WO2020111127A1 - 全固体二次電池 - Google Patents
全固体二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020111127A1 WO2020111127A1 PCT/JP2019/046379 JP2019046379W WO2020111127A1 WO 2020111127 A1 WO2020111127 A1 WO 2020111127A1 JP 2019046379 W JP2019046379 W JP 2019046379W WO 2020111127 A1 WO2020111127 A1 WO 2020111127A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/364—Composites as mixtures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an all solid state secondary battery.
- the present application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2018-225662 filed in Japan on November 30, 2018, and the content thereof is incorporated herein.
- the thin film type is manufactured by a thin film technique such as a PVD method or a sol-gel method
- the bulk type is manufactured by powder molding of an active material or a sulfide-based solid electrolyte having a low grain boundary resistance.
- the thin-film type has a problem that it is difficult to thicken the active material layer and to make it highly stacked, so that the capacity is small and the manufacturing cost is high.
- the bulk type uses a sulfide-based solid electrolyte, which generates hydrogen sulfide when it reacts with water, making it difficult to handle in the atmosphere. It was necessary to make a battery in. Further, since it is difficult to form a sheet, it is a problem to reduce the thickness of the solid electrolyte layer and increase the battery stack.
- the manufacturing method of a multilayer capacitor can be applied, for example, a positive electrode layer composed of a positive electrode active material layer and a positive electrode current collector layer, a solid electrolyte layer, A laminated all-solid secondary battery in which a negative electrode layer including a negative electrode active material layer and a negative electrode current collector layer is laminated can be manufactured.
- a slurry obtained by kneading the constituent materials of each member with a binder and a solvent is applied by screen printing or a doctor blade method, processed into a sheet and laminated, and by firing this, a laminated all-solid secondary battery is obtained. It is manufactured (for example, Patent Document 1).
- the heat conductivity of the material forming the all-solid secondary battery is low, the heat generated by the battery reaction cannot be radiated uniformly. Therefore, the internal temperature of the stacked all-solid secondary battery having a large number of stacked layers tends to be non-uniform with the battery surface temperature. Therefore, the moving speed of the lithium ions inside the battery is different between the high temperature portion and the low temperature portion, and the movement of the lithium ions is promoted particularly in the high temperature portion, so that there is a problem that the deterioration of the battery in the high temperature portion is accelerated. As a result, it is difficult to obtain excellent cycle characteristics.
- Patent Document 2 With respect to the problem of heat dissipation of such an all-solid secondary battery, in Patent Document 2, by forming a layer having voids of 50 vol% or more on a current collector formed on both the positive electrode and the negative electrode. It has been reported that the above problems can be solved. However, the all-solid-state secondary battery having the layer having the voids has a problem in that the electron conductivity is lowered and it is difficult to obtain a desired charge/discharge capacity.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an all-solid secondary battery having high uniformity of heat radiation for heat generated by a battery reaction.
- the present invention provides the following means in order to solve the above problems.
- An all-solid secondary battery includes a positive electrode layer including a positive electrode current collector layer and a positive electrode active material layer, a negative electrode layer including a negative electrode current collector layer and a negative electrode active material layer, A solid electrolyte layer containing a solid electrolyte, and arranged side by side in each of the positive electrode layer and the negative electrode layer, having a margin layer containing a solid electrolyte, the positive electrode layer and the negative electrode layer the solid electrolyte layer.
- the laminated body is alternately laminated through the laminated body, the laminated body, at least one of the positive electrode active material layer, the negative electrode active material layer, the solid electrolyte layer, and the margin layer, an oxide coating film. Including metal particles having.
- metal particles having the oxide film may be provided on the surfaces of both ends of the stack in the stacking direction.
- the average particle size of the metal particles having the oxide film may be 0.1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m.
- the average thickness of the oxide film is 10% or less of the average particle size of the metal particles, and , 0.001 ⁇ m to 2 ⁇ m.
- the metal particles are at least selected from copper, nickel, silver, platinum, iron, aluminum, bismuth, and palladium. You may include 1 type.
- the metal particles may be contained in an amount of 0.1 to 10% by weight based on the weight of the all solid state secondary battery. Good.
- all-solid-state secondary batteries include all-solid-state lithium-ion secondary batteries, all-solid-state sodium-ion secondary batteries, and all-solid-state magnesium-ion secondary batteries.
- an all-solid-state lithium-ion secondary battery will be described as an example, but the present invention is applicable to all-solid-state secondary batteries in general.
- FIG. 1 is an enlarged cross-sectional view schematically showing a main part of the all-solid-state lithium-ion secondary battery according to this embodiment.
- the all-solid-state lithium-ion secondary battery shown in FIG. 1 includes a laminate having a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer, and a solid electrolyte.
- one of the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer functions as a positive electrode and the other functions as a negative electrode.
- the positive/negative of the electrode layer changes depending on which polarity is connected to the external terminal.
- the first electrode layer will be described as a positive electrode layer and the second electrode layer will be described as a negative electrode layer.
- the all-solid-state lithium-ion secondary battery 100 includes a positive electrode layer 1 including a positive electrode current collector layer 1A and a positive electrode active material layer 1B, a negative electrode layer 2 including a negative electrode current collector layer 2A and a negative electrode active material layer 2B, A solid electrolyte layer 3 containing a solid electrolyte and a margin layer 4 containing a solid electrolyte, which are arranged side by side in each of the positive electrode layer 1 and the negative electrode layer 2, are provided, and the positive electrode layer 1 and the negative electrode layer 2 contain the solid electrolyte.
- the laminated body 5 is alternately laminated with the solid electrolyte layer 3 including the laminated body 5, and the laminated body 5 includes an oxide film on the positive electrode active material layer 1B, the negative electrode active material layer 2B, the solid electrolyte layer 3, and the margin layer 4.
- the positive electrode layer 1 is connected to the first external terminal 6, and the negative electrode layer 2 is connected to the second external terminal 7.
- the first external terminal 6 and the second external terminal 7 are electrical contacts with the outside.
- the laminate 5 includes a positive electrode layer 1, a negative electrode layer 2, a solid electrolyte layer 3, a margin layer 4, and metal particles 10 having an oxide film.
- the positive electrode layer 1 and the negative electrode layer 2 are alternately laminated with the solid electrolyte layer 3 (more specifically, the interlayer solid electrolyte layer 3A) interposed therebetween.
- the all-solid-state lithium-ion secondary battery 100 is charged and discharged by exchanging lithium ions between the positive electrode layer 1 and the negative electrode layer 2 through the solid electrolyte layer 3.
- the positive electrode layer 1 has a positive electrode current collector layer 1A and a positive electrode active material layer 1B containing a positive electrode active material.
- the negative electrode layer 2 has a negative electrode current collector layer 2A and a negative electrode active material layer 2B containing a negative electrode active material.
- the positive electrode current collector layer 1A and the negative electrode current collector layer 2A are composed of at least one substance having high conductivity.
- the highly conductive substance is, for example, at least one of silver (Ag), palladium (Pd), gold (Au), platinum (Pt), aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), and nickel (Ni). Examples thereof include metals or alloys containing one metal element and non-metals of carbon (C). Among these metal elements, copper and nickel are preferable in consideration of manufacturing cost in addition to high conductivity. Furthermore, copper is difficult to react with the positive electrode active material, the negative electrode active material, and the solid electrolyte.
- the internal resistance of the all-solid-state lithium-ion secondary battery 100 can be reduced.
- the materials forming the positive electrode current collector layer 1A and the negative electrode current collector layer 2A may be the same or different.
- the thicknesses of the positive electrode current collector layer 1A and the negative electrode current collector layer 2A are not limited, but if the target is given as an example, they are in the range of 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less.
- the positive electrode active material layer 1B is formed on one side or both sides of the positive electrode current collector layer 1A.
- the positive electrode layer 1 located at the uppermost layer in the stacking direction of the all-solid-state lithium-ion secondary battery 100 does not have the negative electrode layer 2 facing the stacking direction upper side. Therefore, in the positive electrode layer 1 located at the uppermost layer of the all-solid-state lithium-ion secondary battery 100, the positive electrode active material layer 1B may be on only one surface on the lower side in the stacking direction, but there is no particular problem even if it is on both surfaces.
- the negative electrode active material layer 2B is also formed on one side or both sides of the negative electrode current collector layer 2A.
- the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer 1B and the negative electrode active material layer 2B is preferably in the range of 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 5.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the electric capacity of the all-solid-state lithium-ion secondary battery can be increased, while the thickness is 5.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the diffusion distance of lithium ions is shortened, so that the internal resistance of the all-solid-state lithium-ion secondary battery can be further reduced.
- the positive electrode active material layer 1B and the negative electrode active material layer 2B each include a positive electrode active material or a negative electrode active material that exchanges lithium ions and electrons.
- a conductive auxiliary agent, an ion conductive auxiliary agent and the like may be contained.
- the positive electrode active material and the negative electrode active material are preferably capable of efficiently inserting and releasing lithium ions.
- the active materials forming the positive electrode active material layer 1B or the negative electrode active material layer 2B there is no clear distinction between the active materials forming the positive electrode active material layer 1B or the negative electrode active material layer 2B, and the potentials of the two kinds of compounds are compared, and a compound showing a more noble potential is used as the positive electrode active material. A compound exhibiting a base potential can be used as the negative electrode active material. Therefore, the active materials will be collectively described below.
- a transition metal oxide, a transition metal composite oxide, or the like can be used as the active material.
- metals and alloys such as Li metal, Li—Al alloy, Li—In alloy, carbon, silicon (Si), silicon oxide (SiO x ), and titanium oxide (TiO 2 ). , And metal oxides.
- the active material of the present embodiment preferably contains a phosphoric acid compound as a main component, and for example, lithium vanadium phosphate (LiVOPO 4 , Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , Li 4 (VO)(PO 4 )). 2) , lithium vanadium pyrophosphate (Li 2 VOP 2 O 7 , Li 2 VP 2 O 7) , and Li 9 V 3 (P 2 O 7 ) 3 (PO 4 ) 2 which is one or more. Is particularly preferable, and one or both of LiVOPO 4 and Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 is particularly preferable.
- the main component in the present embodiment means that the proportion of the phosphoric acid compound with respect to the entire active material in the active material layer is greater than 50 parts by mass, and the proportion of the phosphoric acid compound is preferably 80 parts by weight or more. ..
- LiVOPO 4 and Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 preferably have a lithium deficiency, and Li x VOPO 4 (0.94 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.98) and Li x V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 (2 It is more preferable if 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 2.95).
- the conduction aid examples include carbon materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, carbon nanotubes, graphite, graphene and activated carbon, and metal materials such as gold, silver, palladium, platinum, copper and tin.
- the ion-conducting auxiliary agent is, for example, a solid electrolyte.
- a solid electrolyte specifically, for example, the same material as the material used for the solid electrolyte layer 3 can be used.
- the positive electrode current collector layer 1A and the negative electrode current collector layer 2A may include a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode active material, respectively.
- the content ratio of the active material contained in each current collector is not particularly limited as long as it functions as a current collector.
- the volume ratio of the positive electrode current collector/positive electrode active material or the negative electrode current collector/negative electrode active material is preferably in the range of 90/10 to 70/30.
- the positive electrode current collector layer 1A and the negative electrode current collector layer 2A contain a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode active material, respectively, the positive electrode current collector layer 1A and the positive electrode active material layer 1B, the negative electrode current collector layer 2A, and the negative electrode active material. The adhesion with the layer 2B is improved.
- the solid electrolyte layer 3 has an interlayer solid electrolyte layer 3A located between the positive electrode active material layer 1B and the negative electrode active material layer 2B.
- the solid electrolyte layer 3 is the outermost solid electrolyte located outside at least one (both in FIG. 1) of the positive electrode layer 1 (positive electrode current collector layer 1A) and the negative electrode layer 2 (negative electrode current collector layer 2A). You may further have the layer 3B.
- the “outer side” means the outer side of the positive electrode layer 1 or the negative electrode layer 2 closest to the surfaces 5A and 5B of the laminate 5.
- the solid electrolyte layer 3 may not have the outermost solid electrolyte layer 3B, and in this case, the surfaces 5A and 5B of the laminate 5 are the positive electrode layer 1 and the negative electrode layer 2.
- the solid electrolyte layer 3 it is preferable to use a solid electrolyte material having low electron conductivity and high lithium ion conductivity.
- a general solid electrolyte material such as a body can be used.
- the lithium ion conductor having a Nasicon type crystal structure is a Nasicon type crystal containing at least Li, M (M is at least one of Ti, Zr, Ge, Hf and Sn), P and O.
- An ionic conductor having a structure an ionic conductor having a garnet-type crystal structure containing at least Li, Zr, La, and O, or an ionic conductor having a garnet-type similar structure, and Li, Ti, and La
- At least one kind of ionic conductor having a perovskite structure containing at least O and O is mentioned. That is, one kind of these ion conductors may be used, or two or more kinds thereof may be mixed and used.
- a lithium ion conductor having a NASICON type crystal structure for example, LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 (LTP), LiZr 2 (PO 4 ) 3 (LZP), Li 1+x Al x Ti 2-x (PO 4 ) 3 (LATP, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.6)), Li 1+x Al x Ge 2-x (PO 4 ) 3 (LAGP, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.6) , Li 1+x Y x Zr 2-x (PO 4 ) 3 (LYZP, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.6) is preferably contained.
- the solid electrolyte layer 3 in accordance with the active materials used for the positive electrode layer 1 and the negative electrode layer 2.
- the solid electrolyte layer 3 more preferably contains the same element as the element forming the active material. Since the solid electrolyte layer 3 contains the same element as the element forming the active material, the bonding at the interface between the positive electrode active material layer 1B and the negative electrode active material layer 2B and the solid electrolyte layer 3 becomes strong. Further, the contact area at the interface between the positive electrode active material layer 1B and the negative electrode active material layer 2B and the solid electrolyte layer 3 can be widened.
- the thickness of the interlayer solid electrolyte layer 3A is preferably in the range of 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 20.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness of the outermost solid electrolyte layer 3B is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, the same as the thickness of the interlayer solid electrolyte layer 3A, that is, in the range of 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 20.0 ⁇ m or less.
- the margin layer 4 includes a solid electrolyte and is arranged side by side in each of the positive electrode layer 1 and the negative electrode layer 2.
- the solid electrolyte contained in the margin layer 4 may be the same as or different from the solid electrolyte contained in the solid electrolyte layer 3.
- Margin layer 4 is preferably provided in order to eliminate a step between interlayer solid electrolyte layer 3A and positive electrode layer 1 and a step between interlayer solid electrolyte layer 3A and negative electrode layer 2.
- the margin layer 4 has substantially the same height as the positive electrode layer 1 or the negative electrode layer 2 in the region other than the positive electrode layer 1 and the negative electrode layer 2 on the main surface of the solid electrolyte layer 3 (that is, the positive electrode layer 1 and the negative electrode layer 2 ). 2 are arranged side by side).
- the presence of the margin layer 4 eliminates the step between the solid electrolyte layer 3 and the positive electrode layer 1 and between the solid electrolyte layer 3 and the negative electrode layer 2, so that the solid electrolyte layer 3 and each electrode layer are highly dense, and Delamination and warpage of the solid-state battery due to firing are less likely to occur.
- the material forming the margin layer 4 preferably contains, for example, the same material as the solid electrolyte layer 3, lithium aluminum aluminum phosphate. Therefore, the lithium aluminum titanium phosphate is preferably Li 1+x Al x Ti 2-x (PO 4 ) 3 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.6). Further, the solid electrolyte layer 3 may contain a solid electrolyte material other than lithium aluminum titanium phosphate.
- Li 3+x1 Si x1 P 1-x1 O 4 (0.4 ⁇ x1 ⁇ 0.6), Li 3.4 V 0.4 Ge 0.6 O 4 , lithium germanium phosphate (LiGe 2 (PO 4 )) 3), Li 2 OV 2 O 5 -SiO 2, Li 2 O-P 2 O 5 -B 2 O 3, Li 3 PO 4, Li 0.5 La 0.5 TiO 3, Li 14 Zn (GeO 4) 4 and at least one selected from the group consisting of Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 are preferably included.
- the metal particles 10 having an oxide film facilitate the dissipation of heat generated by the battery reaction, and as a result, the heat distribution of the all-solid-state secondary battery becomes uniform, and the lithium ion migration due to charge/discharge reaction is uniform. Also improves, and excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the metal particles 10 having an oxide film have an insulating property and therefore do not short-circuit. In the case of metal particles having no oxide film, the insulating property cannot be ensured and short circuit may occur.
- the metal particles 10 having an oxide film are present in the positive electrode active material layer 1B, the negative electrode active material layer 2B, the solid electrolyte layer 3, and the margin layer 4, It may be included in any of the material layer 1B, the negative electrode active material layer 2B, the solid electrolyte layer 3, and the margin layer 4.
- the metal particles 10 having an oxide film are located at the interface between the positive electrode active material layer 1B and the solid electrolyte layer 3 or at the interface between the negative electrode active material layer 2B and the solid electrolyte layer 3 and extend over both layers. In that case, it shall exist in both layers.
- the positive electrode active material layer 1B, the negative electrode active material layer 2B, the solid electrolyte layer 3, and the margin layer 4 all have the metal particles 10 having an oxide film.
- the all-solid-state lithium-ion secondary battery 100 shown in FIG. 1 further has metal particles 10 having an oxide film on the surfaces 5A and 5B that are both ends in the stacking direction of the stack.
- the all-solid-state lithium-ion secondary battery 100 shown in FIG. 1 has the metal particles 10 having an oxide film on both the surface 5A and the surface 5B of the laminated body, but may have the metal particles 10 on only one side.
- the metal particles 10 having an oxide film which are present on the surfaces 5A and 5B of the laminate, can suitably release heat generated by the battery reaction to the outside.
- the mode in which the metal particles having an oxide film are present on the surface of the laminated body is not particularly limited, and a mode in which almost all of the metal particles having an oxide film are placed on the surface may be used. It is also possible that the part is exposed from the surface.
- the average particle size of the metal particles having an oxide film is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m. This is because when the average particle diameter is 0.1 ⁇ m or more, desired heat dissipation is obtained, and as a result, excellent cycle characteristics are obtained. Further, when the average particle size is 20 ⁇ m or less, the metal particles having an oxide film are easily dispersed uniformly in the all solid state secondary battery, and desired heat dissipation is easily obtained.
- a method for measuring the average particle size of the metal particles having an oxide film will be described.
- metal particles having an oxide film are included inside the laminated body of the all-solid-state secondary battery
- an arbitrary cross section is formed by ion milling or cross section polisher (CP) processing, and, for example, a backscattered electron image ( COMPO), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), or electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) analysis can identify metal particles having an oxide film.
- COMPO backscattered electron image
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- EPMA electron probe microanalyzer
- the average particle size of the metal particles having an oxide film can be calculated from the score.
- the average thickness of the oxide film is preferably 10% or less with respect to the average particle size of the metal particles having the oxide film, and is preferably in the range of 0.001 ⁇ m to 2 ⁇ m. This is because when the average thickness of the oxide film is 10% or less of the average particle size of the metal particles having the oxide film, excellent heat dissipation is achieved while maintaining the insulating property. When the thickness of the oxide film is 0.001 ⁇ m or more, insulation can be secured and short circuit can be prevented. Further, when the average thickness of the oxide film is 2 ⁇ m or less, it is possible to avoid deterioration of heat dissipation of the metal particles while ensuring insulation.
- the “average thickness” means the average of the thicknesses of the oxide film measured for each of a predetermined number, for example, 20 metal particles.
- the thickness of the oxide film of the metal particles can be measured, for example, by the XPS depth profile.
- the “oxide film” in the present invention is a general term for metal oxides, and when the metal particles are Cu particles, for example, Cu 2 O, CuO, CuCO 3 , Cu(OH) 2 and the like are included.
- the material of the metal particles preferably contains at least one selected from copper, nickel, silver, platinum, iron, aluminum, bismuth, and palladium. This is because copper, nickel, silver, platinum, iron, aluminum, bismuth, and palladium are excellent in heat dissipation, so that an all-solid secondary battery excellent in cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the metal particles are preferably contained in an amount of 0.1 to 20% by weight based on the weight of the all solid state secondary battery.
- the content of the metal particles is 0.1% by weight or more based on the weight of the all-solid-state secondary battery, the heat dissipation is excellent and the cycle characteristics are excellent.
- the content is 20% by weight or less, the internal resistance of the battery can be reduced, the cycle characteristics are excellent, and the reduction in the composition ratio of the active material can be suppressed, so that the capacity can be designed high.
- a method for calculating the content of the metal particles contained in the all-solid secondary battery will be described by taking the case where the metal particles are Cu particles as an example.
- the region other than the current collector layer was excluded.
- the Cu content contained in is calculated.
- the terminal may be a single layer or multiple layers.
- the all-solid-state lithium-ion secondary battery 100 may have a protective layer (not shown) for electrically, physically, and chemically protecting the laminated body 5 and terminals on the outer periphery of the laminated body 5.
- the material forming the protective layer is preferably excellent in insulation, durability and moisture resistance, and environmentally safe.
- glass, ceramics, thermosetting resin, or photocurable resin it is preferable to use glass, ceramics, thermosetting resin, or photocurable resin.
- the material of the protective layer may be only one type, or a plurality of types may be used in combination.
- the protective layer may be a single layer, but it is preferable to have a plurality of layers. Among them, an organic-inorganic hybrid in which a thermosetting resin and ceramic powder are mixed is particularly preferable.
- the manufacturing method of the all-solid-state lithium-ion secondary battery 100 may be a simultaneous firing method or a sequential firing method.
- the co-firing method is a method in which materials for forming the respective layers are laminated, and a laminated body is manufactured by collective firing.
- the sequential firing method is a method of sequentially producing each layer, and a firing step is performed each time each layer is produced.
- the use of the co-firing method can reduce the working steps of the all-solid-state lithium-ion secondary battery 100.
- the laminated body 5 obtained by using the co-firing method becomes denser.
- the simultaneous firing method will be described as an example.
- the co-firing method is a step of forming a paste of each material constituting the laminated body 5, a step of applying and drying the paste to produce a green sheet, a step of laminating the green sheets and co-firing the produced laminated sheet. Have and.
- each material of the positive electrode current collector layer 1A, the positive electrode active material layer 1B, the solid electrolyte layer 3, the negative electrode active material layer 2B, the negative electrode current collector layer 2A, and the margin layer 4 that form the laminated body 5 is formed into a paste.
- the method of pasting is not particularly limited.
- a paste is obtained by mixing powder of each material with a vehicle.
- the vehicle is a general term for a medium in a liquid phase.
- the vehicle includes a solvent and a binder.
- the method for producing the metal particles having an oxide film is not particularly limited. For example, it can be produced by subjecting metal particles to an oxidation treatment at a heat treatment temperature of 200 to 400° C. in the atmosphere, H 2 O+N 2 or O 2 atmosphere.
- the oxide film formed on the surface of the metal particles can be confirmed by, for example, XPS.
- metal particles having a desired oxide film can be obtained by variously adjusting the heat treatment temperature, the heat treatment time, and the number of heat treatments.
- the obtained metal particles having an oxide film are used as a paste for the positive electrode current collector layer 1A, a paste for the positive electrode active material layer 1B, a paste for the solid electrolyte layer 3, a paste for the negative electrode active material layer 2B, and a negative electrode current collector.
- a paste for the positive electrode current collector layer 1A a paste for the positive electrode active material layer 1B
- a paste for the solid electrolyte layer 3 a paste for the negative electrode active material layer 2B
- a negative electrode current collector By mixing with one or more of the paste for the body layer 2A and the paste for the margin layer 4, one or a plurality of pastes containing metal particles having an oxide film can be obtained.
- the metal particles having an oxide film are preliminarily adjusted and added so as to have a desired content with respect to the weight of the all-solid secondary battery after firing.
- the green sheet is obtained by applying the prepared paste on a base material such as PET (polyethylene terephthalate) in a desired order, drying the base material as needed, and then peeling the base material.
- a base material such as PET (polyethylene terephthalate)
- the method of applying the paste is not particularly limited. For example, a known method such as screen printing, coating, transfer, doctor blade, etc. can be adopted.
- the positive electrode unit and the negative electrode unit described below can be prepared to produce the laminated body.
- a paste for solid electrolyte layer 3 is formed into a sheet shape on a PET film by a doctor blade method, and dried to form a solid electrolyte layer sheet.
- the positive electrode active material layer 1B paste is printed on the obtained solid electrolyte layer sheet by screen printing and dried to form the positive electrode active material layer 1B.
- a paste for the positive electrode current collector layer 1A is printed on the produced positive electrode active material layer 1B by screen printing and dried to form the positive electrode current collector layer 1A. Further, the paste for the positive electrode active material layer 1B is printed again thereon by screen printing and dried. Then, a margin layer paste is screen-printed in a region of the solid electrolyte layer sheet other than the positive electrode layer and dried to form a margin layer having substantially the same height as the positive electrode layer. Then, by peeling off the PET film, the positive electrode layer 1 and the margin layer in which the positive electrode active material layer 1B/the positive electrode current collector layer 1A/the positive electrode active material layer 1B are laminated in this order on the main surface of the solid electrolyte layer 3. A positive electrode unit in which 4 and 4 are formed is obtained.
- the negative electrode layer 2 and the margin layer 4 in which the negative electrode active material layer 2B/negative electrode current collector layer 2A/negative electrode active material layer 2B are laminated in this order are formed on the main surface of the solid electrolyte layer 3. A negative electrode unit is obtained.
- the positive electrode unit and the negative electrode unit are alternately stacked so that one ends thereof do not coincide with each other, and stacked, whereby a stack of all-solid-state batteries is manufactured.
- the solid electrolyte layer 3 is the outermost solid electrolyte layer 3B, and the positive electrode unit or the negative electrode unit arranged between them is the solid electrolyte layer.
- Each of the layers 3 uses the interlayer solid electrolyte layer 3A.
- the manufacturing method is to manufacture a parallel-type all-solid-state battery, but the manufacturing method of the series-type all-solid-state battery is such that one end of the positive electrode layer 1 and one end of the negative electrode layer 2 are aligned, that is, offset. It suffices to stack without performing.
- the outermost solid electrolyte layer paste When it is desired to produce an all-solid secondary battery having a structure that does not include metal particles having an oxide film on the surfaces of both ends of the laminate in the stacking direction, the outermost solid electrolyte layer paste must contain metal particles having an oxide film. Good.
- the produced laminated body can be collectively pressed by a mold press, a hot water isotropic pressure press (WIP), a cold water isotropic pressure press (CIP), a hydrostatic pressure press, etc. to improve the adhesion. It is preferable to apply pressure while heating, and for example, it can be performed at 40 to 95°C.
- the manufactured laminate is cut into chips using a dicing device, and then de-baked and fired to produce a laminate of all-solid-state batteries.
- a sintered body is obtained by heating the produced laminated body 5 to 600° C. to 1000° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere and firing it.
- the firing time is, for example, 0.1 to 3 hours. If it is a reducing atmosphere, firing may be performed, for example, in an argon atmosphere or a nitrogen-hydrogen mixed atmosphere instead of the nitrogen atmosphere.
- a binder removal process can be performed as a process separate from the firing process.
- the binder removal treatment is performed, for example, in a nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature in the range of 300° C. to 800° C. for 0.1 to 10 hours. If it is a reducing atmosphere, firing may be performed, for example, in an argon atmosphere or a nitrogen-hydrogen mixed atmosphere instead of the nitrogen atmosphere.
- the sintered compact may be placed in a cylindrical container together with an abrasive such as alumina and barrel-polished. This makes it possible to chamfer the corners of the laminate. Alternatively, sandblasting may be used. This method is preferable because only a specific portion can be cut.
- an abrasive such as alumina and barrel-polished.
- the first external terminal 6 and the second external terminal 7 are attached to the sintered laminated body 5 (sintered body).
- the first external terminal 6 and the second external terminal 7 are formed so as to be in electrical contact with the positive electrode current collector layer 1A and the negative electrode current collector layer 2A, respectively.
- the positive electrode current collector layer 1A and the negative electrode current collector layer 2A exposed from the side surface of the sintered body can be formed by a known method such as a sputtering method, a dipping method, or a spray coating method. When it is formed only on a predetermined portion, it is formed after masking with tape, for example.
- Examples 1 to 6 Preparation of Cu particles having oxide film
- Cu particles having an oxide film according to Examples 1 to 6 Cu particles having a diameter of 1 ⁇ m were oxidized at a heat treatment temperature of 200° C. in an N 2 atmosphere. As described above, it is confirmed that the treated particles have an oxide film on the surface of the particles with an XPS device (PHI Quantera II, manufactured by ULVAC-PHI, Inc.), and the conditions are adjusted until a desired film thickness is obtained, and 0 Metal particles having an oxide film with a thickness of 0.01 ⁇ m were prepared.
- PHI Quantera II manufactured by ULVAC-PHI, Inc.
- the outermost solid electrolyte layer paste was prepared by mixing Li 1+x Al x Ti 2-x (PO 4 ) 3 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.6) and Cu particles having an oxide film at a predetermined weight ratio. To 100 parts of this powder, 100 parts of ethanol and 200 parts of toluene as a solvent were added by a ball mill and wet mixed. Thereafter, 16 parts of polyvinyl butyral binder as a binder and 4.8 parts of benzyl butyl phthalate as a plasticizer were further added and mixed to prepare an outermost solid electrolyte layer paste.
- the Cu particles having an oxide film were preliminarily adjusted and added so as to have the content shown in Table 1 with respect to the weight of the all-solid secondary battery after firing.
- This outermost solid electrolyte layer paste was sheet-formed by a doctor blade method using a PET film as a base material to obtain an outermost solid electrolyte layer sheet.
- the outermost solid electrolyte layer sheet had a thickness of 15 ⁇ m.
- An interlayer solid electrolyte layer paste was prepared by the same method as the preparation of the outermost solid electrolyte layer paste, except that Cu particles having an oxide film were not mixed.
- This interlayer solid electrolyte layer paste was sheet-formed by a doctor blade method using a PET film as a base material to obtain an interlayer solid electrolyte layer sheet.
- the thickness of the interlayer solid electrolyte layer sheet was 15 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode active material layer paste and the negative electrode active material layer paste were prepared by mixing Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 in a predetermined weight ratio, and then, with 100 parts of this powder, 15 parts of ethyl cellulose as a binder, 65 parts of dihydroterpineol as a solvent was added and mixed and dispersed to prepare a positive electrode active material layer paste and a negative electrode active material layer paste.
- Both the positive electrode current collector paste and the negative electrode current collector paste were prepared by mixing Cu containing no oxide film and Li 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 in a volume ratio of 80/20, and then mixing this powder. To 100 parts, 10 parts of ethyl cellulose as a binder and 50 parts of dihydroterpineol as a solvent were added and mixed and dispersed to prepare a positive electrode current collector layer paste and a negative electrode current collector layer paste.
- the positive electrode unit and the negative electrode unit were produced as follows.
- An active material paste was printed on the above solid electrolyte layer sheet by screen printing to a thickness of 5 ⁇ m.
- the printed paste for active material was dried at 80° C. for 5 minutes, and a paste for current collector having a thickness of 5 ⁇ m was printed thereon by screen printing.
- the printed current collector paste was dried at 80° C. for 5 minutes, and the active material paste was again printed thereon by screen printing to a thickness of 5 ⁇ m.
- the printed active material paste was dried at 80° C. for 5 minutes, and then the PET film was peeled off. In this way, an electrode unit sheet was obtained in which the active material paste, the current collector paste, and the active material paste were printed and dried in this order on the solid electrolyte layer sheet.
- the firing temperature was raised to 840° C. at a heating rate of 200° C./hour in a nitrogen atmosphere, the temperature was maintained for 2 hours, and after the firing, it was naturally cooled.
- An all-solid secondary battery was produced by attaching a first external terminal and a second external terminal to a sintered laminated body (sintered body) by a known method. A lead wire was attached to each of the first external terminal and the second external terminal, and a charge/discharge test was performed to measure the initial discharge capacity and the capacity retention rate after 500 cycles of the all solid state secondary battery. Regarding the measurement conditions, the currents during charging and discharging were both 2.0 ⁇ A, and the final voltages during charging and discharging were 1.6 V and 0 V, respectively. The results are shown in Table 1. The capacity at the time of the first discharge was defined as the initial discharge capacity. The capacity retention rate was calculated by dividing the discharge capacity at the 500th cycle by the initial discharge capacity. In addition, Table 1 also shows the proportion (short-circuit rate) of the all-solid secondary batteries that were short-circuited.
- Comparative Example 1 Comparative Example 1 is different from Example 1 in that the outermost solid electrolyte layer paste did not include Cu particles having an oxide film. Other conditions were the same as in Example 1.
- Al thickness of oxide film in Table 1 is the average thickness of the oxide film measured from the depth (depth) profile of the XPS apparatus for 20 metal particles.
- the “average particle diameter” in Table 1 is the average particle diameter of 20 metal particles measured with an FE-SEM apparatus (SU8220 manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation).
- “Average thickness ratio of oxide film” in Table 1 is the ratio of "average thickness of oxide film” to "average particle diameter” of metal particles.
- the “content” in Table 1 is the ratio of the weight of the metal particles to the weight of the all solid state secondary battery.
- Short-circuit rate” in Table 1 is the ratio of all-solid-state secondary batteries short-circuited after the production or during the charge/discharge cycle among a plurality of all-solid-state secondary batteries produced under the same conditions.
- Table 2 shows the results of similar evaluations for different layers containing Cu particles having an oxide film.
- the layer containing Cu particles having an oxide film was the outermost solid electrolyte layer, the positive electrode active material layer, the negative electrode active material layer, the interlayer solid electrolyte layer, and the margin layer. And the case of the outermost solid electrolyte layer, the positive electrode active material layer, the negative electrode active material layer, the interlayer solid electrolyte layer, and the margin layer.
- Example 3 As is clear from the results of Table 2, among Example 3 and Examples 7 to 11, in Example 3, Cu particles having an oxide film were contained only in the outermost solid electrolyte layer, and the initial discharge capacity and The capacity retention rate after 500 cycles was the highest.
- Table 3 shows the results of similar evaluations in the case where the Cu particles having an oxide film have different average particle sizes.
- the Cu particles having an oxide film were included only in the outermost solid electrolyte layer.
- Example 3 and Examples 13 to 15 the average particle size of the Cu particles having an oxide film was 0.1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, and the initial discharge capacity and the capacity maintenance after 500 cycles were maintained. The rate was high.
- the average particle size was 0.05 ⁇ m, and the initial discharge capacity was lower than in Examples 3 and 13 to 15.
- Example 16 the average particle size was 30 ⁇ m, and the initial discharge capacity was lower than in Examples 3 and 13 to 15.
- Table 4 shows the results of similar evaluations when the average thickness ratio of the oxide film of the Cu particles having the oxide film was different. Also, the same evaluation results are shown in the same table for each of the Cu particles having an oxide film having an average particle diameter of 0.1 ⁇ m, 1 ⁇ m, and 20 ⁇ m. The Cu particles having an oxide film were included only in the outermost solid electrolyte layer.
- the average particle diameter of the Cu particles having an oxide film was 0.1 ⁇ m, and the average thickness ratio of the oxide film was 1% and 5%.
- the initial discharge capacity and the capacity retention rate after 500 cycles were higher as compared with Example 19 in which the average thickness ratio of the oxide film was 15%.
- the Cu particles having an oxide film have an average particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m and the average thickness ratio of the oxide film is 1%, 5%, or 10%, The initial discharge capacity and the capacity retention rate after 500 cycles were higher as compared with Example 22 in which the average thickness ratio of the coating was 15%.
- Example 23 to 25 when the average particle size of Cu particles having an oxide film is 20 ⁇ m and the average thickness ratio of the oxide film is 1%, 5% or 10%, the average oxide film Compared with Example 26 in which the thickness ratio was 15%, the initial discharge capacity and the capacity retention rate after 500 cycles were high. On the other hand, in Comparative Example 2, the initial discharge capacity and the capacity retention rate after 500 cycles were similar to those in Example 20, but short-circuit occurred at a rate of 5%.
- Table 5 shows the results of similar evaluations when the Cu particles having an oxide film were changed to other metal particles having an oxide film.
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2018年11月30日に、日本に出願された特願2018-225662号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
以下の説明において例示される物質、寸法等は一例であって、本実施形態はそれらに限定されるものではなく、本発明の効果を奏する範囲で適宜変更して実施することが可能である。
図1に示す全固体リチウムイオン二次電池は、第1電極層と第2電極層と固体電解質とを有する積層体を備える。以下、第1電極層と、第2電極層は、いずれか一方が正極として機能し、他方が負極として機能する。電極層の正負は、外部端子にいずれの極性を繋ぐかによって変化する。以下、理解を容易にするために、第1電極層を正極層とし、第2電極層を負極層として説明する。
積層体5は、正極層1と、負極層2と、固体電解質層3と、マージン層4と、酸化被膜を有する金属粒子10とを有する。
正極層1は、正極集電体層1Aと、正極活物質を含む正極活物質層1Bとを有する。負極層2は、負極集電体層2Aと、負極活物質を含む負極活物質層2Bとを有する。
図1に示されるように、固体電解質層3は、正極活物質層1Bと負極活物質層2Bとの間に位置する層間固体電解質層3Aを有する。
また、固体電解質層3は、正極層1(正極集電体層1A)及び負極層2(負極集電体層2A)の少なくとも一方(図1においては両方)の外側に位置する最外固体電解質層3Bを更に有してもよい。ここで、「外側」とは、積層体5の表面5A、5Bに最も近い正極層1あるいは負極層2の外側を意味する。
なお、固体電解質層3は、最外固体電解質層3Bを有さなくてもよく、この場合、積層体5の表面5A、5Bは、正極層1、負極層2となる。
マージン層4は、固体電解質を含み、正極層1および負極層2のそれぞれに並んで配置する。マージン層4が含む固体電解質は、固体電解質層3が含む固体電解質と同じでも異なっていてもよい。
マージン層4は、層間固体電解質層3Aと正極層1との段差、ならびに層間固体電解質層3Aと負極層2との段差を解消するために設けることが好ましい。したがってマージン層4は、固体電解質層3の主面において、正極層1ならびに負極層2以外の領域に、正極層1または負極層2と略同等の高さで(すなわち、正極層1および負極層2のそれぞれに並んで配置するように)形成される。マージン層4の存在により、固体電解質層3と正極層1ならびに固体電解質層3と負極層2との段差が解消されるため、固体電解質層3と各電極層との緻密性が高くなり、全固体電池の焼成による層間剥離(デラミネーション)や反りが生じにくくなる。
酸化被膜を有する金属粒子10は、電池反応によって発生した熱を放熱しやすくするものであり、その結果、全固体二次電池の熱分布が均一となり、充放放電反応によるリチウムイオン移動の均一性も向上し、優れたサイクル特性が得られることになる。
なお、酸化被膜を有する金属粒子10が、正極活物質層1Bと固体電解質層3との界面、あるいは、負極活物質層2Bと固体電解質層3との界面に位置して両層に跨っている場合はその両層に存在するものとする。
放熱の均一性を高めるためには、正極活物質層1B、負極活物質層2B、固体電解質層3、及びマージン層4のすべてに酸化被膜を有する金属粒子10を有することが好ましい。
平均粒子径が0.1μm以上であると、所望の放熱性が得られ、その結果、優れたサイクル特性が得られるからである。また、平均粒子径が20μm以下であると、酸化被膜を有する金属粒子が全固体二次電池に均一に分散させやすく、所望の放熱性が得られやすいからである。
(全固体二次電池の積層体の内部に酸化被膜を有する金属粒子を含む場合)
全固体二次電池の積層体の内部における、酸化被膜を有する金属粒子を観察するため、例えば、イオンミリング加工、またはクロスセクションポリッシャー(CP)加工によって任意の断面を出し、例えば、反射電子像(COMPO)、X線光電子分光(XPS)、あるいは、電子プローブマイクロアナライザー(EPMA)の解析によって、酸化被膜を有する金属粒子を特定することができる。次いで、例えば、電界放出型走査電子顕微鏡(FE-SEM)観察によって、酸化被膜を有する金属粒子の直径を任意の2点間距離によって測長し、所定の測定点数、例えば、n=20の測定点数から酸化被膜を有する金属粒子の平均粒子径を算出することができる。
全固体二次電池の積層体の積層方向の両端の表面における酸化被膜を有する金属粒子を観察するため、例えば、COMPO、XPS、EPMAの解析によって、酸化被膜を有する金属粒子を特定し、次いで、例えば、FE-SEM観察によって、酸化被膜を有する金属粒子の直径を任意の2点間距離によって計測し、所定の測定点数、例えば、n=20の測定点数から金属粒子の平均粒子径を算出することができる。
また、全固体二次電池の表面に存在する金属粒子は、光沢をもつため、マイクロスコープ(実体顕微鏡)によっても簡便に判別ができ、同様の方法にて平均粒子径を算出してもよい。
酸化被膜の平均厚みが酸化被膜を有する金属粒子の平均粒径に対して10%以下である場合、絶縁性を維持しつつ、優れた放熱性を有するからである。酸化被膜の厚みが0.001μm以上であると、絶縁性を担保でき、短絡することが防止される。また、酸化被膜の平均厚みが2μm以下であると、絶縁性を担保しつつ、金属粒子の放熱性が低下することを回避できる。
「平均厚み」とは、所定の数、例えば、20個の金属粒子のそれぞれについて測定した酸化被膜の厚みの平均を意味する。
銅、ニッケル、銀、白金、鉄、アルミニウム、ビスマス、及びパラジウムは、放熱性に優れるため、サイクル特性に優れた全固体二次電池が得られるからである。
金属粒子を全固体二次電池の重量に対して0.1重量%以上であると、優れた放熱性を有するため、サイクル特性に優れる。20重量%以下であると、電池の内部抵抗を小さくできるため、サイクル特性に優れると共に、活物質の構成比率の低下が抑制できるので、容量を高く設計することができる。
全固体二次電池のチップを粉砕し、酸溶液で加熱溶解させる。これを所定量に定容し、更に所定の倍率まで希釈したものを測定用サンプルとする(n=4)。前記測定用サンプルを誘導結合プラズマ発光分光分析装置(島津製作所製、ICPS-8100CL)にて、測定用サンプル(n=4)のCu含有量を測定し、その平均値をCu含有量とする。
ここで、集電体層に含まれるCu含有量を除外するため、酸化被膜を含むCu粒子を添加しなかった全固体二次電池のCu含有量を差し引くことで、集電体層以外の領域に含まれるCu含有量を算出する。
全固体リチウムイオン二次電池100の第1外部端子6及び第2外部端子7には、導電率が高い材料を用いることが好ましい。例えば、銀(Ag)、金(Au)、プラチナ(Pt)、アルミニウム(Al)、銅(Cu)、スズ(Sn)、ニッケル(Ni)、クロム(Cr)を用いることができる。端子は、単層でも複数層でもよい。
また全固体リチウムイオン二次電池100は、積層体5や端子を電気的、物理的、化学的に保護する保護層(図示せず)を積層体5の外周に有してもよい。保護層を構成する材料としては絶縁性、耐久性、耐湿性に優れ、環境的に安全であることが好ましい。例えば、ガラスやセラミックス、熱硬化性樹脂や光硬化性樹脂を用いるのが好ましい。保護層の材料は1種類だけでも良いし、複数を併用してもよい。また、保護層は単層でもよいが、複数層備える方が好ましい。その中でも熱硬化性樹脂とセラミックスの粉末を混合させた有機無機ハイブリットが特に好ましい。
全固体リチウムイオン二次電池100の製造方法は、同時焼成法を用いてもよいし、逐次焼成法を用いてもよい。同時焼成法は、各層を形成する材料を積層し、一括焼成により積層体を作製する方法である。逐次焼成法は、各層を順に作製する方法であり、各層を作製する毎に焼成工程が入る。同時焼成法を用いた方が、全固体リチウムイオン二次電池100の作業工程を少なくすることができる。また同時焼成法を用いた方が、得られる積層体5が緻密になる。以下、同時焼成法を用いる場合を例に説明する。
得られた酸化被膜を有する金属粒子を、正極集電体層1A用のペースト、正極活物質層1B用のペースト、固体電解質層3用のペースト、負極活物質層2B用のペースト、負極集電体層2A用のペースト、及びマージン層4用のペーストのうちの一又は複数に混ぜることにより、酸化被膜を有する金属粒子を含有する一又は複数のペーストを得ることができる。なお、酸化被膜を有する金属粒子は、焼成後の全固体二次電池の重量に対して、所望の含有量になるようにあらかじめ調整して添加する。
これにより積層体の角の面取りをすることができる。そのほかの方法としてサンドブラストにて研磨しても良い。この方法では特定の部分のみを削ることができるため好ましい。
焼結した積層体5(焼結体)に第1外部端子6と第2外部端子7をつける。第1外部端子6及び第2外部端子7は、正極集電体層1Aと負極集電体層2Aにそれぞれ電気的に接触するよう形成する。例えば、焼結体の側面から露出した正極集電体層1Aと負極集電体層2Aに対しスパッタ法、ディッピング法、スプレーコート法等の公知の手段により形成できる。
所定の部分にのみ形成する場合は、例えばテープにてマスキング等を施してから形成する。
(酸化被膜を有するCu粒子の作製)
実施例1~6に係る酸化被膜を有するCu粒子は、直径1μmのCu粒子を、熱処理温度200℃にて、N2雰囲気で酸化処理した。上述の通り、処理後の粒子をXPS装置(アルバック・ファイ社製、PHI QuanteraII)にて粒子表面に酸化被膜があることを確認し、所望の膜厚が得られるまで条件を調整して、0.01μm厚の酸化被膜を有する金属粒子を作製した。
最外固体電解質層ペーストの作製は、Li1+xAlxTi2-x(PO4)3(0≦x≦0.6)と、酸化被膜を有するCu粒子とを所定の重量比率で混合した後、この粉末100部に対して、溶媒としてエタノール100部、トルエン200部をボールミルで加えて湿式混合した。その後、バインダーとしてポリビニールブチラール系バインダー16部と、可塑剤としてフタル酸ベンジルブチル4.8部をさらに投入し、混合して最外固体電解質層ペーストとして調製した。なお、酸化被膜を有するCu粒子は、焼成後の全固体二次電池の重量に対して、表1に示した含有量になるようにあらかじめ調整して添加した。
この最外固体電解質層用ペーストをドクターブレード法でPETフィルムを基材としてシート成形し、最外固体電解質層シートを得た。最外固体電解質層シートの厚さは15μmとした。
酸化被膜を有するCu粒子を混合しないこと以外は、最外固体電解質層ペーストの作製と同様の方法にて、層間固体電解質層ペーストを作製した。
この層間固体電解質層用ペーストをドクターブレード法でPETフィルムを基材としてシート成形し、層間固体電解質層シートを得た。層間固体電解質層シートの厚さは15μmとした。
正極活物質層用ペースト及び負極活物質層用ペーストは、Li3V2(PO4)3を、所定の重量比率で混合した後、この粉末100部に対して、バインダーとしてエチルセルロース15部と、溶媒としてジヒドロターピネオール65部とを加えて、混合・分散して正極活物質層用ペースト及び負極活物質層用ペーストを作製した。
正極集電体用ペーストおよび負極集電体用ペーストは、ともに酸化被膜を含まないCuとLi3V2(PO4)3とを体積比率で80/20となるように混合した後、この粉末100部に対し、バインダーとしてエチルセルロース10部と、溶媒としてジヒドロターピネオール50部を加えて混合・分散して正極集電体層用ペースト及び負極集電体層用ペーストを作製した。
正極ユニット及び負極ユニットを以下の通り作製した。
上記の固体電解質層シート上に、スクリーン印刷により厚さ5μmで活物質用ペーストを印刷した。次に、印刷した活物質用ペーストを80℃で5分間乾燥し、その上に、スクリーン印刷により厚さ5μmで集電体用ペーストを印刷した。次に、印刷した集電体用ペーストを80℃で5分間乾燥し、更にその上に、スクリーン印刷により厚さ5μmで活物質用ペーストを再度印刷した。印刷した活物質ペーストを80℃で5分間乾燥し、次いでPETフィルムを剥離した。このようにして、固体電解質層シート上に、活物質用ペースト、集電体用ペースト、活物質用ペーストがこの順に印刷・乾燥された電極ユニットのシートを得た。
最外固体電解質層3B用の固体電解質層シート5枚を重ね、その上に活物質ユニット50枚(正極ユニット10枚、負極ユニット10枚)を、層間固体電解質層3Aを介するようにして交互に積み重ねた。このとき、奇数枚目の活物質ユニットの集電体ペースト層が一方の端面にのみ延出し、偶数枚目の活物質ユニットの集電体ペースト層が反対側の端面にのみ延出するように、各ユニットをずらして積み重ねた。この積み重ねられたユニットの上に、最外固体電解質層3B用の固体電解質層シート6枚を積み重ねた。その後、これを熱圧着により成形した後、切断して積層チップを作製した。その後、積層チップを同時焼成して積層体5を得た。同時焼成は、窒素雰囲気中で昇温速度200℃/時間で焼成温度840℃まで昇温して、その温度に2時間保持し、焼成後は自然冷却した。
公知の方法により、焼結した積層体(焼結体)に第1外部端子及び第2外部端子をつけて、全固体二次電池を作製した。
第1外部端子及び第2外部端子のそれぞれにリード線を取り付け、充放電試験を行うことで全固体二次電池の初回放電容量及び500サイクル後の容量維持率を測定した。測定条件は、充電及び放電時の電流はいずれも2.0μA、充電時及び放電時の終止電圧をそれぞれ1.6V、0Vとした。その結果を表1に示す。なお、1回目の放電時の容量を初回放電容量とした。また容量維持率は、500サイクル目の放電容量を初回放電容量で割って求めた。
また、評価した全固体二次電池のうち、短絡したものの割合(短絡率)も表1に示す。
比較例1は、最外固体電解質層用ペーストに酸化被膜を有するCu粒子を含めなかった点が実施例1と異なる。その他の条件は、実施例1と同様とした。
表1中の「平均粒子径」は、20個の金属粒子についてFE-SEM装置(日立ハイテクノロジーズ社製、SU8220)から測定された金属粒子の平均粒子径である。
表1中の「酸化被膜の平均厚み比率」は、金属粒子の「平均粒子径」に対する「酸化被膜の平均厚み」の割合である。
表1中の「含有量」は、全固体二次電池の重量に対する金属粒子の重量の割合である。
表1の「短絡率」は、同じ条件で作製した複数の全固体二次電池のうち、作製後、あるいは、充放電サイクル中に短絡した全固体二次電池の割合である。
実施例7~11はそれぞれ、酸化被膜を有するCu粒子を含む層が、最外固体電解質層の場合、正極活物質層の場合、負極活物質層の場合、層間固体電解質層の場合、マージン層の場合、並びに、最外固体電解質層、正極活物質層、負極活物質層、層間固体電解質層、及びマージン層の場合である。
また、比較例2として、酸化被膜を有さないCu粒子を最外固体電解質層に有する場合について、同様の評価を行った結果を表4に示す。
一方、比較例2では、初回放電容量及び500サイクル後の容量維持率は実施例20と同等の結果が得られたものの、5%の割合で短絡が発生していた。
1A 正極集電体層
1B 正極活物質層
2 負極層
2A 負極集電体層
2B 負極活物質層
3 固体電解質層
3A 層間固体電解質層
3B 最外固体電解質層
4 マージン層
5 積層体
10 金属粒子
Claims (6)
- 正極集電体層と正極活物質層とを含む正極層と、
負極集電体層と負極活物質層とを含む負極層と、
固体電解質を含む固体電解質層と、
前記正極層および前記負極層のそれぞれに並んで配置する、固体電解質を含むマージン層と、を有すると共に、前記正極層と前記負極層とが固体電解質を含む固体電解質層を介して交互に積層された積層体を備え、
前記積層体は、前記正極活物質層、前記負極活物質層、前記固体電解質層、及び、前記マージン層の少なくともいずれかの層に、酸化被膜を有する金属粒子を含む、全固体二次電池。 - 前記積層体の積層方向の両端の表面にも、前記酸化被膜を有する金属粒子を備える、請求項1に記載の全固体二次電池。
- 前記酸化被膜を有する金属粒子の平均粒子径が0.1μm~20μmである、請求項1または2のいずれかに記載の全固体二次電池。
- 前記酸化被膜の平均厚みが、前記金属粒子の平均粒径に対して10%以下であって、かつ、0.001μm~2μmの範囲内である、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の全固体二次電池。
- 前記金属粒子は、銅、ニッケル、銀、白金、鉄、アルミニウム、ビスマス、及びパラジウムから選択される少なくとも1種を含む、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の全固体二次電池。
- 前記金属粒子が、全固体二次電池の重量に対して0.1~10重量%含まれる、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の全固体二次電池。
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| CN116885157B (zh) * | 2023-09-08 | 2023-11-14 | 苏州清陶新能源科技有限公司 | 一种锂电池正极极片、制备方法及锂电池 |
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