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WO2022069972A1 - Procédé et système de fusion d'agglomérats - Google Patents

Procédé et système de fusion d'agglomérats Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022069972A1
WO2022069972A1 PCT/IB2021/058118 IB2021058118W WO2022069972A1 WO 2022069972 A1 WO2022069972 A1 WO 2022069972A1 IB 2021058118 W IB2021058118 W IB 2021058118W WO 2022069972 A1 WO2022069972 A1 WO 2022069972A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
furnace
gas
melting furnace
agglomerates
melting
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Ceased
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PCT/IB2021/058118
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English (en)
Inventor
Frederik Petrus Greyling
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Priority to CA3192559A priority Critical patent/CA3192559A1/fr
Publication of WO2022069972A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022069972A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B19/00—Combinations of different kinds of furnaces that are not all covered by any single one of main groups F27B1/00 - F27B17/00
    • F27B19/04—Combinations of different kinds of furnaces that are not all covered by any single one of main groups F27B1/00 - F27B17/00 arranged for associated working
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D17/00—Arrangements for using waste heat; Arrangements for using, or disposing of, waste gases
    • F27D17/30—Arrangements for extraction or collection of waste gases; Hoods therefor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
    • F27D99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • F27D99/0001—Heating elements or systems
    • F27D99/0033—Heating elements or systems using burners

Definitions

  • the invention pertains to a process and system for melting agglomerates. More particularly, the invention pertains to a process and system for melting agglomerates in a melting furnace by utilising a carbon monoxide (CO) offgas as a fuel gas.
  • CO carbon monoxide
  • a metal is typically extracted from its ore by means of a smelting process.
  • heat together with a chemical reducing agent reduces a metal oxide in the ore to release oxygen bound to the metal.
  • the oxygen that is released from the metal oxide binds to carbon to form a carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas.
  • CO carbon monoxide
  • CO carbon monoxide
  • a first example of such a process is described in international publication number WO 2017/089651 A1.
  • the invention described in this publication relates to a method for pre-heating and smelting manganese ore sinter.
  • the method includes a step of combusting a carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas that emanates from a submerged electric arc furnace to form a carbon dioxide (CO2) gas.
  • the carbon dioxide (CO2) gas is then fed to a pre-treatment silo to heat a feed mixture that contains the manganese ore sinter, prior to feeding said feed mixture to the submerged arc furnace.
  • the method also includes a step of adjusting the temperature of the carbon dioxide (CO2) gas to a temperature below the melting temperatures of the calcite manganese ore sinters described in examples 1 to 4 of the publication.
  • a carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas of the submerged electrical arc furnace is combusted to form a carbon dioxide (CO2) gas to pre-heat, but not melt, the calcite manganese ore sinters.
  • CO2 carbon dioxide
  • the above-described method has been used by Outokumpu Oyj to preheat, but not melt, sintered ferrochrome ore pellets in a pre-heating silo to a temperature of 700°C.
  • a third example of a method that uses a carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas to increase the energy efficiency of the method is described in United States patent number 3,186,830.
  • the invention described in this patent pertains to a method of continuously melting cast iron.
  • the apparatus used to perform the method includes a vertical shaft furnace that is connected to a forehearth.
  • the method includes the step of feeding metal-solid lump fuel to the vertical shaft furnace and melting said metal-solid lump fuel by utilising energy obtained from combusting coke in the shaft furnace.
  • a carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas is combusted in the forehearth to heat the liquid metal that locates in the forehearth to a pouring temperature.
  • this method does use some of the energy associated with a carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas, it does not use such energy optimally.
  • CO carbon monoxide
  • a process for melting agglomerates including the steps of: feeding agglomerates which includes a metalliferous feedstock material to a melting furnace to form a packed bed of agglomerates in the melting furnace; feeding a carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas of a reduction furnace as a fuel gas to a burner of the melting furnace; and combusting the carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas of the reduction furnace in the melting furnace by means of the burner of the melting furnace to heat the agglomerates to a temperature exceeding 1000°C and to thereby melt the agglomerates in the melting furnace.
  • agglomerates which includes a metalliferous feedstock material to a melting furnace to form a packed bed of agglomerates in the melting furnace
  • CO carbon monoxide
  • the agglomerate may be any one selected from the group consisting of a briquet, a pellet and an extrusion.
  • the agglomerate may include a flux.
  • the agglomerate may preferably include a metalliferous feedstock material and a flux, but not a reductant.
  • An oxidizing atmosphere may exist in the melting furnace whilst the carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas is combusted in the melting furnace.
  • the metalliferous feedstock material may be an ore.
  • the metalliferous feedstock material may also be a metal oxide.
  • the reduction furnace may be any one selected from the group consisting of a DC brush-arc furnace, an AC brush-arc furnace and a DC-arc furnace.
  • a brush-arc furnace is an electrical furnace whose electrodes are arcing on top of the furnace contents with a short arc length, typically not longer than 100 mm.
  • the process may include the additional step of feeding combustion air to the burner of the melting furnace for combusting the combustion air together with the carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas of the reduction furnace in the melting furnace.
  • the process may also include the step of pre-heating the combustion air prior to feeding same to the burner.
  • the combustion air may be pre-heated to a temperature of 800°C.
  • oxygen may be fed to the burner of the melting furnace for combusting the oxygen together with carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas of the reduction furnace in the melting furnace.
  • CO carbon monoxide
  • the melting furnace may be a gas-fired cupola furnace (i.e., a coke-less cupola furnace).
  • the melting furnace may be a shaft furnace.
  • the process may include the additional step of removing particulate matter from the carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas of the reduction furnace in a wet scrubber prior to feeding it as a fuel gas to the burner of the melting furnace.
  • CO carbon monoxide
  • a carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas of a reduction furnace as a fuel gas for a burner of a melting furnace, wherein the carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas is combusted to heat agglomerates that include a metalliferous feedstock material and which locate in the melting furnace to a temperature exceeding 1000°C and to thereby melt the agglomerates in the melting furnace.
  • a system for melting agglomerates that include a metalliferous feedstock material
  • the system including: a melting furnace having a burner for combusting a fuel gas to heat agglomerates in the melting furnace to a temperature exceeding 1000°C and to thereby melt the agglomerates to form a liquid product; a reduction furnace for reducing the liquid product to form a metal liquid product, a slag and a carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas, the reduction furnace being in fluid flow communication with the melting furnace; and a conduit for feeding the carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas of the reduction furnace, as the fuel gas, to the burner of the melting furnace.
  • a melting furnace having a burner for combusting a fuel gas to heat agglomerates in the melting furnace to a temperature exceeding 1000°C and to thereby melt the agglomerates to form a liquid product
  • a reduction furnace for reducing the liquid product to form a metal liquid product, a slag and a carbon monoxide (CO
  • figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the system of the invention by which the process of the invention is implemented.
  • a system for melting agglomerates according to the invention are generally indicated by reference numeral 10.
  • the system 10 includes a melting furnace 20 which has a burner 22.
  • the system 10 also includes a reduction furnace 30.
  • a conduit 40 extends between the reduction furnace 30 and the burner 22 of the melting furnace 20 for feeding a carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas of the reduction furnace 30, as a fuel gas, to the burner 22 of the melting furnace 20.
  • CO carbon monoxide
  • an off-gas is a gas which is emitted as a by-product of a chemical process.
  • Agglomerates (not shown) comprising a metalliferous feedstock material and a flux are fed to the melting furnace 20 to form a packed bed of agglomerates (not shown) in the melting furnace 20.
  • the agglomerates do not contain a reductant.
  • the agglomerates are typically fed to the melting furnace 20 via a sluice (not shown).
  • Process stream (I) in figure 1 indicates the step of feeding agglomerates to the melting furnace 20.
  • the flux serves to promote the melting of the metalliferous feedstock material in the agglomerate.
  • An agglomerate that is fed to the melting furnace 20 typically takes the form of a briquet, a pellet or an extrusion.
  • the packed bed of agglomerates typically locates on top of a bed of refractory materials (not shown).
  • the bed of refractory materials locates on top of a water-cooled grate 24 of the melting furnace 20.
  • a combustion chamber 26 of the melting furnace 20 locates beneath the water-cooled grate 24.
  • the burner 22 is arranged to combust the carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas of the reduction furnace 30 together with combustion air in the combustion chamber 26 of the melting furnace 20.
  • the combustion air is fed to the burner 22 of the melting furnace 20, as indicated by process stream (II) in figure 1 .
  • the combustion air is typically pre-heated in a pre-heater 70 prior to it being fed to the burner 22 of the melting furnace 20.
  • the combustion air is typically heated to a temperature of 800°C in the pre-heater 70.
  • oxygen gas may be fed to the burner 22 of the melting furnace 20.
  • An outlet (not shown) is provided at an operatively top region of the melting furnace 20 for extracting an off-gas which is formed in the melting furnace 20 from the melting furnace 20.
  • the step of extracting an off-gas which is formed in the melting furnace 20 from the melting furnace 20 is indicated by process stream (VI) in figure 1 .
  • An off-gas which is formed in and extracted from the melting furnace 20 is typically carbon dioxide (CO2).
  • the carbon dioxide (CO2) off-gas which is formed in and extracted from the melting furnace 20 is passed through a bag filter 60 to remove particulate matter therefrom prior to the off-gas being released to the atmosphere.
  • the melting furnace 20 is in fluid flow communication with a reduction furnace 30 by means of a conduit 50.
  • the conduit 50 typically extends between an operatively bottom region of the melting furnace 30 (e.g., a tap region and tap hole of the melting furnace 20) to the reduction furnace 30.
  • the conduit 50 serves to convey a liquid product (not shown) which forms in the melting furnace 20 to the reduction furnace 30.
  • the liquid product includes a liquid metalliferous feedstock material.
  • the conduit 50 is typically a closed conduit and insulated to prevent heat losses when the liquid product is conveyed from the melting furnace 20 to the reduction furnace 30.
  • the reduction furnace 30 may be any one of a DC brush-arc furnace, an AC brush-arc furnace or a DC-arc furnace.
  • a brush-arc furnace is an electrical furnace whose electrodes are arcing on top of the furnace contents with a short arc length, typically not longer than 100 mm. Exemplary embodiments of a brush-arc furnace are provided in international patent application number PCT/IB201 1 /052428, South African patent number 2012/04751 and South African provisional patent application number 2019/07850. The contents of these three documents are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the reduction furnace 30 takes the form of a brush-arc furnace having two electrodes 32a and 32b which extends from or through a roof 31 of the reduction furnace 30.
  • the electrodes 32a and 32b are arranged to arc 33a and 33b on top of the furnace contents 34. Reductants (not shown), for the reduction of the liquid metalliferous feedstock material are fed to the reduction furnace 30, as indicated by process stream (III) in figure 1 .
  • the furnace contents 34 comprise of a slag 34a and a liquid metal product 34b.
  • the furnace contents 34 are formed during the reduction of the liquid metalliferous feedstock constituent of the liquid product which is conveyed from the melting furnace 20 to the reduction furnace 30.
  • a carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas is emitted during the reduction reaction.
  • a tap hole (not shown) is provided in the reduction furnace 30 to convey the slag 34a out of the reduction furnace 30 as indicated by process stream (IV) in figure 1 .
  • a further tap hole (not shown) is provided in the reduction furnace 30 to convey the metal liquid product 34b out of the reduction furnace 30 as indicated by process stream (V) in figure 1 .
  • a conduit 40 extends between the reduction furnace 30 and the burner 22 of the melting furnace 20 for feeding a carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas of the reduction furnace 30 as a fuel gas to the burner 22 of the melting furnace 20. More specifically, the conduit 40 extends between an operatively top region of the reduction furnace 30 and the burner 22 of the melting furnace 20. That is, the conduit 40 has an opening in the reduction furnace 30 which locates above the contents 34 of the reduction furnace 30.
  • CO carbon monoxide
  • a wet scrubber 80 is provided for removing pollutants from the carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas of the reduction furnace 30.
  • the wet scrubber 80 serves to remove particulate matter from the carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas of the reduction furnace 30 prior to feeding it as a fuel gas to the burner 22 of the melting furnace 20.
  • agglomerates which includes a metalliferous feedstock material and a flux are fed to the melting furnace 20 via the sluice (not shown). This step is indicated by process stream (I) in figure 1.
  • the agglomerates are fed to the melting furnace 20 to form a packed bed of agglomerates on a packed bed of refractory materials (not shown).
  • the packed bed of refractory materials is supported on a water-cooled grate 24 of the melting furnace 20.
  • the scrubbed carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas of the reduction furnace 30 is fed as a fuel gas to the burner 22 of the melting furnace 20 via the conduit 40.
  • Pre-heated combustion air is also fed to the burner 22 of the melting furnace 20, as indicated by process stream (n) in figure 1 .
  • the burner 22 of the melting furnace 20 combusts the carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas of the reduction furnace 30 and the combustion air to heat the packed bed of refractory materials in the melting furnace 20.
  • the refractory materials heat the agglomerates to a temperature exceeding 1000°C to thereby melt the agglomerates in the melting furnace 20 so as to form a liquid product (not shown) which includes a liquid metalliferous feedstock material.
  • a carbon dioxide (CO2) off-gas is formed.
  • the carbon dioxide (CO2) off-gas is extracted from the melting furnace 20, as indicated by process stream (VI).
  • the extracted carbon dioxide (CO2) off-gas is passed through the bag filter 60 to remove particulate matter therefrom prior to it being released to the atmosphere.
  • the liquid product which includes a liquid metalliferous feedstock material, trickles down and through the packed bed of refractory materials and water- cooled grate 24, where after it is conveyed to the reduction furnace 30 by means of the conduit 50.
  • the liquid product locates in the reduction furnace 30 and electrical energy is continually added to the reduction furnace 30 and its contents 34 by means of the electrodes 32a and 32b.
  • the electrodes 32a and 32b are arranged to arc 33a and 33b on top of the furnace contents 34.
  • Reductant (not shown) is also continually added to the reduction furnace 30, as indicated by process stream (III) in figure 1 .
  • the liquid metalliferous feedstock material constituent of the liquid product is reduced to form a liquid metal product 34b and a slag 34a.
  • the liquid metal product 34b is tapped periodically or continuously from the reduction furnace 30 via a tap hole (not shown), as indicated by process stream (V) in figure 1.
  • the slag 34a is tapped periodically or continuously from the reduction furnace 30 via tap hole (not shown), as indicated by process stream (IV) in figure 1 .
  • an off-gas consisting of mainly carbon monoxide (CO) is emitted.
  • the carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas is extracted from the reduction furnace 30 via the conduit 40 and fed to the wet scrubber 80. Pollutants and particulate material are removed from the carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas of the reduction furnace 30 in the wet scrubber 80.
  • the scrubbed carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas of the reduction furnace 30 is then fed as a fuel gas to the burner 22 of the melting furnace 20.
  • the carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas of the reduction furnace 30 can form a constituent fuel gas of a fuel gas which is fed to the burner 22 of the melting furnace 30.
  • the process and system of the present invention provides for the energy efficient use of energy that is associated with a carbon monoxide (CO) offgas of reduction furnace.
  • the carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas of a reduction furnace as a fuel gas for a burner of a melting furnace, the applicant has found that the processing capacity of the reduction furnace can be doubled.
  • the carbon monoxide (CO) off-gas of a reduction furnace as a fuel gas for a burner of a melting furnace, the applicant has found that the electric energy requirements of the reduction furnace can be reduced substantially.
  • the first conventional process is a smelting process that utilises an electric brush arc furnace to smelt agglomerates.
  • the agglomerates take the form of fluxed pellets and comprise, by weight percentage, approximately: 32.5% Cr 2 O 3 ;
  • the agglomerates are fed to the electric brush arc furnace at a rate of 21 .3 metric tons per hour.
  • Reductants are also fed to the electric brush arc furnace at a rate of 3.6 metric tons per hour.
  • 30 megawatt is supplied to the electric brush arc furnace so as to provide the energy required to smelt the metal oxides that locate in the agglomerates.
  • the electric brush arc furnace smelts the agglomerates to form an alloy liquid product and a slag liquid product.
  • Alloy liquid product is tapped from the electric brush arc furnace at a temperature of 1550°C and at a rate of 7.7 metric tons per hour.
  • the alloy liquid product comprises, by weight percentage, approximately:
  • the slag liquid product is tapped from the electric brush arc furnace at a temperature of 1650°C and at a rate of 10.7 metric tons per hour.
  • the slag liquid product comprises, by weight percentage, approximately:
  • An off-gas is extracted from the electric brush arc furnace at flow rate of 8173 normal cubic meters per hour and 10 metric tons per hour.
  • the offgas has a temperature of 1200°C and comprises, by weight percentage, approximately:
  • the electric brush arc furnace has an operating factor of 0.92. 4 megawatts are lost from the electric brush arc furnace due to heat losses.
  • the brush arc furnace of this first convention smelting process has a specific electric consumption of 3.81 megawatts hour per metric ton hot metal.
  • Second smelting process that uses the process and system of the present invention:
  • the second process is a smelting process that utilises the process and system 10 of the present invention to smelt agglomerates.
  • the agglomerates take the form of fluxed pellets and comprise, by weight percentage, approximately:
  • the agglomerates are fed to the melting furnace 20 at a rate of 31 .4 metric tons per hour.
  • the agglomerates form a packed bed of agglomerates in the melting furnace 20.
  • No reductants are fed to the melting furnace 20.
  • the off-gas from the electric brush arc furnace 30 comprises, by weight percentage, approximately:
  • Combustion air is pre-heated to a temperature of 800°C and fed at a rate of 57.4 metric tons per hour to the burner 22 of the melting furnace 20.
  • the carbon monoxide (CO) in the off-gas fed to the burner 22 is combusted and the packed bed of agglomerates is heated to a temperature of 1500°C in the melting furnace 20 to form a liquid product and a melting furnace offgas.
  • the liquid product has a temperature of 1500°C and is conveyed out of the melting furnace 20 into the electric brush arc furnace 30 at a rate of 30.1 metric tons per hour.
  • the liquid product contains 50% solids and comprise, by weight percentage, approximately:
  • the melting furnace off-gas is extracted from the melting furnace 20 at a flow rate of 28104 normal cubic meters per hour and 38.7 metric tons per hour.
  • the melting furnace off-gas is extracted from the melting furnace 20 at a temperature of 500°C and comprise, by weight percentage, approximately:
  • the liquid product is conveyed from the melting furnace 20 to the electric brush arc furnace 30 at a rate of 30.1 metric tons per hour.
  • Reductants are also fed to the electric brush arc furnace 30 at a rate of 6.7 metric tons per hour.
  • 30 megawatt is supplied to the electric brush arc furnace 30 so as to provide the energy required to smelt the metal oxides that locate in the liquid product.
  • the electric brush arc furnace 30 smelts the liquid product to form an alloy liquid product and a slag liquid product. Alloy liquid product is tapped from the electric brush arc furnace 30 at a temperature of 1550°C and at a rate of 12.2 metric tons per hour.
  • the alloy liquid product comprises, by weight percentage, approximately:
  • the slag liquid product is tapped from the electric brush arc furnace 30 at a temperature of 1650°C and at a rate of 15.5 metric tons per hour.
  • the slag liquid product comprises, by weight percentage, approximately:
  • An off-gas is extracted from the electric brush arc furnace 30 at a flow rate of 13646 normal cubic meters per hour and 15 metric tons per hour.
  • the off-gas has a temperature of 1400°C and comprises, by weight percentage, approximately:
  • the electric brush arc furnace 30 has an operating factor of 0.92. 4 megawatts are lost from the electric brush arc furnace 30 due to heat losses.
  • the electric brush arc furnace 30, of the system 10 has a specific electric consumption of 2.42 megawatts hour per metric ton hot metal.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Vertical, Hearth, Or Arc Furnaces (AREA)
  • Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé et un système de fusion d'agglomérats dans un four de fusion en utilisant un gaz de dégagement de monoxyde de carbone (CO) d'un four de réduction en tant que gaz combustible. Le procédé comprend les étapes (i) d'alimentation des agglomérats comprenant un matériau de charge métallifère à un four de fusion (20) pour former un lit tassé d'agglomérats dans le four de fusion (20) ; (ii) d'alimentation d'un gaz de dégagement de monoxyde de carbone (CO) d'un four de réduction (30) en tant que gaz combustible à un brûleur (22) du four de fusion (20) ; et (iii) de combustion du gaz de dégagement de monoxyde de carbone (CO) du four de réduction (30) dans le four de fusion (20) au moyen du brûleur (22) du four de fusion (20), pour chauffer les agglomérats à une température supérieure à 1000 °C et pour faire fondre ainsi les agglomérats dans le four de fusion (22).
PCT/IB2021/058118 2020-09-29 2021-09-07 Procédé et système de fusion d'agglomérats Ceased WO2022069972A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA3192559A CA3192559A1 (fr) 2020-09-29 2021-09-07 Procede et systeme de fusion d'agglomerats

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL2026572 2020-09-29
NL2026572A NL2026572B1 (en) 2020-09-29 2020-09-29 Process and system for melting agglomerates

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2022069972A1 true WO2022069972A1 (fr) 2022-04-07

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NL (1) NL2026572B1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2022069972A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA202106539B (fr)

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3186830A (en) 1963-05-20 1965-06-01 William H Moore Melting process
EP0318896A2 (fr) * 1987-11-30 1989-06-07 Nkk Corporation Procédé et dispositif pour la réduction en bain de fusion de minerais de fer
US6379422B1 (en) * 1999-08-05 2002-04-30 Technological Resources Pty. Ltd. Direct smelting process
US6685761B1 (en) * 1998-10-30 2004-02-03 Midrex International B.V. Rotterdam, Zurich Branch Method for producing beneficiated titanium oxides
EP2937429A1 (fr) 2012-12-21 2015-10-28 Posco Four électrique de type fixe et procédé de production d'acier liquide
WO2017089651A1 (fr) 2015-11-24 2017-06-01 Outotec (Finland) Oy Procédé et appareil de préchauffage et de fusion de minerai de manganèse fritté

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3186830A (en) 1963-05-20 1965-06-01 William H Moore Melting process
EP0318896A2 (fr) * 1987-11-30 1989-06-07 Nkk Corporation Procédé et dispositif pour la réduction en bain de fusion de minerais de fer
US6685761B1 (en) * 1998-10-30 2004-02-03 Midrex International B.V. Rotterdam, Zurich Branch Method for producing beneficiated titanium oxides
US6379422B1 (en) * 1999-08-05 2002-04-30 Technological Resources Pty. Ltd. Direct smelting process
EP2937429A1 (fr) 2012-12-21 2015-10-28 Posco Four électrique de type fixe et procédé de production d'acier liquide
WO2017089651A1 (fr) 2015-11-24 2017-06-01 Outotec (Finland) Oy Procédé et appareil de préchauffage et de fusion de minerai de manganèse fritté

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ZA202106539B (en) 2022-09-28
CA3192559A1 (fr) 2022-04-07
NL2026572B1 (en) 2022-05-30

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