WO2019122295A2 - Anzeigevorrichtung und verfahren zur nachführung eines virtuellen sichtbarkeitsbereichs - Google Patents
Anzeigevorrichtung und verfahren zur nachführung eines virtuellen sichtbarkeitsbereichs Download PDFInfo
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- WO2019122295A2 WO2019122295A2 PCT/EP2018/086493 EP2018086493W WO2019122295A2 WO 2019122295 A2 WO2019122295 A2 WO 2019122295A2 EP 2018086493 W EP2018086493 W EP 2018086493W WO 2019122295 A2 WO2019122295 A2 WO 2019122295A2
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- hologram
- display device
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- virtual
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Definitions
- the invention relates to a display device for displaying two-dimensional and / or three-dimensional scenes.
- the invention is intended in particular to relate to a holographic display device, in particular to a display device provided close to the eye of a viewer, such as a head-mounted display.
- the invention relates to a method with which a tracking of a virtual visibility region, in particular in a small area, can be realized.
- holographic displays In comparison with autostereoscopic displays or display devices, holographic displays represent much greater challenges in terms of the resolution of a spatial light modulation device used in the holographic display device and used for the coding of a hologram and the hologram's calculation effort.
- WO 2006/066919 A1 describes how these requirements can be reduced.
- the generation of a virtual observer window is described, which is provided within a diffraction order of the Fourier spectrum of the encoded in the spatial light modulator hologram and through which a viewer can observe a reconstructed, preferably three-dimensional scene in a reconstruction space, located in front of and / or behind the spatial light modulation device may extend.
- the extent and the position of the sub-hologram on the spatial light modulation device can be defined, for example, in an embodiment by a projection of the virtual viewer window or the visibility region via the object point onto the spatial light modulation device.
- the overall hologram of the preferably three-dimensional scene having a large number of object points is represented as a superposition of sub-holograms of all object points of the three-dimensional scene.
- the individual sub-holograms are not completely superposed on each other, but rather are displaced relative to one another in accordance with their object points to be reconstructed, so that only part of their area is superimposed by one or more sub-holograms.
- the generation of spatial pixels in a holographic display can be done by encoding object points in sub-holograms.
- the coding can take place in an external general computer system or in a built-in holographic display control unit. It is hitherto known that the extent of each sub-hologram in the spatial light modulation device fixed, for example, depending only on the depth position of an object point to the spatial light modulation device or may be variable according to the requirements.
- the geometric location of the sub-hologram on the spatial light modulator and its extension according to the technical requirements, such as the position of eyes of a viewer of the reconstructed scene to the spatial light modulator or the position of a voxel or a pixel within the can be changed.
- the calculation of the coding values of the display points is generally composed of the coding values of many object points.
- the coding values are usually calculated with a higher resolution than the actual panel bit depth. Normalization and mapping to the pixel values takes place only after the calculation of the coding values, whereby, for example, non-linearities of the gamma curve or further pixel-dependent calibration values can be taken into account.
- a plurality of different or similar pixels or subpixels of the spatial light modulation device can be combined to form a macro pixel.
- spatial light modulation devices in which this is not the case.
- Such spatial light modulation devices can also be used according to the invention.
- FIG. 1 shows a device in which the generation of sub-holograms SH for a plurality of object points at different depths to a spatial light modulation device SLM takes place as a projection of a virtual visibility region VW over the respective object point onto the spatial light modulation device SLM.
- the position of the sub-holograms on the spatial light modulation device SLM is dependent on the relative position of the object points to the visibility region VW.
- the dimension or extent or size of the sub-holograms is dependent on the z position of the coded object point, where z is the distance of the object point to the spatial light modulator SLM. In most cases, there is an overlap of sub-holograms.
- sub-holograms are used in conjunction with a virtual visibility area, also referred to as a viewer area or viewer window, through which a viewer can observe the reconstructed scene.
- HMD head-mounted displays
- HUD head-up displays
- SLM projection displays with a real or virtual image of the spatial light modulation device
- a plurality of pixels of the spatial light modulation device can either be combined into a macro pixel by means of coding or combined with a beam combiner into a macropixel.
- a holographic display device is based inter alia on the effect of diffraction at the apertures of the pixels of the spatial light modulation device and the interference of coherent light emitted by a light source.
- some important conditions for a holographic display device that generates a virtual visibility region can be formulated and defined with geometric optics, which will be briefly mentioned here.
- the illumination beam path in the display device This serves among other things for the production of a virtual one
- a spatial light modulation device is illuminated by means of a lighting device which has at least one real or virtual light source.
- the light coming from the different pixels of the spatial light modulation device must then be directed in each case into the virtual visibility region.
- this is the at least one light source of
- Illuminating device that illuminates the spatial light modulation device, imaged in a, the virtual visibility area having observer level.
- This image of the light source takes place, for example, in the center of the virtual visibility region.
- illuminating a spatial light modulator with a plane wave corresponding to a light source at infinity then, for example, light from different pixels of the spatial light modulator, the emerges vertically from these pixels, focused in the middle of the virtual visibility area.
- Light which does not emanate vertically but in each case at the same diffraction angle from different pixels of the spatial light modulator device is then likewise focused onto a respectively identical position in the virtual visibility region.
- the virtual visibility region may also be laterally shifted relative to the image of the at least one light source, for example, the position of the image of the at least one light source may coincide with the left or right edge of the visibility region.
- the imaging beam path is important.
- a head-mounted display HMD
- an enlarged image of a small-scale spatial light modulation device in their extent Often this is a virtual image that the viewer sees at a greater distance than the distance in which the spatial light modulator itself is located.
- the individual pixels of the spatial light modulation device are usually displayed enlarged.
- the explanations according to the invention are intended to refer mainly to the case in which the virtual visibility area, which includes a virtual viewer window and a sweet spot, is present in the plane of the light source image.
- the statements made, however, are mutatis mutandis applicable to embodiments of a holographic display device or displays with an image of the spatial light modulator in the virtual visibility area by respective interchanging of imaging beam path and illumination beam path or plane of the spatial light modulator and Fourier.
- the present invention is therefore not intended to cover the virtual visibility area case, i. virtual viewer window or sweet spot, be limited in the plane of the light source image.
- full parallax coding means that the virtual visibility area has a horizontal extent and a vertical extent, these two dimensions being less than or equal to a generated diffraction order in the particular dimension.
- the size of the diffraction order is determined by the respective horizontal pixel pitch or the vertical pixel pitch of a spatial light modulation device used, the wavelength of the light used and by the Distance between the spatial light modulation device and the virtual visibility region.
- the virtual visibility area is formed by a two-dimensional virtual observer window.
- a sub-hologram of an object point of a three-dimensional (3D) scene also has a horizontal extent and a vertical extent of usually several pixels on the spatial light modulator.
- the sub-hologram focuses light both in the horizontal direction and in the vertical direction, so that the object point is reconstructed.
- the virtual visibility region and the sub-hologram can both have, for example, a rectangular shape, but in the general case also other shapes such as, for example, a round or hexagonal shape.
- the extension of a generated virtual viewer window only in one dimension or direction which is referred to as the coding direction of the hologram or Subhologramms, by the extension of a Diffraction order limited.
- the sub-hologram typically occupies a portion of a single pixel line in a horizontal single-parallax coding or a portion of a single pixel column in a vertical single parallax coding on the spatial light modulator, thus having only one dimension or direction Expansion of typically more than one pixel.
- the sub-hologram in this case essentially corresponds to a cylindrical lens which focuses the light in one direction.
- Full parallax coding of a hologram or sub-hologram requires sufficiently coherent light in all directions or spatial directions a light source must be sent. On the contrary, a single parallax coding requires only sufficiently coherent light at least in the coding direction of the hologram. In the sweet-spot direction, the non-coding direction of the hologram, the coherence of the light may be lower than in the coding direction of the hologram.
- the coherence of the light can be adjusted, for example, by the angular spectrum of the illumination of a spatial light modulation device.
- a different coherence of the light in the coding direction of the hologram and in the sweet-spot direction can be set, for example, by using a slit-shaped light source. In the narrow direction of the slit-shaped light source results in a different angular spectrum and a different coherence of the light than in the long direction of the slit-shaped light source.
- a different coherence of the light in the coding direction and in the sweet spot direction can also be set, for example, by a scatterer, which is arranged for example between a light source and the virtual visibility region, optionally in the light propagation direction before or after the spatial light modulation device, and which has a different scattering characteristic in the coding direction of the hologram and in the sweet-spot direction, in particular a very small scattering angle in the coding direction and a large scattering angle in the sweet-spot direction.
- a control is also called a one-dimensional (1 D) spreader.
- a scatterers with a scattering angle of 40 ° in one direction and 1 ° in a direction perpendicular thereto.
- illumination can be used that is equally coherent in the coding direction of the hologram as in the sweet spot direction, with the expansion of the virtual observer window in the coding direction being at most a diffraction order and in sweet-spot mode.
- Direction the extension of the sweet spot can be several diffraction orders.
- a common use of single parallax coding may take place in combination with rectangular shaped pixels of spatial light modulator and / or spatial color multiplexing and / or spatial multiplexing of left / right eyes on the spatial light modulator with stripe-shaped color filters.
- the size of a virtual viewer window is proportional to the inverse of the pixel pitch. Therefore, in a display without color filter but with rectangular pixels would be disadvantageous in the long direction of the pixel, thus in the direction of the larger pitches, a smaller virtual viewer window than in the short direction of the pixel, thus giving the direction of the smaller pitch. Therefore, in a single parallax coding with rectangular-shaped pixels in a display without a color filter, the direction of the smaller pixel pitch is usually used as the coding direction of a hologram.
- holograms can be nested for different colors (usually red, green, blue).
- a light source of one color for example with red laser light
- the color filters of the other colors for example green and blue
- the other color filters are similar to black areas that block light.
- the color pixel thus acts for the light of a color as a pixel with a smaller aperture in the direction perpendicular to the color filter strips. Disadvantageous for a virtual viewer window, the smaller aperture in this direction would lead to more light in higher diffraction orders.
- the pitch perpendicular to the color filter strips, which determines the size of the virtual viewer window, in this case is the pitch to the next pixel with the same color filter.
- the direction parallel to the color filter strips would be used as the coding direction of the hologram because there is usually a larger pixel aperture in that direction and more light in the desired diffraction order.
- the smaller pixel aperture leads to more light in the higher diffraction orders, because a plurality of diffraction orders can also be used for the sweet spot. It may be possible to dispense with an additional scattering element for generating the sweet spot.
- the pixel pitch to the next pixel for the same eye and optionally for the same color would determine the size of the virtual viewer window.
- the multiplex stripes again act effectively as a smaller aperture in the direction perpendicular to the stripes.
- the coding direction would usually be chosen parallel to the multiplex strips.
- Holographic displays using a virtual visibility area typically require tracking of the virtual Visibility area for a change or movement of the eye position of a viewer.
- the eye position is detected using a detection system (eye finder).
- optical elements for example diffraction elements for light deflection, as disclosed for example in WO 2010/149587 A2, can be used to move the virtual visibility region to a new detected eye position.
- the prior art already discloses solutions for combining a rough tracking and a fine tracking of the virtual visibility range to a new position of an eye of a viewer after a movement of the eye.
- a combination of different optical elements is used, of which an optical element tracks the virtual visibility region over a large angular range in coarse or large steps of a new detected eye position, which is referred to as coarse tracking or coarse tracking.
- a second optical element tracks the virtual visibility region over a small angular range in fine or small steps of the new detected eye position, which is referred to as fine tracking.
- the use of two different conventional optical elements to track the virtual visibility region to another position in a viewer plane may be somewhat expensive.
- holographic displays such as a holographic head-mounted display (HMD)
- HMD holographic head-mounted display
- An HMD for example, similar to glasses can be firmly attached to the head of a viewer, so that when moving the head, the entire device is moved. In this case, no separate tracking or in particular no coarse tracking is required.
- a tracking of the virtual visibility area is only required if the position of the eye pupil of the observer within the eye changes significantly or moves or would otherwise move out of the virtual visibility area.
- the use of conventional optical elements for tracking the virtual visibility area would be rather expensive, since they would increase, inter alia, the total volume and weight of an HMD, which would be particularly disadvantageous in a device attached to the head of a viewer.
- WO 2018/037077 A2 describes ways of moving a virtual observer window over a small area by means of encoding by prism functions for fine tracking.
- WO 2018/037077 A2 describes ways of moving a virtual observer window over a small area by means of encoding by prism functions for fine tracking.
- a diffraction order the smaller, in particular, is the range of possible displacement by coding of priming functions.
- the virtual visibility region such that its extent is smaller than the extent of an eye pupil of an observer. This may be done, for example, by also creating diffraction orders smaller than the extension of an observer's eye pupil by choosing pixel pitch of a spatial light modulator, a viewer distance, and a wavelength of the light, and using a filter arrangement that filters out other diffraction orders so that only a single diffraction order can fall into the pupil of the viewer.
- the virtual visibility region has a size of about 1 mm, because a diffraction order is only about 1 mm, the possible range of a shift within a few diffraction orders by encoding e.g. Prism functions limited to slightly smaller than about ⁇ 1 mm to 2 mm. This would not be sufficient in a head-mounted display, for example, to cover the range of possible pupil movements within an eye.
- a solution is to be provided for a near-by-eye holographic display device, such as a holographic head-mounted display, which generates a small virtual visibility area, in particular a virtual visibility area smaller than the eye pupil of a viewer Tracking the virtual visibility area to realize movement of the eye pupil within the eye.
- a display device with the features of claim 1.
- a display device is provided which is particularly suitable for use as a near-to-eye display and here in particular as a head-mounted display, but the use should not be limited to these displays or display devices.
- the display device could for example be used as a future head-up display, which has a large field of view than previously commercially available head-up displays, or as a direct view display in which a coarse tracking as well as a fine tracking of a virtual Visibility area can be made.
- a fine tracking of the virtual visibility range is to be understood to mean a tracking which extends over a small range of a few millimeters, for example a range of up to approximately 25 mm in each case in the horizontal and / or vertical direction.
- Such a display device for displaying two-dimensional and / or three-dimensional objects or scenes, which is designed in particular as a holographic display device, has at least one illumination device for emitting sufficiently coherent light, at least one spatial light modulation device for modulating incident light, at least one optical system and a tracking device.
- a hologram is coded by means of a single-parallax coding.
- the at least one optical system is provided for generating at least one virtual visibility region at the location of an eye of a viewer.
- the tracking device the coding direction of the hologram can be changed for object points of the scene to be displayed on the spatial light modulation device.
- the tracking device can be provided in particular for fine tracking of the at least one virtual visibility region to a changed position of the eye of the observer.
- the hologram represents the sum of all sub-holograms, each sub-hologram assigned to each object point of the scene to be displayed.
- a change in the coding direction of the hologram means that the coding direction also changes for each individual sub-hologram.
- the at least one virtual visibility region By changing the coding direction of the hologram on the at least one spatial light modulation device, it is particularly advantageous for the at least one virtual visibility region to be moved to another position corresponding to the new position of an eye pupil of a viewer.
- the hologram is coded by means of a single parallax coding in the at least one spatial light modulation device, ie it is then summed up from one-dimensional sub-holograms. By rotating the one-dimensional sub-holograms in different directions starting from their original centers on the at least one spatial light modulation device, different coding directions of the hologram can thus be achieved.
- the rotation of the hologram can thus also move, ie rotate, the at least one virtual visibility region, so that the at least one virtual visibility region of the eye pupil is appropriately tracked during movement or can always cover up with this, so that the viewer of the scene can always view this with a correspondingly high resolution.
- a change in the coding direction of a hologram on the spatial light modulation device thus means that the hologram calculation is adapted, so that sub-holograms can be coded, for example, in a part of a pixel line or in a part of a pixel column or along diagonally arranged pixels of the spatial light modulation device and then to a hologram be summed up. Consequently, for the same preferably three-dimensional scene shown, the hologram calculation changes depending on the selected coding direction of the hologram.
- This tracking option according to the invention is particularly suitable for a fine tracking of the at least one virtual visibility region, i. for only small movements of the pupil of the eye or of the eye directly, as e.g. may be present in the use of a head-mounted display.
- a fine tracking of the at least one virtual visibility region i. for only small movements of the pupil of the eye or of the eye directly, as e.g. may be present in the use of a head-mounted display.
- the fine tracking invention can be used for movements in which the observer himself also moves to a different position, for example in conjunction with direct-view display devices.
- coarse tracking would be the location of a virtual
- a tracking device can be provided which is less expensive than, for example, a diffraction device according to WO 2010/149587 A2.
- a head-mounted display in its construction be made more compact and cheaper.
- the at least one virtual visibility region can be formed from a virtual viewer window and a sweet spot, the virtual viewer window being provided in the coding direction of the hologram and the sweet spot in the non-coding direction of the hologram.
- the at least one virtual visibility region is defined by a virtual viewer window generated in the coding direction of the hologram and by a sweet spot generated in the non-encoding direction, i. in sweet-spot direction, is formed.
- a sweet spot generated in the non-encoding direction i. in sweet-spot direction
- the light is distributed over an extended sweet spot, which is narrower than the distance between the eyes of an observer.
- the extension of the sweet spot is greater than the extent of the virtual observer window in the coding direction.
- the coding direction of the hologram is changed between at least two directions.
- four possible coding directions such as horizontal, vertical, diagonal +45 degrees or diagonal 135 degrees, as seen relative to the pixel rows or pixel columns of the spatial light modulation device in which the hologram is encoded, may be used to indicate the at least one virtual visibility region to adjust or track a new position of the eye or the pupil of the eye.
- the invention should not be limited to these four mentioned coding directions of a hologram.
- different coding directions are possible, such as e.g. diagonally 30 degrees.
- the invention should not be limited to rectangular-shaped pixels of the at least one spatial light modulation device, which may be arranged in a cell-shaped and columnar form.
- pixels could also be hexagonal in shape and six different coding directions could be formed parallel to the sides of the hexagon.
- At least one position detection system is provided, with which the position of an eye, in particular an eye pupil, a viewer of the scene can be determined.
- the size of the eye pupil can be detected.
- an eye position of a viewer with a position detection system is detected.
- the coding direction of the hologram to be coded should be, so that the generated at least one virtual visibility region also coincides with the eye of the observer.
- the coding direction are selected in which the at least one virtual visibility region is best or most superimposed on the eye or the pupil of the eye.
- a spatial light modulation device which has a similar or identical pixel pitch in the horizontal direction and in the vertical direction. If macro-pixels composed of several pixels of the spatial light modulation device are used to display complex values of object points of a scene, then in a preferred embodiment the spatial light modulation device can have the same macro pixel pitch in the horizontal direction and in the vertical direction.
- both the size or extent of the virtual viewer window and the size or extent of the sweet spot in a viewer plane in which a viewer is located may vary with the encoding direction set of a hologram on the spatial light modulator.
- a diagonal coding direction of a hologram for example, when using square pixels, causes the pixel pitch to change in the diagonal direction a factor 2 (root 2) is larger than the pixel pitch in the horizontal direction or in the vertical direction, and thus the extension of a generated diffraction order in the observer plane also differs in the diagonal direction from that diffraction order in the horizontal direction or in the vertical direction.
- a sweet spot in the observer plane results from the expansion of the Tracking range different size requirements. If, for example, the horizontal tracking range for the fine tracking or also taken as a whole in a head-mounted display is greater than the vertical tracking range, the horizontal sweet spot may expediently be selected to be larger in size than the vertical sweet spot .
- the size of a sweet spot can be set, for example, by the number of diffraction orders used or by the scattering angle of a scattering element.
- the tracking device has at least one controllable optical element which is arranged between the at least one illumination device and a viewer plane in which a viewer of the scene is located.
- the tracking device can have at least one controllable or switchable optical element in the beam path between the at least one illumination device, which can have at least one light source, and the observer plane, around a sweet spot or a virtual viewer window in a modified one To create direction.
- the at least one controllable optical element can be arranged in the light propagation direction before or after the spatial light modulation device.
- the at least one controllable optical element can be designed as a scattering element that scatters light incident in only one direction. In this way, a sweet spot can be generated in this defined direction or scattering direction.
- the at least one controllable optical element of the tracking device may be formed as a polarization switch, wherein the tracking device comprises at least one passive deflection grating element, preferably a polarization grating element, and at least two passive scattering elements, which scatter light incident in only one direction, wherein the passive deflection grid element and the at least two passive scattering elements act in combination with the polarization switch.
- the at least one controllable optical element may be embodied as a polarization switch, for example a non-pixelated liquid crystal cell or liquid crystal layer, which functions or acts in combination with at least two passive scattering elements.
- a deflection grating element whose deflection angle is polarization-selectively controllable, for example, a polarization grating element, and the polarization switch, which is controlled by an electric field and depending on the switching state generates a polarization state of the light and thus a deflection angle in the deflecting element, one of the scattering elements can be selected to scatter the incident light accordingly.
- the polarization switch can be arranged in the light propagation direction in front of this deflecting grid element in the display device. The scattering elements then generate a sweet spot in the observer plane in the scattering direction.
- one-dimensional scattering elements are provided for this purpose.
- the at least two passive scattering elements may be formed as volume gratings, wherein the at least two passive scattering elements have a different angular selectivity.
- the at least two passive scattering elements can be designed, for example, in the manner of a volume grating, which has a certain angular selectivity and therefore only effectively scatters light that falls under a certain angular range.
- different angular selectivities for the individual scattering elements can be set.
- the direction of the incident light, for which it scatters efficiently differs from the other passive scattering element (s).
- exactly two passive scattering elements could be provided, one scattering element of which efficiently scatters the light incident at +30 degrees, while the other scattering element efficiently scatters the light that falls below -30 degrees.
- the at least two passive scattering elements can optionally also have different scattering characteristics, for example, generate different scattering angles.
- the size of a sweet spot for the individual coding directions of a hologram can then also be set differently.
- the tracking device may comprise at least one controllable optical element, which is designed as a polarization switch, wherein the tracking device comprises at least one deflection element, preferably a polarization beam splitter element, and at least two passive scattering elements which scatter in only one direction incident light, wherein one of at least two different light paths is selectable by means of the controllable optical element and the deflecting element and in each case a scattering element is provided in each of the different light paths.
- the at least two passive scattering elements are arranged in different paths in the light path and with the aid of the deflection element in combination with the polarization switch one of these light paths and thus one of the scattering elements can be selected.
- a polarization switch for example, the polarization of the incident light on a polarization beam splitter element is set. Depending on the state of polarization, the light emerges from the polarization beam splitter element in a straight line or at a deflection of 90 degrees.
- a vertically scattering diffuser is disposed near an output of the polarization beam splitter element, a horizontal stray diffuser near another output of the polarization beam splitter element.
- the light reaches either the one scattering element or the other scattering element.
- the light paths can be brought together again by a combiner, for example a further beam splitter cube, so that the light from both scattering elements is directed further to the observer plane.
- the scattering elements then generate a sweet spot in the observer plane in each case in the direction of scattering.
- one-dimensionally designed scattering elements are provided.
- the tracking device has a passive scattering element, which is designed to rotate.
- the tracking device could also have only a single passive scattering element that is designed to be one-dimensional and mechanically rotating in order to change the scattering direction of the incident light. That is, this passive scattering element would be rotated from a start position to an end position for a change or a switching process from a coding direction of a hologram to another coding direction of the hologram. When this end position is reached, while displaying a hologram on the SLM, the passive diffuser remains in this end position.
- a single passive scattering element can be used to set several coding directions, for example four different coding directions, which correspond to different angles of rotation, for example four different angles of rotation, of the passive scattering element.
- the scattering angle and thus the size of the sweet spot are the same for all coding directions.
- the tracking device has at least two controllable optical elements.
- At least two controllable optical elements can also be used. These at least two controllable Optical elements may be formed as scattering elements, which scatter in each case in only one direction incident light and indeed in a respective different direction. For example, a first diffuser could scatter horizontally in a direction of about 20 ° x 1 ° horizontally. A second scattering element could then scatter horizontally in a direction of about 1 ° vertical x 20 °. By driving or switching between the one scattering element and the other scattering element thus the coding direction of the hologram on the spatial light modulator can be rotated by 90 °, wherein perpendicular to the coding direction of the hologram, a correspondingly large sweet spot can be generated.
- a first controllable optical element can advantageously scatter incident light in a predetermined first direction, wherein a second controllable optical element can scatter incident light in a predetermined second direction, wherein the first direction and the second direction are different.
- the coding direction of the hologram or sub-hologram can thus be determinable by correspondingly driving the first controllable optical element and the second controllable optical element.
- One of each of at least two controllable optical elements would thus be switched on or driven in order to scatter light in a desired direction, whereby the other controllable optical elements would be switched off or not driven so that they do not scatter light.
- the controllable optical elements could be designed such that they optionally also generate different large scattering angles, for example, to set the size of the sweet spot differently depending on the coding direction of a hologram.
- the at least one controllable optical element has two substrates between which a liquid crystal layer is embedded. At least one substrate of these two substrates of the at least one controllable optical element may preferably have a surface structure.
- Two substrates are assembled to form a controllable optical element, filling a gap between the two substrates with a liquid crystal layer.
- a controllable optical element Preferably, only one substrate of the controllable optical element has a surface structure, wherein the other substrate may be formed flat.
- the surface structure of the at least one substrate may in particular be a one-dimensional statistical surface structure, which may be embossed, for example, into a polymer layer which is part of the substrate.
- "Statistical surface structure” in this case means that the surface profile does not have a regular repeating pattern, but within random limits has random fluctuations, as will be described in more detail below.
- the surface structure may be similar to a surface relief grating or a blazed grating, however, unlike conventional grating elements, the grating period and / or blaze angle are randomly varied with position on the substrate can, so that no regular diffraction orders arise, but instead light is scattered over a predetermined angular range.
- the surface structure may have a grating period which varies randomly with the position on the substrate.
- the light scattering angle can then be adjusted, for example, by specifying a minimum and a maximum grating period, as well as the frequency of different grating periods and / or the range and the distribution of blaze angles.
- a surface profile can be calculated and then a master for the surface structure lithographically produced. Imprints can be created by this master in the sequence.
- the surface structure may also be an irregular height profile whose width and height are randomly varied with the position on at least one substrate of the controllable optical element.
- the substrates of the at least one controllable optical element each have an electrode arrangement, the respective electrode arrangement having at least one electrode.
- the at least one electrode may, for example, be planar, i. not pixelated, be formed.
- the substrate facing the substrate having the surface structure may be provided for aligning liquid crystals in the liquid crystal layer.
- This substrate of the at least one controllable optical element may be flat and may be used for alignment of the liquid crystals in the liquid crystal layer. This can be done for example by rubbing or photoalignment.
- the liquid crystal material of the liquid crystal layer may have a first refractive index and a second refractive index, wherein the first refractive index substantially corresponds to the refractive index of the surface structure, wherein the second refractive index is substantially different from the refractive index of the surface structure.
- the birefringent liquid crystal material of the liquid crystal layer may have a first refractive index, such as the ordinary refractive index, which is substantially identical to the refractive index of the surface structure.
- the birefringent liquid crystal material may additionally have a second refractive index, for example the extraordinary refractive index, which differs from the refractive index of the surface structure of the at least one controllable optical element.
- controllable optical elements in which at least one substrate has a one-dimensional surface structure, these controllable optical elements are arranged in the beam path in the beam path such that the one-dimensional surface structures of the individual controllable optical elements provided on at least one substrate each have a different orientation to each other.
- controllable optical elements in the beam path, i. at least two controllable optical elements
- these controllable optical elements may be arranged to each other so that the surface structures, preferably the statistical surface structures, on the respective substrates of the individual controllable optical elements each have a different orientation to each other.
- the surface structures of two controllable optical elements can be arranged at an angle of approximately 90 ° to one another.
- the surface structures of the individual controllable optical elements are also preferably arranged at 90 ° to each other.
- the individual controllable optical elements can be arranged at a different angle, such as 60 ° or 45 ° to each other.
- the scattering angle of the individual controllable optical elements can be designed differently, so that with the direction of the sweet spot and its size can be set differently.
- At least one polarization element in the light propagation direction can be provided in front of the at least one controllable optical element.
- the at least one polarization element may be formed as a polarization grating element and may, for example, incident left circularly polarized light in a +1. Diffraction order and right circularly polarized light in a -1. Distract diffraction order. However, this is only intended to show that differently polarized light can be deflected in different directions by means of the at least one polarization element.
- the tracking device is designed as a filter assembly, which is provided for eliminating diffraction orders.
- the invention is generally not limited to the use of scattering elements or controllable optical elements, as already explained, for changing the coding direction of a hologram or sub-hologram. Rather, it is also possible for the tracking device to be designed as a filter arrangement with which the coding direction of a hologram or sub-hologram on the at least one spatial light modulation device can be changed.
- coherent light can be used equally in all directions, ie in the coding direction as well as in the non-coding direction of a hologram or sub-hologram.
- a filter plane between the at least one spatial light modulator device and the observer plane in particular in a Fourier plane of the spatial light modulator device, non-desired diffraction orders can be filtered out for this purpose.
- each object point of the preferably three-dimensional scene would be reconstructed once per diffraction order at different positions for the individual diffraction orders.
- Perpendicular to the coding direction of the hologram or sub-hologram ie in the sweet-spot direction, but different diffraction orders in the eye of the observer do not cause interference.
- the viewer would reconstruct the same one at a time See scene in the individual diffraction orders.
- the object points of the scene would be generated in this sweet-spot direction in any diffraction order at the same position.
- the use of multiple diffraction orders helps to increase the area within which the light reaches the eye pupil of the observer.
- a sweet spot can thus also be generated by light of several diffraction orders in the observer plane.
- a sweet spot and a virtual viewer window may then be generated, for example, by passing only one diffraction order through the filtering in a Fourier plane of the SLM in a direction corresponding to the coding direction of the hologram or sub-hologram, and filtering out the other diffraction orders produced in the direction perpendicular thereto, which corresponds to the sweet-spot direction, several orders of diffraction are transmitted.
- this filter arrangement designed to be controllable as a tracking device for filtering diffraction orders, so it can be switched in a horizontal switching state of a single diffraction order in the vertical direction and in a different switching state of a single diffraction order in the vertical direction and multiple diffraction orders in the horizontal direction, for example between in a switching state of a single diffraction order in the horizontal direction ,
- the filter arrangement is controllable.
- diagonal diffraction orders can also be used, for example, e.g. a diffraction order in the +45 degree direction and several diffraction orders in the -45 degree direction or vice versa.
- This switching or changing of the switching states of the filter arrangement can be done either by mechanically rotating an aperture in the filter plane or in another embodiment by an electrically switchable filter aperture that can be switched between different orientations of the filter aperture back and forth.
- the design as a rotating filter aperture only allows the setting of an equal sweet spot in the different coding directions of a hologram.
- the coherence characteristic of the light can already be changed in such a way that high coherence for the generation of a virtual observer window or low coherence for the generation of a sweet spot can be achieved in different directions is present.
- a high coherence in the coding direction is here understood to mean a coherence which is sufficient so that light originating from different pixels within a sub-hologram on the SLM interferes with one another.
- Low coherence in the sweet-spot direction means that the light from adjacent pixels of the SLM in the sweet-spot direction does not have to interfere with each other.
- a slit-shaped light source may be used for the illumination of the SLM, which has a different coherence in the long direction and in the short direction of the slit.
- the complex degree of coherence of a radiation field, which is generated by an extended quasi-monochromatic light source, can be calculated according to the van-Cittert-Zernike theorem.
- such a slit-shaped light source can produce a different angular spectrum in the short direction and in the long direction of the slit upon illumination of the SLM.
- the SLM is illuminated in the coding direction of a hologram with an angular spectrum of 1/60 ° degree (ie one minute of arc) or smaller, since this allows a holographic reconstruction with a resolution equal to or better than the resolution of the human eye.
- the SLM can be illuminated with a significantly larger angle spectrum, for example an angle spectrum of 1-2 degrees.
- the length and width of the slot-shaped light source and their distance from the SLM can be adjusted to give these angular spectra at the SLM.
- an imaging element for example a lens
- the light source is imaged infinitely by the imaging element.
- Light from one point of the light source then falls parallel to the SLM.
- Light from another point of the light source will also be incident on the SLM in parallel, but at a different angle to the first point.
- the effective angle spectrum decreases with the magnification.
- the numerical example for the slit-shaped light source here refers to a non-enlarged, visible directly from the viewer SLM.
- the light source could also be larger in proportion to the magnification factor. For example, when an SLM is zoomed in by a factor of 10, the SLM can be illuminated with a 1/6 degree x 20 degree angle spectrum so that the generated image of the SLM is 1/60 degree x 2 deg.
- the slot-shaped light source could be 10 times larger.
- the invention should not be limited to a slot-shaped light source of exactly this size anyway.
- the figures are only examples and are illustrative.
- a single slit-shaped light source could be driven and rotated from an orientation to another orientation of the short or long direction of the slit if the encoding direction of a hologram or sub-hologram is to be changed.
- a plurality of slot-shaped light sources having different orientation of the long direction of the slot may be used, one of which is turned on and another light source is turned off when the coding direction of a hologram is to be changed.
- the coherence of the illumination of the at least one spatial light modulator device is adjusted by means of a controllable optical element so that in the coding direction of a hologram there is a high coherence and in the sweet spot direction a reduced or low coherence ,
- a one-dimensional scattering element in the scattering direction would reduce coherence.
- the display device according to the invention may be formed as a holographic display device.
- the display device can be designed in particular as a head-mounted display, wherein the head-mounted display for a left eye of a viewer and for a right eye of a viewer each having a display device according to the invention.
- the object of the invention is further achieved by a method for displaying two-dimensional and / or three-dimensional scenes according to claim 28.
- the method according to the invention for displaying two-dimensional and / or three-dimensional scenes has at least one illumination device for emitting sufficiently coherent light, at least one spatial light modulation device, at least one optical system, a tracking device and a position detection system.
- the position detection system detects a position of an eye of a viewer.
- a suitable coding direction of a hologram for object points of the scene on the at least one spatial light modulation device is determined.
- the hologram represents the sum of all sub-holograms, each sub-hologram assigned to each object point of the scene to be displayed.
- a change in the coding direction of the hologram means that the coding direction also changes for each individual sub-hologram.
- a hologram is encoded in the determined coding direction by means of a single parallax coding.
- the at least one spatial light modulation device is illuminated by the at least one illumination device and the hologram is reconstructed by means of the at least one optical system.
- At least one virtual visibility area is created at the location of the eye of a viewer.
- encoding direction can be selected as suitable, in which the virtual visibility region occupies the largest area proportion with an eye pupil of the observer.
- the encoding direction is selected which delivers the largest area proportion of the virtual visibility region within the eye pupil of the observer. If several possibilities of a suitable encoding direction with an equal area in overlap with the eye pupil should occur, a coding direction thereof may be selected. It can be provided that the eye position of the observer and in particular the position and possibly size of the eye pupil and the eye position is determined with the position detection system when changing the eye position of the viewer to select a suitable coding direction for the hologram to be encoded the virtual visibility area around his Fixed center is determined and determines in which direction the virtual visibility area occupies the largest area proportion with the range of the eye pupil of the observer.
- the center of the virtual visibility area is not changed to determine a suitable coding direction of a hologram, it always remains in one and the same position. This means that for tracking the virtual visibility area to a new position of the eye, in particular the eye pupil, the virtual visibility area is not moved to another position, but always remains with its center at the same position and is rotated only about its center. This also means that the hologram on the at least one spatial light modulation device is rotated about its center point and that a suitable coding direction is selected therefrom, since the hologram is coded by means of single-impact-code coding.
- the subhologram or hologram to be coded for the object point to be generated is determined by a projection of the virtual observer window from the virtual visibility region through an object point of the scene to be reconstructed onto the at least one spatial light modulator device, as in FIG is shown.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of a holographic invention
- FIG. 2 shows basic representations of a virtual visibility region in relation to an eye region of a viewer according to the prior art
- FIG. 3 shows a schematic representation of an exemplary embodiment according to the invention for tracking a virtual visibility region
- FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a display device according to the invention with which the coding direction of a hologram can be changed;
- FIG. 6 shows a schematic representation of a holographic invention
- FIG. 7 shows a schematic representation of a holographic invention
- Fig. 8 a schematic representation of sub-holograms with different
- FIG. 9 shows a schematic representation of sub-holograms with further different diagonal coding directions on a spatial light modulation device in the representations a) to d); FIG. and
- FIG. 10 shows a basic representation of a construction of a controllable optical element according to the invention of a tracking device.
- FIG. 1 shows a holographic display device in a perspective view and simplified without the illustration of a lighting device and an optical system.
- a display device is intended to illustrate and explain the present invention and will therefore be briefly described again.
- a generation of sub-holograms for a plurality of object points of a scene takes place at different depths into a spatial one Light modulation device SLM as a projection of a virtual viewer window VW in a viewer plane in which a viewer is and is to be represented here by the representation of an eye with a pupil P, over the respective object point on the spatial light modulation device SLM, which in the following simplicity half as SLM is called.
- SLM Spatial light modulation device
- the position of the sub-holograms on the SLM is dependent on the relative position of the object points to the virtual viewer window VW. Furthermore, the dimension or extent or size of the sub-holograms is dependent on the z-position of the coded object point, where z is the distance of the object point to the SLM. In most cases, there is an overlap of sub-holograms.
- Object points that are far away from the entrance pupil of an eye of an observer that is, for example, near the plane of the SLM, or even in the case of a head-mounted display (HMD) or a head-up display (HUD) near one virtual level of the SLM, have a small sub-hologram in size or extent.
- Small sub-holograms may, for example, in a one-dimensional (1 D) encoding a hologram, also referred to as single parallax coding, a lateral extent of 10 pixels or in a two-dimensional (2D) coding of a hologram, also referred to as full-parallax coding, have a lateral extent of 10 x 10 pixels.
- sub-holograms are combined with a virtual visibility area, in a single parallax coding of a hologram from a virtual viewer window in the coding direction of the hologram and a sweet spot in non-coding direction of the hologram or is formed in a full parallax coding of a hologram from a two-dimensional virtual viewer window, through which a viewer can observe the reconstructed scene.
- the projection method according to FIG. 1 can be used to calculate and generate holograms.
- the outlines of a virtual visibility area in a viewer plane are projected onto an SLM by an object point and create a sub-hologram on the SLM.
- the phase function is then coded, which is to reconstruct the object point.
- the amplitude function or simply amplitude in the sub-hologram becomes in a simplest embodiment for all pixels of the sub-hologram set to the same value and chosen such that the sub-hologram reconstructs the object point with a predetermined intensity.
- the virtual visibility area in the observer plane is limited in its size to a diffraction order of the resulting diffraction image. Due to this limitation of the virtual visibility area to a diffraction order, other diffraction orders are not visible to the viewer in the virtual visibility area.
- a hologram is generated which reconstructs a two-dimensional and / or three-dimensional scene visible from the virtual visibility region.
- HMDs head-mounted displays
- HUDs head-up displays
- projection displays with a real or virtual image of the SLMs
- SLM image of the SLM that is visible from the virtual visibility area
- the amplitude of a sub-hologram is constant over the extent of the sub-hologram.
- this amplitude can be changed over the extent of the sub-hologram. This can be done, for example, by multiplying it by the reciprocal of the Fourier transform of the pixel transmission in order to obtain a more uniform brightness distribution in the virtual visibility range.
- a virtual observer window in a viewer plane which can be generated by means of the display device according to FIG. 1 can have an extent smaller than an eye pupil of a viewer or optionally also greater than or equal to an eye pupil.
- the virtual observer window should not be larger than about 10 mm or at most about 15 mm, since otherwise very high demands would have to be placed on the pixel pitch and the number of pixels of an SLM.
- a sweet spot may also have an extension of about 20 mm or more.
- a limitation of the extension for the sweet spot in a direct view display represents the distance between the eyes of an observer. It should therefore be prevented that light for the sweet spot of one eye falls into the neighboring eye of the observer. Since both eyes of a viewer lie horizontally next to each other, this therefore essentially only applies the horizontal extension of the sweet spot.
- a vertically generated sweet spot could thus be selected, for example, also in its extent greater than the eye relief.
- the size of the sweet spot extent is desirably chosen so that the sweet spot area can cover the typical range of movement of the pupil within the eye.
- a holographic head-mounted display as a display device according to the invention will now be explained with reference to Figures 3 to 10, the invention in embodiments.
- HMD holographic head-mounted display
- a head-mounted display of the Applicant in which the individual holograms or sub-holograms for the individual object points of a scene are coded by means of a single parallax coding in the SLM, usually only a very small virtual viewer window of about 1 mm and a sweet spot of about 10 mm, which together form the virtual visibility area in the observer plane.
- a very small virtual viewer window of about 1 mm and a sweet spot of about 10 mm which together form the virtual visibility area in the observer plane.
- a generated prior art virtual visibility area formed of a virtual viewer window VW and a sweet spot SS is shown in a single parallax coding of a hologram into an SLM, wherein the encoded hologram or sub-hologram has a fixed coding direction, in this case a vertical coding direction.
- the extent of the virtual viewer window VW is smaller than the size of the pupil P of the eye of a viewer.
- the direction here generates a sweet spot SS which is significantly larger in its extent than the extent of the virtual observer window VW.
- FIG. 2 Represented in illustration a) of FIG. 2 is a position of a pupil P of an eye of a viewer in the center region of the virtual visibility region. This means that the pupil P of the eye is located in each case in the middle region of the virtual observer window VW as well as in the middle region of the sweet spot SS. In this position the pupil P to the virtual visibility area, the eye of the viewer can perceive and observe a reconstructed preferably three-dimensional scene.
- the illustration b) of FIG. 2 shows the case in which the pupil P of the eye of the observer has moved horizontally relative to the center of the virtual visibility region, in particular relative to the center of the sweet spot SS present in the horizontal direction. However, the pupil P of the eye is still within the sweet spot SS of the virtual visibility region. Also in this case, a reconstruction of the preferably three-dimensional scene is visible and observable for the eye of the beholder.
- the pupil P of the viewer's eye has also moved in a vertical movement relative to the center of the virtual visibility region in addition to the representation b).
- the pupil P of the eye is now outside the virtual visibility range, i. the virtual visibility area and the pupil P of the eye are no longer overlapping or overlapping.
- the virtual visibility region would now have to be displaced by suitable optical means, such as a diffraction device, and tracked to a new position of the pupil P of the eye.
- suitable optical means such as a diffraction device
- FIG. 3 shows, in comparison to FIG. 2, a generated virtual visibility area in the observer plane, in which an eye of an observer is located, in which, according to the invention, the direction of the virtual observer window and the direction of the sweet spot can be changed.
- a hologram or sub-hologram is encoded into the SLM by single parallax coding.
- the coding direction of the hologram or sub-hologram on the SLM can thereby be changed.
- Such a virtual visibility area is generated, as mentioned with reference to FIG. 2, in a single parallax coding of a hologram into an SLM, wherein the coded hologram or sub-hologram has a fixed coding direction, here in this case a vertical coding direction.
- a virtual observer window VW which is small in extent, arises in a vertical, ie, vertical, direction.
- the extent of the virtual observer window VW is smaller than the size of the pupil P of the eye of FIG Beholder.
- a significantly larger sweet spot SS than the extent of the virtual viewer window VW is generated in its extent.
- a position of a pupil P of an eye of a viewer is shown, for which a vertical coding direction of a hologram or sub-hologram is used.
- the position of the eye and in particular the eye pupil of the observer is determined to be SLM by means of a position detection system.
- the display device and a tracking device, e.g. 5 a suitable coding direction of the hologram is determined, in which a hologram is coded under simulation in the SLM by means of single parallax coding and a virtual visibility region is generated simulated.
- the virtual visibility area overlaps with the observer's eye pupil. If this is the case, it can also be checked whether in this coding direction of the hologram the simulated, virtual visibility area has the largest area proportion. the pupil of the eye of the observer occupies. If this is also the case, the hologram can now be coded into the SLM in this ascertained coding direction and the object point can be reconstructed by illuminating the SLM with a lighting device and the optical system, so that the viewer can observe this through the real generated virtual visibility region.
- a tracking of the virtual visibility range is shown in the representation b) of FIG. 3.
- a changed position of the pupil P of the eye is shown in comparison to the illustration a).
- the eye or the pupil P has moved vertically, so that the virtual visibility region no longer overlaps with the pupil P starting from the representation a).
- a tracking of the virtual visibility area to the new position of the pupil of the eye is now carried out by a rotation or rotation of the virtual visibility area about its center M. This also changes the coding direction of the hologram on the SLM.
- the coding direction of the hologram is thus again determined by simulation, namely by rotating the simulated virtual visibility region around its center M.
- the coding direction of the hologram is selected as suitable, in which the largest area proportion of the virtual visibility region coincides with the hologram Pupil of the eye covered or overlaid. If a coding direction of the hologram is selected as suitable, the hologram can be coded into the SLM with this selected and determined coding direction. In this way, a virtual visibility area is now generated in the observer plane, which overlaps with the new position of the pupil of the eye.
- the virtual viewer window and the sweet spot are partially within the pupil again so that the viewer can observe the reconstructed scene without interference.
- the midpoint M of the rectangular region of the virtual visibility region formed by the virtual viewer window and the sweet spot is also in time after the tracking of the virtual visibility region a new position of the eye or the pupil of the eye still at the same position.
- the center M of the virtual visibility area is thus not shifted in the tracking.
- the pupil for example when using the display device as a head-mounted display can not move over a large area, as would be the case, for example, in the case of a direct-view display when a viewer moves, when this moves to a different position.
- the change in the coding direction of a hologram for tracking a virtual visibility area is not intended for large movements of a viewer, but is particularly advantageous for a fine tracking of the virtual visibility area, as can be used for example in a head-mounted display. Since the pupil of an eye can only move over a limited range, few rotation angle settings are sufficient, for example four rotation angles, e.g. horizontal (0 °), vertical (90 °) and two diagonal rotation angle settings (+ 45 ° and -45 °).
- FIG. 4 schematically shows an arrangement which shows the virtual visibility region, which has a virtual viewer window with an extension of approximately 1 mm and a sweet spot with an extension of approximately 10 mm, in different rotational angle positions.
- the virtual visibility range is shown in four possible rotational angular positions, ie, in which the coding directions of a hologram are then in the horizontal direction (B), in the vertical direction (D) and in two diagonal directions (A and C).
- the rotation angle is selected which occupies the largest area proportion of the virtual viewer window VW and the sweet spot SS with the pupil P of the eye. If, in the determination of a suitable coding direction for the hologram, several possibilities of coding directions should occur in which the virtual visibility region with the pupil P of the eye occupies an equal area, a coding direction thereof can be selected and used.
- the center of the pupil P of the eye is provided at an angle of about 22.5 degrees to a horizontal line L or the center M of the virtual visibility region.
- the vertical coding direction (D) and the diagonal coding direction (-45 ° C) occupy the same area fraction over the pupil P of the eye, so that when coding holograms or sub-holograms with these two coding directions in the SLM in the representation of the reconstructed object point or scene as much light passes through the pupil P in the eye of the beholder.
- one of these two coding directions can be chosen for the hologram or sub-hologram to be encoded in the SLM.
- a change in the coding direction of a hologram by a rotation of the one-dimensional hologram can also be combined with a displacement of the virtual observer window in the coding direction by coding prisnce terms in the hologram or sub-hologram, as disclosed in WO 2018 / 037077A2, the disclosure of which is fully incorporated herein by reference should be included. If a linear phase function (ie a prism function) is added to the phase of the hologram, then the virtual observer window shifts by fractions of a diffraction order.
- a linear phase function ie a prism function
- a linear phase function with a difference of p between adjacent pixels results in a shift of the virtual observer window by a half (!) Diffraction order, or generally a difference of 2TT / X results in a shift of 1 / x of a diffraction order.
- this shift of the virtual observer window by phase functions in the hologram does not change the brightness distribution of the individual diffraction orders.
- the brightness of the latter decreases when the observer moves from the central diffraction order to higher diffraction orders. Due to this limitation of brightness, the shift of the virtual observer window by encoding prism terms is usually only applicable over a small range of few diffraction orders.
- the virtual observer window is smaller in size than the eye pupil, it should also be filtered by diffraction orders in an optical system with a Intermediate image of the virtual viewer window can be ensured that only light from the extent of a diffraction order reaches the eye. For example, if the virtual observer window is unshifted, filtering would only allow light from the zeroth diffraction order to the eye. If the virtual observer window is shifted by half a diffraction order, for example due to prism functions, the filtering should allow half of the zeroth diffraction order and half of the first diffraction order to pass, so that this light can reach the eye.
- the filter aperture should be designed to be displaceable matched to the priming functions used, for example mechanically or by electronic control.
- a filter panel is possible in combination with all embodiments of the invention.
- a rotatable filter diaphragm in a Fourier plane is used anyway for setting or changing the coding direction of a hologram, a combination is most easily possible in that the same filter diaphragm is both rotatable and displaceable.
- Fig. 4 relates to a virtual viewer window that is smaller in size than an eye pupil.
- a virtual viewer window of approx. 1 mm with a sweet spot of approx. 10 mm could still have a ⁇ 1. Diffraction order, thus shifted by ⁇ 1 mm, in the coding direction of a hologram to cover a possible range of about 3 mm x 10 mm.
- a small shift of the virtual visibility region around a small area may be made to better overlay or overlay the pupil of the eye.
- combinations of a rotation of the coding direction and a small displacement should also be taken into account.
- either an assignment of the coding direction for each eye positions can either be recalculated or alternatively calculated once in advance for all questioned eye positions and, for example in the form of a look -Up table are saved.
- the coding direction would thus be selected for a hologram which corresponds to this position in the eye pupil, depending on the position of the eye pupil detected with the position detection system Look-up table is stored.
- the displacement of the virtual viewer window by Prismmenterme which are also stored in a look-up table, take place.
- FIG. 5 shows a display device, in particular a holographic display device.
- the display device has a tracking device 4, by means of which a change in the coding direction of a hologram can take place.
- a sweet spot may be generated by means of a scattering element if this scattering element is arranged in the vicinity of an SLM or in an intermediate image plane of an SLM.
- the scattering element in which an enlarged image of the SLM visible from the virtual visibility region is generated, the scattering element is also enlarged and with the magnification the effective scattering angle decreases.
- a scattering element with a scattering angle of approximately 20 ° x 1 ° produces an effective scattering angle of approx. 1 ° x 1/20 ° with a factor of 20 for an enlarged image of the SLM.
- the effective scattering angle of 1 ° according to the formula tan 1 ° * 1000 mm results in a sweet spot in the observer plane with an extension of approx. 17 mm.
- the angle of 1/20 ° in the coding direction leads in this example to the fact that in the coding direction the resolution of the preferably three-dimensional scene is also limited to 20 pixels / degree, thus worse than the maximum visible resolution for an eye.
- the numerical values are again only examples.
- a scattering element with a scattering angle of 20 degrees x 0.3 degrees could also be used.
- a plurality of controllable optical elements to change the coding direction of the hologram or sub-hologram and thus also to change the sweet-spot direction , which are formed as scattering elements.
- a first controllable optical element would scatter the light approximately 20 ° vertically x 1 ° horizontally, with a second controllable optical element scattering the light approximately 1 ° vertically x 20 ° horizontally.
- the coding direction of the hologram or sub-hologram can be rotated by 90 ° and a correspondingly large sweet spot can be generated perpendicular to the coding direction.
- This arrangement can optionally be extended as follows: A third controllable optical element would scatter the light, for example, approximately 1 ° in the direction +45 degrees diagonally and 20 ° in the direction -45 ° diagonally.
- a fourth controllable optical element would scatter the light approximately 1 ° in the -45 degree diagonal and 20 ° in the + 45 ° diagonal direction. In this case, it would be possible to select between four coding directions by driving one of the controllable optical elements in each case.
- At least two passive scattering elements may also be provided in the tracking device. These at least two passive scattering elements can be selected with the aid of at least one controllable optical element of the tracking device for light scattering.
- the at least two passive scattering elements may be formed, for example, as volume gratings and have a certain angular selectivity.
- different angular selectivities can be set for the individual scattering elements designed as volume gratings.
- a deflection grating element and a controllable optical element can be provided.
- the deflection grating element has, for example, a deflection angle which can be controlled or reversed polarization-selectively.
- the deflection grating element could, for example, be a polarization grating element which, for left circular or right circularly polarized incident light, selectively shunts this light into the +1. or -1. Distracts diffraction order, each diffraction order corresponds to a different deflection angle.
- the controllable optical element can be designed as a polarization switch, for example an LC (liquid crystal) layer, which can be driven by an electric field.
- the controllable optical element in the form of the polarization switch generates depending on the switching state of the polarization switch a defined polarization state of the light, for example, in a switching state left circularly polarized light and in another switching state right circularly polarized light. In this way, it is possible to select a deflection angle in the deflection grating element and to select it on the basis of the angular selectivity of the scattering elements of one of the passive scattering elements of the tracking device.
- the display device has an illumination device 1 with at least one light source, an SLM 2, an optical system 3 and the tracking device 4, wherein further optical elements or devices in the display device possible, but are not necessary to explain the invention.
- SLM a hologram or sub-hologram is to be coded by means of a single parallax coding in order to reconstruct an object point or a scene for a viewer.
- the SLM is illuminated by the illumination device 1 with sufficiently coherent light.
- the optical system 3, which has, for example, at least one imaging element, such as a lens element, is arranged between the SLM 2 and a viewer plane 5.
- the arrangement of the optical system 3 in the beam path is provided so that in the absence of the tracking device 4 in non-coding direction, ie the sweet spot direction, the light source of the illumination device 1 in the observer plane
- optical system 3 generates an enlarged virtual image of the SLM 2 visible from the observer plane 5, which is not shown here.
- the tracking device 4 has two passive one-dimensional scattering elements 6 and 7, which are arranged in the light propagation direction after the SLM 2.
- the two passive one-dimensional scattering elements can be designed here as volume gratings and have a limited angular acceptance typical of volume gratings. The angular acceptance range of the two passive one-dimensional scattering elements differs from each other, so that a passive one-dimensional scattering element 6 or 7 can be selected by a defined light entry angle, through which the incident light is then scattered accordingly.
- the tracking device 4 has a deflection grating element 8, here in the form of a polarization grating element, which is arranged between the passive one-dimensional scattering element 6 and the SLM 2.
- the deflecting element 8 deflects defined polarized light accordingly.
- the deflecting grid element 8 deflects incident left circularly polarized light into a +1. Diffraction order and incident right circularly polarized light in a -1. Diffraction order.
- a particular passive one-dimensional scattering element 6 or 7 can be selected and the light directed onto it, which is then scattered accordingly.
- the tracking device 4 a controllable optical element 9, which is designed here as a polarization switch.
- the controllable optical element 9 is arranged between the deflection grating element 8 and the SLM 2 in the beam path of the display device.
- the controllable optical element 9 in the form of the polarization switch can are driven to produce a defined polarization state of the light. For example, generates the controllable optical element 9 depending on its switching state either left circularly polarized light or right circularly polarized light. With the help of the controllable optical element 9 is thus selected, whether the deflecting grid element 8, the light in the +1. Diffraction order or -1. Distracts diffraction order.
- the passive one-dimensional scattering elements 6 and 7 are designed as volume gratings such that the deflection angle of the +1. Diffraction order of the deflection grating element 8 within the angular acceptance range of one of the passive one-dimensional scattering elements 6 or 7 falls and the deflection angle of -1. Diffraction order of the deflection grating element 8 within the angular acceptance range of the other passive one-dimensional scattering element 6 or 7 falls.
- one of the two passive one-dimensional scattering elements 6 or 7 is thus selected, which respectively scatters the incident light accordingly, while the other passive one-dimensional, non-selected scattering element 6 or 7 is traversed by the light at angles beyond its acceptance range, thus the light is not scattered.
- FIG. 5 shows the activation or selection of the passive one-dimensional scattering element 6 in a first activation state or switching state of the controllable optical element 9 in the representation a), wherein in the illustration b) the activation or selection of the passive one-dimensional scattering element 6 is shown in a second drive state or switching state of the controllable optical element 9.
- the controllable optical element 9 is set to a first drive state, whereby the first passive one-dimensional scattering element 6 for light scattering is selected in the light direction.
- a virtual visibility area is generated in the observer plane 5, wherein a generated virtual observer window VW in the drawing plane of the illustrated FIG. 5 and a sweet spot SS perpendicular to the drawing plane is created.
- the controllable optical element 9 is set in a second drive state, whereby the second passive one-dimensional scattering element 7 following the first passive two-dimensional scattering element 6 is selected for light scattering.
- a virtual visibility area is generated in the observer plane 5, whereby a generated virtual observer window VW now arises perpendicular to the plane of the drawing of FIG. 5 and a sweet spot SS now in the plane of the drawing.
- the directions of the virtual viewer window VW and the sweet spot SS in the observer plane 5 can be changed by rotating about its midpoint, and hence the coding direction of the hologram due to the projection of the virtual observer window on the SLM 2 for detection the size or extent of the hologram or sub-hologram thereby changes.
- a further controllable optical element By using a further controllable optical element, a further deflection grating element and two further passive one-dimensional scattering elements in the tracking device 4, this arrangement can be extended to four Winkeleinstellraumen, ie horizontal, vertical and two diagonal angle settings of the coding direction of a hologram or sub-hologram.
- a first controllable optical element 9 and a first deflection grating element 8 then generate two possible deflection angles, depending on the driving state of the first controllable optical element 9.
- a second controllable optical element can then adjust, for example, the polarization of the light such that a second deflection grating element whose grating period differs from the first deflecting element 8, again either in a +1. Diffraction order or -1.
- Distracts diffraction order There are a total of four possible deflection angles, combinations of +1. Diffraction order or -1. Diffraction order of the first deflecting element with +1. Diffraction order or -1. Diffraction order of the second deflection grid element.
- the four passive one-dimensional scattering elements can each be designed as volume gratings, which have four different angular acceptance ranges, each of which corresponds to one of the four deflection angles of the arrangement of controllable optical elements and deflection-grid elements. Further such optical elements can be provided in the tracking device should further angular directions of the coding direction be necessary for the hologram to be coded.
- the tracking device has at least one deflection element instead of the deflection grating element, for example a polarization beam splitter element, in order to select different paths in the light path by changing the polarization of the light, the paths each having a one-dimensional passive scattering element.
- the scattering elements in the individual paths should be oriented differently for this purpose. For example, a passive scattering element in a first path at one output of the polarization beam splitter element in the horizontal direction could scatter the light, and another passive scattering element in a second path at another output of the polarization beam splitter element scatters the light in the vertical direction. In this case, the scattering elements need not be angularly selective.
- the number of paths and the passive scattering elements can also be extended to a number of four.
- the passive scattering element is formed one-dimensionally.
- the single passive diffuser scatters in one direction 20 ° and in a direction perpendicular thereto 1 °, and the 20 ° direction can be changed by rotating the passive diffuser, for example, from a horizontal direction to a vertical direction or to diagonal directions of + 45 ° or -45 °.
- the number of required optical components is reduced, since no deflecting element and no controllable optical element are necessary.
- a means for mechanically rotating the litter is needed instead.
- the invention is not limited to the use of certain types of scattering elements to change the scattering direction. It would also be conceivable to use a single electronically controllable one-dimensional scattering element which can be varied in its scattering direction.
- FIG. 6 A further exemplary embodiment for tracking a virtual visibility region to a new position of an eye or a pupil of an eye of a viewer is shown in FIG. 6 shown.
- the display device illustrated there has an illumination device 10 with at least one light source, an SLM 20 and an optical system 30.
- the light source of the illumination device 10 is formed here in the form of a slot or a slot and illuminates the SLM 20 with sufficiently coherent light.
- the optical system 30 has imaging elements, here two imaging elements 31 and 32, wherein a special arrangement of the imaging elements is not provided. For example, only a single imaging element could be provided which is arranged in the light propagation direction before or after the SLM 20. Or it can also be provided more than two imaging elements.
- the SLM 20 is here illuminated by means of the imaging element 31, which is arranged between the illumination device 10 and the SLM 20, with light.
- the imaging element 32 of the optical system 30 arranged in the light direction after the SLM 20, the light is focused to a virtual visibility region in a viewer plane 50.
- FIG. 6 shows the generation of a virtual observer window VW in the observer plane 50 in the plane of the drawing.
- the light source of the illumination device 10 is moved or rotated so that the narrow or short side of the slit-shaped or slot-shaped light source illuminates the SLM 20.
- the light source is shown here in perspective for the purpose of illustration, in order to make clear that it has a slot-shaped form. Strictly speaking, the long side of the slot of the light source would be perpendicular to the plane of the drawing and would not be visible in the side view. Due to the small extent of the light source in this light propagation direction, a very small angular spectrum of the light is produced after the following imaging element 31.
- the SLM 20 is illuminated with substantially parallel light.
- the light emitted by the light source in the observer plane 50 in this direction which is the encoding direction of the encoding in the SLM 20 Hologram corresponds, again focused on a nearly point-shaped area.
- the light source of the illumination device 10 is moved or rotated as shown in the representation b) of FIG. 6.
- the light source is moved or rotated in such a way that now the long side of the slit-shaped or slit-shaped light source illuminates the SLM 20.
- the light is thus scattered in this direction. Due to the use of the long side of the slit-shaped or slit-shaped light source of the illumination device 10 for illuminating the SLM 20, a sweet spot SS is thus generated in the observer plane 50.
- the slit-shaped or slit-shaped light source of the illumination device 10 is rotated.
- the gap or slit of the light source may then be arranged, for example, such that the long side of the light source is in a horizontal or vertical direction or at an angle of +45 degrees or -45 degrees to the horizontal line L of FIG narrow side of the light source is provided in each case perpendicular to this direction.
- FIG. 7 shows a further exemplary embodiment for tracking a virtual visibility region to a new position of an eye or a pupil of an eye of an observer.
- a tracking device of the display device is designed as a filter arrangement.
- the display device has an illumination device 100 with at least one light source, an SLM 200, an optical system 300 and a tracking device 400, which is designed as a filter arrangement.
- the optical system 300 has at least one imaging element, here three imaging elements 301, 302 and 303.
- the SLM 200 is illuminated to generate a virtual visibility region in a viewer plane 500 by means of the light source of the illumination device 100 and by means of an imaging element 301 of the optical system 300.
- a further imaging element 302 following the SLM 200 in the light propagation direction focuses the light into a filter plane 440 in which an intermediate image of the light source or a Fourier transform of the SLM 200 is generated.
- This filter plane 440 can therefore also be referred to as the intermediate image plane of the light source image or as the Fourier plane of the SLM 200.
- An imaging element 303 arranged in the light direction after the filter plane 440 then images this intermediate image plane or Fourier plane 440 into the viewer plane 500, as a result of which a virtual visibility region, which is represented by a virtual viewer window VW and a Sweet spot SS is formed is generated.
- the filter plane 440 are schematically diffraction orders, which are shown by dashed lines drawn, which arise through the pixel structure of the SLM 200.
- the tracking device 400 has an aperture or aperture 401, which filters out incident light accordingly. That is, by means of the aperture 401 in the filter plane 440, certain desired diffraction orders are transmitted and other diffraction orders are filtered
- the position of the diffraction orders and the orientation of the filter aperture 401 is indicated in perspective in this figure. Strictly speaking, the horizontal diffraction orders as well as the long direction of the filter aperture 401 in the illustration a) of FIG. 7 are perpendicular to the sectional plane of the drawing.
- the aperture 401 of the tracking device 400 is arranged in the display device in such a way that it transmits only one diffraction order in the vertical direction, but several diffraction orders are transmitted in the horizontal direction. In the vertical direction, a virtual viewer window VW is generated in this way.
- Such an arranged aperture 401 may be used for a vertical coding direction of a hologram or sub-hologram to be encoded in the SLM 200.
- the aperture 401 in the filter plane 440 is now arranged in the display device in such a way that the aperture 401 now transmits only one diffraction order in the horizontal direction and several diffraction orders in the vertical direction. In the vertical direction thus a sweet spot SS is generated.
- Such an aperture may be used for a horizontal coding direction of holograms or sub-holograms on the SLM 200.
- the size of the aperture 401 may also include fractions of diffraction orders.
- the aperture 401 may, for example, have a size of 4.4 diffraction orders. In the coding direction of a hologram or sub-hologram, the aperture 401 should have at most the size of a diffraction order. However, the aperture 401 may also be smaller in size than a diffraction order. In addition, the center of the aperture 401 does not have to coincide with the center of a diffraction order but may be offset relative thereto.
- the aperture 401 may also be structured to additionally filter out artifacts such as zero-order spots.
- the aperture 401 of the tracking device 400 may be a mechanically rotatable aperture stop act.
- the aperture 401 could also be formed as an electrically controllable aperture based, for example, on liquid crystal (LCD) crystals, which absorbs or transmits light depending on the switching state.
- LCD liquid crystal
- the rotation of the coding direction of a hologram can be combined with a small displacement of the virtual observer window by encoding prism functions or prisnce terms in the hologram.
- this can be done advantageously by the aperture is not only rotatable but also slidably formed over a small area, for example in the coding direction plus / minus a diffraction order.
- the aperture 401 would thus additionally be displaced in the vertical direction.
- the aperture 401 would additionally be shifted in the horizontal direction so as to reflect respectively the overlap of the virtual visibility region, i. the virtual viewer window and the sweet spot to enhance with the pupil of one eye.
- FIG. 8 shows a pixel matrix of an SLM.
- the SLM in this case, as can be seen, has square pixels.
- the representations b) to e) sub-holograms with different coding directions are shown, which can be provided according to the invention, the virtual visibility range of a new position of the eye or track the pupil of the eye.
- a sub-hologram with a vertical coding direction is shown, wherein the sub-hologram is represented by gray-shaded pixels.
- a sub-hologram with a horizontal coding direction is shown.
- a sub-frame with a diagonal coding direction here in -45 degrees direction, is shown.
- a sub-log is also shown with a diagonal coding direction, but the coding direction of the sub-hologram is +45 degrees here.
- the hologram of a preferably three-dimensional scene would be calculated in each case by summing up the sub-holograms of the individual object points, wherein all sub-holograms have the same coding direction.
- FIG. 9 shows an alternative embodiment of an SLM which may be provided in a display device for tracking a virtual visibility region.
- the SLM now has a pixel matrix with rectangular pixels.
- the representation a) of FIG. 9 only one such SLM is shown with rectangular pixels, wherein in the representations b) to d) sub-holograms with different coding directions are shown, which can be provided according to the invention to the virtual Visibility area to track a new position of the eye or the pupil of the eye.
- the illustration (b) shows a coding direction of a sub-hologram in which the pixels are each offset diagonally from each other.
- the aspect ratio of the rectangular pixels thus results in an angle of approximately 25 degrees to the horizontal side of the SLM.
- Representations c) and d) of FIG. 9 show that coding directions for a hologram can also be interpolated independently of the pixel pitch of the SLM.
- a sub-hologram for a coding direction of 50 degrees is shown. This is achieved by always coding two pixels up and one pixel to the right in the pixel grid of the SLM.
- a sub-hologram for a coding direction of approximately 12.5 ° is shown. This is achieved by always encoding two pixels to the right and one pixel up on the SLM.
- more than four coding directions for a hologram can be used on the SLM, such as the coding directions 0 °, 90 °, ⁇ 12.5 °, ⁇ 25 ° and ⁇ 50 °, thus in this case eight coding directions, again, these numerical values are only examples.
- the various possible coding directions can in this case be achieved by means of a tracking device according to FIGS. 5, 6 or 7, which permit the corresponding angle settings.
- the above-mentioned angle is intended to serve only as an example and for explanation.
- the long side of the aperture in a filter plane of the display device corresponds to the sweet-spot direction.
- the non-scattering direction or the short side of a slit-shaped light source or the short side of an aperture in the filter plane corresponds to the encoding direction.
- the sub-holograms in the coding direction have an extension of several pixels, perpendicular to the coding direction but usually only one extension of one pixel. The long side of the sub-hologram thus points in the coding direction and the short side of the suture hologram points perpendicular to the coding direction.
- the scattering direction of the light, the long side of the light source, or the long side of the filter aperture are each perpendicular to the long side of the sub-hologram.
- controllable optical element of a tracking device which could, for example, have the display device according to FIG. 5, will now be described.
- the invention should not be limited to a controllable optical element constructed in this way.
- a controllable optical element of the tracking device can thus also have a different construction which ensures controllability or switchability.
- a controllable optical element 70 has two substrates 71 and 72.
- the two substrates 71 and 72 are joined together, and there is a space between the two substrates 71 and 72 which is filled with a liquid crystal layer 73 having liquid crystals LC or in which a liquid crystal layer 73 is embedded.
- At least one substrate, here the substrate 71 also has a surface structure 74.
- the liquid crystal material is birefringent and has a first refractive index, for example the ordinary refractive index, which is substantially identical to the refractive index of the surface structure 74.
- the birefringent liquid crystal LC additionally has a second refractive index, for example the extraordinary refractive index, which differs from the refractive index of the surface structure 74.
- the surface structure 74 is in particular a one-dimensional statistical surface structure, which is embossed, for example, in a polymer layer which is applied to the substrate 71.
- the substrate 71 has the surface structure 74 and the substrate 72 is flat or planar.
- the substrate 72 is characterized by its flat design for the alignment of Liquid crystals LC used in the liquid crystal layer 73. That is, on this substrate 72, the liquid crystals LC are oriented. For example, the liquid crystals LC are aligned by rubbing or photoalignment.
- the surface structure 74 may be similar to a surface relief grating or a blazed grating, however, unlike conventional grating elements, the grating period and / or blaze angle coincides with the position on the substrate 71 can be varied so that no regular diffraction orders arise, but instead light is scattered over a predetermined angular range.
- the scattering angle may then be, for example, over a range, i. over a minimum and a maximum grating period, and over a frequency of different grating periods and / or over a range and a distribution of blaze angles.
- the surface structure 74 may also be an irregular height profile whose width and height are randomly varied with the position on the substrate 71.
- the two substrates 71 and 72 also each have an electrode arrangement 75 and 76.
- the substrate 71 has the electrode assembly 75, which has at least one electrode.
- the substrate 72 has the electrode assembly 76, which also has at least one electrode.
- the electrodes of the electrode assemblies 75 and 76 may be formed flat, i. not pixelated, his.
- the at least one electrode of the electrode assembly 75 in this case is on the back side of the statistical surface structure 74, i. between the surface structure 74 and the substrate 71, provided to produce a uniform field profile.
- the liquid crystal LC of the liquid crystal layer 73 is oriented by means of the substrate 72, for example by rubbing or photoalignment, in a driving state or switching state of the controllable optical element 70, when no electric field is applied to the electrode arrangements 75 and 76, for the incident light effectively the refractive index of the liquid crystal LC, which differs from the refractive index of the surface structure 74 acts. In this state is the statistical Surface structure 74 optically visible. The surface structure 74 then causes a scattering effect of the light. This is shown in the illustration a) of FIG. 10.
- the orientation of the liquid crystal LC may correspond to an ECB (electrically controlled birefringence) mode.
- ECB electrically controlled birefringence
- the liquid crystal molecules With the applied voltage off, i. without an applied electric field, to the electrode assemblies 75, 76, the liquid crystal molecules are oriented in the plane of the substrate 72, as shown in the illustration a).
- the applied voltage is switched on, i. In the present electric field between the electrodes of the electrode assemblies 75, 76, the liquid crystal molecules are oriented perpendicular to the plane of the substrate 72, as shown in the representation b).
- the invention should not be limited to this arrangement of liquid crystal molecules.
- liquid crystal molecules there may also be other orientations of the liquid crystal molecules, for example, a VA (vertical alignment) mode in which the liquid crystal molecules are oriented without applied voltage perpendicular to the plane of the substrate 72 and with applied voltage, i. In the presence of an electric field between the electrodes of the electrode assemblies 75, 76, the liquid crystal molecules are oriented parallel to the plane of the substrate 72.
- VA vertical alignment
- controllable optical elements In the presence of a plurality of controllable optical elements in a tracking device in a display device, they can be arranged such that their statistical surface structures each have a different orientation. For example, identically designed controllable optical elements can be arranged rotated through 90 degrees to each other. If, for example, a voltage is present at a first controllable optical element in the direction of light propagation after the SLM and no voltage at a subsequent second controllable optical element, then the incident light is scattered in a first direction. Conversely, if no voltage is present at the first controllable optical element, but at the same time second controllable optical element, a voltage, the incident light is scattered in a second direction different from the first direction.
- controllable optical elements i. at least two controllable optical elements, also possible to switch between a one-dimensional scattering and a two-dimensional scattering or to choose between a scattering and a non-scattering state.
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- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Theoretical Computer Science (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Human Computer Interaction (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
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- Diffracting Gratings Or Hologram Optical Elements (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
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| JP2020534603A JP7304353B2 (ja) | 2017-12-21 | 2018-12-21 | 仮想可視領域をトラッキングするための表示装置および方法 |
| KR1020207020919A KR102690754B1 (ko) | 2017-12-21 | 2018-12-21 | 가상 가시성 영역을 추적하기 위한 디스플레이 디바이스 및 방법 |
| DE112018006500.6T DE112018006500A5 (de) | 2017-12-21 | 2018-12-21 | Anzeigevorrichtung und verfahren zur nachführung eines virtuellen sichtbarkeitsbereichs |
| US16/956,352 US12298522B2 (en) | 2017-12-21 | 2018-12-21 | Display device and method for tracking a virtual visibility region |
| CN201880087540.4A CN111656289B (zh) | 2017-12-21 | 2018-12-21 | 显示装置及用于追踪虚拟可见区域的方法 |
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| US (1) | US12298522B2 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP7304353B2 (de) |
| KR (1) | KR102690754B1 (de) |
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| US20200333609A1 (en) | 2020-10-22 |
| TWI821229B (zh) | 2023-11-11 |
| CN111656289A (zh) | 2020-09-11 |
| WO2019122295A3 (de) | 2019-08-15 |
| DE112018006500A5 (de) | 2021-04-08 |
| US12298522B2 (en) | 2025-05-13 |
| KR102690754B1 (ko) | 2024-08-01 |
| TW201932915A (zh) | 2019-08-16 |
| JP2021509727A (ja) | 2021-04-01 |
| CN111656289B (zh) | 2025-12-02 |
| KR20200101420A (ko) | 2020-08-27 |
| JP7304353B2 (ja) | 2023-07-06 |
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