WO2017110445A1 - 金属粉末、積層造形物の製造方法および積層造形物 - Google Patents
金属粉末、積層造形物の製造方法および積層造形物 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2017110445A1 WO2017110445A1 PCT/JP2016/086155 JP2016086155W WO2017110445A1 WO 2017110445 A1 WO2017110445 A1 WO 2017110445A1 JP 2016086155 W JP2016086155 W JP 2016086155W WO 2017110445 A1 WO2017110445 A1 WO 2017110445A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/0425—Copper-based alloys
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/09—Mixtures of metallic powders
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C9/00—Alloys based on copper
- C22C9/01—Alloys based on copper with aluminium as the next major constituent
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/08—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of copper or alloys based thereon
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/32—Process control of the atmosphere, e.g. composition or pressure in a building chamber
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/36—Process control of energy beam parameters
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/60—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up
- B22F10/64—Treatment of workpieces or articles after build-up by thermal means
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/40—Radiation means
- B22F12/41—Radiation means characterised by the type, e.g. laser or electron beam
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
- B22F2003/248—Thermal after-treatment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
- B22F2301/05—Light metals
- B22F2301/052—Aluminium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
- B22F2301/10—Copper
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a metal powder, a method for manufacturing a layered object, and a layered object.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a laser additive manufacturing apparatus (so-called “3D printer”) for metal powder.
- the additive manufacturing method for metal powders has attracted attention.
- the advantage of this method is that it is possible to create complex shapes that were impossible by cutting.
- production examples of layered objects using iron-based alloy powder, aluminum alloy powder, titanium alloy powder and the like have been reported.
- the types of metals that can be used are limited, and applicable metal products have certain limitations.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a metal powder for additive manufacturing, which is made of a copper alloy and has both mechanical strength and electrical conductivity, a method for manufacturing an additive manufacturing object, and an additive manufacturing object.
- the metal powder is a metal powder for additive manufacturing.
- the said metal powder contains 0.2 mass% or more and 1.3 mass% or less of aluminum, and remainder consists of copper and an unavoidable impurity.
- a method for producing a layered object includes a first step of forming a powder layer containing the metal powder of [1], and solidifying the metal powder at a predetermined position in the powder layer, thereby forming a modeling layer. Forming a second step. In this manufacturing method, a 1st process and a 2nd process are repeated sequentially, and a lamination modeling thing is manufactured by laminating a modeling layer.
- the method for manufacturing a layered object according to [2] may further include a heat treatment step of heat-treating the layered object.
- the layered object is a layered object composed of a copper alloy.
- a copper alloy contains 0.2 mass% or more and 1.3 mass% or less of aluminum, and remainder consists of copper and an unavoidable impurity.
- the layered object has a relative density with respect to the theoretical density of the copper alloy of 96% or more and 100% or less, and a conductivity of 30% IACS or more.
- the conductivity may be 50% IACS or more.
- a layered object that is made of a copper alloy and has both mechanical strength and electrical conductivity is provided.
- the present embodiment an embodiment of the present invention (hereinafter referred to as “the present embodiment”) will be described, but the present invention is not limited thereto.
- Copper is frequently used in machine parts that require mechanical strength and electrical conductivity.
- mechanical parts include welding torches and parts for power distribution equipment.
- the present inventor obtained copper powder by atomizing a pure copper ingot and tried to produce a layered object using this.
- a desired layered object cannot be obtained.
- the modeled object has a large number of voids, and the density is significantly reduced with respect to the original material.
- the conductivity was significantly reduced relative to the original material.
- the mechanical strength also decreases.
- the inventor attempted to improve physical properties by changing various conditions. However, as long as pure copper was used, even if the conditions were fixed, the finished physical properties were not stable, and it was impossible to achieve both mechanical strength and electrical conductivity.
- the present inventor examined copper alloys. As a result, it has been found that by using a copper alloy powder having a specific alloy composition, both the mechanical strength and the electrical conductivity can be achieved in the layered object.
- compatible with mechanical strength and electrical conductivity means that the layered product satisfies all of the following conditions (a) to (c).
- the tensile strength is generally 130 MPa or more. Thereby, since it approaches the value of the tensile strength of the bare metal of oxygen-free copper (JIS alloy number: C1020) as pure copper, it can be used for various purposes. Preferably, the tensile strength is approximately 195 MPa or more. Thereby, it becomes equal to or more than the tensile strength of the bare metal of oxygen-free copper.
- the dumbbell-shaped test piece 20 is manufactured as a layered object to be tested. As shown in FIG. 8, the dumbbell-shaped test piece 20 has a columnar parallel portion 21, a tapered shoulder portion 23 that expands at both ends of the parallel portion 21, and extends to the shoulder portion 23, and is stretched. It has a dumbbell-like shape composed of a cylindrical gripping portion 22 which is a part to be gripped by a gripping device or jig of a test device.
- dumbbell-shaped test piece 20 is pulled at a speed of 2 mm / min using the tensile test apparatus until it breaks.
- a gripping device or a jig suitable for the shape of the dumbbell-shaped test piece 20 is used. Moreover, it adjusts so that force may be added to the axial direction of the dumbbell-shaped test piece 20.
- the dimension of each part of the dumbbell-shaped test piece 20 shown in FIG. 8 is as follows.
- the relative density with respect to the theoretical density is 96% or more.
- the theoretical density of the alloy is indicated by the density of the molten material having the same composition as the alloy.
- the relative density with respect to the theoretical density is expressed as a percentage of a value obtained by dividing the actually measured density of the layered object by the theoretical density of the alloy. Therefore, the upper limit of the relative density is 100%.
- C Conductivity defined as 100% IACS as the conductivity of annealed standard annealed copper (International Anneaded Copper Standard: IACS) is 30% IACS or more. Further, the conductivity may be preferably 50% IACS or more.
- the metal powder of this embodiment is a metal powder for additive manufacturing.
- the metal powder corresponds to toner and ink in a normal two-dimensional printer.
- the metal powder contains 0.2 mass% or more and 1.3 mass% or less of aluminum (Al), and the balance is made of copper (Cu) and inevitable impurities.
- 98.7 mass% or more may be sufficient as Cu content in a metal powder, for example, and 99.8 mass% or less may be sufficient as it.
- the Cu content in the metal powder can be measured by a method based on “JIS H 1051: Copper determination method in copper and copper alloys”.
- the Al content can be measured by an ICP emission analysis method based on “JIS H 1057: Aluminum determination method in copper and copper alloys”.
- the upper limit of the Al content may be 1.3% by mass.
- the lower limit of the content may be 0.23% by mass.
- Metal powder may contain impurity elements in addition to Al. Impurity elements are elements that are inevitably mixed during production (unavoidable impurities). Therefore, the remainder of the metal powder of this embodiment is made of Cu and inevitable impurities.
- the impurity element include oxygen (O) and phosphorus (P).
- the content of the impurity element may be, for example, less than 0.1% by mass or less than 0.05% by mass.
- the metal powder of this embodiment includes, for example, the following aluminum-containing copper alloy powder.
- the aluminum-containing copper alloy powder contains Al in an amount of 0.2% by mass to 1.3% by mass with the balance being Cu and inevitable impurities. According to the copper alloy powder having such a chemical composition, both the mechanical strength and the electrical conductivity can be achieved particularly in the layered object.
- the Al content is less than 0.2% by mass, it approaches the properties of pure copper (oxygen-free copper) powder. In other words, when an attempt is made to produce a layered object using this, the object has a large number of voids, the density is significantly lower than that of oxygen-free copper, and the conductivity is also low. It will be significantly lower than gold. If the Al content exceeds 1.3% by mass, it may not be possible to ensure a conductivity of 30% IACS or higher.
- the Al content may be 0.23% by mass or more and 1.3% by mass or less, for example. In these ranges, the balance between mechanical strength and electrical conductivity may be improved.
- the particle size distribution of the metal powder is appropriately adjusted depending on the powder production conditions, classification, sieving and the like. You may adjust the average particle diameter of metal powder according to the lamination
- the average particle diameter of the metal powder may be, for example, about 100 to 200 ⁇ m, about 50 to 100 ⁇ m, or about 5 to 50 ⁇ m.
- the average particle diameter in this specification indicates a particle diameter (so-called “d50”) at an integrated value of 50% in a particle size distribution measured by a laser diffraction / scattering method.
- the particle shape is not particularly limited.
- the particle shape may be, for example, a substantially spherical shape or an irregular shape.
- the metal powder of this embodiment is manufactured by, for example, a gas atomization method or a water atomization method. That is, from the bottom of the tundish, the molten alloy component is dropped and brought into contact with high pressure gas or high pressure water to rapidly cool and solidify the alloy component, thereby pulverizing the alloy component.
- the metal powder may be manufactured by, for example, a plasma atomizing method or a centrifugal atomizing method. By using the metal powder obtained by these manufacturing methods, a dense layered product tends to be obtained.
- the means is not limited to the laser as long as the metal powder can be solidified.
- the means may be, for example, an electron beam or plasma.
- an additive manufacturing method (AM) other than the powder bed fusion bonding method may be used.
- a directional energy deposition method can be used.
- FIG. 1 is a flowchart showing an outline of a method for manufacturing a layered object according to this embodiment.
- the manufacturing method includes a data processing step (S10) and a modeling step (S20).
- the manufacturing method may include a heat treatment step (S30) after the modeling step (S20).
- the modeling step (S20) includes a first step (S21) and a second step (S22).
- a layered object is manufactured by sequentially repeating the first step (S21) and the second step (S22).
- the manufacturing method will be described with reference to FIGS.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of STL data.
- element division is performed by a finite element method, for example.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating an example of slice data.
- the STL data is divided into n layers of the first modeling layer p1 to the nth modeling layer pn.
- the slice thickness d is, for example, about 10 to 150 ⁇ m.
- the slice thickness d may be about 10 to 50 ⁇ m, for example.
- FIG. 4 is a first schematic diagram illustrating the manufacturing process of the layered object.
- the laser additive manufacturing apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 4 includes a piston 101, a table 102 supported by the piston 101, and a laser output unit 103 serving as an output unit for laser light that solidifies the metal powder.
- the subsequent steps are performed, for example, in an inert gas atmosphere in order to suppress oxidation of the modeled object.
- the inert gas may be, for example, argon (Ar), nitrogen (N 2 ), helium (He), or the like.
- a reducing gas such as hydrogen (H 2 ) may be used instead of the inert gas.
- the piston 101 is configured to move up and down the table 102.
- a layered object is formed on the table 102.
- First step (S21) In the first step (S21), a powder layer containing metal powder is formed. Based on the slice data, the piston 101 lowers the table 102 by one layer. One layer of metal powder is spread on the table 102. Thereby, the 1st powder layer 1 containing metal powder is formed. The surface of the first powder layer 1 is smoothed by a squeezing blade (not shown) or the like.
- the powder layer may contain a laser absorber (for example, resin powder) in addition to the metal powder. Further, the powder layer may be formed substantially only from metal powder.
- FIG. 5 is a second schematic diagram illustrating the manufacturing process of the layered object.
- a modeling layer to be a part of the layered object is formed.
- the laser output unit 103 irradiates a predetermined position of the first powder layer 1 with laser light based on the slice data.
- the powder layer Prior to the laser beam irradiation, the powder layer may be heated in advance.
- the metal powder irradiated with the laser light is solidified through melting and sintering.
- the 1st modeling layer p1 is formed by solidifying the metal powder of a predetermined position in the 1st powder layer 1.
- a general-purpose laser device can be employed for the laser output unit of the present embodiment.
- a laser light source for example, a fiber laser, a YAG laser, a CO 2 laser, a semiconductor laser, or the like is used.
- the output of the laser beam may be, for example, about 100 to 1000 W, about 200 to 500 W, or about 350 to 450 W.
- the scanning speed of the laser beam may be adjusted within a range of 100 to 1000 mm / s, for example, or may be adjusted within a range of 200 to 600 mm / s.
- the energy density of the laser beam may be adjusted within a range of 100 to 1000 J / mm 3 , for example.
- E P ⁇ (v ⁇ s ⁇ d) (I) It is indicated by a value calculated by.
- E the energy density [unit: J / mm 3 ] of the laser beam
- P the laser output [unit: W]
- v the scanning speed [unit: mm / s]
- s The scanning width [unit: mm] is shown
- d is the slice thickness [unit: mm].
- FIG. 6 is a third schematic diagram illustrating the manufacturing process of the layered object. As shown in FIG. 6, after the first modeling layer p1 is formed, the piston 101 further lowers the table 102 by one layer. Thereafter, in the same manner as described above, the second powder layer 2 is formed, and the second modeling layer p2 is formed based on the slice data. Thereafter, the first step (S21) and the second step (S22) are repeated.
- FIG. 7 is a fourth schematic diagram illustrating the manufacturing process of the layered object. As FIG. 7 shows, the nth modeling layer pn is finally formed and the layered product 10 is completed.
- Third step (S30) Thereafter, it is desirable to heat-treat the layered object. That is, it is desirable that the layered object is subjected to heat treatment after modeling.
- the heat treatment can be expected to improve the mechanical properties and conductivity of the layered object.
- the atmosphere during the heat treatment may be, for example, an atmosphere such as nitrogen, air, argon, hydrogen, or vacuum.
- the heat treatment temperature may be, for example, 300 ° C. or higher and 400 ° C. or lower.
- the heat treatment time may be, for example, 2 hours or more and 4 hours or less.
- the layered object obtained by the above manufacturing method will be described.
- the layered object may have a complicated shape that cannot be realized by cutting.
- the layered object of the present embodiment can achieve both mechanical strength and electrical conductivity.
- the layered object of this embodiment can be applied to a plasma torch as an example.
- the layered object of this embodiment is a layered object formed of a specific copper alloy.
- the said copper alloy contains 0.2 mass% or more and 1.3 mass% or less of Al, and remainder consists of Cu and an unavoidable impurity. Similar to the metal powder, the balance may contain inevitable impurities.
- the relative density with respect to the theoretical density is 96% or more and 100% or less, and the conductivity is 30% IACS or more.
- the upper limit of the Al content may be 1.3% by mass.
- the lower limit of the content may be 0.23% by mass.
- the density of the layered object can be measured by, for example, the Archimedes method.
- the density measurement by the Archimedes method can be performed in accordance with “JIS Z 2501: Sintered metal material—Density, oil content and open porosity test method”. Water may be used as the liquid.
- the relative density of the layered object may be 96.5% or more, 97.0% or more, 97.5% or more, 98.0% or more, 98.5% or more, 99. It may be 0% or more.
- the conductivity can be measured by a commercially available eddy current conductivity meter. Higher conductivity is desirable.
- the conductivity of the layered object may be 30% IACS or more, 40% IACS or more, or 50% IACS or more.
- the layered object can have the following configuration.
- the layered object is a layered object composed of a specific aluminum-containing copper alloy.
- the aluminum-containing copper alloy contains Al in an amount of 0.2% by mass to 1.3% by mass with the balance being Cu and inevitable impurities. Similar to the metal powder, the balance may contain inevitable impurities.
- the relative density with respect to the theoretical density of the aluminum-containing copper alloy is 96% or more and 100% or less, and the conductivity is 30% IACS or more.
- the mechanical strength based on the relative density of 96.0% or more and 30% IACS or more (preferably 50%) Coexistence with conductivity of IACS or higher) can be expected.
- Metal powders E1, E2, E3 and E4 correspond to the examples.
- the Cu content in the metal powders E1, E2, E3 and E4 was measured by a copper electrolytic gravimetric method (nitric acid / sulfuric acid method) based on “JIS H 1051: Copper determination method in copper and copper alloys”.
- the Al content in the metal powders E1, E2, E3, and E4 was measured by an ICP emission analysis method based on “JIS H 1057: Aluminum determination method in copper and copper alloy”.
- the content of inevitable impurities in the metal powders E1, E2, E3, and E4 is determined by measuring the oxygen content with “JIS Z 2613: Inert gas melting infrared absorption method” and the phosphorus content with “JIS H 1058: absorptiometric method”. did.
- the metal powder X was made of a commercially available pure copper (so-called “oxygen-free copper”) ingot (JIS alloy number: C1020).
- the metal powder Y was obtained from a commercially available copper alloy (product name “AMPCO940”). Metal powders X and Y correspond to comparative examples.
- Laser additive manufacturing apparatus A laser additive manufacturing apparatus having the following specifications was prepared.
- Laser Fiber laser, maximum output 400W Spot diameter: 0.05-0.20mm Scanning speed: ⁇ 7000mm / s Lamination pitch: 0.02-0.08mm Modeling size: 250 mm ⁇ 250 mm ⁇ 280 mm.
- the second step (S22) for forming the modeling layer was sequentially repeated.
- Tables 2 and 3 show the manufacturing conditions of each layered object and the numerical values of relative density, tensile strength, and conductivity measured based on the above-described method of each layered object. Furthermore, no. As X-41 to 42, the dumbbell-shaped test piece 20 shown in FIG. 8 is manufactured as a layered product, and the tensile strength of the test piece is measured based on the method described above.
- the second step (S22) for forming the modeling layer was sequentially repeated.
- the copper alloy powder (metal powder Y) made from a bare metal of a commercial copper alloy (product name “AMPCO940”) No. Laminated shaped products according to Y-1 to 7 were manufactured.
- Table 4 shows the manufacturing conditions of each layered object and the numerical values of relative density and conductivity measured based on the above-described method of each layered object.
- the layered product using the copper alloy powder achieved a higher relative density than the layered product using the metal powder X.
- the conductivity was significantly lower than that of the original material (about 45.5% IACS). From these results, it can be said that it is difficult to produce a practical machine part even in the case of a copper alloy powder having a composition different from that of the present invention.
- the second step (S22) for forming the modeling layer was sequentially repeated.
- Table 5 shows the manufacturing conditions of each layered object, and the relative density, tensile strength, and electrical conductivity measured based on the above-described method of each layered object. Furthermore, no. Separately as E1-10 to 11, a dumbbell-shaped test piece 20 shown in FIG. 8 was manufactured as a layered product, and the tensile strength was measured with the test piece.
- the layered structure using the copper alloy powder (metal powder E1) containing 0.23% by mass of aluminum As can be seen from Table 5, in the layered structure using the copper alloy powder (metal powder E1) containing 0.23% by mass of aluminum, the layered structure using the pure copper powder (metal powder X) in Table 2 and Table 3 is used. Compared with products, it was possible to suppress variations in finished physical properties and to achieve a denseness with a relative density exceeding 96%. Further, these layered objects have good tensile strength, and can achieve both electrical conductivity exceeding 53% IACS and mechanical strength. Therefore, it was found that the copper alloy powder containing 0.23% by mass of aluminum is an excellent copper alloy powder that can achieve both electrical conductivity and mechanical strength.
- Al 0.58 mass% (metal powder E2)
- the second step (S22) for forming the modeling layer was sequentially repeated.
- No. Laminated shaped objects according to E2-1 to 15 were manufactured.
- Table 6 shows numerical values of the relative density, tensile strength, and conductivity measured based on the manufacturing conditions of each layered object and the above-described method of each layered object. Furthermore, no. Separately as E2-16 to 19, a dumbbell-shaped test piece 20 shown in FIG. 8 was manufactured as a layered product, and the tensile strength was measured with the test piece.
- the additive manufacturing using the copper alloy powder (metal powder E2) containing 0.58% by mass of aluminum, the additive manufacturing using the pure copper powder (metal powder X) of Tables 2 and 3 Compared with products, it was possible to suppress variations in finished physical properties and to achieve a denseness with a relative density exceeding 96%. With these layered objects, electrical conductivity exceeding 47% IACS, preferably exceeding 50% IACS could be obtained. Furthermore, the tensile strength was approximately 219 MPa or more, which was equal to or greater than the tensile strength of oxygen free copper. Therefore, it was found that the copper alloy powder containing 0.58% by mass of aluminum is also an excellent copper alloy powder that can achieve both electrical conductivity and mechanical strength.
- Al 0.81% by mass (metal powder E3)
- the second step (S22) for forming the modeling layer was sequentially repeated.
- Table 7 shows the manufacturing conditions of each layered object and the relative density, tensile strength, and electrical conductivity measured based on the above-described method of each layered object. Furthermore, no. As E3-7 to 8 separately, a dumbbell-shaped test piece 20 shown in FIG. 8 was manufactured as a layered product, and the tensile strength was measured with the test piece.
- the layered structure using the copper alloy powder (metal powder E3) containing 0.81% by mass of aluminum the layered structure using the pure copper powder (metal powder X) in Tables 2 and 3 is used.
- the layered structure using the pure copper powder (metal powder X) in Tables 2 and 3 is used.
- electrical conductivity exceeding 43% IACS, preferably exceeding 45% IACS could be obtained.
- the tensile strength was generally 226 MPa or more, which was more than the tensile strength of an oxygen-free copper ingot. Therefore, it was found that the copper alloy powder containing 0.81% by mass of aluminum is also an excellent copper alloy powder that can achieve both electrical conductivity and mechanical strength.
- Al 1.3% by mass (metal powder E4)
- the second step (S22) for forming the modeling layer was sequentially repeated.
- No. Laminated shaped products according to E4-1 to 6 were manufactured.
- Table 8 shows the manufacturing conditions of each layered object and the numerical values of relative density, tensile strength, and conductivity measured based on the above-described method of each layered object. Furthermore, no. Separately as E4-7 to 8, a dumbbell-shaped test piece 20 shown in FIG. 8 was manufactured as a layered product, and the tensile strength was measured with the test piece.
- the additive manufacturing using the copper alloy powder (metal powder E4) containing 1.3% by mass of aluminum, the additive manufacturing using the pure copper powder (metal powder X) of Tables 2 and 3 Compared to products, it was possible to suppress variations in finished physical properties and to achieve a density with a relative density exceeding 97%. With these layered objects, electrical conductivity exceeding 34% IACS, preferably exceeding 35% IACS could be obtained. Furthermore, the tensile strength was approximately 241 MPa or more, which was more than the tensile strength of an oxygen-free copper ingot. Therefore, it was found that the copper alloy powder containing 1.3% by mass of aluminum is also an excellent copper alloy powder capable of achieving both electrical conductivity and mechanical strength.
- the layered object manufactured using this has a large number of voids, exhibits mechanical strength at which both the density and tensile strength are significantly lower than that of pure copper, and has a conductivity of pure copper. Significantly lower than gold.
- a copper alloy powder containing aluminum in excess of 1.3% by mass there is a fear that 30% IACS or more cannot be ensured in electrical conductivity.
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Abstract
Description
機械強度および導電率を必要とする機械部品には、銅が多用されている。そうした機械部品として、たとえば溶接トーチ、配電設備の部品などが挙げられる。本発明者は、純銅の地金をアトマイズ加工することにより、銅粉末を得、これを用いて積層造形物の製作を試みた。ところがこの方法では、所望の積層造形物は得られなかった。具体的には、造形物は多数の空隙を有しており、元材に対して密度が大幅に低下していた。さらに導電率も元材に対して大幅に低下していた。密度が低下すれば当然、機械強度も低下すると考えられる。本発明者は、各種条件を変更して物性の改善を試みた。しかし純銅を用いる限り、条件を固定しても、仕上がり物性が安定せず、機械強度および導電率を両立することはできなかった。
平行部21の長さL1: 18±0.5mm
平行部21の直径D1: 3.5±0.05mm
肩部23の半径R: 10mm
つかみ部22の長さL2: 4.0mm
つかみ部22の直径D2: 6.0mm。
本実施形態の金属粉末は、積層造形用の金属粉末である。金属粉末は、通常の2次元プリンタにおけるトナー、インクに相当する。金属粉末は、アルミニウム(Al)を0.2質量%以上1.3質量%以下含有し、残部が銅(Cu)および不可避不純物からなる。金属粉末におけるCu含有量は、たとえば98.7質量%以上でもよいし、99.8質量%以下でもよい。
アルミニウム含有銅合金粉末は、Alを0.2質量%以上1.3質量%以下含有し、残部がCuおよび不可避不純物からなる。かかる化学組成を有する銅合金粉末によれば、積層造形物において、特に機械強度および導電率の両立を図ることができる。Al含有量が0.2質量%未満となると、純銅(無酸素銅)の粉末の性質に近づく。すなわち、これを用いて積層造形物の製作を試みると、造形物が多数の空隙を有し、無酸素銅の地金に比べて密度が大幅に低下し、かつ導電率も無酸素銅の地金に比べて大幅に低下するものとなる。Al含有量が1.3質量%を超えると、導電率30%IACS以上を確保することができなくなる恐れがある。
金属粉末の粒度分布は、粉末製造条件、分級、篩分けなどにより、適宜調整される。金属粉末の平均粒径は、積層造形物を製造する際の積層ピッチに合わせて調整してもよい。金属粉末の平均粒径は、たとえば100~200μm程度でもよいし、50~100μm程度でもよいし、5~50μm程度でもよい。ここで、本明細書における平均粒径は、レーザ回折・散乱法によって測定された粒度分布において、積算値50%での粒径(いわゆる「d50」)を示すものとする。金属粉末において、粒子形状は特に限定されない。粒子形状は、たとえば略球状でもよいし、不規則形状でもよい。
本実施形態の金属粉末は、たとえばガスアトマイズ法または水アトマイズ法によって製造される。すなわちタンデッシュの底部から、溶融状態の合金成分を落下させながら、高圧ガスまたは高圧水と接触させ、合金成分を急冷凝固させることにより、合金成分を粉末化する。この他、たとえばプラズマアトマイズ法、遠心力アトマイズ法などによって、金属粉末を製造してもよい。これらの製造方法で得られた金属粉末を用いることにより、緻密な積層造形物が得られる傾向にある。
次に、上記の金属粉末を用いた積層造形物の製造方法について説明する。ここでは、金属粉末を固化させる手段として、粉末床溶融結合法のうちレーザを用いる態様を説明する。しかし当該手段は、金属粉末の固化が可能である限り、レーザに限定されない。当該手段は、たとえば電子ビーム、プラズマなどでもよい。本実施形態では、粉末床溶融結合法以外の付加製造法(Additive Manufacturing:AM)を利用してもよい。たとえば本実施形態では、指向性エネルギ堆積法を利用することもできる。さらに本実施形態では、造形中に切削加工を実施してもよい。
先ず、3D-CADなどにより3次元形状データが作成される。3次元形状データは、STLデータに変換される。図2は、STLデータの一例を示す概略図である。STLデータ10dでは、たとえば有限要素法による要素分割(メッシュ化)が行われる。
次いで、スライスデータに基づき、積層造形物が造形される。図4は、積層造形物の製造過程を図解する第1概略図である。図4に示されるレーザ積層造形装置100は、ピストン101と、ピストン101に支持されたテーブル102と、金属粉末を固化させるレーザ光の出力部となるレーザ出力部103とを備える。以降の工程は、造形物の酸化を抑制するため、たとえば不活性ガス雰囲気で行われる。不活性ガスは、たとえばアルゴン(Ar)、窒素(N2)、ヘリウム(He)などでよい。あるいは不活性ガスに代えて、たとえば水素(H2)などの還元性ガスを用いてもよい。さらに真空ポンプなどを用いて、減圧雰囲気としてもよい。
第1工程(S21)では、金属粉末を含む粉末層が形成される。スライスデータに基づき、ピストン101は、テーブル102を1層分だけ降下させる。テーブル102上に、1層分の金属粉末が敷き詰められる。これにより、金属粉末を含む第1粉末層1が形成される。第1粉末層1の表面は、図示しないスキージングブレードなどにより、平滑化される。粉末層は、金属粉末の他、レーザ吸収剤(たとえば樹脂粉末)などを含んでいてもよい。また、粉末層は実質的に金属粉末のみから形成されることもある。
図5は、積層造形物の製造過程を図解する第2概略図である。第2工程(S22)では、積層造形物の一部となるべき造形層が形成される。
E=P÷(v×s×d)・・・(I)
によって算出される値で示される。式(I)中、Eはレーザ光のエネルギ密度[単位:J/mm3]を、Pはレーザの出力[単位:W]を、vは走査速度[単位:mm/s]を、sは走査幅[単位:mm]を、dはスライス厚さ[単位:mm]をそれぞれ示している。
その後、積層造形物を熱処理することが望ましい。すなわち積層造形物は、造形後に熱処理が施されることが望ましい。熱処理により、積層造形物の機械的性質および導電率の向上が期待できる。熱処理時の雰囲気は、たとえば窒素、大気、アルゴン、水素、真空などの雰囲気でもよい。熱処理温度は、たとえば300℃以上400℃以下でよい。熱処理時間は、たとえば2時間以上4時間以下でよい。
次に、上記の製造方法によって得られた積層造形物について説明する。積層造形物は、切削加工では実現できない複雑形状を有し得る。さらに本実施形態の積層造形物は、機械強度および導電率を両立できる。本実施形態の積層造形物は、一例としてプラズマトーチに適用できる。
すなわち本実施形態の積層造形物は、特定の銅合金から構成される積層造形物である。当該銅合金は、Alを0.2質量%以上1.3質量%以下含有し、残部がCuおよび不可避不純物からなる。金属粉末と同様に残部は、不可避不純物を含んでいてもよい。この積層造形物では、理論密度に対する相対密度が96%以上100%以下であり、なおかつ導電率が30%IACS以上である。
原料に、本実施形態のアルミニウム含有銅合金粉末を使用した場合、積層造形物は次の構成を備え得る。
表1に示す化学成分を有する金属粉末E1、E2、E3、E4、XおよびYを準備した。
以下の仕様のレーザ積層造形装置を準備した。
スポット径: 0.05~0.20mm
走査速度 : ~7000mm/s
積層ピッチ: 0.02~0.08mm
造形サイズ: 250mm×250mm×280mm。
上記の装置を用いて、円柱状の積層造形物(直径14mm×高さ15mm)を製造した。
図1に示すフローにおける造形工程(S20)に沿って、金属粉末を含む粉末層を形成する第1工程(S21)と、粉末層の所定位置にレーザ光を照射し、金属粉末を固化させることにより、造形層を形成する第2工程(S22)とを順次繰り返した。これにより、市販純銅の地金を原料にした純銅粉末(金属粉末X)に基づいてNo.X-1~40に係る積層造形物を製造した。
図1に示すフローにおける造形工程(S20)に沿って、金属粉末を含む粉末層を形成する第1工程(S21)と、粉末層の所定位置にレーザ光を照射し、金属粉末を固化させることにより、造形層を形成する第2工程(S22)とを順次繰り返した。これにより、市販銅合金(製品名「AMPCO940」)の地金を原料とした銅合金粉末(金属粉末Y)に基づき、No.Y-1~7に係る積層造形物を製造した。
3-3-1.Al=0.23質量%(金属粉末E1)
図1に示すフローにおける造形工程(S20)に沿って、金属粉末を含む粉末層を形成する第1工程(S21)と、粉末層の所定位置にレーザ光を照射し、金属粉末を固化させることにより、造形層を形成する第2工程(S22)とを順次繰り返した。これにより、アルミニウムを0.23質量%含有する銅合金粉末(金属粉末E1)に基づき、No.E1-1~9に係る積層造形物を製造した。
図1に示すフローにおける造形工程(S20)に沿って、金属粉末を含む粉末層を形成する第1工程(S21)と、粉末層の所定位置にレーザ光を照射し、金属粉末を固化させることにより、造形層を形成する第2工程(S22)とを順次繰り返した。これにより、アルミニウムを0.58質量%含有する銅合金粉末(金属粉末E2)に基づき、No.E2-1~15に係る積層造形物を製造した。
図1に示すフローにおける造形工程(S20)に沿って、金属粉末を含む粉末層を形成する第1工程(S21)と、粉末層の所定位置にレーザ光を照射し、金属粉末を固化させることにより、造形層を形成する第2工程(S22)とを順次繰り返した。これにより、アルミニウムを0.81質量%含有する銅合金粉末(金属粉末E3)に基づき、No.E3-1~6に係る積層造形物を製造した。
図1に示すフローにおける造形工程(S20)に沿って、金属粉末を含む粉末層を形成する第1工程(S21)と、粉末層の所定位置にレーザ光を照射し、金属粉末を固化させることにより、造形層を形成する第2工程(S22)とを順次繰り返した。これにより、アルミニウムを1.3質量%含有する銅合金粉末(金属粉末E4)に基づき、No.E4-1~6に係る積層造形物を製造した。
Claims (5)
- 積層造形用の金属粉末であって、
アルミニウムを0.2質量%以上1.3質量%以下含有し、残部が銅および不可避不純物からなる、金属粉末。 - 請求項1に記載の金属粉末を含む粉末層を形成する第1工程と、
前記粉末層において、所定位置の前記金属粉末を固化させることにより、造形層を形成する第2工程と、を含み、
前記第1工程と前記第2工程とを順次繰り返し、前記造形層を積層することにより、積層造形物を製造する、積層造形物の製造方法。 - 前記積層造形物を熱処理する熱処理工程をさらに含む、請求項2に記載の積層造形物の製造方法。
- 銅合金から構成される積層造形物であって、
前記銅合金は、アルミニウムを0.2質量%以上1.3質量%以下含有し、残部が銅および不可避不純物からなり、
前記銅合金の理論密度に対する相対密度が96%以上100%以下であり、
導電率が30%IACS以上である、積層造形物。 - 前記導電率が50%IACS以上である、請求項4に記載の積層造形物。
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| US11644397B2 (en) | 2017-08-25 | 2023-05-09 | Fukuda Metal Foil & Powder Co., Ltd. | Lamination shaping powder evaluation method and lamination shaping powder therefor |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP3184209A3 (en) | 2017-07-05 |
| US20190168303A1 (en) | 2019-06-06 |
| EP3184209B1 (en) | 2019-04-17 |
| US20190168302A1 (en) | 2019-06-06 |
| EP3184209A2 (en) | 2017-06-28 |
| CN106964774A (zh) | 2017-07-21 |
| CN106964774B (zh) | 2019-08-02 |
| US20170182557A1 (en) | 2017-06-29 |
| TW201726933A (zh) | 2017-08-01 |
| JP2017115220A (ja) | 2017-06-29 |
| US10967431B2 (en) | 2021-04-06 |
| US11185924B2 (en) | 2021-11-30 |
| TWI627294B (zh) | 2018-06-21 |
| KR20180091083A (ko) | 2018-08-14 |
| JP6532396B2 (ja) | 2019-06-19 |
| KR102238218B1 (ko) | 2021-04-08 |
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