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WO2014114986A1 - Réacteur à fusion nucléaire multiphase - Google Patents

Réacteur à fusion nucléaire multiphase Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014114986A1
WO2014114986A1 PCT/IB2013/050658 IB2013050658W WO2014114986A1 WO 2014114986 A1 WO2014114986 A1 WO 2014114986A1 IB 2013050658 W IB2013050658 W IB 2013050658W WO 2014114986 A1 WO2014114986 A1 WO 2014114986A1
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magnetic fields
fusion
energy
plasma
multiphase
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Moacir L. FERREIRA JR.
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Individual
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21B—FUSION REACTORS
    • G21B1/00—Thermonuclear fusion reactors
    • G21B1/05—Thermonuclear fusion reactors with magnetic or electric plasma confinement
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/10—Nuclear fusion reactors

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to the field of energy production from nuclear fusion reactions and more particularly, to a controlled nuclear fusion reactor which relies on moving magnetic fields produced by multiphase alternating electrical currents.
  • Nuclear fusion takes place by combining light nuclei together, overcoming the Coulomb barrier, to form heavier nuclei releasing a tremendous amount of energy in the form of fast moving particles.
  • Nuclear fusion has a vast energy density gain of fuel when compared to chemical combustion energy and also is far cleaner and safer than plutonium-239, thorium-232, and uranium-235, i.e., unlike nuclear fission, the fusion produces no long-lived radioactive waste in case of deuterium-tritium and is virtually neutron-free in case of helium-3 and p-Bll fusion.
  • - Heavy Ion Fusion relies essentially on linear particle accelerators (LINAC) (US patent: 2770755, 2867748, 6888326) which are mainly single-phase based instead of multiphase; - F C colliding beam fusion reactors (US patent: 4390495, 6611106, 6850011, 7439678, 20060198483): magnetic compression instead of electrostatic acceleration.
  • LINAC linear particle accelerators
  • US patent: 2770755, 2867748, 6888326 which are mainly single-phase based instead of multiphase
  • - F C colliding beam fusion reactors US patent: 4390495, 6611106, 6850011, 7439678, 20060198483
  • the FRC (field-reversed configuration) fusion reactors are essentially pulsed plasmoid colliders, i.e. pulsed single-phase instead of multiphase.
  • Rotating Magnetic Field RMF
  • Rotamak is employed to form and sustain the plasmoid.
  • the "rotating" radial magnetic field is generated by an orthogonal set of coils excited by radio frequency power, phased in quadrature. Therefore, it produces only rotating, but not both moving and rotating magnetic fields, and not helicoidal moving fields.
  • the present invention was made in view of the prior art drawbacks described above, and the object of the present invention is to provide a method and apparatus technologically and economically feasible to harness fusion energy in a highly energy-efficient way in order to surpass the breakeven point releasing more energy than it consumes due to wise use of low-power-consumption techniques, therefore achieving a net energy gain becoming self-sustainable to make available large amounts of electric power.
  • the present invention provides a method and apparatus using coaxially disposed coils feed by out-of-phase electrical currents to produce phase-shifting/moving magnetic fields toward each end of a superconducting electromagnet.
  • Plasma fusion fuels are accelerated by the moving magnetic fields to collide with each other in the electromagnet bore wherein the plasma is confined radially by the magnetic fields and trapped longitudinally by the moving magnetic fields until fusion reaction takes place impelling the fusion byproducts outwardly to be forced to work against alternating electromagnetic fields slowing down while converting kinetic energy directly into electric power.
  • the coaxially disposed coils can be comprised either by concentric helix-coils, or by inline stators axially and radially out-of-phase with each other.
  • an electrostatic generator can be used to surround the superconducting electromagnet with electric fields to give extra acceleration, and spaced- apart quadrupole magnets, rotated 90° from each other, can be disposed at each end of the superconducting electromagnet to cause strong focusing for increasing the radial pressure hereby enhancing the fusion reaction rate.
  • FIG. 1 is an illustration of the preferred embodiment comprised of a magnet, ion sources, output energy converters, and multiphase accelerators for producing phase-shifting magnetic fields;
  • FIG. 2 is an illustration of the multiphase coils comprised of a set of six concentric helix-coils, axially 60° rotated from each other;
  • FIG. 3 is an illustration of an alternative to FIG. 2, comprised of a set of six inline stators 60° out-of- phase with each other, wherein each stator is comprised of a set of six poles/windings also 60° out-of- phase with each other;
  • FIG. 4 is a frontal view of FIG. 3 for illustrating one of the stators which is comprised of a set of six poles/windings 60° out-of-phase with each other;
  • FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the multiphase accelerator and output energy converter of the embodiment of FIG. 1 for showing its internal arrangement with multistage collectors and the concentric coils of FIG. 2;
  • FIG. 6 is an illustration of FIG. 1 that can further include an electrostatic generator, spaced-apart quadrupole magnets, and an armature;
  • FIG. 7 is a perspective view of FIG. 6 further including a multiphase electrical system, a vacuum pump, a fuel recycler, and a base;
  • FIG. 8 is an illustration of a quadrupole magnet
  • FIG. 9 is an illustration of a hexapole magnet
  • FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the magnet and quadrupoles of the embodiment of FIG. 6 for showing its internal arrangement
  • FIG. 11 is a frontal view of FIG. 7 further including a thermoelectric system
  • FIG. 12 is a perspective view of FIG. 11;
  • FIG. 13 is an illustration of a building for enclosing the embodiment of FIG. 12;
  • FIG. 14 is an illustration of an alternative embodiment with energy converters having conventional Klystrons instead of multiphase coils
  • FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram comprising 3-phase primary windings, 3-phase rectifier/inverter, a master control system, and an optical emitter;
  • FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram comprising 3-phase secondary windings, 3-phase rectifier/inverter, an auxiliary control system, and an optical receiver;
  • FIG. 17 is an illustration of an alternative embodiment comprised by fourteen multiphase accelerators disposed at square and hexagonal faces of a truncated octahedron;
  • FIG. 18 is an illustration of the truncated octahedron of FIG. 17;
  • FIG. 19 is a frontal cross-section view of the truncated octahedron of FIG. 18 for showing its internal arrangement with magnets bore at the hexagonal faces to form quadrupole fields in the square faces;
  • FIG. 20 is a view of FIG. 17 with the square face in the front.
  • Reference Numerals in Drawings
  • FIG. 1 A preferred embodiment is shown in FIG. 1, comprised by a magnet 7 with its left extremity/opening having a multiphase accelerator 1, a set of ion sources 18 and a set of electron guns 19 radially disposed, an energy converter 20, and multistage collectors 21; and at right extremity similarly to the left extremity: respectively, a multiphase accelerator 2, ion sources 12, electron guns 98, energy converter 13 and multistage collectors 14.
  • FIG. 2 A preferred arrangement for generating rotating and moving magnetic fields inside the multiphase accelerator 1 (FIG. 1), resulting in helicoidal moving force toward the bore of magnet 7, is shown in FIG. 2, the arrangement is comprised by six concentric solenoids (helix-coils) 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, and 76, axially rotated 60° from each other and feed by six phases [0° 60° 120° 180° 240° 300°].
  • FIG. 2 An alternative arrangement for generating helicoidal moving force is shown in FIG.
  • FIG. 3 A frontal view of FIG. 3 is shown in FIG. 4 wherein the stator, due to phase variation on its poles, produces radially the rotating magnetic fields, and also each stator (FIG. 3) is out-of-phase with each other and produces axially the moving magnetic fields hereby resulting in a unidirectional helicoidal force.
  • FIG. 4 A frontal view of FIG. 3 is shown in FIG. 4 wherein the stator, due to phase variation on its poles, produces radially the rotating magnetic fields, and also each stator (FIG. 3) is out-of-phase with each other and produces axially the moving magnetic fields hereby resulting in a unidirectional helicoidal force.
  • the sequenced pattern of phase-shifted oscillations radially produces rotating magnetic fields similarly to a conventional rotating AC motor, and also longitudinally (or axially) produce moving magnetic fields similarly to a conventional linear AC motor, resulting in spiraling force around and along its longitudinal axis creating an unidirectional drag force.
  • the electric power flow of energy
  • the multiphase accelerator shorter with much more torque, rotating and moving magnetic fields instead of EM waves, polyphasic instead of single-phase, can both accelerate and confine unidirectionally and radially a plasma of charged particles, and the speed of the moving magnetic forces can be calculated and adjusted for maximum power transference.
  • FIG. 5 A cross-section taken of the multiphase accelerator 1 and the energy converter 20 (FIG. 1) is shown in FIG. 5, in order to better illustrate the multiphase coils 71 enclosed by periodic permanent magnets 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, also multiphase coils 5 enclosed by periodic permanents 45 of the energy converter 20, and the multistage collectors 21, 11, 3, 89, 90, 91, coaxially aligned and spaced apart by electrical insulators 60.
  • the periodic permanent magnets (PPM) (NS SN NS SN NS SN) are optional in order to strengthen the radial containment of the multiphase coils over charged fusion particles.
  • the two set of multiphase coils 71 and 5 are similar, except one is to accelerate the fusion fuel and other is to decelerate the fusion byproducts for energy conversion.
  • FIG. 6 An alternative embodiment is shown in FIG. 6, which is similar to the preferred embodiment (FIG. 1) except the magnet 7 has attached sets of quadrupoles 15 at its extremities that are coaxially aligned and 90° rotated from each other and spaced apart by electrical insulators 16, more an armature 9 to sustain the assembly, an electrostatic generator 4, a motor-generator shaft 8 to power the magnet, an optical fiber 17 to control and monitor the magnet.
  • the multiphase accelerators are externally connected to the armature and aimed toward the quadrupoles and the magnet bore.
  • the preferred embodiment (FIG. 1) is to work either with neutral or with non-neutral plasma while the alternative embodiment (FIG. 6) is to work better with non-neutral plasma having a predefined charge-to-mass ratio.
  • a small disadvantage of non-neutral plasma is that its charge- to-mass ratio must be as low as possible in order to keep it in a quasi-neutral state which requires stronger electric fields to be accelerated and stronger magnetic fields to be confined, and a big advantage of non-neutral plasma is that it still remains confined by electric/magnetic fields even at very low temperatures, i.e. no trouble regarding recombination, do not disassemble above a pressure limit, no confinement failure.
  • FIG. 7 A continuation of the embodiment of FIG. 6 is shown in FIG. 7, further illustrating four supporters 37 on a base 68 to sustain the armature 9, a 3-phase transformer 40, a battery bank 41, a power supply 42, a pile of HV power supplies 43 connected via bus wires 58 to the multistage collectors 21, a vacuum pump 38 connected to the bore of magnet 7 via pipe 39, a fuel recycler 36 connected to the ion guns 12 via fuel pipe 69, a byproducts pipe 59 connecting the multistage collectors 14 to the fuel recycler.
  • the vacuum pump 38 is to keep the magnet bore in a very low pressure, 10 "7 Torr or lower.
  • the space between the armature and the reactor core can be either empty vacuum or filled with an insulating gas (N 2 , C0 2 , SF 6 ).
  • the quadrupole magnet 15 is better illustrated in FIG. 8, comprised by four windings 22, 23, 25, 26, respectively with magnetic polarities N, S, N, and S.
  • a hexapole magnet is illustrated in FIG. 9, comprised by six windings 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, respectively with magnetic polarities N, S, N, S, N, and S.
  • FIG. 10 A cross-section taken of FIG. 6 is shown in FIG. 10, illustrating just the magnet 7, a retractile rod 27 close to the wall of the magnet bore, the quadrupoles 29, 15, 32, and 34, which are 90° rotated from each other and spaced apart by the electrical insulators 30, 28, 16, 31, 33, and 35, coaxially disposed along the magnet axis.
  • the magnet bore can be coated with an alternate layer of tungsten and boron carbide (W/B 4 C) to act as an X-ray mirror for reflecting electromagnetic radiation back to plasma thereby increasing fusion rate.
  • All electrical insulators in this disclosure can be preferably made of boron nitride due to its excellent thermal properties and dielectric strength (6MV/m).
  • the quadrupole magnets 29, 15, 32 and 34 are to perform strong focusing ideal to strengthen the radial pressure of ion beams.
  • Other multipole lenses can be used such as hexapole (FIG. 9), and octupole, but quadrupole (FIG. 8), despite having a higher chromatic dispersion, is the one with the smallest aperture, an optimal choice to increase the fusion reaction rate.
  • stator of FIG. 4 seems to be almost similar the hexapole of FIG. 9, but the stator (US patent: 381968, 416194) is comprised by windings/coils feed by out-of-phase alternating currents while the hexapole (US patent: 2736799, 3831121) can be either comprised by permanent magnets or windings/coils feed by continuous currents. Succinctly, the stator is to produce
  • the electrostatic generator 4 (FIG. 6), disposed between the armature 9 and the magnet 7, should have low power consumption and generate very high voltages, it can be a Van de Graaff, a Pelletron, or even a Cockcroft-Walton Multiplier.
  • the magnet 7 (FIG. 6) can be preferably a superconducting electromagnet in order to produce a very strong magnetic field by just consuming few kilowatts. Due to high electrical potential difference inside the armature, the superconducting electromagnet 7 can be powered by a motor-generator set, motor at the armature 9 and generator at the magnet 7, interconnected via electrically insulated shaft 8, and the electromagnet can be monitored and controlled via optical fiber 17; optical fiber is preferably due to its high electrical insulation and immunity to electromagnetic interferences.
  • the electrostatic generator Before startup, or in case of ionic saturation, the electrostatic generator can be turned off, or the retractile rod 27 (FIG. 10) can be pushed to neutralize any remaining ions in the reactor core and then pulled back, so that the vacuum pump can clean up the reactor core to get rid of the excess of ions.
  • FIG. 11 A continuation of the embodiment of FIG. 7 is shown in FIG. 11, further including a heat recovering system comprised of a Multiphase Thermoelectric Converter (PCT/IB2011/054511) 48, a pump 99, valves 46 and 47, a heat sink 44, an ionizer 49, hot pipes 50, 52, and 55 for conducting hot coolant from the reactor core and its peripherals toward the ionizer; the hot ionized coolant is forced to work against electric/magnetic fields inside the converter transferring energy to the system while cooling down to be finally neutralized on multistage collectors 6.
  • Cold pipes 51, 53, and 54 are for conducting the coolant to the magnet 7, cryocooler 10, and the energy converters 13 and 20, in order to cool down the reactor core and its peripherals.
  • the working fluid (coolant) can be preferably helium due to its low tendency to absorb neutrons.
  • Bus wires 56 and 57 are for connecting the multistage collectors 21 and 14 of the fusion reactor to multistage collectors 6 of the multiphase thermoelectric converter and consequently, to the HV power supplies 43 via the bus wires 58.
  • FIG. 12 A perspective view of the embodiment of FIG. 11 is shown in FIG. 12, and in FIG. 13 is shown a building 70, having an entrance 67, enclosing the embodiment of FIG. 12, and the heat sink 44 is at the top of the building in order to dissipate any residual waste heat.
  • FIG. 14 is similar to FIG. 6 except it has energy converters with conventional klystrons 100 and 101 instead of multiphase coils, and also its operation is similar to the embodiment FIG. 1 and FIG. 6 that will be further explained.
  • FIG. 15 A schematic diagram of the basic electric circuit of power supply 42 (FIG. 7) is shown in FIG. 15, illustrating a three-phase rectifier bridge comprised by six diodes Dl, D2, D3, D4, D5, and D6, a three- phase inverter comprised by six IGBTs Ql, Q2, Q3, Q4, Q5, and Q6, three-phase pulse circuits PI, P2, and P3, phased 120° from each other, driving respectively gate circuit pairs G1/G2, G3/G4, GD5/GD6 for synchronously switching the IGBTs; the battery bank 41, a clock generator 112, main optical emitter 111 and a three-phase primary winding 117 of the transformer 40 (FIG. 7).
  • a schematic diagram of one of the HV power supplies 43 (FIG.
  • FIG. 16 illustrating a three-phase rectifier bridge comprised by six diodes D7, D8, D9, D10, Dll, and D12, a three-phase inverter comprised by six IGBTs Q7, Q8, Q9, Q10, Qll, and Q12, three-phase pulse circuits P4, P5, and P6, phased 120° from each other, driving respectively gate circuit pairs G7/G8, G9/G10, GD11/GD12 for synchronously switching the IGBTs; a capacitor CI, a voltage divider comprised by 3 and R2, a positive terminal 115, a negative terminal 114 that is connected to the ion beam collector, an optical receiver 116, and a three-phase secondary winding 113 of the transformer 40 (FIG.
  • the optical emitter 111 (FIG. 15) sends the timing signal, produced by the clock generator 112, to all HV power supplies via optical fibers to be received by their respective optical receivers 116, keeping the three-phase system perfectly synchronized for multidirectional flow of energy.
  • other switched-mode topologies other semiconductor devices such as MOSFET, GTO, SCR, can be used instead of IGBT; three- phase can be split into six-phase by using center-tapped windings.
  • FIG. 17 Another alternative embodiment to FIG. 1 is shown in FIG. 17, and its frontal view is shown in FIG. 17, and its frontal view is shown in FIG. 17,
  • FIG. 20 which is similar to the preferred embodiment (FIG. 1) regarding usage of multiphase accelerator and energy converter, except it is comprised by a set of fourteen energy converters and multiphase accelerators 102 disposed around a truncated octahedron 104, and plasma sources 103 can be used instead of ion sources.
  • the truncated octahedron is internally comprised by eight magnets with bore on its inner hexagonal faces for generating normal magnetic fields in the openings of eight hexagonal faces and quadrupole fields in six square faces.
  • the truncated octahedron 104 is better illustrated in FIG. 18, showing its square face 105 and its hexagonal face 106, where all faces have circular openings.
  • FIG. 19 A frontal cross-section view of the truncated octahedron is illustrated in FIG. 19 showing four of its eight internal magnets 107, 108, 109 and 110, respectively with magnetic polarities N, S, N, and S; the remaining internal magnets are at the opposite side respectively with complementary magnetic polarities S, N, S, and N, in a way to form quadrupole fields in the four square faces wherein the quadrupole fields in each square face are rotated 90°, in quadrature, with their respective opposite face for causing strong focusing.
  • FIG. 1 A basic operation can be better understood from the FIG. 1 in where the magnet 7 generates open-ended and quasi-static/steady-state magnetic fields, and the multiphase accelerators 1 and 2 generate rotating and moving magnetic fields resulting in helicoidal force toward the bore of the magnet, wherein ions (plasma of charged particles) are confined radially by the static magnetic fields and trapped axially by the moving magnetic forces.
  • the ion sources 12 and 18 ionize the fusion fuel to be accelerated by the multiphase accelerators in the direction of the magnet bore for colliding with each other until fusion reactions take place impelling the electrically charged fusion byproducts to run away longitudinally outwardly toward the energy converters 13 and 20 to be forced to work against alternating electromagnetic fields for transferring energy to the system while slowing down for landing smoothly on the multistage collectors 14 and 21 to be neutralized and collected for subsequently to be recycled to recover the unburned fuel in order to maximize the fuel usage.
  • the charged particles move longitudinally describing a circular and helical orbit around the magnetic field lines keeping away from the magnet walls.
  • the resulting charged fusion byproducts are confined radially by the magnetic fields.
  • each coil 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, and 76 are fed by alternating electric currents with phase angles 60° apart, respectively 0°, 60°, 120°, 180°, 240°, and 300°, wherein the sequenced pattern of phase-shifted oscillations radially produce rotating magnetic fields similarly to a conventional rotating AC motor, and longitudinally (or axially) produce moving magnetic fields similarly to a conventional linear AC motor, resulting in spiraling electromagnetic force along its longitudinal axis creating an unidirectional moving force.
  • the moving and rotating magnetic fields' torque is quickly transferred to the ions.
  • the unidirectional moving force generated by the multiphase coils continuously impels charged particles from the ion sources 18 (FIG. 5) toward the reaction chamber (magnet bore), and also the moving forces generated at each
  • extremity/opening of the magnet bore confine longitudinally the charged particles in the reaction chamber.
  • the phase rotation keeps the plasma centered which can be even more enhanced with the periodic permanent magnets 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, and 97 (FIG. 5).
  • each conventional stator is 60° out-of-phase with each other and also each pole is 60° out-of-phase with each other, for radially producing rotating magnetic fields and longitudinally producing moving magnetic fields, also resulting in helicoidal moving force just in one direction.
  • the frequency of the alternating electric currents out-of-phase with each other flowing through the multiphase coils can be calculated and adjusted for controlling the speed of the moving magnetic fields in order to achieve maximum energy transfer to the plasma of charged particles.
  • L is the axial length of one turn
  • r is the radius
  • v is velocity
  • f is frequency
  • pole per phase p l [0° 60° 120° 180° 240° 300°].
  • the conversion of fusion energy into electric power can be better understood from the FIG. 5 in where the charged fusion byproducts pass through the second set of multiphase coils 5 which boosts the slow moving alternating EM fields produced by the multiphase coils, electrodynamically transferring energy to be effectively harvested by the multiphase electrical system 42 (FIG. 7) to be dispatched and stored in the battery bank 41.
  • the electron guns 19 are optional to increase the ionization and also to make available more electrons be impelled against the electric fields of the collectors.
  • the multiphase coils 5 (FIG. 5) generate helicoidal moving force similar to the already explained in FIG. 2 wherein each coil are fed with phase angles 60° apart, respectively 0°, 60°, 120°, 180°, 240°, and 300°, wherein the sequenced pattern of phase-shifted oscillations radially produce rotating magnetic fields similarly to a conventional rotating AC motor, and also axially produce moving magnetic fields similarly to a conventional linear AC motor, resulting in spiraling electromagnetic force around and along its longitudinal axis creating an unidirectional drag force slowly toward the multistage collectors (FIG. 5).
  • the another way of generating helicoidal moving force also was already exemplified in FIG.
  • each conventional stator is 60° out-of-phase with each other and also each pole is 60° out-of- phase with each other, for radially producing rotating magnetic fields and longitudinally producing moving magnetic fields, also resulting in helicoidal moving force.
  • the main advantage of the multiphase coils over a single-phase (TWT, Klystron) (FIG. 14) is that magnetic field is ever present making flow of energy more continuous/constant, and also due to sequential phase variation it slowly impels the charged byproducts away from the reactor's core which prevents from a premature ionic saturation.
  • Multistage depressed collectors can make TWTs more energy-efficient by recovering most of the energy remaining in the electron beam. It is known from TWT's technology that an energetic electron beam inside a helical coil pushes the alternating electromagnetic fields forwardly thereby boosting/amplifying the amplitude of single-phase electromagnetic waves while losing kinetic energy at each bunching cyclically/periodically induced by the alternating EM fields.
  • TWT Traveling Wave Amplifier
  • Klystron 100 and 101 FIG. 14
  • the three basic conditions for the fusion to take place are density, confinement and kinetic energy, but low power consumption is essential for a positive balance of energy.
  • FIG. 1 can alternatively be improved with addition of quadrupoles and electrostatic accelerator (FIG. 6) in where the magnet 7 generates magnetic fields, and the electrostatic generator 4 produces electric fields inside the armature 9, thereby forming a kind of "penning trap", wherein ions (charged particles) are confined radially by the magnetic fields and trapped axially by the electric fields and also by the moving magnetic fields generated by the multiphase accelerators.
  • quadrupoles and electrostatic accelerator FIG. 6
  • the electrostatic generator 4 produces electric fields inside the armature 9, thereby forming a kind of "penning trap", wherein ions (charged particles) are confined radially by the magnetic fields and trapped axially by the electric fields and also by the moving magnetic fields generated by the multiphase accelerators.
  • the ion sources 12 and 18 ionize the fusion fuel to be impelled by the multiphase accelerators and subsequently attracted by the electrostatic fields, toward through the spaced-apart multipole fields, in the direction of the magnet bore for colliding with each other until fusion reactions take place impelling the fusion byproducts to run away longitudinally outwardly to the energy converters 13 and 20 to be forced to work against electric/magnetic fields for transferring energy to the system while slowing down for landing smoothly on the multistage collectors 14 and 21 to be neutralized and collected for
  • the ion sources 18 and 12 must ionize the fusion fuel with a predefined charge-to-mass ratio which can be measured and controlled by a mass flow controller and an ammeter.
  • the charge-to-mass ratio is calculated to be as low as possible in order to keep the plasma in a quasi-neutral state resulting in a high density, which requires stronger magnetic flux and higher voltage that are easily provided by superconducting electromagnet and electrostatic generator.
  • Ion sources can produce either positive ions or negative ions, thus the electrostatic generator can either has its negative at the magnet and positive at the armature or positive at the magnet and negative at the armature, hence the setup can be either: [armature(+) electromagnet(-) ions(+)] or [armature(-) electromagnet(+) ions(-)].
  • the quadrupoles magnets are arranged in quadrature, rotated 90° from each other and spaced- apart by the electrical insulators (FIG. 10), to cause strong focusing to make the beams more convergent and radially denser while the beams move through the magnetic cusps of the quadrupoles toward the reaction chamber (interior of the magnet).
  • the waste heat comes mainly from the electromagnetic radiation in the reactor's core, mostly in X-ray range (bremsstrahlung) that is shielded by the tungsten layers.
  • FIG. 17 A basic operation of the alternative embodiment of FIG. 17 is similar to the preferred embodiment already explained in FIG. 1, except it has a set of fourteen energy converters and multiphase accelerators disposed at faces of the truncated octahedron 104(FIG. 18).
  • the truncated octahedron internally generates quasi-static/steady-state magnetic fields that are open-ended at the faces. It is internally comprised by eight magnets with bore at hexagonal faces for generating normal magnetic fields in the openings of hexagonal faces and quadrupole fields in the square faces (FIG. 19) resulting in strong focusing.
  • the magnetic field lines are curved which cause the magnetic mirror e/fecf(tendency for charged particles to bounce back from a high field region), the plasma particles describe a circular and helical orbit around the quasi-static magnetic field lines keeping away from the chamber walls.
  • the alternative embodiment (FIG. 17) is to work either with neutral or with non-neutral plasma, but in this case, neutral plasma is preferable due to low ionic saturation.
  • Neutral plasma electrons and atomic nuclei much closer (p-e-p) for substantially diminishing proton-proton repulsion consequently much higher fusion rate and energy production.
  • the alternative embodiment of FIG. 17 has fourteen multiphase accelerators (seven axes instead of just one, much more isotropic instead of just radial) for providing energetic collisions enough to overcome the Coulomb repulsion; just remembering that in few micrograms of fusion fuel there are trillions and trillions of atomic nuclei, and also free electrons that can decrease the Coulomb repulsion, then fusion reactions are certainly to occur. In quasi-isotropic collisions, the plasma beams tend to repel each other convergently toward the center of the reaction chamber thereby increasing the probability of fusion reactions.
  • the multiphase accelerators generate rotating and moving magnetic fields resulting in helicoidal moving forces toward the openings of the truncated octahedron, wherein plasma is confined by the static magnetic fields, mainly due to magnetic mirror effect, and trapped isotropically by the helicoidal moving forces.
  • the fusion fuels for this disclosure can be composed of light atomic nuclei like hydrogen, deuterium, tritium, helium, lithium, beryllium, boron, and their various isotopes.
  • helium-3, hydrogen-1 with boron-11, lithium-6, lithium-7, beryllium-9 are of interest for aneutronic nuclear fusion (low neutron radiation hazards).
  • aneutronic fusion is clean and safe, virtually radiation free, only a minimum of radiation shielding is needed. Most of the energy produced by aneutronic fusion is in the form of charged particles instead of neutrons, which can be converted directly into electricity by making them work against
  • the specific energy and charge-to-mass ratio are essential parameters to define the magnetic flux density and electrostatic potential.
  • Multiphase accelerator frequency and reactive power for 150 keV:
  • Van de Graaff or Pelletron generator 20MV(20E+6) to accelerate ions at 150keV.
  • 2.88853E-6 / (20.0853E-27) 144E+18 reactants/second (144 quintillions) which is a very high probability of having fusion reactions as well unburned fuels to be further recycled.
  • the reactants ( 1 H + n B) require at least 120keV of kinetic energy to fuse; however, 600keV is considered the best, nevertheless, in theory, only 120keV is consumed by the reaction and the remaining are losses caused by electromagnetic radiation (bremsstrahlung) that will end as waste heat to be recycled again into electric power by the multiphase thermoelectric converter.
  • the multiphase accelerators are to induce 150keV each one, the electrostatic acceleration is to induce 150keV at each side, totalizing 600keV.
  • the magnetic fields can withstand very high-temperature ion plasma preventing the hot plasma from touching on the inner walls of the reactor's core.
  • a dense and environmentally friendly energy source that can replace more than 10 billion tons/year of carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) by only 10000 tons/year of non-radioactive, inert, safe and light helium-4 gas, which can ascend above the ozone layer and maybe escape to the outer space and be swept by the solar wind.
  • the electricity produced by fusion power can be used for electrolysis of water to obtain hydrogen: H 2 0 + (286kJ/mole) H 2 + 1 ⁇ 20 2
  • This hydrogen can be combined with atmospheric carbon dioxide(C0 2 ) to produce methanol(CH 3 OH): C0 2 + 3H 2 ⁇ CH 3 OH + H 2 0
  • This process can reduce C0 2 concentration and increase oxygen in the atmosphere, producing hydrogen for fuel cells and methanol for vehicles; methanol is relatively clean compared to gasoline or diesel which can substantially reduce the worldwide pollution.
  • carbohydrate C 5 Hio0 4
  • glucose C 6 Hi 2 0 6
  • other organic compounds free of naturally occurring contaminant elements (e.g., mercury, lead) and free of naturally occurring radioactive materials (e.g., carbon-14, potassium-40), which can help to reduce the destruction of forested areas to be used as arable land and pasture for food production.
  • naturally occurring contaminant elements e.g., mercury, lead
  • radioactive materials e.g., carbon-14, potassium-40
  • This disclosure is technologically and economically feasible, no environmental damage, and due to its higher energy/power density, it requires less land usage than any other renewable energy like wind power, solar energy, hydroelectricity, and biofuel. It is an environmentally friendly source of electric power with virtually no thermal and no radioactive waste, a dense energy source with an extremely high degree of cleanness and efficiency to supply the world's energy needs and can also enable civilization to achieve interstellar travels for affordably exploring the outer space.
  • the nuclear fusion reactor of this invention evolves an improved fusion energy concept, that can be used to generate electricity at high efficiency with inexpressive radiation hazards, requiring insignificant shielding because most of the fusion byproduct is the helium that is a safe and non-toxic waste; it is to be a practical and cost-effective source of carbon-free electricity relatively easy to integrate to existent power grids; system performance is competitive also is relatively inexpensive and have abundant fuel supply, has scalability of size and power, easier engineering and maintainability.
  • the strong focusing can be comprised by a set of hexapoles and octupoles instead of only quadrupoles, it can be fitted to work with negative ions instead of positive ions, the energy converters can be comprised by Klystron/TWT instead of multiphase coils, and so on, varying form and size of the parts. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes can be made in the parts and steps of the apparatus and method without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Particle Accelerators (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un système de réacteur à fusion nucléaire constitué de plusieurs bobines déphasées disposées coaxialement destinées à produire des forces motrices radialement et axialement hélicoïdales vers chaque extrémité d'une chambre de réaction entourée par des champs magnétiques statiques. De ce fait, des particules chargées font l'objet d'une accélération et sont prises au piège axialement par les forces motrices hélicoïdales et confinées radialement par les champs magnétiques statiques jusqu'à l'intervention de la fusion mettant en mouvement longitudinalement des produits de récupération pour qu'ils travaillent contre des champs magnétiques alternants afin de transférer de l'énergie au système tout en ralentissant pour être neutralisés et recyclés plus avant. Les bobines disposées coaxialement peuvent être contenues soit par des solénoïdes concentriques soit par des stators alignés déphasés axialement et radialement les uns par rapport aux autres. Le système selon l'invention peut en outre comprendre des aimants multipôles espacés au niveau de chaque extrémité de la chambre de réaction pour rendre les faisceaux radialement plus denses, et un générateur électrostatique destiné à fournir une accélération supplémentaire. De la chaleur perdue résiduelle peut être convertie directement en électricité par forçage d'un caloporteur chaud pour mettre en mouvement des ions contre les champs électriques/magnétiques.
PCT/IB2013/050658 2013-01-25 2013-01-25 Réacteur à fusion nucléaire multiphase Ceased WO2014114986A1 (fr)

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WO2017049406A1 (fr) * 2015-09-22 2017-03-30 1994680 Alberta Ltd. Fusion assistée par magnétocompression
CN107910074A (zh) * 2017-11-09 2018-04-13 新奥科技发展有限公司 一种用于静电约束核聚变的阴极装置及静电约束核聚变装置
US10049774B2 (en) 2013-09-24 2018-08-14 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for forming and maintaining a high performance FRC
WO2018226287A1 (fr) * 2016-11-16 2018-12-13 Jerome Drexler Atterrissage d'engin spatial et transport de site à site pour une planète, la lune ou un autre corps spatial
US10322826B2 (en) 2016-08-26 2019-06-18 Jerome Drexler Interplanetary spacecraft using fusion-powered thrust
US10377511B2 (en) 2016-10-17 2019-08-13 Jerome Drexler Interplanetary spacecraft using fusion-powered constant-acceleration thrust
US10418170B2 (en) 2015-05-12 2019-09-17 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for reducing undesired eddy currents
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US10446275B2 (en) 2011-11-14 2019-10-15 The Regents Of The University Of California Systems and methods for forming and maintaining a high performance FRC
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US10815014B2 (en) 2018-08-24 2020-10-27 Jerome Drexler Spacecraft collision-avoidance propulsion system and method
US10815015B2 (en) 2017-12-05 2020-10-27 Jerome Drexler Asteroid redirection and soft landing facilitated by cosmic ray and muon-catalyzed fusion
US10940931B2 (en) 2018-11-13 2021-03-09 Jerome Drexler Micro-fusion-powered unmanned craft
US10960993B2 (en) 2018-10-30 2021-03-30 Jerome Drexler Spacecraft-module habitats and bases
US11195627B2 (en) 2016-10-28 2021-12-07 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for improved sustainment of a high performance FRC plasma at elevated energies utilizing neutral beam injectors with tunable beam energies
CN113758987A (zh) * 2021-08-12 2021-12-07 上海大学 一种基于磁场效应测定阴极反应速率控制步骤的方法
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US11217351B2 (en) 2015-11-13 2022-01-04 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for FRC plasma position stability
US11335467B2 (en) 2016-11-15 2022-05-17 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for improved sustainment of a high performance FRC and high harmonic fast wave electron heating in a high performance FRC
US12432840B2 (en) 2020-01-13 2025-09-30 Tae Technologies, Inc. System and methods for forming and maintaining high energy and temperature FRC plasma via spheromak merging and neutral beam injection

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US10446275B2 (en) 2011-11-14 2019-10-15 The Regents Of The University Of California Systems and methods for forming and maintaining a high performance FRC
US11373763B2 (en) 2013-09-24 2022-06-28 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for forming and maintaining a high performance FRC
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WO2016061001A3 (fr) * 2014-10-13 2016-07-07 Tri Alpha Energy, Inc. Systèmes et procédés de fusion et de compression de tores compacts
US11200990B2 (en) 2014-10-13 2021-12-14 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for merging and compressing compact tori
EA034349B1 (ru) * 2014-10-13 2020-01-30 Таэ Текнолоджиз, Инк. Система для формирования, сжатия и слияния компактных тороидов плазмы
US10665351B2 (en) 2014-10-13 2020-05-26 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for merging and compressing compact tori
US11337294B2 (en) 2014-10-30 2022-05-17 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for forming and maintaining a high performance FRC
US10440806B2 (en) 2014-10-30 2019-10-08 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for forming and maintaining a high performance FRC
US10743398B2 (en) 2014-10-30 2020-08-11 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for forming and maintaining a high performance FRC
US10418170B2 (en) 2015-05-12 2019-09-17 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for reducing undesired eddy currents
US10910149B2 (en) 2015-05-12 2021-02-02 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for reducing undesired eddy currents
WO2017049406A1 (fr) * 2015-09-22 2017-03-30 1994680 Alberta Ltd. Fusion assistée par magnétocompression
US11217351B2 (en) 2015-11-13 2022-01-04 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for FRC plasma position stability
US11615896B2 (en) 2015-11-13 2023-03-28 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for radial and axial stability control of an FRC plasma
US10322826B2 (en) 2016-08-26 2019-06-18 Jerome Drexler Interplanetary spacecraft using fusion-powered thrust
US10377511B2 (en) 2016-10-17 2019-08-13 Jerome Drexler Interplanetary spacecraft using fusion-powered constant-acceleration thrust
US11195627B2 (en) 2016-10-28 2021-12-07 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for improved sustainment of a high performance FRC plasma at elevated energies utilizing neutral beam injectors with tunable beam energies
US20220093280A1 (en) * 2016-10-28 2022-03-24 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for improved sustainment of a high performance frc plasma at elevated energies utilizing neutral beam injectors with tunable beam energies
US11894150B2 (en) 2016-11-04 2024-02-06 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for improved sustainment of a high performance FRC with multi-scaled capture type vacuum pumping
US11211172B2 (en) 2016-11-04 2021-12-28 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for improved sustainment of a high performance FRC with multi-scaled capture type vacuum pumping
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US11929182B2 (en) 2016-11-15 2024-03-12 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for improved sustainment of a high performance FRC and high harmonic fast wave electron heating in a high performance FRC
US11335467B2 (en) 2016-11-15 2022-05-17 Tae Technologies, Inc. Systems and methods for improved sustainment of a high performance FRC and high harmonic fast wave electron heating in a high performance FRC
WO2018226287A1 (fr) * 2016-11-16 2018-12-13 Jerome Drexler Atterrissage d'engin spatial et transport de site à site pour une planète, la lune ou un autre corps spatial
US10384813B2 (en) 2016-11-16 2019-08-20 Jerome Drexler Spacecraft landing and site-to-site transport for a planet, moon or other space body
CN107910074A (zh) * 2017-11-09 2018-04-13 新奥科技发展有限公司 一种用于静电约束核聚变的阴极装置及静电约束核聚变装置
US10815015B2 (en) 2017-12-05 2020-10-27 Jerome Drexler Asteroid redirection and soft landing facilitated by cosmic ray and muon-catalyzed fusion
US10793295B2 (en) 2017-12-05 2020-10-06 Jerome Drexler Asteroid redirection facilitated by cosmic ray and muon-catalyzed fusion
US10815014B2 (en) 2018-08-24 2020-10-27 Jerome Drexler Spacecraft collision-avoidance propulsion system and method
US10960993B2 (en) 2018-10-30 2021-03-30 Jerome Drexler Spacecraft-module habitats and bases
US10940931B2 (en) 2018-11-13 2021-03-09 Jerome Drexler Micro-fusion-powered unmanned craft
US12432840B2 (en) 2020-01-13 2025-09-30 Tae Technologies, Inc. System and methods for forming and maintaining high energy and temperature FRC plasma via spheromak merging and neutral beam injection
CN113758987A (zh) * 2021-08-12 2021-12-07 上海大学 一种基于磁场效应测定阴极反应速率控制步骤的方法
CN113758987B (zh) * 2021-08-12 2024-03-19 上海大学 一种基于磁场效应测定阴极反应速率控制步骤的方法

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