front legs or the like.
- the protector prevents the mouse from touching the lens and does not scratch the lens.
- the protector used here is one that is glued to the frame and integrated, but it is not necessary that the protector is integrated with the lens as long as the action of the mouse does not damage the lens. For example, it may be shaped like an Elizabethan collar worn by a traumatized animal.
- An adjustment device for adjusting the width and angle of the attached lens is adhered to the frame above the lens as the mouse grows.
- the adjuster is bent into a dogleg shape, one with a lens glued on it and the other with a slotted hole for attachment to a strut erected on the head.
- the mouse By passing a long hole through a support and screwing it with a nut, the mouse can be firmly attached to the skin and fixed without pressing the periphery of both eyes.
- a three-point adjustment mechanism consisting of a support, a nut, and an adjustment device, the width and angle can be adjusted according to the growth of the mouse, and the lens can be adjusted so that it is at the position of the mouse's eyes. Further, since the lens can be removed, it is possible to measure changes in the axial length and the refraction value with time.
- eyeballs were removed from C57BL6J mice.
- mouse eyeballs were fixed in ice-cold 2.5% glutaraldehyde PBS for 1 hour and cut along the sagittal plane. The cornea and lens were removed and the remaining tissue was further fixed overnight with 2.5% glutaraldehyde / 60 mM HEPES buffer (pH 7.4).
- Specimens were washed with 60 mM HEPES buffer, incubated with 1% tetroxidoosmium / 60 mM HEPES buffer for 2 hours at 4 ° C., dehydrated through ethanol series, replaced and wrapped in Epon 812 (EM Japan, Tokyo, Japan). Buried. After embedding, the blocks were sliced at 70 nm and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. The classification was visualized by JEM-1400Plus (JEOL Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).
- the eyeballs were frozen with an OCT compound (Sakura Finetek, Tokyo, Japan).
- the freezing block was cut to a thickness of 5 ⁇ m using a cryostat (CM3050S; Leica Biosystems, Wetzlar, Germas). Sections were stored at ⁇ 80 ° C. until use.
- paraffin sections To prepare paraffin sections (mice), the eyeballs were fixed overnight with 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, and sliced into 3 ⁇ m sections by a microtome (REM-710, Yamato Kohki, Saitama, Japan). The sections were then stained with hematoxylin and eosin and visualized using a BX53 microscope (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). The sclera was measured using cellSens software (Olympus).
- Quantitative real-time PCR was performed on PowerUp SYBR Green Master Mix (Applied Biosystems, CA, USA) using the StepOnePlus real-time PCR system. Expression levels were standardized by ⁇ -actin.
- the axial elongation and refractive change after myopia induction were evaluated in myopia-induced mice (Fig. 2).
- the eyeball after myopia induction was removed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin to observe the sclera (FIGS. 3a and 3b).
- the sclera of the stained tissue according to the distance from the optic disc was graphed (FIG. 3c).
- the myopia-guided eye was significantly thinner than the control eye over almost the entire circumference of the sclera (Fig. 3c).
- Fig. 3c the sclera becomes thin and exhibits early symptoms of eye deformity that can cause various posterior ocular diseases.
- GSK2656157 GSK
- GSK2606414 were used as PERK inhibitors
- Nelfinavir Mesyslate Hydrate (NFV) and Ceapin-A7 were used as ATF6 inhibitors
- STF080312 STF and 4 ⁇ 8C were used as IRE1 inhibitors (FIG. 4).
- FIGS. 5a and 5b show axial extension (a) and inflection (b) after instillation of 60 ⁇ M STF, 100 ⁇ M GSK, and 100 ⁇ M NFV once daily for 10 days during the period of myopia induction in mice. .. Further, in FIGS. 5-c and d, the combination of these inhibitors (STF + GSK: S + G, GSK + NFV: G + N, NFV + STF: N + S, STF + GSK + NTF: S + G + N) is similarly instilled into the axial extension (c) and the refractive change (c). d) is shown. In addition, FIG. 6 shows the axial extension (a) and the refractive change (b) after similarly instilling 100 ⁇ M GSK2606414, Ceapin-A7, and 4 ⁇ 8C, respectively.
- the axial length is significantly suppressed only when at least two types of PERK inhibitor and ATF6 inhibitor are present (G + N, S + G + N), myopia of refraction is suppressed, and single instillation is performed. No axial extension of the control eye was observed (Fig. 5c, d). Furthermore, the changes in axial length and refraction due to single instillation of the inhibitors GSK2606414, Ceapin-A7, 4 ⁇ 8C, which are different from those in FIG. 5, are exactly the same as the results in FIG. 5, and neither axial elongation nor refraction myopia is suppressed. With single instillation other than 4 ⁇ 8C, it extended to the axis of the control eye (Fig. 6).
- FIG. 7 shows changes in gene expression after daily intraperitoneal injection of 4-PBA throughout the period of myopia induction in mice.
- FIG. 8 also shows the axial extension (a) and the refractive change (b) at the first and third weeks of myopia induction by 4-PBA administration.
- FIG. 9 also shows the axial extension (b) and the refractive change (a) at the first week and the third week of myopia induction by TUDCA administration.
- ⁇ Test Example 4 Collagen fiber narrowing inhibitory effect of 4-PBA in the sclera of myopia-induced mice>
- the sclera is a tissue mainly composed of collagen, and it is said that the narrowing of collagen fibers is involved in the thinning of the sclera (see Non-Patent Document 5). Therefore, in this Test Example 4, when PBS was intraperitoneally injected daily throughout the period of myopia induction in mice, narrowing of collagen fibers was observed in the sclera of the myopia-induced eye, but 4-PBA was administered in the same manner. However, the narrowing of collagen fibers in this sclera was suppressed and the original thickness was restored (Fig. 10a).
- 4-PBA (200 mg / kg body weight) was intraperitoneally administered for 1 week. One hour after the last dose, the eyeballs were removed and each tissue was separated. Tissues from 16 mice (32 eyes) were pooled into a single sample and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen until measurement. Prior to measurement by LC-MS / MS, 9 times the weight of methanol / water (1: 1, v / v) was added for homogenization, centrifugation (10000 xg, 4 ° C., 5 minutes) and analysis of the supernatant. Used for.
- MS mass spectrometry
- ESI electrospray ionization
- MRM multiple reaction monitoring
- 4-PBA was detected not only in the retina and choroid but also in the sclera by intraperitoneal administration of 4-PBA.
- Example 7-2 Effect on major collagen components in vitro> Collagen 1A1 whose expression is reduced by myopia induction in Test Example 7-1 when a UPR pathway-specific inhibitor is administered to primary human scleral fibroblasts treated with tunicamycin, which can activate the same UPR pathway as myopia induction.
- the effect on (COL1A1) and the like was confirmed.
- the specific test method is as follows.
- scleral fibroblasts (huScF) (Lifeline Cell Technology, USA) were grown in FibroLifeS2 fibroblast medium (Lifeline Cell Technology). After treating these cells with tunicamycin 200 ng / mL for 6 hours, STF (IER1 inhibitor), GSK (PERK inhibitor), and NFV (ATF6 inhibitor) were administered as DMSO or UPR gene inhibitors to collect proteins. , Western brotting was done.
- FIGS. 13 (D) and 13 (E) show the results in FIG.
- tunicamycin treatment reduced collagen 1A1 (COL1A1) protein and mRNA.
- the mRNAs of Col4a3, Col8a2, Col11a2, and Col15a1 were upregulated by treatment with tunicamycin. This result was consistent with the expression profile of the myopia-induced eye in the scleral tissue of Test Example 7-2.
- two components, GSK and NFV were administered (inhibiting PERK and ATF6), the decrease in collagen 1A1 protein induced by tunicamycin was canceled, and a strong increase in collagen expression was observed.
- Example 8 Involvement of ATF6 pathway in the treatment of scleral thinning and its associated posterior ocular disease> The extent to which the ATF6 pathway, of the PERK and ATF6 pathways, is involved in the treatment of scleral thinning and its associated posterior ocular disease was further investigated. Concentration measurement analysis by Western blotting was performed according to the above description of [Experimental method], and the amount of ATF6 activated form (ATF6-N) and the amount of ATF6 precosor form (ATF6-P) were determined.
- the method of instilling a single inhibitor of each of PERK, ATF6, and IRE1 in the sclera of a myopia-induced juvenile mouse, or the method of instilling an instillation using a combination of inhibitors, and the like are based on the description of Test Example 2.
- the value obtained by dividing the amount of the activation form (ATF6-N) of ATF6 by the amount of the precosor form (ATF6-P) of ATF6 is shown in FIG. 14 as an index of activation.
- the value obtained by dividing the amount of ATF6-N of ATF6 by the amount of ATF6-P of ATF6 showed significantly higher values in some groups.
- the group showing the high value was consistent with the group showing the pathological axial elongation and the decrease in the refraction value shown in FIGS. 5c and 5d, respectively. That is, in the case of myopia (axial extension or decrease in refraction value) in an eye that has not been induced to myopia (non-LIM eye), ATF6 is always activated (ATF6-N is increased with respect to ATF6-P). When ATF6 was inactivated in the myopia-guided eye (LIM eye), it was shown that myopia was suppressed.
- FIG. 15 (B) when 4-PBA was administered by eye drops, no thickening of the crystalline lens was observed in the -30D lens-mounted group. That is, it was shown that eye drops are suitable as a method for administering 4-PBA from the viewpoint of reachability to the target tissue.
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Abstract
Description
[1]PERK(PKRK-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase)経路及び/又はATF6(Activating transcription factor 6)経路の阻害剤を有効成分として含有する、強膜菲薄化治療用点眼剤。
本発明に係る強膜菲薄化及びそれに随伴する眼疾患治療用点眼剤は、PERK(PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase)経路及びATF6(Activating transcription factor 6)経路の阻害剤を有効成分として含有する。
上述のとおり、過度の眼軸伸長が強膜の菲薄化(眼球の変形)を引き起こし、強膜菲薄化及び随伴眼疾患の惹起及び/又は増悪に関与している。後述の実験例で示すように、近視誘導マウスモデルにおいて、眼球の変形の原因となる強膜菲薄化が惹起されていることが確認され、そのメカニズムはUPR遺伝子群の特定の遺伝子の発現亢進であり、その結果、強膜におけるコラーゲン線維の狭細化が惹起され、強膜菲薄化に至ることが示唆された。よって、強膜の菲薄化に対して抑制効果を有する物質が有効成分となり得る。
上述のとおり、強膜菲薄化(病的眼軸伸長)に関する因子として、小胞体中の異常蛋白質である折りたたみ不全蛋白質に応答する遺伝子経路が病的眼軸伸長に関与している。この遺伝子経路には、PERK経路、ATF6経路及びIRE1経路の三つが知られているが、後述の実験例に示すように、少なくともATF6経路を抑制することが近視抑制に必須であることが新たに見出された。また、これら三つの経路のうち、PERK経路とATF6経路とを抑制することで近視進行抑制効果が更に高まることが新たに見出された。PERK経路又はATF6経路のいずれかのみを抑制した場合には、他方の経路を代償的に活性化してしまう場合があることも確認された。よって、限定はされないが、一つの実施形態においては、PERK経路とATF6経路のいずれに対しても阻害効果を有する物質が病的眼軸伸長(強膜菲薄化)抑制の有効成分となり得る。
眼軸長は、出生後から2歳頃までに急速に伸長し、その後は徐々に伸長するようになる。このような成長に伴う眼軸伸長は、「生理的眼軸伸長」といい、眼の発達には不可欠な現象である。しかし、学童期以降においても眼軸長が伸長し続けることは、近視の進行に繋がるため、「病的眼軸伸長」であると考えられている。例えば、病的眼軸伸長では、成人の眼で1mm眼軸長が伸長することは、約3.0Dの近視度が増加することに繋がる。
本発明に係る組成物は、点眼剤として用いられる。本発明において、強膜菲薄化治療用点眼剤の剤形は、限定はされないが、例えば、水性点眼剤、用時溶解点眼剤、懸濁性点眼剤、油性点眼剤、眼軟膏剤等が挙げられる。これらの中でも、本発明の効果を顕著に奏する観点から、水性点眼剤であることが好ましい。
本発明に係る点眼剤は、当業者に慣用又は公知の方法で調製できる。例えば、各成分を水等の担体に分散させた後、必要であれば可溶化剤を添加し、必要に応じて加温し、ホモミキサー等を用いて均一化、溶解又は乳化させ、pH調整剤でpHを調整することにより調製すればよい。また、製剤の滅菌方法としては、電子線滅菌、オートクレーブ滅菌、ろ過滅菌等の方法を選択することができる。
本発明に係る点眼剤の用法及び用量は、患者の症状等により変動するが、通常、1日約1~6回、1回約1~2滴を点眼すればよい。
本発明において、強膜菲薄化治療剤のスクリーニング方法は、眼由来の細胞に候補物質を接触させる工程と、前記細胞における、PERK及び/又はATF6のシグナル伝達系のタンパク質、及び/又は、遺伝子の変化を指標として候補物質を選択する工程とを含む。限定はされないが、例えば、候補物質の存在下又は不存在下で細胞に接触させ、候補物質によるPERK及び/又はATF6のシグナル伝達系のタンパク質、及び/又は、遺伝子の変化を測定して比較することによって候補物質のスクリーニングが行われ得る。
PERK(PKRK-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase)経路及び/又はATF6(Activating transcription factor 6)経路の阻害剤を有効成分として含有する、強膜菲薄化治療用点眼剤;
強膜菲薄化治療における使用のための、PERK経路及び/又はATF6経路の阻害剤を有効成分として含有する点眼剤;
PERK経路及び/又はATF6経路の阻害剤の、強膜菲薄化治療用点眼剤の製造のための使用;
PERK経路及び/又はATF6経路の阻害剤を、人に有効量摂取させることを含む、強膜菲薄化治療方法;
前記阻害剤が、少なくともATF6経路を選択的に抑制することを含む、上記に記載の点眼剤、使用、又は方法;
前記阻害剤が、PERK経路及びATF6経路の両経路の阻害剤である、上記に記載の点眼剤、使用、又は方法;
前記阻害剤が、フェニル酪酸及びその薬理学的に許容される塩からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、上記に記載の点眼剤、使用、又は方法;
前記阻害剤が、フェニル酪酸ナトリウムである、上記に記載の点眼剤、使用、又は方法;
前記阻害剤の含有量が、点眼剤全量に対して、0.01~5質量%である、上記に記載の点眼剤、使用、又は方法;
前記阻害剤の含有量が、点眼剤全量に対して、0.1~3質量%である、上記に記載の点眼剤、使用、又は方法;
前記阻害剤の含有量が、点眼剤全量に対して、0.2~2質量%である、上記に記載の点眼剤、使用、又は方法;
前記強膜菲薄化治療が、生理的眼軸伸長を抑制しないものである、上記に記載の点眼剤、使用、又は方法;
前記強膜菲薄化治療が、病的眼軸伸長を抑制するものである、上記に記載の点眼剤、使用、又は方法;
前記強膜菲薄化治療が、強膜菲薄化随伴眼疾患の治療用として用いられる、上記に記載の点眼剤、使用、又は方法;
前記強膜菲薄化随伴眼疾患が、近視性黄斑変性、近視性網脈絡膜萎縮、近視性脈絡膜新生血管、近視性視神経症、近視性網膜症、網膜脈絡膜萎縮、黄斑部出血、近視性牽引黄斑症、近視性黄斑症、近視性黄斑部病変、近視性黄斑分離症、近視性屈折暗点、近視性コーヌス、近視性中心窩分離症、びまん性萎縮病変、限局性萎縮病変、Lacquer cracks、後部ぶどう腫、網膜剥離、黄斑円孔、傾斜乳頭症候群、近視性乱視、固定内斜視、機械的外転制限、内斜視、又は、強度近視性斜視である、上記に記載の点眼剤、使用、又は方法;
前記強膜菲薄化随伴眼疾患が、近視性黄斑変性、近視性網脈絡膜萎縮、近視性脈絡膜新生血管、又は、近視性視神経症である、上記に記載の点眼剤、使用、又は方法;
前記点眼剤が、水性点眼剤である、上記に記載の点眼剤、使用、又は方法;
前記点眼剤が、1日1~2回の点眼で用いられるものである、上記に記載の点眼剤、使用、又は方法;
前記点眼剤が、1日1~2回の点眼で用いられるものである、上記に記載の点眼剤、使用、又は方法;
前記点眼剤が、昼寝前、又は、就寝前に用いられるものである、上記に記載の点眼剤、使用、又は方法;
眼由来の細胞に候補物質を接触させる工程と、前記細胞における、PERK及び/又はATF6のシグナル伝達系のタンパク質、及び/又は、遺伝子の変化を指標として候補物質を選択する工程とを含む、強膜菲薄化治療剤のスクリーニング方法;
前記眼由来の細胞が、近視を誘導した動物モデルに由来する細胞である、上記に記載のスクリーニング方法;
前記動物モデルが、マイナスレンズを装用させて近視を誘導した動物モデル、又は、近視誘導剤を投与することにより近視誘導した動物モデルである、上記に記載のスクリーニング方法;
前記マイナスレンズが、-20~-40ディオプター(D)のレンズである、上記に記載のスクリーニング方法;
前記マイナスレンズの装用期間が、少なくとも1週間である、上記に記載のスクリーニング方法;
前記近視誘導剤が、ツニカマイシン、及び/又は、タプシガルギンを含む、上記に記載のスクリーニング方法;
前記ツニカマイシンの点眼投与の場合の濃度が、10~100μg/mLである、上記に記載のスクリーニング方法;
前記タプシガルギンの点眼投与の場合の濃度が、1~100μMである、上記に記載のスクリーニング方法;
前記動物モデルが、離乳時期にマイナスレンズを装用開始するものである、上記に記載のスクリーニング方法;
前記眼由来の細胞に候補物質を接触させる工程が、前記候補物質を経口、腹腔内注射又は点眼により投与することを含む、上記に記載のスクリーニング方法;
候補物質によるPERK及び/又はATF6のシグナル伝達系のタンパク質、及び/又は、遺伝子の発現が抑制されている場合、当該候補物質を強膜菲薄化治療剤として選択することを含む、上記に記載のスクリーニング方法;
候補物質によるPERK及びATF6のシグナル伝達系のタンパク質、及び/又は、遺伝子の発現が抑制されている場合、当該候補物質を強膜菲薄化治療剤として選択することを含む、上記に記載のスクリーニング方法;
候補物質による強膜におけるコラーゲン関連タンパク質、及び/又は、遺伝子の発現を正常化されている場合、当該候補物質を強膜菲薄化治療剤として選択することを含む、上記に記載のスクリーニング方法;
前記コラーゲン関連タンパク質、及び/又は、遺伝子が、COL1A1、COL4A3、COL8A2、COL11A2、及びCOL15A1からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、上記に記載のスクリーニング方法。
本実験におけるすべての動物実験は、慶応義塾大学動物実験委員会の承認を受け、慶応義塾大学動物実験に関する施設ガイドライン、眼科・視覚研究における動物の使用に関するARVO声明、動物研究:研究における動物の使用に関するin vivo実験の報告(ARRIVE)ガイドラインを遵守した。
非特許文献3に記載されているように、ヒトの眼は出生直後は遠視であり、その後に眼軸が伸長(つまり近視化)し、学童期(8歳ごろ)に正視化する。また、マウス(C57BL6)の3から6週齢の期間も成長に伴い眼軸が伸長しており、この近視誘導期間の3~6週齢は、近視進行の動態という点でヒトの小児に相当し、近視誘導期間終後は実質成人期に相当する。この動物モデルを用いることで、ヒト成人の近視進行(強膜菲薄化)におけるメカニズム解明と、強膜菲薄化治療剤又はその随伴眼疾患治療剤のスクリーニングが可能である。
具体的には以下のようにして近視誘導マウスを作製する。なお、近視誘導、眼軸長及び屈折の計測は非特許文献6,7と同様の方法で行った。まず、雄性C57BL6Jマウスを、12時間の明暗サイクル下で温度制御クリーンルームで標準透明ケージに収容した。動物には、標準飼料と高圧蒸気滅菌した水道水を自由摂取させた。離乳直後の3週齢のマウスをドミトール(日本全薬工業株式会社)、ベトルファール(Meiji Seikaファルマ株式会社)、ミダゾラム(サンド株式会社)の3種混合麻酔で麻酔し、ハサミで頭蓋を露出させる。図1(b)に示すように、頭蓋に支柱を立設し、歯科用セメント(Super-Bond、サンメディカル株式会社)で固定する。支柱は、後述の調節器具をナットで固定できるようにねじ山が設けてある。
コントロール眼はフレームのみ、近視誘導眼は-30Dレンズを3週間装用させ、屈折値、眼軸長を測定し、装用前後の差を求めた。屈折値は屈折計(Infrared photorefractor for mice、Tubingen大学Schaeffel教授作製)、眼軸長はSD-OCT(Spectral-domain OCT、スペクトラルドメイン光干渉断層撮影、Envisu R4310、bioptigen Inc.)によって計測した。
実験的介入と眼パラメータ測定の後、眼球をC57BL6Jマウスから摘出した。透過型電子顕微鏡観察のために、マウスの眼球を氷冷した2.5%グルタールアルデヒドのPBS中で1時間固定し、矢状面に沿って切断した。角膜と水晶体を摘出し、残りの組織をさらに2.5%グルタールアルデヒド/60mM HEPES緩衝液(pH7.4)で一晩固定した。標本を60mM HEPES緩衝液で洗浄し、1%テトロキシドオスミウム/60mM HEPES緩衝液で2時間4℃でインキュベートし、エタノールシリーズを通して脱水し、交換し、Epon 812(EM Japan、東京、日本)に包埋した。包埋後、ブロックを70nmで薄切し、酢酸ウラニルとクエン酸鉛で染色した。区分をJEM-1400Plus(JEOL Ltd.,東京、日本)で可視化した。
フェニル酪酸ナトリウム(Cayman Chemical、MI、USA)及びタウロウルソデオキシコール酸(シグマ・アルドリッチ、東京、日本)は、PBSに溶解した。IRE1阻害剤であるSTF080310(セレック・バイオテック、東京、日本)又は4μ8C(セルレック・バイオテック)、PERK阻害剤であるGSK2656157(セルレック・バイオテック)又はGSK2606414(セルレック・バイオテック)、ATF6阻害剤であるネルフィナビルメシステレイトハイドレート(東京化学工業、東京、日本)又はCeapin-A7(シグマ・アルドリッチ)は、DMSOで溶解し、1:1000でPBSにより希釈して点眼試験に用いた。
60μMのSTF080312(STF)、100μMの4μ8C(4μ8C)、100μMのGSK2656157(GSK)、100μMのGSK2606414(GSK2606414)、100μMのネルフィナビルメシステレイトハイドレート(NFV)、100μMのCeapin-A7(Ceapin)を、近視誘導中に、10日間、毎日、1日1回、夕方、両眼に点眼した。
フェニル酪酸ナトリウムPBS溶液(4-PBA;200mg/kg体重)又はタウロウルソデオキシコール酸(TUDCA;100mg/kg体重)を、近視誘導期間を通して、毎日腹腔内注射(i.p.)した。
2%のフェニル酪酸ナトリウムのPBS溶液(4-PBA)を、近視誘導マウスにおいて、ヒト成人期に相当する近視誘導期間が終了した後に、10日間、毎日、1日1回、夕方、両眼に点眼した。なお、近視誘導期間(LIM)とその期間終了後の投与スケジュールを図11に模式的に示した。
強膜のタンパク質(10μg/ウェル)は、SDS-PAGEにより分離され、PVDF膜(米国MA州、Merck Millipore)に移され、Blocking One(東京、Nacalai Tesque)でブロックされ、抗ATF6(バイオアカデミア株式会社)、リン酸化-IRE1(Ser724、Abcam、Cambridge、UL)、IRE1、リン酸化-eIF2α、eIF2α、及びβ-アクチン(Cell Signaling Technologies Japan、東京、日本)抗体と共に4℃で一晩インキュベートされた。膜を適切なHRP結合二次抗体とインキュベートし、EzWestLumi plus (ATTA、東京日本)を用いて可視化した。SDS-PAGEは10%アクリルアミドゲルで蛋白サイズマーカー(MagicMark XP Western Protein Standard、ThermoFisher Scientific)を用いて行った。ImageJソフトウェアを用いて濃度測定分析を行った。
定量的real-time PCRは、StepOnePlusリアルタイムPCRシステムを用いてPowerUp SYBR Green Master Mix(Applied Biosystems、CA、USA)で行った。発現レベルは、β-アクチンにより標準化した。
実験で得たデータは、すべて平均値±標準偏差で表す。群間差は、Studentのt検定又は一元配置分散分析又は一般化推定方程式により解析した。ANOVAが有意差を示した場合、次にTukey HSDを行い、各平均値間の差の有意性を判定した。p値が0.05未満の場合は、統計学的有意差を示す。
<試験例1 近視誘導マウスの近視誘導後の強膜の菲薄化>
強度近視において、眼球形状を維持している強膜の菲薄化が、眼球変形の初期症状だと言われている(非特許文献4を参照)。そこで、近視誘導マウスの強膜でも菲薄化が発生していることを確認するために、近視誘導後の強膜の組織学的評価を実施した。
強度近視において、UPR遺伝子経路発現亢進が病的眼軸伸長及び強膜菲薄化の原因だと言われている(特許文献1)。そこで、この試験例2では、強膜菲薄化が生じた近視誘導マウスの強膜において、UPR遺伝子の既知阻害剤によって眼軸伸長という表現型がどう影響を受けるかを評価した。なお、PERK阻害剤としてGSK2656157(GSK)、GSK2606414、ATF6阻害剤としてネルフィナビルメシステレイトハイドレート(NFV)、Ceapin-A7、IRE1阻害剤としてSTF080312(STF)、4μ8Cを用いた(図4)。
その結果、近視誘導マウスの強膜において、UPR遺伝子であるPERK、ATF6、IRE1の各々の阻害剤の単独点眼により、予想に反して眼軸伸長抑制も屈折の近視化の抑制も認められなかった(図5a、b)。むしろ、STFを除いた阻害剤単独の点眼により、近視誘導していないコントロール眼の眼軸がDMSO点眼に比較して有意に伸長し屈折が近視化していた。また、これらを組み合わせて点眼すると、PERK阻害剤とATF6阻害剤の少なくとも2種が存在する時(G+N、S+G+N)のみ眼軸長が有意に抑制され、屈折の近視化が抑制され、単独点眼で認められたコントロール眼の眼軸伸長も認められなかった(図5c、d)。さらに、図5とは異なる阻害剤GSK2606414、Ceapin-A7、4μ8Cの単独点眼による眼軸長及び屈折の変化は、図5の結果と全く同様であり、眼軸伸長も屈折近視化も抑制されず、4μ8C以外の単独点眼ではコントロール眼の眼軸まで伸長していた(図6)。
試験例2において、強膜菲薄化治療剤探索には、少なくともPERK経路とATF6経路とを両方抑制する成分を探索する必要があることが確認されたので、この試験例3では、既に眼軸伸長を抑制することが知られている成分(フェニル酪酸ナトリウム{4-PBA}、タウロウルソデオキシコール酸{TUDCA})について、UPR遺伝子の抑制プロファイルを評価した。
強膜はコラーゲンを主とした組織であり、強膜菲薄化にはコラーゲン線維の狭細化が関与していると言われている(非特許文献5を参照)。そこで、この試験例4では、PBSをマウスの近視誘導期間を通して毎日腹腔内注射したところ、近視誘導眼の強膜においてコラーゲン線維の狭細化がみとめられたが、4-PBAを同様に投与したところ、この強膜におけるコラーゲン線維の狭細化が抑制され元の太さに戻っていた(図10a)。そして、それらコラーゲン線維の太さ別の断面積を計算したところ、断面積8000μm2以下の細いコラーゲン線維の総面積が近視化によって増加していた(PBSの-30Dで細い線維が多い)が、2%4-PBA点眼によりその面積プロファイルも元に戻っていた(図10b)。
特許文献1にあるような小児の近視進行をシミュレートしたマウスモデルにおける近視誘導期間(3週齢~6週齢)の点眼とは異なり、近視誘導期間が終了した後(6週齢~8週齢)、すなわち強膜菲薄化によって後眼部障害が惹起されるヒトで言う成人期に相当する期間(図11)における眼軸伸長を4-PBA点眼が抑制するか否かを評価した。
4-PBAの全身投与による、眼組織での薬物動態を確認した。具体的な試験方法は以下のとおりである。
近視誘導マウスモデルへ4-PBAを点眼投与し、眼球形状維持の主要コラーゲンであるコラーゲン1A1(COL1A1)等への影響を確認した。具体的な試験方法は以下のとおりである。
近視誘導と同じUPR経路を活性化できるツニカマイシンで処理した初代ヒト強膜線維芽細胞において、UPR各経路特異的な阻害剤を投与し、試験例7-1において近視誘導で発現が減少するコラーゲン1A1(COL1A1)等への影響を確認した。具体的な試験方法は以下のとおりである。
強膜菲薄化及びその随伴後眼部疾患の治療において、PERK経路とATF6経路の両経路のうち、ATF6経路がどの程度関与しているかをさらに検討した。上記[実験方法]の記載にしたがってウエスタンブロット法での濃度測定分析を行い、ATF6の活性化form(ATF6-N)量、及び、ATF6のprecosor form(ATF6-P)量を求めた。近視誘導幼若マウスの強膜における、PERK、ATF6、IRE1の各々の阻害剤の単独点眼方法、又は、阻害剤の組合せによる点眼方法等は、試験例2の記載に準じる。
近視誘導(LIM)により、水晶体が僅かに厚くなる傾向が確認されている。4-PBAの投与形態の違いによって、水晶体の変化に影響があるか否かを検討した。上記[実験方法]の記載にしたがって、近視誘導幼若マウスに4-PBAを点眼、又は、腹腔内投与し、眼軸長の計測と同様に、SD-OCTを用いて水晶体の厚さを計測した。
Claims (7)
- PERK(PKRK-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase)経路及び/又はATF6(Activating transcription factor 6)経路の阻害剤を有効成分として含有する、強膜菲薄化治療用点眼剤。
- 前記阻害剤が、フェニル酪酸及びその薬理学的に許容される塩からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である、請求項1に記載の点眼剤。
- 前記阻害剤が、フェニル酪酸ナトリウムである、請求項1又は2に記載の点眼剤。
- 前記阻害剤の含有量が、点眼剤全量に対して、0.01~5質量%である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の点眼剤。
- 前記強膜菲薄化治療が、強膜菲薄化によって惹起される後眼部疾患を治療するものである、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の点眼剤。
- 前記後眼部疾患が、近視性黄斑変性、近視性網脈絡膜萎縮、近視性脈絡膜新生血管、又は、近視性視神経症である、請求項5に記載の点眼剤。
- 眼由来の細胞に候補物質を接触させる工程と、前記細胞における、PERK及び/又はATF6のシグナル伝達系のタンパク質、及び/又は、遺伝子の変化を指標として候補物質を選択する工程とを含む、強膜菲薄化治療剤のスクリーニング方法。
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| WO2025063144A1 (ja) * | 2023-09-22 | 2025-03-27 | 株式会社坪田ラボ | 水性組成物 |
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| AU2021395633A1 (en) | 2023-07-06 |
| JPWO2022123837A1 (ja) | 2022-06-16 |
| KR20230135055A (ko) | 2023-09-22 |
| MA61686A1 (fr) | 2023-08-31 |
| TN2023000139A1 (en) | 2025-01-02 |
| EP4257148A4 (en) | 2024-11-06 |
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| TW202237076A (zh) | 2022-10-01 |
| IL303511A (en) | 2023-08-01 |
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| US20240398736A1 (en) | 2024-12-05 |
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