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WO2019077182A1 - Biocompatible hydrogel, preparation method and use of same - Google Patents

Biocompatible hydrogel, preparation method and use of same Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019077182A1
WO2019077182A1 PCT/ES2018/070667 ES2018070667W WO2019077182A1 WO 2019077182 A1 WO2019077182 A1 WO 2019077182A1 ES 2018070667 W ES2018070667 W ES 2018070667W WO 2019077182 A1 WO2019077182 A1 WO 2019077182A1
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Prior art keywords
chitosan
diisocyanate
process according
hydrogel
hyaluronic acid
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PCT/ES2018/070667
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Spanish (es)
French (fr)
Inventor
Luis García Fernández
Blanca VÁZQUEZ LASA
Julio San Roman Del Barrio
Ana María TORRENT GIBERT
Eulàlia MONTELL BONAVENTURA
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Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas CSIC
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Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas CSIC
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    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08LCOMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L5/00Compositions of polysaccharides or of their derivatives not provided for in groups C08L1/00 or C08L3/00
    • C08L5/08Chitin; Chondroitin sulfate; Hyaluronic acid; Derivatives thereof
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61LMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L15/00Chemical aspects of, or use of materials for, bandages, dressings or absorbent pads
    • A61L15/16Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons
    • A61L15/22Bandages, dressings or absorbent pads for physiological fluids such as urine or blood, e.g. sanitary towels, tampons containing macromolecular materials
    • A61L15/28Polysaccharides or their derivatives
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61LMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L27/00Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
    • A61L27/14Macromolecular materials
    • A61L27/20Polysaccharides
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61LMETHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
    • A61L27/00Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
    • A61L27/50Materials characterised by their function or physical properties, e.g. injectable or lubricating compositions, shape-memory materials, surface modified materials
    • A61L27/52Hydrogels or hydrocolloids
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J3/00Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
    • C08J3/24Crosslinking, e.g. vulcanising, of macromolecules
    • C08J3/243Two or more independent types of crosslinking for one or more polymers
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08JWORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J3/00Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
    • C08J3/24Crosslinking, e.g. vulcanising, of macromolecules
    • C08J3/246Intercrosslinking of at least two polymers
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08KUse of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/01Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients characterized by their specific function
    • C08K3/011Crosslinking or vulcanising agents, e.g. accelerators
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08KUse of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/28Nitrogen-containing compounds

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a biocompatible hydrogel for the regeneration of cartilage and bone tissue. It also refers to the procedure of preparation and use thereof. Therefore, the present invention falls within the biomedical and pharmaceutical sector, more specifically, in the field of tissue regeneration.
  • a biomaterial is defined as a pharmacologically inert substance, of natural or synthetic origin, designed to be implanted or incorporated into the living system to treat, augment or replace any tissue, organ or function of the body.
  • biomaterials used for regenerative purposes in the field of biomedicine has undergone a remarkable evolution as knowledge about their interactions with the human body has increased.
  • biomaterials are the multilayer supports of collagen and glycosaminoglycans, which are supports prepared by superimposing layers of collagen and glycosaminoglycans inspired by the structure of the osteochondral tissue.
  • the problem with these systems is the poor integration between layers and the lack of permeability to nutrients due to their low porosity.
  • new supports based on hydrogels are being developed, which are three-dimensional structures formed by crosslinked polymers, capable of absorbing a large amount of water and providing an aqueous microenvironment very similar to that of the extracellular matrix.
  • Hyaluronic acid is one of the compounds used in the manufacture of hydrogels as this is a compound (glycosaminoglycan) very abundant in the extracellular matrix of cartilage that presents interesting biological functions, since it is an essential material for tissue hydration, organization of proteoglycan structures and cell differentiation.
  • biocompatible materials are disclosed in document CN100384923C, which describes a method for the preparation of a hyaluronic acid-chitosan material crosslinked with a carbodiimide for biochemical applications.
  • US6703444B2 refers to a process for the production of crosslinked hyaluronic acid derivatives and biopolymers and their uses in cosmetic, medical and pharmaceutical applications.
  • compositions of biomaterials and, in particular, hydrogels based on hyaluronic acid are known, they present drawbacks since the methods used up to now for the formation of the gel include components of high toxicity (carbodiimides, oxidized dextrans, ...) or the formation of unstable hydrogels where hyaluronic acid is part of a semi-interpenetrated network, which is why it is lost over time.
  • the present invention relates to a new composition in the form of a biocompatible hydrogel by its crosslinking with diisocyanates which has advantages or improvements over those already known, such as the absence of toxicity or a degree of adequate swelling, which without deforming the gel, It absorbs a much larger amount of liquid compared to other systems.
  • the present invention relates to a biocompatible hydrogel characterized in that it comprises hyaluronic acid and chitosan crosslinked with at least one crosslinking agent, wherein said crosslinking agent is a crosslinking agent.
  • the diisocyanate is selected from the list comprising hexamethylene diisocyanate, tetraethylene diisocyanate and lysine diisocyanate; more preferably the diisocyanate is lysine diisocyanate.
  • crosslinking agent has not been used so far and provides stability to the system against other types of hydrolysable bonds.
  • diisocyanates in this case Lysine di-isocyanate
  • LDMI Lysine di-isocyanate
  • the molar ratio between the crosslinking agent and the -NH 2 groups in the hydrogel is between 3: 1 and 7: 1, more preferably 5: 1.
  • the weight ratio between the Chitosan and the hyaluronic acid in the hydrogel is between 1: 0.5 and 1: 1; more preferably it is 1: 1.
  • the gel further comprises chondroitin sulfate.
  • the weight ratio between hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate in the hydrogel is between 1: 0.05 and 1: 0.5; more preferably 1: 0.2.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to the method of preparing the composition described in the first aspect of the invention.
  • the procedure comprises the following steps:
  • step b) adding a diisocyanate to the solution obtained in step b) followed by stirring to obtain a dispersion
  • step d) maintaining the dispersion obtained in step c) at a temperature between 20 and 65 ° C for at least 3 hours to allow crosslinking, thus forming the hydrogel.
  • the solution of step a) is prepared at a temperature between 20 and 65 ° C, more preferably 37 ° C.
  • the polyethylene-propylene glycol copolymer mentioned in step a), which is a stabilizing agent for the bubbles that are formed is Pluronic® F127.
  • the polyethylene-propylene glycol copolymer is 1% in the aqueous solution.
  • the volume ratio between the aqueous solution of the polyethylene-propylene glycol copolymer and the acetic acid is between 1000: 10 and 1000: 1
  • the amount of chitosan added in step b) is such that the weight ratio between chitosan and hyaluronic acid is between 1: 0.5 and 1: 1; more preferably it is 1: 1.
  • the solution formed in step b) is kept under stirring for at least 2 hours prior to the addition of the diisocyanate.
  • step b) a few drops of HCl are added until the complete solution of chitosan, preferably 1 N HCl.
  • HCl preferably 1 N HCl.
  • 12.5% (v / v) of 1 N HCl is added to the solution, so that a complete dissolution of the chitosan is achieved.
  • step b) it was carried out at a temperature between 20 and 65 ° C, more preferably 37 ° C.
  • step b) chondroitin sulfate is added in addition to the chitosan.
  • the amount of chondroitin sulfate added in step b) is such that the weight ratio between hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate is between 1: 0.05 and 1: 0.5, more preferably, it is 1: 0.2.
  • step c) the amount of diisocyanate added is such that the molar ratio between the diisocyanate and the -NH 2 groups of the chitosan is between 3: 1 and 7: 1, more preferably 5: 1.
  • the stirring which is carried out in step c) is carried out by means of a high power homogenizer device (such as UltraTurrax®) at 10000-20000 rpm, more preferably at 15000 rpm.
  • the stirring by a high power device is preferably carried out between 0.5 and 2 min, more preferably for 1 min.
  • the diisocyanate is selected from the list comprising hexamethylene diisocyanate, tetraethylene diisocyanate and lysine diisocyanate; more preferably the diisocyanate is lysine diisocyanate.
  • step d) is carried out at 37 ° C.
  • the hydrogel obtained in step d) is washed with distilled water and dried by lyophilization, so that a dry porous membrane is obtained.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to the use of the hydrogel for the manufacture of a device for medical use.
  • the device for medical use is for the regeneration of bone or cartilage tissue, such as a porous membrane, graft or a dressing.
  • FIG. 1 Shows optical microscopy images of membranes prepared according to the present invention with different type of agitation: A) Magnetic stirring; B) Agitation by UltraTurrax® and C) Agitation by UltraTurrax® at higher magnification.
  • FIG. 2 Shows optical microscopy images of membranes prepared according to the present invention with different proportions LDI / NH 2 (mol / mol): A) 3: 1; B) 5: 1 and C)
  • FIG. 3 Graph showing the swelling as a function of the time of membranes crosslinked with LDI (LDI / NH 2 5: 1) with chitosan (Q) ratios: hyaluronic acid (HA) 1: 1 and 1: 0.75 respectively and cross-linked membranes with dextrans with Q ratios: HA 1: 1 and 1: 0.75 respectively.
  • FIG 4 Graph showing the cytotoxicity of the membranes with time A) membranes crosslinked with dextrans; B) membranes crosslinked with LDI according to the present invention.
  • FIG 5 Graph showing the weight loss of the membranes of the present invention with and without chondroitin sulfate (SC) as a function of time.
  • FIG 6 A) HPLC graphic sample of hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (SC); B) shows HPLC graph of the degradation products of the gels over time.
  • HA hyaluronic acid
  • SC chondroitin sulfate
  • FIG 7 Graphs showing the maximum load required for the separation of the hydrogel and bone in four different situations: bone in contact with the hydrated hydrogel, bone in contact with the hydrated hydrogel and adding fibrin glue, perforated bone in contact with the hydrated hydrogel and fibrin glue and perforated bone in contact with the hydrated hydrogel and human blood: A) for the hydrogel prepared with SC (Q: HA: SC 1: 1: 0.2 by weight); B) for the hydrogel prepared without SC (Q: HA 1: 1 by weight).
  • FIG 8 Graph showing the fluorescence obtained in the alamar blue cell adhesion test at different times for the membranes prepared according to the method of the invention: Q: HA: SC 1: 1: 0.2 by weight and Q: HA 1 : 1 in weight.
  • FIG. 9 Graph showing the rheological properties of the samples for the membranes prepared according to the process of the invention: Q: HA: SC 1: 1: 0.2 by weight and Q: HA 1: 1 by weight.
  • FIG. 10 Photograph showing the swelling of the porous membranes of Q / HA with LDI for different weight ratios HA: Q: A) 1: 1; B) 1: 0.75 and C) 1: 0.5.
  • the crosslinking reaction between chitosan (Q) and hyaluronic acid (HA) was used using lysine diisocyanate (LDI) as a crosslinking agent.
  • LDLI lysine diisocyanate
  • the corresponding amount of hyaluronic acid was dissolved at 37 ° C in 4 mL an aqueous solution of Pluronic® F127 at 1% by weight and acetic acid (4 ⁇ ).
  • Pluronic® F127 aqueous solution of Pluronic® F127 at 1% by weight and acetic acid (4 ⁇ ).
  • chitosan and, optionally, chondroitin sulfate were added.
  • a few drops (approx. 0.5 mL) of hydrochloric acid (1 N) were added.
  • Membranes A and B could be cut without problems with a 1.2 cm diameter die cutter. These discs were immersed in phosphate buffer for one hour, checking that the composition with a lower degree of crosslinking (A) offered a greater swelling of the membrane. Although the composition with lower degree of cross-linking (A) offers a better swelling behavior, the composition with a higher degree of cross-linking (B) offers a better pore size distribution (150 ⁇ 50 microns in diameter), as can be seen in figure 2 ).
  • Example 2 Study of the degree of swelling of the membranes at 37 ° C in PBS
  • Membranes A and B of Table 3 were immersed in PBS buffer pH: 7.4 and 37 ° C in order to study the level of swelling (see Figure 3).
  • porous membranes synthesized with LDI have a swelling superior to the non-porous membranes criss-crossed with dextrans. (Within each type of membranes, the composition with the highest amount of hyaluronic acid has a higher degree of swelling.) All the membranes reach equilibrium after a few hours.
  • Example 3 Membrane cytotoxicity assays (MTT assay) The cytotoxicity assay was performed on human skin fibroblasts (HFB, Innoprot). To obtain the extracts, membrane pieces (HA: Q: CS 1.1: 0.2 and 1: 0.75: 0.2) were introduced into 5 ml of culture medium at 37 ⁇ 1 ° C, in a thermostatic bath with agitation. The culture medium containing the soluble extracts of the materials was obtained after 1 day of incubation and replaced by fresh medium. This procedure was repeated at 2, 7, 14 and 21 days after the start of the experiment and under identical conditions. All extracts were obtained under sterile conditions and frozen at -18 ° C.
  • MTT assay Membrane cytotoxicity assays
  • the cells were seeded in 96-well plates with a density of 1 1 x 10 4 cells / ml and incubated for 24 hours at 37 ⁇ 1 ° C. After this time, the culture medium was eliminated and replaced with 100ml / well of the soluble extracts of each material, the THX (control), and each day of extraction. In all cases, the number of replicates was 16. The plates were incubated at 37 ⁇ 1 ° C, for 24 hours.
  • Figure 4 shows that in the membranes crosslinked with dextrans (Figure 4A) on the first day there is a considerable decrease in cell viability, this may be due to the presence of non-crosslinked dextrans that are released into the medium in the first hours , affecting cell viability. Subsequently, the cell viability is recovered indicating that the release of toxic products only takes place during the first hours.
  • Example 4 Membrane degradation study The degradation study of the membranes (with and without SC with a weight ratio Q / HA 1: 1) was carried out by immersing the membranes in PBS at 37 ° C for certain periods of time. Once these periods have elapsed, the samples have been washed with distilled water to eliminate the remains of salts and have been lyophilized to obtain the final weight of the sample. In this way you can determine the weight loss of the sample over time.
  • the extracts of the releases at different times were analyzed by HPLC in order to identify the compounds that were being released. As seen in figure 6, it is possible to distinguish between HA and SC due to their elution time.
  • Adhesion measures of the gels on bone have been carried out in different conditions.
  • the bone used to perform the tests has been the flat part of the hen keel.
  • the bones have been cut with the aim of get the flattest part of the bone and get the largest contact surface with the hydrogel.
  • the measurements were made on an Instron equipment equipped with a 50 N measuring cell in which the bone-hydrogel membrane system was attached by fixing metal supports with cyanoacrylate and a tension of 5 mm / min.
  • Figure 7 shows the average results obtained from six measurements in each of the previous cases.
  • the force required for the separation of the hydrated hydrogel in the case where it is placed directly on the bone is very low (0.3 N). This force can be improved by adding fibrin glue to the interface ( « 1 N) or by making holes in the bone (> 1 N in shear and 3,7-8 N in adhesion).
  • a very remarkable aspect is that although the membranes are applied hydrated to be able to manipulate them and adapt them to the surface of the bone, they have a high capacity of adsorption of liquids or blood, in such a way that practically all the blood that has been deposited initially in the bone it is materially adsorbed by the hydrogel membrane.
  • Example 6 Cell adhesion assays (Alamar Blue Assay)
  • the membranes prepared (HA: Q: 1: 1 by weight and HA: Q: SC 1: 1: 0.33 by weight) were placed in 24-well plates and sterilized by freezing cycles. On the membranes, human skin fibroblasts with a density of 14 x 10 4 cells / mL were seeded. After incubation at 37 ⁇ 1 ° C, and 5% C02 for 1, 7 and 14 days, the medium was removed from the wells and a solution of Alamar Blue was added. The plates were incubated at 37 ⁇ 1 ° C for 1 hour, enough time for the reagent to be metabolized by the cells present on the surface and give an indirect measure of cell adhesion to the hydrogels. Aliquots of 100 L were taken from each well and measured in a plate reader.
  • the deformation sweep was performed between 1x10 "3 and 1000 percent of deformation, setting the frequency and temperature to 0.5 Hz and 25 ° C respectively.
  • the frequency sweep was performed with 2% deformation between 0.01 and 20 Hz At 25 ° C, as shown in the following figure, the difference between the values of G 'and G "is greater than 25%, which indicates that the gels are chemically crosslinked.

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Abstract

La presente invención se refiere a un hidrogel biocompatible para la regeneración del tejido cartilaginoso y óseo. El hidrogel está formado por el entecruzamiento de ácido hialurónico y quitosano mediante un diisocianato. La presente invención también se refiere al procedimiento de preparación y uso del mismo.The present invention relates to a biocompatible hydrogel for the regeneration of cartilage and bone tissue. The hydrogel is formed by the cross-linking of hyaluronic acid and chitosan by a diisocyanate. The present invention also relates to the method of preparation and use thereof.

Description

HIDROGEL BIOCOMPATIBLE, PROCEDIMIENTO DE PREPARACIÓN Y USO DEL  HIDROGEL BIOCOMPATIBLE, PROCEDURE FOR PREPARING AND USING THE

MISMO  SAME

La presente invención se refiere a un hidrogel biocompatible para la regeneración del tejido cartilaginoso y óseo. También se refiere al procedimiento de preparación y uso del mismo. Por tanto, la presente invención se encuadra en el sector biomédico y farmacéutico, más concretamente, en el campo de la regeneración de tejidos. The present invention relates to a biocompatible hydrogel for the regeneration of cartilage and bone tissue. It also refers to the procedure of preparation and use thereof. Therefore, the present invention falls within the biomedical and pharmaceutical sector, more specifically, in the field of tissue regeneration.

ANTECEDENTES DE LA INVENCIÓN BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

En la actualidad, las lesiones óseas y cartilaginosas siguen siendo un reto en el campo biomédico. Las patologías del cartílago articular suponen la pérdida de la estructura y de la función del tejido y son una de las principales causas de discapacidad en personas mayores. El tratamiento estándar para la regeneración de lesiones óseas consiste en un injerto de hueso autólogo del propio paciente. Aunque la posibilidad de rechazo es mínima, este método presenta ciertas limitaciones como la cantidad de tejido donante o la morbilidad de la zona del mismo. Para solventar estos inconvenientes existen otras alternativas como son los biomateriales. Un biomaterial se define como una sustancia farmacológicamente inerte, de origen natural o sintético, diseñada para ser implantada o incorporada dentro del sistema vivo para tratar, aumentar o reemplazar cualquier tejido, órgano o función del cuerpo. El tipo de biomateriales empleados con fines de regenerativos en el campo de la biomedicina ha experimentado una evolución notable a medida que ha aumentado el conocimiento sobre las interacciones de los mismos con el cuerpo humano. Entre los biomateriales desarrollados se encuentran los soportes multicapa de colágeno y glicosaminoglicanos, que son soportes preparados mediante la superposición de capas de colágeno y glicosaminoglicanos inspirados en la estructura del tejido osteocondral. El problema de estos sistemas es la pobre integración entre capas y la falta de permeabilidad a nutrientes debido a su baja porosidad. Recientemente se están desarrollando nuevos soportes basados en hidrogeles, que son estructuras tridimensionales formadas por polímeros reticulados, capaces de absorber gran cantidad de agua y de proporcionar un microambiente acuoso muy similar al de la matriz extracelular. Son porosos, por lo que permiten el paso de nutrientes y de productos de desecho, necesarios para la supervivencia celular. Además tienen que ser biodegradables para poder ser sustituidos por la matriz extracelular una vez se haya regenerado el tejido. El ácido hialurónico es uno de los compuestos utilizados en la fabricación de hidrogeles por ser éste un compuesto (glicosaminoglicano) muy abundante en la matriz extracelular del cartílago que presenta unas funciones biológicas interesantes, ya que es un material esencial para la hidratación de tejidos, organización de estructuras de proteoglicanos y diferenciación de células. Currently, bone and cartilage injuries remain a challenge in the biomedical field. The pathologies of the articular cartilage suppose the loss of the structure and the function of the tissue and are one of the main causes of disability in elderly people. The standard treatment for the regeneration of bone lesions consists of an autologous bone graft from the patient himself. Although the possibility of rejection is minimal, this method has certain limitations such as the amount of donor tissue or the morbidity of the area of the same. To solve these problems there are other alternatives such as biomaterials. A biomaterial is defined as a pharmacologically inert substance, of natural or synthetic origin, designed to be implanted or incorporated into the living system to treat, augment or replace any tissue, organ or function of the body. The type of biomaterials used for regenerative purposes in the field of biomedicine has undergone a remarkable evolution as knowledge about their interactions with the human body has increased. Among the developed biomaterials are the multilayer supports of collagen and glycosaminoglycans, which are supports prepared by superimposing layers of collagen and glycosaminoglycans inspired by the structure of the osteochondral tissue. The problem with these systems is the poor integration between layers and the lack of permeability to nutrients due to their low porosity. Recently new supports based on hydrogels are being developed, which are three-dimensional structures formed by crosslinked polymers, capable of absorbing a large amount of water and providing an aqueous microenvironment very similar to that of the extracellular matrix. They are porous, so they allow the passage of nutrients and waste products, necessary for cell survival. They also have to be biodegradable to be replaced by the matrix extracellular once the tissue has been regenerated. Hyaluronic acid is one of the compounds used in the manufacture of hydrogels as this is a compound (glycosaminoglycan) very abundant in the extracellular matrix of cartilage that presents interesting biological functions, since it is an essential material for tissue hydration, organization of proteoglycan structures and cell differentiation.

Algunos ejemplos de materiales biocompatibles se encuentran divulgados en el documento CN100384923C, que describe un método para la preparación de un material de ácido hialurónico-quitosano entrecruzado con una carbodiimida para aplicaciones bioquímicas. El documento US6703444B2 se refiere a un proceso para la producción de derivados de ácido hialurónico reticulado y biopolímeros y sus usos en aplicaciones cosméticas, médicas y farmacéuticas. La publicación de Clara R. Correia et al.: Tissue Engineering: Part C, Vol. 17, No. 7, 2011 , hace referencia a biomateriales compuestos de quitosano y el ácido hialurónico como materiales muy prometedores en aplicaciones de ingeniería de tejidos y medicina regenerativa. Some examples of biocompatible materials are disclosed in document CN100384923C, which describes a method for the preparation of a hyaluronic acid-chitosan material crosslinked with a carbodiimide for biochemical applications. US6703444B2 refers to a process for the production of crosslinked hyaluronic acid derivatives and biopolymers and their uses in cosmetic, medical and pharmaceutical applications. The publication by Clara R. Correia et al .: Tissue Engineering: Part C, Vol. 17, No. 7, 2011, refers to biomaterials composed of chitosan and hyaluronic acid as very promising materials in tissue engineering and medicine applications regenerative

A pesar de conocerse composiciones de biomateriales y, en particular, hidrogeles en base a ácido hialurónico, éstas presentan inconvenientes ya que los métodos utilizados hasta el momento para la formación del gel incluyen componentes de alta toxicidad (carbodiimidas, dextranos oxidados, ... ) o la formación de hidrogeles poco estables donde el ácido hialurónico se encuentra formando parte de una red semi- interpenetrada por lo que se va perdiendo con el tiempo. La presente invención se refiere a una nueva composición en forma de hidrogel biocompatible mediante su entrecruzamiento con diisocianatos que presenta ventajas o mejoras frente a los ya conocidos como es la ausencia de toxicidad o un grado de hinchamiento adecuado, que sin llegar a deformar el gel, absorbe una cantidad mucho mayor de líquido en comparación con otros sistemas. Although compositions of biomaterials and, in particular, hydrogels based on hyaluronic acid are known, they present drawbacks since the methods used up to now for the formation of the gel include components of high toxicity (carbodiimides, oxidized dextrans, ...) or the formation of unstable hydrogels where hyaluronic acid is part of a semi-interpenetrated network, which is why it is lost over time. The present invention relates to a new composition in the form of a biocompatible hydrogel by its crosslinking with diisocyanates which has advantages or improvements over those already known, such as the absence of toxicity or a degree of adequate swelling, which without deforming the gel, It absorbs a much larger amount of liquid compared to other systems.

DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓN DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

En un primer aspecto, la presente invención se refiere a hidrogel biocompatible caracterizado por comprender ácido hialurónico y quitosano entrecruzados con al menos un agente de entrecruzamiento, donde dicho agente de entrecruzamiento es un diisocianato. In a first aspect, the present invention relates to a biocompatible hydrogel characterized in that it comprises hyaluronic acid and chitosan crosslinked with at least one crosslinking agent, wherein said crosslinking agent is a crosslinking agent. diisocyanate

En una realización preferida, el diisocianato es seleccionado de la lista que comprende hexametilen diisocianato, tetraetilen diisocianato y diisocianato de lisina; más preferiblemente el diisocianato es diisocianato de lisina. In a preferred embodiment, the diisocyanate is selected from the list comprising hexamethylene diisocyanate, tetraethylene diisocyanate and lysine diisocyanate; more preferably the diisocyanate is lysine diisocyanate.

Este tipo de agente de entrecruzamiento no ha sido utilizado hasta el momento y proporciona estabilidad al sistema frente a otro tipo de enlaces hidrolizables. This type of crosslinking agent has not been used so far and provides stability to the system against other types of hydrolysable bonds.

Así, los diisocianatos (en este caso di-isocianato de Lisina), puede reaccionar de dos formas distintas: Thus, diisocyanates (in this case Lysine di-isocyanate), can react in two different ways:

• Di-isocianato de lisina (LDI), que al reaccionar con los grupos amina del quitosano formará grupos urea, más estables que los grupos ¡mina frente a la hidrólisis. • Lysine di-isocyanate (LDI), which, when reacted with the amine groups of the chitosan, will form urea groups, more stable than the mine groups in the face of hydrolysis.

Figure imgf000004_0001
Figure imgf000004_0001

O COOCB-€H* OR COOCB- € H *

· Sin embargo, también se da la posibilidad de que el ácido hialurónico reaccione con LDI a través de sus grupos OH libres del residuo de N-acetil glucosamina, formando grupos uretano. En este caso, se formaría una red interpenetrada, más estable que la red semi-interpenetrada. En la red semi-interpenetrada las cadenas de ácido hialurónico quedan entrecruzadas entre las del quitosano de forma física, es decir, sin formas enlaces químicos, por lo que su estabilidad es baja, sin embargo en las redes interpenetradas se dan uniones químicas entre todas las cadenas, lo cual aporta estabilidad al sistema. · However, there is also the possibility that hyaluronic acid reacts with ILD through its free OH groups of the N-acetyl glucosamine residue, forming urethane groups. In this case, an interpenetrated network would be formed, more stable than the semi-interpenetrated network. In the semi-interpenetrated network the chains of hyaluronic acid are cross-linked between the chitosan in physical form, that is, without chemical bonding forms, so their stability is low, however in the interpenetrated networks there are chemical bonds between all the chains, which brings stability to the system.

Figure imgf000005_0001
Por lo tanto, la mayor parte del LDI queda integrado en el gel.
Figure imgf000005_0001
Therefore, most of the LDI is integrated into the gel.

En una realización preferida, la relación molar entre el agente de entrecruzamiento y los grupos -NH2 en el hidrogel está entre 3:1 y 7: 1 , más preferiblemente es 5: 1. En una realización preferida, la relación en peso entre el quitosano y el ácido hialurónico en el hidrogel está entre 1 :0,5 y 1 : 1 ; más preferiblemente es 1 : 1. In a preferred embodiment, the molar ratio between the crosslinking agent and the -NH 2 groups in the hydrogel is between 3: 1 and 7: 1, more preferably 5: 1. In a preferred embodiment, the weight ratio between the Chitosan and the hyaluronic acid in the hydrogel is between 1: 0.5 and 1: 1; more preferably it is 1: 1.

En otra realización preferida, el gel comprende además sulfato de condroitina. Preferiblemente, la relación en peso entre el ácido hialurónico y sulfato de condroitina en el hidrogel es de entre 1 :0,05 y 1 :0,5; más preferiblemente de 1 :0,2. In another preferred embodiment, the gel further comprises chondroitin sulfate. Preferably, the weight ratio between hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate in the hydrogel is between 1: 0.05 and 1: 0.5; more preferably 1: 0.2.

Otro aspecto de la invención se refiere al procedimiento de preparación de la composición descrita en el primer aspecto de la invención. El procedimiento comprende las siguientes etapas: Another aspect of the invention relates to the method of preparing the composition described in the first aspect of the invention. The procedure comprises the following steps:

a) disolución de ácido hialurónico en una solución acuosa de un copolímero de polietilen-propilenglicol al 0,5-1 ,5% en peso y ácido acético, donde la proporción en volumen entre la solución acuosa del copolímero de polietilen- propilenglicol y el ácido acético está entre 1000: 10 y 1000: 1 , y donde la concentración de ácido hialurónico en la disolución es de entre 10 y 30 mg/mL, más preferiblemente de 20 mg/mL de disolución,  a) dissolution of hyaluronic acid in an aqueous solution of a copolymer of polyethylene-propylene glycol at 0.5-1.5% by weight and acetic acid, where the volume ratio between the aqueous solution of the polyethylene propylene glycol copolymer and the acid acetic is between 1000: 10 and 1000: 1, and where the concentration of hyaluronic acid in the solution is between 10 and 30 mg / mL, more preferably 20 mg / mL of solution,

b) adición de quitosano a la disolución anterior,  b) addition of chitosan to the previous solution,

c) adición de un diisocianato a la solución obtenida en la etapa b) seguida de agitación para obtener una dispersión,  c) adding a diisocyanate to the solution obtained in step b) followed by stirring to obtain a dispersion,

d) mantenimiento de la dispersión obtenida en la etapa c) a temperatura de entre 20 y 65°C durante al menos 3 horas para permitir el entrecruzamiento, formándose así el hidrogel.  d) maintaining the dispersion obtained in step c) at a temperature between 20 and 65 ° C for at least 3 hours to allow crosslinking, thus forming the hydrogel.

En una realización preferida, la disolución de la etapa a) se prepara a una temperatura entre 20 y 65°C, más preferiblemente de 37°C. In a preferred embodiment, the solution of step a) is prepared at a temperature between 20 and 65 ° C, more preferably 37 ° C.

En una realización preferida, el copolímero de polietilen-propilenglicol mencionado en la etapa a), que es un agente estabilizante de las burbujas que se forman, es Pluronic® F127. In a preferred embodiment, the polyethylene-propylene glycol copolymer mentioned in step a), which is a stabilizing agent for the bubbles that are formed, is Pluronic® F127.

En una realización preferida, el copolímero de polietilen-propilenglicol, está al 1 % en la solución acuosa. En una realización preferida, en la etapa a), la proporción en volumen entre la solución acuosa del copolímero de polietilen-propilenglicol y el ácido acético está entre 1000: 10 y 1000: 1 In a preferred embodiment, the polyethylene-propylene glycol copolymer is 1% in the aqueous solution. In a preferred embodiment, in step a), the volume ratio between the aqueous solution of the polyethylene-propylene glycol copolymer and the acetic acid is between 1000: 10 and 1000: 1

En una realización preferida, la cantidad de quitosano añadida en la etapa b) es tal que la proporción en peso entre el quitosano y el ácido hialurónico está entre 1 :0,5 y 1 :1 ; más preferiblemente es 1 : 1. In a preferred embodiment, the amount of chitosan added in step b) is such that the weight ratio between chitosan and hyaluronic acid is between 1: 0.5 and 1: 1; more preferably it is 1: 1.

Preferiblemente, la disolución formada en la etapa b) se mantiene bajo agitación durante al menos 2 horas previamente a la adición del diisocianato. Preferably, the solution formed in step b) is kept under stirring for at least 2 hours prior to the addition of the diisocyanate.

En una realización preferida, en la etapa b) se añaden unas gotas de HCI hasta la completa disolución de quitosano, preferiblemente HCI 1 N. Preferiblemente, se añade un 12,5% (v/v) de HCI 1 N a la disolución, de manera que se consigue una disolución completa del quitosano. In a preferred embodiment, in step b) a few drops of HCl are added until the complete solution of chitosan, preferably 1 N HCl. Preferably, 12.5% (v / v) of 1 N HCl is added to the solution, so that a complete dissolution of the chitosan is achieved.

Preferiblemente, en la etapa b) se llevó a cabo a una temperatura entre 20 y 65°C, más preferiblemente de 37°C. Preferably, in step b) it was carried out at a temperature between 20 and 65 ° C, more preferably 37 ° C.

En una realización preferida de la invención, en la etapa b) se añade, además del quitosano, sulfato de condroitina. Preferiblemente, la cantidad de sulfato de condroitina añadida en la etapa b) es tal que la proporción en peso entre el ácido hialurónico y el sulfato de condroitina está entre 1 : 0,05 y 1 :0,5, más preferiblemente, es 1 :0,2. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, in step b) chondroitin sulfate is added in addition to the chitosan. Preferably, the amount of chondroitin sulfate added in step b) is such that the weight ratio between hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate is between 1: 0.05 and 1: 0.5, more preferably, it is 1: 0.2.

En otra realización preferida, en la etapa c) la cantidad de diisocianato añadida es tal que la relación molar entre el diisocianato y los grupos -NH2 del quitosano está entre 3:1 y 7:1 , más preferiblemente es 5: 1. Preferiblemente, la agitación que se lleva a cabo en la etapa c) se realiza mediante un dispositivo homogeinizador de alta potencia (como UltraTurrax®) a 10000-20000 rpm, más preferiblemente a 15000 rpm. La agitación mediante un dispositivo de alta potencia se realiza preferiblemente entre 0,5 y 2 min, más preferiblemente durante 1 min. In another preferred embodiment, in step c) the amount of diisocyanate added is such that the molar ratio between the diisocyanate and the -NH 2 groups of the chitosan is between 3: 1 and 7: 1, more preferably 5: 1. Preferably, the stirring which is carried out in step c) is carried out by means of a high power homogenizer device (such as UltraTurrax®) at 10000-20000 rpm, more preferably at 15000 rpm. The stirring by a high power device is preferably carried out between 0.5 and 2 min, more preferably for 1 min.

En una realización preferida, el diisocianato es seleccionado de la lista que comprende hexametilen diisocianato, tetraetilen diisocianato y diisocianato de lisina; más preferiblemente el diisocianato es diisocianato de lisina. In a preferred embodiment, the diisocyanate is selected from the list comprising hexamethylene diisocyanate, tetraethylene diisocyanate and lysine diisocyanate; more preferably the diisocyanate is lysine diisocyanate.

Preferiblemente, la etapa d) se lleva a cabo a 37°C. Preferably, step d) is carried out at 37 ° C.

En una realización preferida de la invención, el hidrogel obtenido en la etapa d) se lava con agua destilada y se seca por liofilización, de manera que se obtiene una membrana porosa seca. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the hydrogel obtained in step d) is washed with distilled water and dried by lyophilization, so that a dry porous membrane is obtained.

Otro aspecto de la invención se refiere al uso del hidrogel para la fabricación de un dispositivo de uso médico. En una realización preferida el dispositivo de uso médico es para la regeneración del tejido óseo o cartilaginoso, tal como una membrana porosa, injerto o un aposito. Another aspect of the invention relates to the use of the hydrogel for the manufacture of a device for medical use. In a preferred embodiment the device for medical use is for the regeneration of bone or cartilage tissue, such as a porous membrane, graft or a dressing.

A lo largo de la descripción y las reivindicaciones la palabra "comprende" y sus variantes no pretenden excluir otras características técnicas, aditivos, componentes o pasos. Para los expertos en la materia, otros objetos, ventajas y características de la invención se desprenderán en parte de la descripción y en parte de la práctica de la invención. Los siguientes ejemplos y figuras se proporcionan a modo de ilustración, y no se pretende que sean limitativos de la presente invención. Throughout the description and the claims the word "comprises" and its variants do not intend to exclude other technical characteristics, additives, components or steps. For those skilled in the art, other objects, advantages and characteristics of the invention will emerge partly from the description and partly from the practice of the invention. The following examples and figures are provided by way of illustration, and are not intended to be limiting of the present invention.

BREVE DESCRIPCIÓN DE LAS FIGURAS BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 : Muestra imágenes de microscopía óptica de membranas preparadas según la presente invención con diferente tipo de agitación: A) agitación mágnética; B) agitación mediante UltraTurrax® y C) agitación mediante UltraTurrax® a mayor aumento. FIG. 1: Shows optical microscopy images of membranes prepared according to the present invention with different type of agitation: A) Magnetic stirring; B) Agitation by UltraTurrax® and C) Agitation by UltraTurrax® at higher magnification.

FIG. 2: Muestra imágenes de microscopía óptica de membranas preparadas según la presente invención con diferentes proporciones LDI/NH2 (mol/mol): A) 3: 1 ; B) 5: 1 y C) FIG. 3: Gráfica que muestra el hinchamiento en función del tiempo de membranas entrecruzadas con LDI (LDI/NH2 5:1) con relaciones quitosano (Q):ácido hialurónico(HA) 1 :1 y 1 :0,75 respectivamente y membranas entrecruzadas con dextranos con relaciones Q:HA 1 : 1 y 1 :0,75 respectivamente. FIG. 2: Shows optical microscopy images of membranes prepared according to the present invention with different proportions LDI / NH 2 (mol / mol): A) 3: 1; B) 5: 1 and C) FIG. 3: Graph showing the swelling as a function of the time of membranes crosslinked with LDI (LDI / NH 2 5: 1) with chitosan (Q) ratios: hyaluronic acid (HA) 1: 1 and 1: 0.75 respectively and cross-linked membranes with dextrans with Q ratios: HA 1: 1 and 1: 0.75 respectively.

FIG 4: Gráfica que muestra la citotoxicidad de las membranas con el tiempo A) membranas entrecruzadas con dextranos; B) membranas entrecruzadas con LDI según la presente invención. FIG 4: Graph showing the cytotoxicity of the membranes with time A) membranes crosslinked with dextrans; B) membranes crosslinked with LDI according to the present invention.

FIG 5: Gráfica que muestra la pérdida en peso de las membranas de la presente invención con y sin sulfato de condroitina (SC) en función del tiempo. FIG 6: A) muestra gráfico de HPLC del ácido hialurónico (HA) y del sulfato de condroitina (SC); B) muestra gráfico de HPLC de los productos de degradación de los geles con el tiempo. FIG 5: Graph showing the weight loss of the membranes of the present invention with and without chondroitin sulfate (SC) as a function of time. FIG 6: A) HPLC graphic sample of hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (SC); B) shows HPLC graph of the degradation products of the gels over time.

FIG 7: Gráficas que muestran la carga máxima necesaria para la separación del hidrogel y del hueso en cuatro situaciones diferentes: hueso en contacto con el hidrogel hidratado, hueso en contacto con el hidrogel hidratado y añadiendo pegamento de fibrina, hueso perforado en contacto con el hidrogel hidratado y pegamento de fibrina y hueso perforado en contacto con el hidrogel hidratado y sangre humana: A) para el hidrogel preparado con SC (Q:HA: SC 1 : 1 :0,2 en peso); B) para el hidrogel preparado sin SC (Q:HA 1 :1 en peso). FIG 7: Graphs showing the maximum load required for the separation of the hydrogel and bone in four different situations: bone in contact with the hydrated hydrogel, bone in contact with the hydrated hydrogel and adding fibrin glue, perforated bone in contact with the hydrated hydrogel and fibrin glue and perforated bone in contact with the hydrated hydrogel and human blood: A) for the hydrogel prepared with SC (Q: HA: SC 1: 1: 0.2 by weight); B) for the hydrogel prepared without SC (Q: HA 1: 1 by weight).

FIG 8: Gráfica que muestra la fluorescencia obtenida en el ensayo alamar blue de adhesión celular a diferentes tiempos para las membranas preparadas según el procedimiento de la invención: Q:HA:SC 1 : 1 :0,2 en peso y Q: HA 1 : 1 en peso. FIG 8: Graph showing the fluorescence obtained in the alamar blue cell adhesion test at different times for the membranes prepared according to the method of the invention: Q: HA: SC 1: 1: 0.2 by weight and Q: HA 1 : 1 in weight.

FIG. 9: Gráfica que muestra las propiedades reológicas de las muestras para las membranas preparadas según el procedimiento de la invención: Q:HA:SC 1 :1 :0,2 en peso y Q: HA 1 : 1 en peso. FIG. 10: Fotografía que muestra el hinchamiento de las membranas porosas de Q/HA con LDI para distintas relaciones en peso HA:Q :A) 1 :1 ; B) 1 :0.75 y C) 1 :0.5. FIG. 9: Graph showing the rheological properties of the samples for the membranes prepared according to the process of the invention: Q: HA: SC 1: 1: 0.2 by weight and Q: HA 1: 1 by weight. FIG. 10: Photograph showing the swelling of the porous membranes of Q / HA with LDI for different weight ratios HA: Q: A) 1: 1; B) 1: 0.75 and C) 1: 0.5.

EJEMPLOS EXAMPLES

A continuación se ilustrará la invención mediante unos ensayos realizados por los inventores, que pone de manifiesto la efectividad del producto de la invención. The invention will now be illustrated by means of tests carried out by the inventors, which highlights the effectiveness of the product of the invention.

Ejemplo 1 : Preparación de membranas porosas Example 1: Preparation of porous membranes

Para la preparación de membranas porosas se ha utilizado la reacción de entrecruzamiento entre el quitosano (Q) y ácido hialurónico (HA) utilizando diisocianato de lisina (LDI) como agente de entrecruzamiento. Para ello, se disolvió la correspondiente cantidad de ácido hialurónico a 37°C en 4 mL una disolución acuosa de Pluronic® F127 al 1 % en peso y ácido acético (4μί). Después de la disolución completa del ácido hialurónico, se añadió quitosano y, opcionalmente, sulfato de condroitina. Con el fin de ayudar a la completa solubilidad del componente, se agregaron unas gotas (0,5 mL aprox) de ácido clorhídrico (1 N). Esta solución se dejó bajo agitación lenta para evitar la formación de burbujas y a 37° C durante al menos de 2 horas. La solución obtenida se trasladó a un pequeño vaso de precipitados y se añadió LDI, inmediatamente la solución fue dispersada con un UltraTurrax® a 15000 rpm por 1 minuto o bien con agitación magnética durante 1 min. La dispersión final fue trasladada a molde de Teflon con la geometría deseada y agitada suavemente para eliminar las burbujas grandes. Se dejó que el gel reticulara a 37°C en una cámara cerrada al menos durante 3 horas. Después de este tiempo, el gel se lavó con agua destilada y se secó por liofilización, obteniendo así una membrana porosa seca. En la Tabla 1 se muestran los experimentos realizados variando la concentración de quitosano (Q) y el modo de agitación una vez añadido el LDI con relación en peso HA:Q es 1 :1. For the preparation of porous membranes, the crosslinking reaction between chitosan (Q) and hyaluronic acid (HA) was used using lysine diisocyanate (LDI) as a crosslinking agent. For this, the corresponding amount of hyaluronic acid was dissolved at 37 ° C in 4 mL an aqueous solution of Pluronic® F127 at 1% by weight and acetic acid (4μί). After complete dissolution of the hyaluronic acid, chitosan and, optionally, chondroitin sulfate were added. In order to help the complete solubility of the component, a few drops (approx. 0.5 mL) of hydrochloric acid (1 N) were added. This solution was left under slow stirring to avoid bubble formation and at 37 ° C for at least 2 hours. The solution obtained was transferred to a small beaker and LDI was added, immediately the solution was dispersed with an UltraTurrax® at 15000 rpm for 1 minute or with magnetic stirring for 1 min. The final dispersion was transferred to a Teflon mold with the desired geometry and gently stirred to eliminate large bubbles. The gel was allowed to crosslink at 37 ° C in a closed chamber for at least 3 hours. After this time, the gel was washed with distilled water and dried by lyophilization, thus obtaining a dry porous membrane. Table 1 shows the experiments performed varying the concentration of chitosan (Q) and the mode of agitation once the LDI is added with weight ratio HA: Q is 1: 1.

Tabla 1. Condiciones utilizadas en la preparación de membranas porosas de Q/HA con LDI variando agitación y concentración de quitosano; relación en peso HA:Q es 1 : 1 : mg/mL Q. Table 1. Conditions used in the preparation of porous membranes of Q / HA with LDI varying agitation and concentration of chitosan; Weight ratio HA: Q is 1: 1: mg / mL Q.

Relación  Relationship

Medio de en la V Observaciones de la membrana  Medium in V Observations of the membrane

Agitación LDI/NH2 Agitation LDI / NH 2

reacción mezcla de (ml_) en seco  reaction mixture of (ml_) dry

(mol/mol)  (mol / mol)

reacción  reaction

10 Magnética 3 5:1 Membrana frágil y grandes poros  10 Magnetic 3 5: 1 Fragile membrane and large pores

Membrana frágil, pequeños poros Fragile membrane, small pores

Agua + 1 % 20 Magnética 3 5:1 Water + 1% 20 Magnetic 3 5: 1

dispersos  scattered

Pluronic F127  Pluronic F127

Membrana gruesa con poros (4ml_) 30 Magnética 3 5:1  Thick membrane with pores (4ml_) 30 Magnetic 3 5: 1

pequeños y dispersos small and scattered

UltraTurrax Membrana con poro fino yUltraTurrax Membrane with fine pore and

20 3 5:1 20 3 5: 1

(UT) homogéneo  (UT) homogeneous

Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron utilizando 20 mg/mL de quitosano, tanto con agitación magnética como con el UltraTurrax ®. En la figura 1A se observa la membrana preparada mediante agitación magnética, los poros tienen una gran dispersión de tamaños (entre 10 y 300 mieras de diámetro) y parecen no estar conectados entre ellos. La segunda imagen (B) muestra la membrana preparada median agitación con el UltraTurrax®, el tamaño de poro es mucho más homogéneo (entre 50 y 130 mieras). Además, en este caso, como se observa en la tercera imagen (C), hay evidencia de interconexión entre poros. The best results were obtained using 20 mg / mL of chitosan, both with magnetic stirring and with UltraTurrax ®. In Figure 1A the membrane prepared by magnetic stirring is observed, the pores have a large dispersion of sizes (between 10 and 300 microns in diameter) and appear not to be connected to each other. The second image (B) shows the membrane prepared by agitation with UltraTurrax®, the pore size is much more homogeneous (between 50 and 130 microns). In addition, in this case, as seen in the third image (C), there is evidence of interconnection between pores.

Tabla 2. Condiciones utilizadas en la preparación de membranas porosas de Q/HA con LDI variando relación molar LDI/-NH2 para una misma concentración de quitosano (Q) en la mezcla de reacción y agitación mediante UltraTurrax ® (UT); relación en peso HA:Q es 1 : 1. Table 2. Conditions used in the preparation of porous membranes of Q / HA with LDI varying molar ratio LDI / -NH 2 for the same concentration of chitosan (Q) in the reaction mixture and agitation by UltraTurrax ® (UT); Weight ratio HA: Q is 1: 1.

Figure imgf000010_0001
Las membranas A y B se pudieron cortar sin problema con una troqueladora de 1 ,2 cm de diámetro. Estos discos se sumergieron en tampón fosfato durante una hora comprobándose como la composición con un menor grado de entrecruzamiento (A) ofrecía un mayor hinchamiento de la membrana. Aunque la composición con menor grado de entrecruzamiento (A) ofrece un mejor comportamiento de hinchamiento, la composición con un grado de entrecruzamiento mayor (B) ofrece una mejor distribución de tamaño de poro (150±50 mieras de diámetro), tal y como puede verse en la figura 2).
Figure imgf000010_0001
Membranes A and B could be cut without problems with a 1.2 cm diameter die cutter. These discs were immersed in phosphate buffer for one hour, checking that the composition with a lower degree of crosslinking (A) offered a greater swelling of the membrane. Although the composition with lower degree of cross-linking (A) offers a better swelling behavior, the composition with a higher degree of cross-linking (B) offers a better pore size distribution (150 ± 50 microns in diameter), as can be seen in figure 2 ).

Tabla 3. Condiciones utilizadas en la preparación de membranas porosas de Q/HA con LDI para distintas relaciones en peso HA:Q (Agitación UT). Table 3. Conditions used in the preparation of porous membranes of Q / HA with LDI for different ratios in weight HA: Q (Agitation UT).

Figure imgf000011_0001
Figure imgf000011_0001

Para comprobar el hinchamiento de estas membranas, se troquelaron discos de 1 ,2 cm de diámetro y se introdujeron en tampón fosfato (PBS) a 37°C durante tres días, observándose como la membrana C es la que sufre un mayor grado de hinchamiento siendo estables las tres membranas y no observándose degradación alguna (véase figura 10). To check the swelling of these membranes, disks of 1, 2 cm in diameter were punched and introduced in phosphate buffer (PBS) at 37 ° C for three days, observing how the membrane C is the one that suffers a greater degree of swelling being The three membranes were stable and no degradation was observed (see figure 10).

En principio, la rigidez no afecta mucho a las propiedades finales, por lo que lo más deseable es que la membrana no se hinche mucho, ya que, una vez implantada, un exceso de hinchamiento puede hacer que se salga de su lugar. En la siguiente tabla (Tabla 4) se muestran las condiciones utilizadas en la preparación de membranas porosas de Q y HA con LDI cargadas con sulfato de condroitina (SC), compuesto que favorece la regeneración del cartílago.  In principle, the rigidity does not affect much the final properties, so the most desirable thing is that the membrane does not swell much, since, once implanted, an excess of swelling can cause it to slip out of its place. The following table (Table 4) shows the conditions used in the preparation of porous membranes of Q and HA with ILD loaded with chondroitin sulfate (SC), a compound that promotes the regeneration of cartilage.

Tabla 4. Condiciones utilizadas en la preparación de membranas porosas de Q/HA con LDI cargadas con sulfato de condroitina (SC) (agitación UT) mg/mL Q. en la Relación Table 4. Conditions used in the preparation of porous Q / HA membranes with LDI loaded with chondroitin sulfate (SC) (UT agitation) mg / mL Q. in the Relationship

Medio de Relación Relación  Medium Relationship Relationship

mezcla de LDI/NH2 mixture of LDI / NH 2

reacción Q/HA (p/p) HA/SC (p/p)  reaction Q / HA (w / w) HA / SC (w / w)

reacción (mol/mol)  reaction (mol / mol)

Agua + 1 % 1 :1  Water + 1% 1: 1

Pluronic F127  Pluronic F127

20 1 :0,2 5:1 5 20 1: 0.2 5: 1 5

(4 ml_) 1 :0,75  (4 ml_) 1: 0.75

Ejemplo 2: Estudio del grado de hinchamiento de las membranas a 37°C en PBS Example 2: Study of the degree of swelling of the membranes at 37 ° C in PBS

Las membranas A y B de la Tabla 3 se sumergieron en tampón PBS pH: 7,4 y 37 °C con el objetivo de estudiar el nivel de hinchamiento (véase figura 3). Membranes A and B of Table 3 were immersed in PBS buffer pH: 7.4 and 37 ° C in order to study the level of swelling (see Figure 3).

Se comparó el hinchamiento con el de las membranas no porosas entrecruzadas con dextranos (son membranas ya descritas y conocidas en el estado de la técnica).  The swelling was compared with that of the non-porous membranes crosslinked with dextrans (they are membranes already described and known in the state of the art).

Estas membranas entrecruzadas con dextranos se prepararon de la siguiente manera: Se disolvió la correspondiente cantidad de ácido hialurónico y dextrano oxidado a 37°C en 2 ml_ de una disolución acuosa de Tampón fosfato 0.025M pH=7.4. Por otra parte, se disolvió la correspondiente cantidad de quitosano a 37°C en 2 ml_ de una disolución acuosa con ácido acético (4μΙ_) y, opcionalmente, sulfato de condroitina. Después de la disolución completa de ambos compuestos se mezclaron las dos disoluciones y se dejaron bajo agitación lenta para evitar la formación de burbujas y a 37°C durante al menos de 15 min. Pasado este tiempo la solución fue dispersada con un UltraTurrax® a 15000 rpm por 1 minuto y fue trasladada a un molde de Teflón con la geometría deseada.  These membranes crosslinked with dextrans were prepared in the following manner: The corresponding amount of oxidized hyaluronic acid and dextran was dissolved at 37 ° C in 2 ml of an aqueous solution of 0.025M phosphate buffer pH = 7.4. On the other hand, the corresponding amount of chitosan at 37 ° C was dissolved in 2 ml_ of an aqueous solution with acetic acid (4μΙ_) and, optionally, chondroitin sulfate. After the complete dissolution of both compounds, the two solutions were mixed and left under slow stirring to avoid bubble formation and at 37 ° C for at least 15 min. After this time the solution was dispersed with an UltraTurrax® at 15000 rpm for 1 minute and was transferred to a Teflon mold with the desired geometry.

Se observa cómo las membranas porosas sintetizadas con LDI tienen un hinchamiento superior a las membranas no porosas entrecruzadas con dextranos. (Dentro de cada tipo de membranas la composición con mayor cantidad de ácido hialurónico presenta un mayor grado de hinchamiento. Todas las membranas alcanzan el equilibrio pasadas unas horas. It is observed how the porous membranes synthesized with LDI have a swelling superior to the non-porous membranes criss-crossed with dextrans. (Within each type of membranes, the composition with the highest amount of hyaluronic acid has a higher degree of swelling.) All the membranes reach equilibrium after a few hours.

Ejemplo 3: Ensayos de citotoxicidad de las membranas (Ensayo MTT) El ensayo de citotoxicidad fue realizado en fibroblastos de piel humanos (HFB, Innoprot). Para la obtención de los extractos, se introducen trozos de membrana (HA:Q:CS 1.1 :0,2 y 1 :0,75:0,2) en 5 mi de medio de cultivo a 37±1°C, en un baño termostatizado con agitación. El medio de cultivo que contiene los extractos solubles de los materiales, fue obtenido después de 1 día de incubación y reemplazado por medio fresco. Este procedimiento fue repetido a los 2, 7, 14 y 21 días después del comienzo del experimento y en condiciones idénticas. Todos los extractos fueron obtenidos bajo condiciones estériles y congelados a -18°C. Example 3: Membrane cytotoxicity assays (MTT assay) The cytotoxicity assay was performed on human skin fibroblasts (HFB, Innoprot). To obtain the extracts, membrane pieces (HA: Q: CS 1.1: 0.2 and 1: 0.75: 0.2) were introduced into 5 ml of culture medium at 37 ± 1 ° C, in a thermostatic bath with agitation. The culture medium containing the soluble extracts of the materials was obtained after 1 day of incubation and replaced by fresh medium. This procedure was repeated at 2, 7, 14 and 21 days after the start of the experiment and under identical conditions. All extracts were obtained under sterile conditions and frozen at -18 ° C.

Las células fueron sembradas en placa de 96 pocilios con una densidad de 1 1 x 104 células/ml e incubadas durante 24 horas a 37±1°C. Transcurrido este tiempo, el medio de cultivo fue eliminado y reemplazado con 100ml/pocillo de los extractos solubles de cada material, el THX (control), y a cada día de extracción. En todos los casos, el número de réplicas fue de 16. Las placas fueron incubadas a 37±1°C, durante 24 horas. Posteriormente, se eliminaron los extractos y se añadió 100 μΙ/pocillo de Bromuro de [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol - 2 -yl) - 2,5 - diphenyltetrazol (MTT) (0,5 mg/mL) y se incubaron las placas a 37°C durante 3 horas y 30 minutos. Como blanco, se utilizó una réplica sin células sembradas ni adición de extractos. Se eliminó el MTT y se añadieron 100ml/pocillo de DMSO que disuelve los cristales violetas de formazán, formados por células viables. La densidad óptica (D.O.) fue medida con un lector de placas Biotek ELX808IU, usando una longitud de onda de 570 nm Los valores de densidad óptica (D.O.) fueron corregidos teniendo en cuenta la media de absorbancia del blanco. The cells were seeded in 96-well plates with a density of 1 1 x 10 4 cells / ml and incubated for 24 hours at 37 ± 1 ° C. After this time, the culture medium was eliminated and replaced with 100ml / well of the soluble extracts of each material, the THX (control), and each day of extraction. In all cases, the number of replicates was 16. The plates were incubated at 37 ± 1 ° C, for 24 hours. Subsequently, the extracts were removed and 100 μΙ / well of Bromide of [3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyltetrazole (MTT) (0.5 mg / mL) was added and incubated the plates at 37 ° C for 3 hours and 30 minutes. As a blank, a replica without cells seeded or addition of extracts was used. The MTT was removed and 100ml / well of DMSO was added which dissolves the violet formazan crystals, formed by viable cells. The optical density (OD) was measured with a Biotek ELX808IU plate reader, using a wavelength of 570 nm. The optical density (OD) values were corrected taking into account the mean absorbance of the target.

En la figura 4 se observa que en las membranas entrecruzadas con dextranos (Figura 4A) en el primer día existe una disminución considerable de la viabilidad celular, esto se puede deber a la presencia de dextranos no entrecruzados que se liberan al medio en las primeras horas, afectando a la viabilidad celular. Posteriormente, la viabilidad celular se recupera indicando que la liberación de productos tóxicos solo tiene lugar durante las primeras horas. Figure 4 shows that in the membranes crosslinked with dextrans (Figure 4A) on the first day there is a considerable decrease in cell viability, this may be due to the presence of non-crosslinked dextrans that are released into the medium in the first hours , affecting cell viability. Subsequently, the cell viability is recovered indicating that the release of toxic products only takes place during the first hours.

En el caso de las membranas entrecruzadas con LDI (figura 4B) se observa un ligero descenso en la viabilidad celular, no siendo inferior al 80%, por lo que estas membranas no resultan toxicas para las células. Ejemplo 4: Estudio de degradación de las membranas El estudio de degradación de las membranas (con y sin SC con proporción en peso Q/HA 1 :1) se ha realizado sumergiendo las membranas en PBS a 37°C durante determinados periodos de tiempo. Una vez transcurridos estos periodos las muestras se han lavado con agua destilada para eliminar los restos de sales y se han liofilizado para obtener el peso final de la muestra. De esta forma se puede determinar la pérdida de peso de la muestra con el tiempo. In the case of the membranes cross-linked with LDI (Figure 4B) a slight decrease in cell viability is observed, not being less than 80%, so that these membranes are not toxic for the cells. Example 4: Membrane degradation study The degradation study of the membranes (with and without SC with a weight ratio Q / HA 1: 1) was carried out by immersing the membranes in PBS at 37 ° C for certain periods of time. Once these periods have elapsed, the samples have been washed with distilled water to eliminate the remains of salts and have been lyophilized to obtain the final weight of the sample. In this way you can determine the weight loss of the sample over time.

Como se observa en la figura 5, hay una pérdida de peso inicial de aproximadamente el 30% en las membranas de HA:Q (1 : 1) (sin SC) y de un 25% en las membranas de HA:Q:SC (1 : 1 :0.2) (con SC). Esta pérdida de peso inicial se debe principalmente a la liberación de cadenas de HA que no han sido integradas dentro de la estructura química del hidrogel, por lo que tendremos una liberación de HA inicial. As seen in Figure 5, there is an initial weight loss of approximately 30% in HA membranes: Q (1: 1) (without SC) and 25% in HA membranes: Q: SC ( 1: 1: 0.2) (with SC). This initial weight loss is mainly due to the release of HA chains that have not been integrated into the chemical structure of the hydrogel, so we will have an initial HA release.

En el caso de las membranas de HA:Q:SC, la pérdida de peso es menor y posteriormente se observa que hay una evolución con el tiempo. Esto puede ser debido a la incorporación del SC que hace que el porcentaje inicial de HA libre sea menor. In the case of the membranes of HA: Q: SC, the weight loss is smaller and later it is observed that there is an evolution with time. This may be due to the incorporation of the SC that makes the initial percentage of free HA less.

Se analizaron los extractos de las liberaciones a diferentes tiempos mediante HPLC con el objetivo de identificar los compuestos que se estaban liberando. Como se observa en la figura 6 se puede distinguir entre HA y SC por su tiempo de elución.The extracts of the releases at different times were analyzed by HPLC in order to identify the compounds that were being released. As seen in figure 6, it is possible to distinguish between HA and SC due to their elution time.

En la segunda gráfica (6B) se observa cómo en los extractos obtenidos durante los primeros días hay presencia de HA y SC además de una serie de picos a tiempos de elución mayores correspondientes a productos de bajo peso molecular como podrían ser cadenas de ácido hialurónico o quitosano que se hayan degradado. A partir del día 5 ya no se observa la presencia de sulfato de condroitina, por lo que se supone que la práctica totalidad de esta se libera durante los primeros días, además las señales correspondientes a compuestos de bajo peso molecular van desapareciendo con el tiempo. Ejemplo 5: Medidas de adhesión de los hidrogeles HA:Q:SC (1 :1 :0,33 en peso) In the second graph (6B) it is observed how in the extracts obtained during the first days there is presence of HA and SC in addition to a series of peaks at higher elution times corresponding to low molecular weight products such as hyaluronic acid chains or chitosan that have degraded. From day 5 the presence of chondroitin sulfate is no longer observed, so it is assumed that practically all of this is released during the first days, in addition the signals corresponding to low molecular weight compounds disappear with time. Example 5: Adhesion measurements of HA hydrogels: Q: SC (1: 1: 0.33 by weight)

Se han realizado medidas de adhesión de los geles sobre hueso en distintas condiciones. El hueso utilizado para realizar los ensayos ha sido la parte plana de la quilla de gallina. Adhesion measures of the gels on bone have been carried out in different conditions. The bone used to perform the tests has been the flat part of the hen keel.

Para la realización de las medidas los huesos se han recortado con el objetivo de obtener la parte más plana del hueso y obtener la mayor superficie de contacto con el hidrogel. To carry out the measurements, the bones have been cut with the aim of get the flattest part of the bone and get the largest contact surface with the hydrogel.

Las medidas se han realizado en un equipo Instron equipado con una célula de medida de 50 N en la que se ha acoplado el sistema hueso-membrana hidrogel mediante la fijación de unos soportes metálicos con cianoacrilato y una tracción de 5 mm/min. The measurements were made on an Instron equipment equipped with a 50 N measuring cell in which the bone-hydrogel membrane system was attached by fixing metal supports with cyanoacrylate and a tension of 5 mm / min.

Las medidas se han realizado de dos formas distintas: The measurements have been made in two different ways:

1 - Resistencia al desplazamiento en forma de deslizamiento o cizalla. 1 - Resistance to displacement in the form of sliding or shearing.

2 - La resistencia a la fuerza de bioadhesión. Ambos en tres situaciones diferentes: 2 - The resistance to the bioadhesion force. Both in three different situations:

• Hueso en contacto con el hidrogel hidratado • Bone in contact with hydrated hydrogel

• Hueso en contacto con el hidrogel hidratado y añadiendo pegamento de fibrina • Bone in contact with the hydrated hydrogel and adding fibrin glue

• Hueso perforado en contacto con el hidrogel hidratado y pegamento de fibrina · Hueso perforado en contacto con el hidrogel hidratado y sangre humana • Perforated bone in contact with hydrated hydrogel and fibrin glue • Perforated bone in contact with hydrated hydrogel and human blood

La figura 7 muestra los resultados promedio obtenidos de seis medidas en cada uno de los casos anteriores. Figure 7 shows the average results obtained from six measurements in each of the previous cases.

La fuerza necesaria para la separación del hidrogel hidratado en el caso en el que este puesto directamente en el hueso es muy baja (0,3 N). Esta fuerza se puede mejorar mediante la adición de pegamento de fibrina a la interfaz («1 N) o haciendo agujeros en el hueso (>1 N en cizalla y 3,7-8 N en adhesión). The force required for the separation of the hydrated hydrogel in the case where it is placed directly on the bone is very low (0.3 N). This force can be improved by adding fibrin glue to the interface ( « 1 N) or by making holes in the bone (> 1 N in shear and 3,7-8 N in adhesion).

El mejor de los resultados se obtiene cuando se utiliza sangre en la interfaz y se deja coagular. Se ha elegido este sistema por su similitud con los tratamientos actuales consistentes en realizar perforaciones en el hueso para que sangre y forme un coagulo rico en factores de crecimiento. Utilizando este sistema se consiguen fuerzas superiores a los 25 N en adhesión. The best results are obtained when blood is used at the interface and allowed to clot. This system has been chosen because of its similarity to the current treatments consisting of perforations in the bone to blood and form a clot rich in growth factors. Using this system, forces greater than 25 N in adhesion are achieved.

Un aspecto muy destacable es que a pesar de que las membranas se aplican hidratadas para poder manipularlas y adaptarlas a la superficie del hueso, presentan una elevada capacidad de adsorción de líquidos o de sangre, de tal forma que prácticamente toda la sangre que se ha depositado inicialmente en el hueso es materialmente adsorbida por la membrana de hidrogel.  A very remarkable aspect is that although the membranes are applied hydrated to be able to manipulate them and adapt them to the surface of the bone, they have a high capacity of adsorption of liquids or blood, in such a way that practically all the blood that has been deposited initially in the bone it is materially adsorbed by the hydrogel membrane.

La fuerza necesaria para la separación del hidrogel y del hueso en el caso de adhesión con sangre en ocasiones fue superior a la estabilidad del hidrogel, por lo que el hidrogel fallo antes de separarse del hueso The force required for the separation of the hydrogel and bone in the case of adhesion with blood was sometimes greater than the stability of the hydrogel, so that the hydrogel failed before separating from the bone

Dado que el hueso de gallina es bastante poroso, los resultados se pueden extrapolar a las condiciones humanas. Ejemplo 6: Ensayos de adhesión celular (Ensayo Alamar Blue)  Since chicken bone is quite porous, the results can be extrapolated to human conditions. Example 6: Cell adhesion assays (Alamar Blue Assay)

Las membranas preparadas (HA:Q: 1 :1 en peso y HA:Q:SC 1 :1 :0,33 en peso) se colocaron en placas de 24 pocilios y se esterilizaron mediante ciclos de congelación. Sobre las membranas se sembraron Fibroblastos de piel humana con una densidad de 14 x 104 células/mL. Tras la incubación a 37±1°C, y 5% C02 durante 1 , 7 y 14 días, se eliminó el medio de los pocilios y se añadió una solución de Alamar Blue. Las placas fueron incubadas a 37±1°C durante 1 hora, tiempo suficiente para que el reactivo sea metabolizado por las células presentes en la superficie y nos dé una medida indirecta de la adhesión celular a los hidrogeles. De cada pocilio fueron tomadas alícuotas de 100 L y medidas en un lector de placas. The membranes prepared (HA: Q: 1: 1 by weight and HA: Q: SC 1: 1: 0.33 by weight) were placed in 24-well plates and sterilized by freezing cycles. On the membranes, human skin fibroblasts with a density of 14 x 10 4 cells / mL were seeded. After incubation at 37 ± 1 ° C, and 5% C02 for 1, 7 and 14 days, the medium was removed from the wells and a solution of Alamar Blue was added. The plates were incubated at 37 ± 1 ° C for 1 hour, enough time for the reagent to be metabolized by the cells present on the surface and give an indirect measure of cell adhesion to the hydrogels. Aliquots of 100 L were taken from each well and measured in a plate reader.

En ambas muestras tenemos una buena adhesión celular y el número de células va creciendo con el tiempo (véase figura 8). Destaca que esta evolución es mucho más pronunciada en el caso de los hidrogeles sin SC. In both samples we have good cell adhesion and the number of cells grows with time (see figure 8). He emphasizes that this evolution is much more pronounced in the case of hydrogels without SC.

Ejemplo 7: Propiedades mecánicas de los hidrogeles Example 7: Mechanical properties of hydrogels

La determinación de las propiedades mecánicas se llevó a cabo en un reómetro oscilatorio de esfuerzo controlado de TA Instruments modelo ARG2, utilizando una geometría de platos paralelos. Las muestras se midieron utilizando un plato superior de acero de 20 mm de diámetro. Se realizaron ensayos dinamomecánicos, fijando el porcentaje de deformación en un 2% y manteniendo la fuerza normal inicial constante para todas las muestras. De esta forma se obtuvieron las propiedades viscoelásticas de los hidrogeles, definidas a partir de su módulo de almacenamiento (C) y su módulo de pérdidas (G"). The determination of the mechanical properties was carried out in a controlled stress oscillatory rheometer of TA Instruments model ARG2, using a geometry of parallel plates. The samples were measured using a 20 mm diameter steel top plate. Dynamomechanical tests were carried out, fixing the percentage of deformation by 2% and maintaining the initial normal strength constant for all the samples. In this way, the viscoelastic properties of the hydrogels were obtained, defined from their storage module (C) and their loss modulus (G ").

Los barridos de deformación se llevaron a cabo para determinar el rango de viscoelasticidad lineal del sistema. Este rango se define como el rango en el que el hidrogel cumple la ley de elasticidad de Hooke (o = G γ, siendo o el esfuerzo aplicado, G el módulo de relajación y γ la deformación que sufre el material), y es el rango en el que el sistema presenta un comportamiento visco elástico. El barrido de deformación se realizó entre 1x10"3 y 1000 por ciento de deformación, fijando la frecuencia y la temperatura a 0.5 Hz y 25°C respectivamente. El barrido de frecuencia se realizó con un 2% deformación entre 0,01 y 20 Hz a 25°C como se observa en la siguiente figura. La diferencia entre los valores de G' y G" es mayor del 25% lo que nos indica que los geles se encuentran entrecruzados químicamente. Valores menores del 25% indicarían que el entrecruzamiento es de tipo físico. Comparando ambos geles, observamos que los valores de los módulos de carga y perdida son inferiores en el caso de los geles con sulfato de condroitina (HA:Q:SC) lo que indica que estos geles van a ser menos estables mecánicamente, esto también se observa en la gráfica de dureza, en donde se aprecia que los geles HA:Q:SC alcanzan antes el punto de rotura (véase figura 9). Si tomamos los valores del módulo elástico en el rango en donde los geles son estables obtenemos los siguientes valores: The deformation scans were carried out to determine the range of linear viscoelasticity of the system. This range is defined as the range in which the hydrogel complies with Hooke's law of elasticity (o = G γ, being or the applied stress, G the relaxation modulus and γ the deformation suffered by the material), and is the range in which the system presents a viscoelastic behavior. The deformation sweep was performed between 1x10 "3 and 1000 percent of deformation, setting the frequency and temperature to 0.5 Hz and 25 ° C respectively.The frequency sweep was performed with 2% deformation between 0.01 and 20 Hz At 25 ° C, as shown in the following figure, the difference between the values of G 'and G "is greater than 25%, which indicates that the gels are chemically crosslinked. Values less than 25% would indicate that the crossing is physical. Comparing both gels, we observed that the values of the load and loss modules are lower in the case of the gels with chondroitin sulfate (HA: Q: SC) which indicates that these gels are going to be less mechanically stable, this is also observe in the hardness graph, where it can be seen that the HA: Q: SC gels reach the breaking point before (see figure 9). If we take the values of the elastic modulus in the range where the gels are stable, we obtain the following values:

Q:HA = 5,48 ± 1 ,05 KPa  Q: HA = 5.48 ± 1, 05 KPa

Q:HA:SC = 2,13 ± 1 ,38 KPa  Q: HA: SC = 2.13 ± 1.38 KPa

Claims

REIVINDICACIONES 1. Hidrogel biocompatible caracterizado por comprender ácido hialurónico y quitosano entrecruzados con al menos un agente de entrecruzamiento, donde el agente de entrecruzamiento es un diisocianato. 1. Biocompatible hydrogel characterized by comprising hyaluronic acid and chitosan crosslinked with at least one crosslinking agent, wherein the crosslinking agent is a diisocyanate. 2. Hidrogel según reivindicación 1 donde el diisocianato es seleccionado de la lista que comprende hexametilen diisocianato, el tetraetilen diisocianato y el diisocianato de lisina. 2. Hydrogel according to claim 1 wherein the diisocyanate is selected from the list comprising hexamethylene diisocyanate, tetraethylene diisocyanate and lysine diisocyanate. 3. Hidrogel según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores caracterizado porque la relación molar entre el agente de entrecruzamiento y los grupos -NH2 del quitosano está entre 3:1 y 7: 1. Hydrogel according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the molar ratio between the crosslinking agent and the -NH 2 groups of the chitosan is between 3: 1 and 7: 1. 4. Hidrogel según reivindicación 3 caracterizado porque la relación molar entre el agente de entrecruzamiento y los grupos -NH2 del quitosano es 5: 1. 4. Hydrogel according to claim 3, characterized in that the molar ratio between the crosslinking agent and the -NH 2 groups of the chitosan is 5: 1. 5. Hidrogel según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores caracterizada porque la relación en peso entre el quitosano y el ácido hialurónico está entre 1 :0,5 y 1 : 1. Hydrogel according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the weight ratio between chitosan and hyaluronic acid is between 1: 0.5 and 1: 1. 6. Hidrogel según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores caracterizada porque la relación en peso entre el quitosano y el ácido hialurónico es 1 : 1. 6. Hydrogel according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the weight ratio between chitosan and hyaluronic acid is 1: 1. 7. Hidrogel según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores caracterizada porque comprende además sulfato de condroitina. 7. Hydrogel according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that it also comprises chondroitin sulfate. 8. Hidrogel según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones anteriores caracterizada porque la relación en peso entre el ácido hialurónico y el sulfato de condroitina es 1 :0,33. Hydrogel according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the weight ratio between hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate is 1: 0.33. 9. Procedimiento para preparar el material biocompatible descrito en las reivindicaciones anteriores caracterizado porque comprende las siguientes etapas: a) disolución de ácido hialurónico en una solución acuosa de un copolímero de polietilen-propilenglicol al 0,5-1 ,5% en peso y ácido acético, donde la proporción en volumen entre la solución acuosa del copolímero de polietilen-propilenglicol y el ácido acético está entre 1000: 10 y 1000: 1 , y donde la concentración de ácido hialurónico en la disolución es de entre 10 y 30 mg/mL, b) adición de quitosano a la disolución anterior, 9. Process for preparing the biocompatible material described in the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises the following steps: a) dissolution of hyaluronic acid in an aqueous solution of a copolymer of polyethylene-propylene glycol at 0.5-1.5% by weight and acid acetic, where the volume ratio between the aqueous solution of the polyethylene-propylene glycol copolymer and the acetic acid is between 1000: 10 and 1000: 1, and where the concentration of hyaluronic acid in the solution is between 10 and 30 mg / mL , b) addition of chitosan to the previous solution, c) adición de un diisocianato a la solución obtenida en la etapa b) seguida de agitación para obtener una dispersión,  c) adding a diisocyanate to the solution obtained in step b) followed by stirring to obtain a dispersion, d) mantenimiento de la dispersión obtenida en la etapa c) a temperatura de entre 20 y 65°C durante al menos 3 horas para permitir el entrecruzamiento, formándose así el hidrogel.  d) maintaining the dispersion obtained in step c) at a temperature between 20 and 65 ° C for at least 3 hours to allow crosslinking, thus forming the hydrogel. 10. Procedimiento según reivindicación 9 donde el copolímero de polietilen- propilenglicol es Pluronic® F127. 10. Process according to claim 9 wherein the polyethylene-propylene glycol copolymer is Pluronic® F127. 1 1. Procedimiento según reivindicación 9 o 10 donde la disolución de la etapa a) se prepara a una temperatura entre 20 y 65°C. 1. Method according to claim 9 or 10 wherein the solution of step a) is prepared at a temperature between 20 and 65 ° C. 12. Procedimiento según reivindicación 11 donde la disolución de la etapa a) se prepara a una temperatura de 37°C. 12. Method according to claim 11 wherein the solution of step a) is prepared at a temperature of 37 ° C. 13. Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 9-12 donde el copolímero de polietilen-propilenglicol está al 1 % en la solución acuosa. The process according to any of claims 9-12, wherein the polyethylene-propylene glycol copolymer is 1% in the aqueous solution. 14. Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 9-13 donde la concentración de ácido hialurónico en la disolución preparada en la etapa a) es de 20 mg/mL. The method according to any of claims 9-13 wherein the concentration of hyaluronic acid in the solution prepared in step a) is 20 mg / mL. 15. Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 9-14 donde la proporción en peso utilizada entre el quitosano y el ácido hialurónico está entre 1 :0,5 y 1 : 1. 15. Process according to any of claims 9-14 wherein the weight ratio used between the chitosan and the hyaluronic acid is between 1: 0.5 and 1: 1. 16. Procedimiento según reivindicación 15 donde la proporción en peso entre el quitosano y el ácido hialurónico es 1 : 1. 16. Process according to claim 15 wherein the weight ratio between chitosan and hyaluronic acid is 1: 1. 17. Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 9-16 donde la disolución formada en la etapa b) se mantiene bajo agitación durante al menos 2 horas previamente a la adición del diisocianato. The process according to any of claims 9-16 wherein the solution formed in step b) is kept under stirring for at least 2 hours prior to the addition of the diisocyanate. 18. Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 9-17 donde en la etapa b) se añade además HCI hasta la completa disolución de quitosano. 18. Process according to any of claims 9-17 wherein in step b) HCl is further added until the complete dissolution of chitosan. 19. Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 9-18 donde la etapa b) se lleva a cabo a una temperatura entre 20 y 65°C. 19. Process according to any of claims 9-18 wherein step b) is carried out at a temperature between 20 and 65 ° C. 20. Procedimiento según reivindicación 19 donde la etapa b) se lleva a cabo a una temperatura de 37 °C. 20. Method according to claim 19 wherein stage b) is carried out at a temperature of 37 ° C. 21. Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 9-20 donde en la etapa b) se añade, además del quitosano, sulfato de condroitina. 21. Process according to any of claims 9-20 wherein in step b) chondroitin sulfate is added in addition to the chitosan. 22. Procedimiento según reivindicación 21 donde la proporción en peso utilizada entre el ácido hialurónico y el sulfato de condroitina es 1 :0,33. 22. Process according to claim 21 wherein the proportion by weight used between hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate is 1: 0.33. 23. Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 9-22 donde la relación molar utilizada entre el diisocianato y los grupos -NH2 del quitosano está entre 3:1 y 7:1. 23. Process according to any of claims 9-22 wherein the molar ratio used between the diisocyanate and the -NH2 groups of the chitosan is between 3: 1 and 7: 1. 24. Procedimiento según reivindicación 23 donde la relación molar utilizada entre el diisocianato y los grupos -NH2 del quitosano es 5:1. 24. Process according to claim 23 wherein the molar ratio used between the diisocyanate and the -NH 2 groups of the chitosan is 5: 1. 25. Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 9-24 donde la agitación en la etapa c) se realiza entre 10000-20000 rpm. 25. Process according to any of claims 9-24 wherein the stirring in step c) is carried out between 10000-20000 rpm. 26. Procedimiento según reivindicación 25 donde la agitación en la etapa c) se realiza a 15000 rpm. 26. Method according to claim 25 wherein the agitation in step c) is carried out at 15,000 rpm. 27. Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 25-26 donde la agitación en la etapa c) se realiza entre 0,5-2 min. 27. Process according to any of claims 25-26 wherein the stirring in step c) is carried out between 0.5-2 min. 28. Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 9-27 donde el diisocianato es seleccionado de la lista que comprende hexametilen diisocianato, tetraetilen diisocianato y diisocianato de lisina. Process according to any of claims 9-27 wherein the diisocyanate is selected from the list comprising hexamethylene diisocyanate, tetraethylene diisocyanate and lysine diisocyanate. 29. Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 9-28 donde la etapa d) se lleva a cabo a 37°C. 29. Process according to any of claims 9-28 wherein step d) is carried out at 37 ° C. 30. Procedimiento según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 9-29 caracterizado porque el hidrogel obtenido en la etapa d) se lava con agua destilada y se seca por liofilización. 30. Process according to any of claims 9-29 characterized in that the hydrogel obtained in step d) is washed with distilled water and dried by lyophilization. 31. Uso del hidrogel definido en cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 1-8 para la fabricación de un dispositivo de uso médico. 31. Use of the hydrogel defined in any of claims 1-8 for the manufacture of a device for medical use. 32. Uso según la reivindicación 31 donde el dispositivo de uso médico es para la regeneración del tejido óseo o cartilaginoso. 32. Use according to claim 31, wherein the device for medical use is for the regeneration of bone or cartilage tissue. 33. Uso según cualquiera de las reivindicaciones 31-32 donde el dispositivo de uso médico es una membrana porosa, injerto o un aposito. 33. Use according to any of claims 31-32 wherein the device for medical use is a porous membrane, graft or a dressing.
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JPH03165775A (en) * 1989-11-24 1991-07-17 Katakura Chitsukarin Kk Medical material composed of succinyl chitosan
US20020049281A1 (en) * 1999-02-05 2002-04-25 Xiaobin Zhao Process for cross-linking hyaluronic acid to polymers
US20120264852A1 (en) * 2009-10-29 2012-10-18 Colorado State University Research Foundation Polymeric materials including a glycosaminoglycan networked with a polyolefin-containing polymer
WO2014079198A1 (en) * 2012-11-21 2014-05-30 深圳兰度生物材料有限公司 Degradable wound-repairing material and preparation method thereof

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH03165775A (en) * 1989-11-24 1991-07-17 Katakura Chitsukarin Kk Medical material composed of succinyl chitosan
US20020049281A1 (en) * 1999-02-05 2002-04-25 Xiaobin Zhao Process for cross-linking hyaluronic acid to polymers
US20120264852A1 (en) * 2009-10-29 2012-10-18 Colorado State University Research Foundation Polymeric materials including a glycosaminoglycan networked with a polyolefin-containing polymer
WO2014079198A1 (en) * 2012-11-21 2014-05-30 深圳兰度生物材料有限公司 Degradable wound-repairing material and preparation method thereof

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