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WO2014085626A1 - Modulation de lumière de plantes et de parties de plante - Google Patents

Modulation de lumière de plantes et de parties de plante Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2014085626A1
WO2014085626A1 PCT/US2013/072295 US2013072295W WO2014085626A1 WO 2014085626 A1 WO2014085626 A1 WO 2014085626A1 US 2013072295 W US2013072295 W US 2013072295W WO 2014085626 A1 WO2014085626 A1 WO 2014085626A1
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Prior art keywords
light
bandwidth
narrow
plant
methyl
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Kevin Michael Folta
David G. Clark
Thomas A. COLQUHOUN
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University of Florida
University of Florida Research Foundation Inc
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University of Florida
University of Florida Research Foundation Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G7/00—Botany in general
    • A01G7/04—Electric or magnetic or acoustic treatment of plants for promoting growth
    • A01G7/045—Electric or magnetic or acoustic treatment of plants for promoting growth with electric lighting
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
    • A01H3/00—Processes for modifying phenotypes, e.g. symbiosis with bacteria
    • A01H3/02—Processes for modifying phenotypes, e.g. symbiosis with bacteria by controlling duration, wavelength, intensity, or periodicity of illumination

Definitions

  • Plant growth and development is a product of the genetic potential contained in a plant and how it responds to stimuli from the ambient environment.
  • An element of this interaction (genetic potential and environment) is facilitated by a suite of plant photosensory receptor proteins, each adapted to sense and relay information about the incident light spectrum.
  • light quantity, quality, and duration inform the plant of current conditions that ultimately contribute to plant productivity and product quality.
  • wavelengths of light provide discrete information to the plant leading to particular responses. For instance, blue light (400-500 nm) controls phototropic growth, leaf expansion, stem growth inhibition and accumulation of anthocyanin pigments. Red light (-660 nm) controls many responses including germination, functions of the chloroplast, stem and petiole growth. Far-red light (>700 nm) is an important signal in a shaded environment, and has a central role in modulating red light responses. All of these light wavelengths have effects on flowering and gene expression.
  • Plant organic compound metabolism is influenced by overall light conditions, such as, the cellular redox state, cyclic nucleotide metabolism in bean, and phenylpropanoid production in Arabidopsis (Brown et al, 1989; Jin et al, 2000; Dietz & Pfannschmidt, 201 1).
  • VOCs volatile organic compounds
  • the floral VOCs are commonly separated into three main categories: benzenoids/phenylpropanoids, fatty-acid derivatives, and terpenoids. Additionally, carotenoid derivatives, as well as nitrogen containing and sulfur containing floral VOCs have been identified.
  • Fruit flavor and aroma which are important factors that drive consumer-liking, are also generated by a diverse set of chemicals including organic volatile compounds such as phenolics and carotenoids.
  • organic volatile compounds such as phenolics and carotenoids.
  • flavor intensity is associated with twelve different compounds, seven of which are independently significant for tomato flavor even after accounting for fructose: 2-butylacetate, cis-3-hexen-l-ol, citric acid, 3-methyl-l -butanol, 2-methylbutanal, l-octen-3- one, and trans,trans-2,4-decadienal.
  • Sweetness of tomato fruits is associated with twelve compounds, eight of which overlap with those flavor compounds and three of which are independent predictors of sweetness even after accounting for fructose: geranial, 2-methylbutanal, and 3 -methyl- 1-butanal (Tieman et al., 2012).
  • Plant volatile production can be influenced by light quantity over the course of fruit development in strawberry (Watson et al, 2002).
  • terpenoids have been shown to be modulated by the photosensory receptor proteins, phytochromes (Peer & Langenheim, 1998; Tanaka et al, 1998).
  • a USDA group demonstrated that when sweet basil plants were grown on colored mulches, the volatile compounds emitted from fresh leaves varied with the color of mulch used (Loughrin & Kasperbauer, 2003).
  • photomorphogenesis the molecular and biochemical events occurring throughout a seedling's transition from darkness to light
  • Brassica sprouts have been shown to be rich in many phytonutrients including anthocyanins, glucosinilates, sulforaphane, carotenoids, flavonoids, general antioxidants, and terpenes (Manchali et al, 2012; Bjorkman et al, 201 1 ). It has also been demonstrated that cruciferous sprouts had 10-100 times the quantity of chemoprotective compounds than mature plants (Fahey et al, 1997).
  • Narrow bandwidth LED light has been used to analyze changes in carotenoid and glucosinolate levels in mature kales (Lefsrud et al, 2008) and broccoli sprout nutrient levels could be increased with specific treatments of blue light (Kopsell and Sams, 2013).
  • the present invention provides methods for applying controlled, narrow-spectrum light treatments to plants and plant parts (such as flowers, fruits) to modulate size, color, stature, nutraceutical content, flavor, and/or aroma of plants or plant parts.
  • the present invention further provides software and/or control devices for plant lighting systems (such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs)) that can be used to modulate size, stature, nutraceutical content, flavor, and/or aroma of plants or plant parts.
  • plant lighting systems such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
  • LEDs light-emitting diodes
  • Figures 1A-1B illustrate ( A ) Spectroradiometer readings of the light qualities used in the experiments described in Examples 1-5. All treatments represent the waveform generated at a
  • MD flowers are treated for eight hours (same as in Fig. 1A) then placed in white light conditions; volatiles are collected every four hours afterward until the next day.
  • Figure 2 illustrates the Petunia x hybrida cv 'Mitchel Diploid' (MD) FVBP metabolic pathway beginning with phenylalanine, and FVBP compound emission under varying light conditions. Histograms of petunia FVBP emission under different wavelengths of light (50 -2 -2
  • umol*s *m quantitatively represent detected FVBP compounds.
  • the Y-axis is in ng*gfw ⁇ ' *h ⁇
  • Lower case letters above the standard error bars are the results of a one-way ANOVA (t-distribution).
  • Inset picture is a representative MD flower.
  • Figure 3 illustrates the Petunia x hybrida cv 'Mitchel Diploid' (MD) FVBP metabolic pathway beginning with phenylalanine, and FVBP compound emission under varying treatment time of far-red light conditions. Histograms of petunia FVBP emission under white and far-red
  • wavelengths of light (50 umoI*s *m ) quantitatively represent detected FVBP compounds.
  • Y-axis is in ng*gfw " ⁇ *h ⁇ ⁇
  • Lower case letters above the standard error bars are the results of a one-way ANOVA (t-distribution).
  • Inset picture is a representative MD flower.
  • Figure 4 shows an example of Solatium lycopersicum cv 'M82' volatile organic compound emission under varying light conditions. Histograms of tomato volatile compound emission under
  • Figure 5 shows an example of Fragaria ananassa cv 'Strawberry Festival' volatile organic compound emission under varying light conditions. Histograms of Festival volatile
  • Figure 7 shows that light modulates plant growth. Green light promotes stem growth. Arabidopsis seedlings are imaged every five minutes using high-resolution CCD cameras. After stabilizing dark growth rates, light is applied. Blue, red and far-red light conditions inhibit growth, while green light increases plant growth rate. The results are observed in all receptor mutant backgrounds, indicating that green light modulates plant growth via a novel receptor.
  • Figure 8A-8B show that while exposure to light generally increases the level of transcripts required for photosynthesis, green light reduces the level of transcripts required for photosynthesis.
  • the results show that the levels of three key transcripts required for photosynthesis decrease in response to a green light pulse in an etiolated seedling.
  • FIG. 9 shows that green light induces shade-like responses. Plants adapting to shade typically grow with elongated petioles and less leaf expansion. The response to low light environments can be mimicked by increasing green light. The addition of green wavebands induces a shade-like phenotype in Arabidopsis rosettes. The shade -like responses are observed in all photomorphogenic mutants, indicating that the shade-like response is mediated by a novel green light sensor.
  • FIG 10A-10F show that the application of green light reverses the effects of red and/or blue light in developing seedlings.
  • (A) and (B) show that the application of green light reverses the inhibition effect of red light on plant growth.
  • examination of photoreceptor mutants shows that phototropin 1 blue light receptor mediates the pathway in which green light reverses the effects of red and/or blue light on plant growth.
  • the results indicate that green wavebands oppose the effects of red and blue light; green light indicates to plants the presence of non-optimal photosynthetic conditions, invoking plant adaptive response.
  • Figure 11 shows that applications of light of desired wavelengths can be used to modulate the size, color and nutraceutical contents in plants.
  • Figure 12 shows methods of volatile collection useful in the present invention.
  • Figure 13 shows various pathways for synthesis of volatile compounds in plants.
  • Figures 14A-14D show phenotypes of 4-day old Red Russian kale seedlings under selective light conditions. Shown are representative seedlings grown for (A) 4 days under dark, white (1, 10 and 100 pmol m “2 s “1 ) , red (1 , 25 and 100 ⁇ m “2 s “1 ), far-red (1, 10 and 100 ⁇ m “2 s “1 ) or blue light (1 , 20 and 100 ⁇ m “2 s “1 ), (B) 1 day of darkness and 3 days of light, (C) 2 days of darkness and 2 days of light, and (D) 3 days of darkness and 1 day of light.
  • Figures 16A-16D show anthocyanin content in 4-day old Red Russian kale seedlings under selective light conditions. Anthocyanin levels are shown graphically after (A) 4 days of exposure to white, far-red, red or blue light with the indicated fluence rates, (B) 1 day of darkness and 3 days of light, (C) 2 days of darkness and 2 days of light, and (D) 3 days of darkness and 1 day of light. Results represent the average of three independent experiments. Means ⁇ SE.
  • Figures 17A-17D show chlorophyll levels in 4-day old Red Russian kale seedlings under selective light conditions. Chlorophyll content is shown graphically after (A) 4 days of exposure to white, far-red, red or blue light with the indicated fluence rates, (B) 1 day of darkness and 3 days of light, (C) 2 days of darkness and 2 days of light, and (D) 3 days of darkness and 1 day of light. Results represent the average of three independent experiments. Means ⁇ SE.
  • Figures 19A-19B show the effect of simultaneous red, far-red and blue light irradiance on the growth of Red Russian kale seedlings.
  • Figure 20 shows the effect of light wavelength on the anti-oxidant capacity of Red Russian kale seedlings.
  • Figures 21A-21F show the growth of Red Russian kale under optimized sequential light treatments.
  • A Scheme representing the four treatments (Tl to T4) of light used on seedlings grown for four days is shown. Transitions every 24 h are indicated and a change in color represents a change in a light condition; D, dark, W, white light (50 ⁇ m "2 s “1 ), R, red light (25 ⁇ m “2 s “1 ), FR, far- red light (50 ⁇ m “2 s “1 ), and B, blue light (50 ⁇ m "2 s “1 ).
  • B Representative pictures are shown.
  • C Hypocotyl elongation,
  • D anthocyanin accumulation,
  • E chlorophyll levels, and
  • F antioxidant capacity of kale seedlings from all four treatments are graphically illustrated. Scale bars represent 1 cm.
  • the present invention provides methods for applying controlled, narrow-spectrum light treatments to plants and plant parts (such as flowers, fruits) to modulate color, stature, nutraceutical content, flavor, and/or aroma of plants or plant parts.
  • the present invention provides software and/or control devices for plant lighting systems (such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs)) that can be used to modulate color, stature, nutraceutical content, flavor, and/or aroma of plants or plant parts.
  • the present invention provides a specific "prescription" that improves colors, size, and/or shape of plants and plant products.
  • the light treatments of the present invention substantially increase various beneficial plant chemicals.
  • the present invention can be utilized by specialty crop growers such as greenhouse growers of lettuces and sprouts.
  • specialty crop growers such as greenhouse growers of lettuces and sprouts.
  • the present invention can also be applied to high- value crops and produce such as, but certainly not limited to, strawberry and tomato.
  • Plant growth, development and metabolism are controlled by light acting through discrete photosensors and associated transduction pathways.
  • Specific metabolic nodes regulated by genes and proteins they encode) are known to be affected by light.
  • treatment of fruits, flowers and herbs with narrow- bandwidth LED light can be used to alter the accumulation of flavor and aroma compounds.
  • the results show that the accumulation of various volatiles in plants can be modulated in accordance with the light treatment methods of the present invention.
  • the present invention offers the opportunity to re-shape flavor and aroma of plant products using light treatment, and can be used to transform how fruits, vegetables and flowers are treated before and after harvest.
  • the present invention provides specialized lighting systems composed of controllable LED light sequences.
  • software is used to attain improved flavor and aroma of plant products, and to enhance qualities of plant products post-harvest.
  • the present invention provides a method of altering (e.g., increasing) the emission level of an organic volatile compound in a plant cell, plant tissue, or plant part, wherein the method comprises: applying a narrow-bandwidth light to a plant cell, plant tissue, or plant part capable of producing an organic volatile compound of interest, wherein the narrow-bandwidth light is from an artificial light-emitting source or is obtained from filtering natural or artificial light.
  • the narrow-bandwidth light has a half-bandwidth of less than 50nm, or any value less than 50nm (such as less than l Onm).
  • the narrow-bandwidth light is a monochromatic light or has a bandwidth of less than lOOnm, or any value less than l OOnm (such as less than lOnm).
  • the narrow-bandwidth light has a bandwidth of less than l OOnm, or any value less than 1 OOnm (such as less than 1 Onm).
  • the narrow-bandwidth light can be applied, before or after harvest of the flowers or fruits, to a floral or fruit cell, tissue or a whole flower or fruit. In one preferred embodiment, the narrow-bandwidth light is applied after harvest of flowers or fruits, to a floral or fruit cell, tissue, or a whole flower or fruit.
  • two, three, or multiple narrow-bandwidth lights are applied to a plant cell, plant tissue, plant part, or a whole plant, before or harvest of the plant cell, plant tissue, or plant part.
  • two, three, or multiple narrow-bandwidth lights each has a half- bandwidth of less than 50nm, or any value less than 50nm (such as less than l Onm), are applied before or after harvest of the flowers or fruits, to a floral or fruit cell, tissue or a whole flower or fruit.
  • two, three, or multiple narrow-bandwidth lights each has a half-bandwidth from 3nm to 50nm, or any value therebetween, are applied before or after harvest of the flowers or fruits, to a floral or fruit cell, tissue or a whole flower or fruit.
  • the present invention provides a method for modulating color, stature, and/or nutraceutical content of plants, wherein the method comprises: applying a narrow- bandwidth light to a plant cell, plant tissue, plant part, or a whole plant, before the plant is harvested, wherein the narrow-bandwidth light is emitted from an artificial light-emitting source or is obtained from filtering a natural or artificial light.
  • the methods are carried out while the plant is a seedling.
  • the narrow-bandwidth light has a half-bandwidth of less than 50nm, or any value less than 50nm (such as less than lOOnm).
  • the narrow-bandwidth light has a half-bandwidth from 3nm to 5 Onm, or any value therebetween, including, but not limited to, 5nm to 45nm, lOnm to 40nm, 15nm to 30nm, and 20nm to 25nm.
  • two, three, or multiple narrow-bandwidth lights each has a half- bandwidth of less than 50nm, or any value less than 50nm (such as less than lOnm), are applied a plant cell, plant tissue, plant part, or a whole plant, before the plant is harvested, in order to modulate color, stature, and/or nutraceutical content of the plant.
  • two, three, or multiple narrow-bandwidth lights each has a half- bandwidth from 3nm to 50nm, or any value therebetween, are applied a plant cell, plant tissue, plant part, or a whole plant, before the plant is harvested, in order to modulate color, stature, and/or nutraceutical content of the plant.
  • the light comprises, or consists of, a monochromatic light selected from near ultra-violet (UV-A), blue, green, yellow, orange, red, and far-red.
  • UV-A near ultra-violet
  • blue, green, yellow, orange, red, and far-red selected from near ultra-violet (UV-A), blue, green, yellow, orange, red, and far-red.
  • UV-A light has a frequency within the range of approximately 668THz to 789THz and a wavelength within the range of approximately 320nm to 400nm.
  • Blue light has a frequency within the range of approximately 606THz to 668THz and a wavelength within the range of approximately 400nm to 495nm.
  • Green light has a frequency within the range of approximately 526THz to 606THz and a wavelength within the range of approximately 495nm to 570nm.
  • Yellow light has a frequency within the range of approximately 508THz to 526THz and a wavelength within the range of approximately 570nm to 590nm.
  • Orange light has a frequency within the range of approximately 484THz to 508THz and a wavelength within the range of approximately 590nm to 620nm.
  • Red light has a frequency within the range of approximately 400THz to 484THz and a wavelength within the range of approximately 620nm to 700nm.
  • Far-red light has a wavelength within the range of approximately 700nm to 760nm.
  • the present invention does not encompass the application of a white light from an artificial or natural source to plant cells, tissues, parts, or a whole plant.
  • the present invention does not encompass placing or storing plant cells, tissues, parts, or a whole plant in darkness (with no visible light). In another embodiment, the present invention embodies placing or storing plant cells, tissues, parts, or a whole plant in darkness (with no visible light).
  • the present invention does not encompass the application of an electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light (e.g., ultraviolet light (such as ultraviolet A, ultraviolet B, ultraviolet C), and X-rays) to plant cells, tissues, parts, or a whole plant.
  • an electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light (e.g., ultraviolet light (such as ultraviolet A, ultraviolet B, ultraviolet C), and X-rays) to plant cells, tissues, parts, or a whole plant.
  • the present invention embodies the application of an electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light (e.g., ultraviolet light (such as ultraviolet A, ultraviolet B, ultraviolet C), and X-rays) to plant cells, tissues, parts, or a whole plant.
  • an electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength shorter than that of visible light e.g., ultraviolet light (such as ultraviolet A, ultraviolet B, ultraviolet C), and X-rays)
  • the present invention does not encompass the application of an electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than that of visible light (e.g., infrared) to plant cells, tissues, parts, or a whole plant.
  • the present invention embodies the application of an electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than that of visible light (e.g., infrared) to plant cells, tissues, parts, or a whole plant.
  • an electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than that of visible light e.g., infrared
  • plants or parts thereof are exposed to a narrow-bandwidth light for a period of more than 5 minutes, or any time period more than 5 minutes including, but not limited to, more than 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours, 12 hours, 15 hours, 18 hours, 24 hours, 30 hours, 36 hours, 40 hours, or 48 hours, and 5 days.
  • plants or parts thereof are exposed to a narrow-bandwidth light for a period of less than 90 days, or any time period less than 90 days including, but not limited to, more than 60 days, 30 days, 20 days, 15 days, 10 days, 9 days, 8 days, 7 days, 6 days, 5 days, 4 days, 3 days, 2 days, or 1 day.
  • an artificial light is applied to a plant cell, plant tissue, plant part, or whole plant at a photo fluence rate of at least 0.1 umol-m _2 -s _1 , or any value higher than 10 umol-m ⁇ 2 -s -1 , including, but not limited to, higher than 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 180, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 700, 800, or lOOO umol m 2 s _1 .
  • an artificial light is applied when a plant cell, plant tissue, plant part, or whole plant is placed at a temperature from 2°C to 40 °C, or any temperature between, including refrigerator temperature (about 4°C) and room temperature (about 15 - 25°C).
  • a narrow-bandwidth light can be applied to plant parts including, but not limited to, flowers, fruits, seeds, leaves, and stems.
  • light applied to plants or parts thereof consists of a single waveband having a narrow-bandwidth.
  • light applied to plants or parts thereof comprises or consists of more than one wavebands (such as, a red waveband and a blue waveband), each having a narrow-bandwidth.
  • Monochromatic light is of one wavelength or a narrow range of wavelengths. If the wavelength is in the visible range, monochromatic light will be of a single color.
  • “monochromatic” refers to light that has a bandwidth of less than about 100 nm. More preferably, the bandwidth will be less than about 10 nm, and most preferably less than about 1 nm. 5
  • Half-bandwidth refers to the range of wavelengths present in a light sample at 50% of peak amplitude.
  • Volatile compounds contribute to the aroma and flavor profiles of plant products.
  • the volatile compounds are produced through several biochemical pathways in plants (e.g., phenylpropanoids, fatty acid derivatives, and terpenes). Multiple enzymatic steps in each pathway regulate the flow of substrates to subsequent catalysis leading ultimately to the emission of a volatile product.
  • the present invention utilizes monochromatic light treatments to modulate the organoleptic qualities of common flowers and fruits that produce diverse aromatic products.
  • Light modulates the expression of enzymes involved in the synthesis and release of volatile and aroma compounds in plants.
  • the present invention shows that in a post-harvest setting, the flux of substrates through discrete biochemical nodes can be modulated by applying specific quantities and qualities of light, thereby modulating the production and release of volatile compounds in flowers and fruits.
  • light treatments can be used to modulate the flavor or aroma qualities of a given genotype of plant, creating a range of phenotypes from a common genetic background.
  • Light treatments can also be employed to stabilize or induce desirable flavors and aromas of fruits and flowers post-harvest.
  • emission levels of volatile compounds in petunia flowers, tomato, strawberry, and blueberry fruits are modulated by the application of different wavelengths of light post-harvest.
  • the results show that narrow band- width light modulates the emission of various volatiles important to plant product quality.
  • far-red light increases rose oil emission in petunia.
  • red, far-red, and dark treatments increase emission of flavor and sweet volatiles in tomato.
  • the present invention provides a method of altering (e.g., increasing) the emission level of an organic volatile compound in a plant cell, plant tissue, or plant part, wherein the method comprises: applying a narrow-bandwidth light, or multiple lights, from an artificial light- emitting source to a plant cell, plant tissue, or plant part capable of producing an organic volatile compound of interest.
  • the narrow-bandwidth light has a half-bandwidth of less than 50nm, or any value less than 50nm (such as less than lOnm).
  • the present invention provides a method of altering (e.g., increasing) the emission level of an organic volatile compound in a plant cell, plant tissue, or plant part, wherein the method comprises: applying a narrow-bandwidth light to a plant cell, plant tissue, or plant part capable of producing an organic volatile compound of interest, wherein the narrow-bandwidth light is obtained by filtering natural or artificial light.
  • the narrow-bandwidth light has a half-bandwidth of less than 50nm, or any value less than 50nm (such as less than lOnm).
  • the narrow-bandwidth light has a half-bandwidth from 3nm to 50nm, or any value there between, including, but not limited to, 5nm to 45nm, l Onm to 40nm, 15nm to 30nm, and 20nm to 25nm.
  • the narrow-bandwidth light can be applied, before or after harvest of the flowers or fruits, to a floral or fruit cell, tissue or a whole flower or fruit. In one preferred embodiment, the narrow-bandwidth light is applied after harvest of flowers or fruits, to a floral or fruit cell, tissue, or a whole flower or fruit.
  • the narrow-bandwidth light has a wavelength within the range of 300nm to 900nm, or any range therebetween, such as between 350nm to 800nm.
  • the present invention provides a method of altering (e.g., increasing) the emission level of organic volatile compounds including, but not limited to, benzenoids/phenylpropanoids; fatty acid derivatives; esters; carotenoids (such as beta carotene and lycopene); and terpenes.
  • organic volatile compounds including, but not limited to, benzenoids/phenylpropanoids; fatty acid derivatives; esters; carotenoids (such as beta carotene and lycopene); and terpenes.
  • Phenylpropanoids represent the largest pool of secondary metabolites, and more than 7000 phenylpropanoid compounds have been documented in plants.
  • Floral volatile benzenoid/phenylpropanoid (FVBP) compounds are putatively derived from the aromatic amino acid L-phenylalanine (Phe), which is synthesized in the plastid from metabolites originating in the shikimate pathway.
  • the characteristic benzene ring (derived from Phe) can be modified with multiple and varying side-groups.
  • the present invention provides a method of altering (e.g., increasing) the emission level of volatile benzenoids/phenylpropanoids including, but not limited to, phenylacetaldehyde, phenylethylalcohol, benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, isoeugenol, eugenol, 2- phenylethanol, benzyl alcohol, methyl benzoate, benzylacetate, ethyl benzoate, vanillin, phenylpropanoid, benzyl benzoate, 2-phenylethanol, methyl salicylate, 2-phenethyl acetate, and phenethyl benzoate.
  • volatile benzenoids/phenylpropanoids including, but not limited to, phenylacetaldehyde, phenylethylalcohol, benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, isoeugenol, eu
  • Fatty-acid derived VOCs are saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Volatile fatty-acid derivatives are produced from the breakdown of, for example, CI 8 unsaturated fatty acids, primarily linolenic and linoleic acids, and include an assorted group of volatiles including green leaf volatiles and methyl jasmonate. Fatty-acid derived VOCs appear to be synthesized in membranous structures of plant cells.
  • Terpenoids are derived from isopentyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate. Terpenoids are produced through two alternative pathways, the cytosolic mevalonic acid pathway and the plastidic methyl-erythritol pathway. Terpenoids are subdivided into five classes based on structure: hemiterpenes (C5), monoterpenes (CI O), sesquiterpenes (CI 5), homoterpenes (C 1 1 -CI 6), and diterpenes (C20).
  • C5 hemiterpenes
  • CI O monoterpenes
  • sesquiterpenes CI 5
  • C 1 1 -CI 6 homoterpenes
  • diterpenes C20
  • the present invention provides a method of increasing the emission level of a floral volatile benzenoid/phenylpropanoid (FVBP) compound in a floral cell or tissue, wherein the method comprises: applying a narrow-bandwidth light from an artificial source to a floral cell or tissue capable of producing a FVBP compound of interest.
  • the narrow-bandwidth light has a half-bandwidth of less than 50nm, or any value less than 50nm, such as less than l OOnm.
  • the present invention provides a method of increasing the emission level of a floral volatile benzenoid/phenylpropanoid (FVBP) compound in a floral cell or tissue, wherein the method comprises: applying a narrow-bandwidth light to a floral cell or tissue capable of producing a FVBP compound of interest, wherein the narrow-bandwidth light is obtained by filtering natural or artificial light.
  • the narrow-bandwidth light has a half- bandwidth of less than 50nm, or any value less than 50nm, such as less than l Onm.
  • the narrow-bandwidth light is a red light and/or a far-red light.
  • FVBP compounds whose emission level is increased by the application of a red light and/or far-red light (as compared to the application of white light that contains the entire visible spectrum without absorption), include, but are not limited to, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, isoeugenol, eugenol, 2-phenethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, methyl benzoate, and methyl salicylate.
  • a narrow-bandwidth light of a selective spectrum is applied to one or more floral organs including stigma, style, petal, sepal, receptacle, and ovary.
  • the present invention can be used to alter (e.g., increase) the emission level of organic volatile compounds in floral organs of angiosperm species including, but not limited to, Solanaceae, Asteraceae, Orchidaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Leguminosae, Solanaceae, Rosaceae, Cruciferae, Rutaceae, Myrtaceae, Liliaceae, Passifloracae, Oxalidaceae, Vitaceae, Actinidiaceae, and Caricaceae.
  • floral organs of angiosperm species including, but not limited to, Solanaceae, Asteraceae, Orchidaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Leguminosae, Solanaceae, Rosaceae, Cruciferae, Rutaceae, Myrtaceae, Liliaceae, Passifloracae, Oxalidaceae, Vitacea
  • the present invention can be used to alter (e.g., increase) the emission level of organic volatile compounds in floral organs of angiosperm species including, but not limited to, petunias, roses, chrysanthemums, carnations, daisies, petunias, torenia, bellflowers, tulips, gladiolas, snapdragons, orchids, lilies, lavenders, cherry flowers, and camellias.
  • the present invention can be used to alter the emission level of organic volatile compounds in Petunia.
  • the present invention provides a method of increasing the emission level of a volatile organic compound in a fruit cell or tissue, wherein the method comprises: applying a narrow-bandwidth light to a fruit cell, tissue, or a whole fruit, wherein the narrow-bandwidth light is emitted from an artificial light-emitting source or is obtained from filtering a natural or artificial light.
  • the narrow-bandwidth light has a half-bandwidth of less than 50nm, or any value less than 50nm (such as less than lOnm).
  • the present invention can be used to alter (e.g., increase) the emission level of organic volatile compounds in fruits including, but not limited to, tomatoes; citrus fruits such as oranges, grapefruits, lemons, and limes; grapes; apples; pears; peaches; plums; cherries; bananas; berries such as blackberries, blueberries, raspberries, cranberries, and strawberries; pineapples; dates; avocadoes; olives; Passiflora edulis; melons such as watermelons, cantaloupes, and honeydews; figs; kiwi fruits; mangos; and pomegranate fruits.
  • Petunia x hybrida cv 'Mitchell Diploid' is an established floral volatile model system with a relatively low metabolic background and a comparatively small number of emitted volatiles (Verdonk et al, 2003; Schuurink et al , 2006; Colquhoun et al, 2010; Colquhoun & Clark, 201 1). Major volatile compounds are generated in large quantities from the petal limb tissue (Underwood et al, 2005). The genetic regulation and biochemical formation of MD floral volatile benzenoids/phenylpropanoids has been well described.
  • Petunia x hybrida cv 'Mitchell Diploid' is useful for examining light-quality-mediated regulation of specific control points in regard to plant secondary metabolism. MD also has the advantage of few other screening pigments in the petals, since the flowers are white. Compared to the other plant products, the white flowers should not reflect incident light in the visible spectrum, which allows for full illumination with the photon energies applied.
  • Benzaldehyde production in MD floral limb cells is putatively catalyzed by a BALDH enzyme, which is localized to the mitochondria (Long et al , 2009).
  • benzaldehyde is the only MD volatile compound thought to originate from the mitochondrial subcellular compartment.
  • Mitochondrial cellular localization varies with light spectrum in mesophyll cells of Arabidopsis (Islam et al, 2009). Blue light induces an early acceleration of mitochondria movement that is fluence rate dependent. If this latter phenomenon exists in petunia, transport of substrates from other cellular compartments (plastids, peroxisomes, and cytoplasm) may be affected under different light conditions, which may provide a differential situation to examine trafficking mechanisms of floral volatile substrates.
  • red and far-red light affect the emission of phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, benzyl alcohol, and benzyl benzoate.
  • red and far-red had comparable effects, indicating that the response to light is not phytochrome reversible.
  • Figure 2 also shows that methyl salicylate is significantly reduced only by far-red light treatment, indicating that methyl salicylate production may be repressed by active phytochrome. Multiple mechanisms may be responsible for the affect red and far-red light treatments have on MD floral fragrance.
  • the present invention provides a method of increasing the emission level of a volatile organic compound in tomato, wherein the method comprises: applying a narrow- bandwidth light to a tomato fruit or part thereof, wherein the narrow-bandwidth light is emitted from an artificial light-emitting source or is obtained from filtering a natural or artificial light.
  • the narrow-bandwidth light has a half-bandwidth of less than 50nm, or any value less than 50nm, such as less than lOnm.
  • a narrow-bandwidth red light and/or far-red light is applied to tomato fruits to enhance the emission of volatile organic compounds and to improve aroma and/or taste.
  • Tomato fruit volatile profiles are much more complex when compared to petunia, yet tomato is also a well-established system for characterization of plant volatiles (Buttery el al, 1987; Goff & Klee, 2006; Tieman et al, 2012).
  • the present invention examines the effect of spectral light treatments on a subset of volatiles that contribute significantly to tomato flavor (Tieman et al, 2012).
  • the compounds cis-3-hexenal (grassy), cis-3-hexen-l-ol ("green", leafy), 2-methyl butanal (cocoa, coffee-like), and 3 -methyl- 1 -butanol (amyl alcohol) have important roles in shaping the flavor of tomato, with the latter two providing a perception of sweetness (Tieman et al, 2012).
  • a narrow-bandwidth far-red light is applied to a tomato fruit or part thereof before and/or after harvest of the tomato fruit, thereby increasing the emission level of one or more volatile compounds including cis-3-hexenal, cis-3-hexen-l-ol, 2-methyl- butanol, and 3-methyl- 1-butanol (as compared to the application of white light that contains the entire visible spectrum without absorption).
  • a narrow-bandwidth red light is applied to a tomato fruit or part thereof before and/or after harvest of the tomato fruit, thereby increasing emission level of volatile compounds including 2-methyl butanol and 3 -methyl- 1-butanol (as compared to the application of white light that contains the entire visible spectrum without absorption).
  • the tomato fruit before and/or after harvest of a tomato fruit, the tomato fruit is placed in dark (no light), and the emission level of volatile compounds including 2-methyl butanol and 3 -methyl- 1-butanol is increased (as compared to the application of white light that contains the entire visible spectrum without absorption).
  • the present invention is used to increase sweetness and/or aroma intensity of a tomato fruit.
  • a narrow-bandwidth light is applied to a tomato fruit or part thereof to enhance the emission of one or more volatile compounds including, but not limited to, 2- butylacetate, cis-3-hexen- l-ol, citric acid, 3-methyl-l-butanol, 2-methylbutanal, l -octen-3-one, trans,trans-2,4-decadienal, geranial, 2-methylbutanal, and 3 -methyl- 1-butanal.
  • volatile compounds including, but not limited to, 2- butylacetate, cis-3-hexen- l-ol, citric acid, 3-methyl-l-butanol, 2-methylbutanal, l -octen-3-one, trans,trans-2,4-decadienal, geranial, 2-methylbutanal, and 3 -methyl- 1-butanal.
  • a narrow-bandwidth light is applied to a tomato fruit or part thereof to enhance the emission of one or more volatile compounds including, but not limited to, trans-2- penetenal, trans-2-heptenal, isovaleraldehyde, 3-methyl-l -butanol, methional, isovaleric acid, 2- isobutylthiazole, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, ⁇ -ionone, phenyl acetaldehyde, geranylacetone, 2- phenylethanol, isobutyl acetate, cz ' s-3-hexen-l-ol, l-nitro-2-phenylethane, trans, trans-2,4-decadienal,
  • volatile compounds including, but not limited to, trans-2- penetenal, trans-2-heptenal, isovaleraldehyde, 3-methyl-l -butanol, methional, isovaleric acid, 2- isobutylthiazole, 6-
  • a narrow-bandwidth light that does not comprise blue light is applied to a tomato fruit or part thereof.
  • the present invention can be used to modulate flavors of fruits without changing the genetics, adding transgenes or hormones, or affecting plant nutrition.
  • red and far-red mixtures or the daily duration of red and far-red treatments post-harvest in accordance with the present invention the flavor of tomato fruits can be remodeled.
  • the present invention provides a method of increasing the emission level of a volatile organic compound in strawberry, wherein the method comprises: applying a narrow- bandwidth light to a strawberry fruit or part thereof, wherein the narrow-bandwidth light is emitted from an artificial light-emitting source or is obtained from filtering a natural or artificial light.
  • the narrow-bandwidth light has a half-bandwidth of less than 50nm, or any value less than 50nm, such as less than lOnm.
  • a narrow-bandwidth red light and/or far-red light is applied to strawberry fruits to enhance the emission of volatile organic compounds and to improve aroma and/or taste.
  • C ultivar "Strawberry Festival” fruits exposed to various spectral light treatments are assayed for the abundance of cis-2-hexen-l -ol (green, grassy), methyl butyrate (apple, pineapple), ethyl caproate (pineapple, banana) and hexyl butyrate (fruity, sweet).
  • Methyl butyrate emission increases significantly in response to far-red light, and to a lesser extent to red light and dark treatment (Fig. 5).
  • Ethyl caproate is most abundant under white light conditions. Exposure to narrow-bandwidth light decreases the levels of ethyl caproate by 4 to 50 folds, and there is a greater decrease in ethyl caproate under complete dark treatment.
  • a narrow-bandwidth far-red light is applied to a strawberry fruit or a part thereof before and/or after harvest of the strawberry fruit, thereby increasing the emission level of volatile compounds including methyl butyrate and hexyl butyrate (as compared to the application of white light that contains the entire visible spectrum without absorption).
  • a narrow-bandwidth red light is applied to a strawberry fruit or a part thereof before and/or after harvest of the strawberry fruit, thereby increasing emission level of volatile compounds including methyl butyrate (as compared to the application of white light that contains the entire visible spectrum without absorption).
  • the present invention is used to increase sweetness and/or aroma intensity of strawberry.
  • a narrow-bandwidth light is applied to strawberry or parts thereof to enhance the emission of one or more volatile compounds including, but not limited to, cis-2-hexen-l- ol, methyl butyrate, ethyl caproate, hexyl butyrate, and cis-3-hexen-l-ol.
  • a narrow-bandwidth light is applied to strawberry or parts thereof to enhance the emission of one or more volatile compounds including, but not limited to, esters including methyl butanoate, ethyl butanoate, methyl hexanoate, butyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, 3- methylbutyl butanoate, hexyl acetate, hexenyl acetate, methyl anthranilate; terpenes including, linalool, myrtenyl acetate; nerolidol; decalactone, undecalactone; benzaldehyde, undecanon, and hexanoic acid.
  • esters including methyl butanoate, ethyl butanoate, methyl hexanoate, butyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, 3- methylbutyl butanoate, hexyl acetate, hexen
  • a narrow-bandwidth light that does not comprise blue light is applied to a strawberry fruit or a strawberry fruit cell.
  • the present invention provides a method of increasing the emission level of a volatile organic compound in blueberry, wherein the method comprises: applying a narrow- bandwidth light to blueberry fruit or a part thereof, wherein the narrow-bandwidth light is emitted from an artificial light-emitting source or is obtained from filtering a natural or artificial light.
  • the narrow-bandwidth light has a half-bandwidth of less than 50nm, or any value less than 50nm, such as less than lOnm.
  • a narrow-bandwidth red light and/or far-red light is applied to blueberry fruits to enhance the emission of volatile organic compounds and to improve aroma and/or taste.
  • blueberry fruits Similar to strawberry and tomato fruits, blueberry fruits present a complex profile of flavor volatiles. However, unlike strawberry and tomato, blueberry fruit volatiles have not been as extensively characterized.
  • the levels of hexenal emission are highest after far-red treatment, but are not significantly affected by other treatments or darkness.
  • the results indicate that reversion of phytochrome to an inactive state may increase the levels of this compound.
  • Trans-2 -hexanal is not significantly changed by light treatment, while 1-hexanol and trans-2-hexen-l-ol levels are decreased by blue and far-red treatment.
  • blueberry When considered against petunia, tomato, and strawberry, blueberry exhibits the least change in response to monochromatic light environments.
  • a narrow-bandwidth far-red light is applied to blueberry or a part thereof before and/or after harvest of the blueberry fruit, thereby increasing the emission level of volatile one or more compounds including hexenal and trans-2-hexenal (as compared to the application of white light that contains the entire visible spectrum without absorption).
  • a narrow-bandwidth red light is applied to blueberry or a part thereof before and/or after harvest of the blueberry fruit, thereby increasing the emission level of one or more volatile compounds including hexenal and trans-2-hexenal (as compared to the application of white light that contains the entire visible spectrum without absorption).
  • the present invention is used to increase sweetness and/or aroma intensity of blueberry.
  • a narrow-bandwidth light is applied to blueberry or part thereof to enhance the emission of one or more volatile compounds including trans-2 -hexenol, trans-2-hexenal, linalool, a-terpineol, geraniol, limonene, cis-3-hexen-l-ol, nerol, l-penten-3-ol, hexanal, and 1,8-cineole.
  • a narrow-bandwidth light that does not comprise blue light is applied to blueberry.
  • the present invention shows that the level of a group of compounds central to flavors and aromas of fruits and flowers are modulated by monochromatic light in a post-harvest system.
  • the present invention can be applied in post-harvest treatments or retail-level storage of fresh fruits and vegetables.
  • the present invention can be used to enhance flavor in plant produce by designing simple, safe, and inexpensive light treatment programs that manipulate the quality of compounds that affect consumer liking.
  • Plant growth and development depend on specific wavelengths of light.
  • the light-directed control of size/height, color and nutraceutical content presents a means to alter plant-product quality without necessitating the application of growth regulators, other chemicals or extra labor.
  • the present invention provides a method comprising placing plants into specific light environments in order to modulate plant traits (such as color and stature of plants), along with certain phytonutrients.
  • the present invention provides a method for modulating color, stature, and/or nutraceutical content of plants, wherein the method comprises: applying a narrow- bandwidth light to a plant cell, plant tissue, plant part, or a whole plant, before the plant is harvested, wherein the narrow-bandwidth light is emitted from an artificial light-emitting source or is obtained from filtering a natural or artificial light.
  • the methods are carried out at the plant's seedling stage of development.
  • the narrow-bandwidth light has a half-bandwidth of less than 50nm, or any value less than 50nm (such as less than lOnm).
  • the narrow-bandwidth light has a half-bandwidth from 3nm to 50nm, or any value therebetween, including, but not limited to, 5nm to 45nm, 1 Onm to 40nm, 15nm to 30nm, and 20nm to 25nm.
  • the narrow-bandwidth light is a monochromatic light or has a bandwidth of less than lOOnm, or any value less than lOOnm (such as less than lOnm).
  • the narrow-bandwidth light has a bandwidth of less than 1 OOnm, or any value less than 1 OOnm (such as less than lOnm).
  • a narrow-bandwidth green light is applied to increase growth rate of stem and/or to induce shade-like responses in seedlings. It is postulated that plants have photoreceptors that respond to green light.
  • a novel sensor receptor contributes to plant responses to green light, which is different from plant normal responses to blue and red light. While exposure to light generally makes stems grow at a slower rate, green light increases stem growth (Fig. 7). Also, exposure to light nonnally increases the accumulation of plastid transcripts, whereas green wavebands decrease the abundance of plastid transcripts (Fig. 8). Similar to far-red light, green light is an indicator of shade, thereby inducing adaptive shade-like responses in seedlings (Fig. 9). Genetic studies show that while a majority of plant responses to green light are mediated by a novel green receptor, certain responses to green light also are mediated by cryptochrome and phototropin blue light receptors.
  • the narrow-bandwidth light has a wavelength within the range of 300nm to 900nm, or any range therebetween, such as between 350nm to 800nm.
  • the light comprises, or consists of, a monochromatic light selected from violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, red, and far-red.
  • the present invention uses light treatments to modulate colors in plants including radish, kale, mung bean, broccoli, and spouts.
  • a narrow-bandwidth light is applied to modulate nutraceutical content, such as, but not limited to, glucosinolate levels, anthocyanin levels, antioxidant capacity, and combinations thereof.
  • nutraceutical content such as, but not limited to, glucosinolate levels, anthocyanin levels, antioxidant capacity, and combinations thereof.
  • the narrow-bandwidth light is selected from a far- red light, a blue light, and a combination thereof, when used to promote levels of anthocyanins.
  • the narrow-bandwidth light applied is a far-red light when used to promote antioxidant capacity.
  • the present invention does not encompass the application of a white light from an artificial or natural source to plant cells, tissues, parts, or a whole plant. In one embodiment, the present invention does not encompass placing or storing plant cells, tissues, parts, or a whole plant in darkness (with no visible light). In another embodiment, the present invention embodies placing or storing plant cells, tissues, parts, or a whole plant in darkness (with no visible light).
  • plant species whose traits can be modulated by light treatment in accordance with the present invention include, but are not limited to, monocots, dicots, crop plants (e.g., any plant species grown for purposes of agriculture, food production for animals including humans), trees (e.g., fruit trees, trees grown for wood production, trees grown for decoration, etc.), and flowers of any kind (e.g., plants grown for purposes of decoration, for example, following their harvest).
  • crop plants e.g., any plant species grown for purposes of agriculture, food production for animals including humans
  • trees e.g., fruit trees, trees grown for wood production, trees grown for decoration, etc.
  • flowers of any kind e.g., plants grown for purposes of decoration, for example, following their harvest.
  • examples of plant species whose traits can be modulated by light treatment in accordance with the present invention include, but are not limited to, Viridiplantae, Streptophyta, Embryophyta, Tracheophyta, Euphyllophytes, Spermatophyta, Magnoliophyta, Liliopsida, Commelinidae, Poales, Poaceae, Oryza, Oryza sativa, Zea, Zea mays, Hordeum, Hordeum vulgare, Triticum, Triticum aestivum, Eudicotyledons, Core eudicots, Asteridae, Euasterids, Rosidae, Eurosids II, Brassicales, Brassicaceae, Arabidopsis, Magnoliopsida, Solananae, Solanales, Solanaceae, Solanum, and Nicotiana.
  • examples of plant species whose traits can be modulated by light treatment in accordance with the present invention include, but are not limited to, radish, kale, mung bean, broccoli, spouts, lettuce, tomato, asparagus, cabbage (including green cabbage, red cabbage, white cabbage), corn, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, sugarcane, sorghum, millet, rice, wheat, sweat pea, green bean, spinach, eggplant, basil, chives, parsley, celery, cucumber, barley, oat, soybean, grape, canola, Arabidopsis, Brassica sp., cotton, tobacco, bamboo, sugar beet, and sunflower.
  • narrow bandwidth light can be used to shape the growth and metabolic content in commercially important plant species, including those that are closely related to Arabidopsis.
  • Brassica sprouts have the genetic ability to produce an array of phytonutrients; alteration of the light environment can be used according to the current invention to enhance this potential.
  • Embodiments of the present invention utilize narrow bandwidth light sources provided by custom LED arrays to modulate size, pigment accumulation and nutraceutical content in Red Russian Kale ⁇ Brassica napus L.subsp. napus var pabularia).
  • Red Russian kale is utilized in certain embodiments since it is a healthful food and exhibits significant phenotypic plasticity.
  • the results show that kale seedlings follow the general rules defined by Arabidopsis, with some exception in the response to far-red light.
  • the seedlings demonstrate wavelength-dependent alterations in anthocyanin content, glucosinolates and general antioxidant qualities.
  • the present invention provides light-driven changes to Red Russian kale sprouts, seedlings that show great phenotypic variation. Manipulation of time in darkness, light wavelengths and fluence rates induce changes in several features, such as stem length, pigment accumulation, antioxidant capacity and glucosinolate content.
  • the present invention examines how conspicuous seedling traits like hypocotyl growth rate, chlorophyll accumulation, anthocyanin levels, and cotyledon expansion are affected by time of growth in darkness followed by transfer to various fluence rates of light. Generally, typical photomorphogenic responses are observed with respect to inhibition of stem elongation, cotyledon expansion and accumulation of pigments, in end-point analyses. Such findings are consistent with what has been observed in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings. However, kale seedlings show some important differences. Observation of the panels in Fig. 14 and quantitative results in Fig. 15 show that most of the elongation growth is occurring after two days in darkness.
  • Pigmentation is also measured in embodiments of the invention.
  • Fig. 16 shows the effects on anythocyanin accumulation.
  • Anthocyanins have been associated with healthful benefits and provide an attractive coloration to fruit and vegetable products.
  • Black raspberry promoter demethylation- mediated cancer protective effects have been shown to be in part based on anthocyanin bioactivities (Wang et al, 2013).
  • anthocyanin bioactivities Wang et al, 2013
  • anthocyanin bioactivities Wang et al, 2013
  • anthocyanins In the mulberry plant and in sweet potato anthocyanins are known to act as hypoglycemic agents, suggesting their use in diabetes prevention (Zhao et al., 2013; Gao et al, 2004).
  • Embodiments of the invention show that one day is sufficient to add substantial anthocyanin pigmentation to the seedling. Chlorophyll accumulation is comparable in all light conditions, both in respect to seedling developmental competence and in fluence-rate response. The exception is that red light causes significantly more accumulation under a lower fluence rate (25 ⁇ m "2 s "1 ), as shown in Fig. 17.
  • Chlorophyll does not accumulate well under far-red light alone, owing to the effect of far-red light on chloroplast development (Barnes et al, 1996).
  • far-red light produces more anthocyanins per g tissue than with far-red light alone (Fig. 16). Again, far-red light induces the strongest anthocyanin response, while having an inhibitory effect on chlorophyll accumulation.
  • UV-B and UV-C stimulates phenolics, stilbenes and overall antioxidant activity in pigeon pea ⁇ Cajanus cajan) leaves (Wei et al, 2013; Coiquhoun et al, 2013).
  • a supplementary UV-B treatment also affects the total antioxidant activity in basil (Sakalauskaite et al, 2013).
  • the ORAC-FL method was employed to estimate general antioxidant capacity in light-treated brassica seedlings. The results in Fig.
  • Brassicas are known to be particularly enriched in glucosinolates, compounds that contribute to their flavors and have been associated with healthful effects (cer and Velasco, 2008).
  • Glucosinolates have been shown to be affected by light treatments in mature kales (Lefsrud et al, 2008) and in radish hypocotyls (Hasegawa et al, 2000), with blue light supplementation leading to higher levels.
  • light increased the levels of most aliphatic glucosinolates, with the exception of 40HI3M, which is dark abundant (Table 1). Overall these results indicate that only minor differences are observed in response to different light treatments, and are likely not physiologically relevant.
  • Embodiments of the invention examined an integrative approach to generate in the end a kale sprout with an acceptable size, a desirable color and optimized antioxidant levels.
  • Fig. 21 A shows the sequence of light treatments employed with the goal of producing variations in the final product that enhance produce quality.
  • the first treatment matches standard production characteristics - germination in darkness followed by greening and cotyledon development under white light.
  • Another group of seedlings is germinated in darkness to promote stem elongation, and is then transferred to an intermediate fluence rate of red light. Red light promotes chlorophyll accumulation, while still allowing elongation growth, leading to green sprouts with long stems and some accumulation of anthocyanins.
  • a significant aspect of embodiments of the present invention is that this limited set of conditions can produce a variety of plant products from a single genetic background.
  • a small grower with a simple light infrastructure can modulate colors, size and nutrition to add value to a single genotype. It allows one set of seeds, management and production practices to be maintained, with an end product of remarkably different seedlings. Screening Methods
  • the present invention provides a method for identifying a particular narrow-bandwidth for increasing the emission level of a volatile organic compound of interest, from flower or fruit of an angiosperm species, wherein the method comprises:
  • the present invention can be used to identify specific wavelengths of light for modulating (e.g., increasing, reducing) the emission level of organic volatile compounds including, but not limited to, phenylacetaldehyde, phenylethylalcohol, benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, isoeugenol, eugenol, 2-phenylethanol, benzyl alcohol, methyl benzoate, benzylacetate, ethyl benzoate, vanillin, phenylpropanoid, benzyl benzoate, methyl salicylate, 2- phenethyl acetate, phenethyl benzoate, l-penten-3-one, trans-2-hexenol, trans-2-hexenal, linalool, a- terpineol, geraniol, limonene, cis-3-hexen-l -ol, nerol,
  • the present invention provides methods for identifying a particular narrow-bandwidth, or light spectrum, useful for modulating a plant trait (such as plant color, growth rate (including growth rate of stems, leaves, fruits, and/or flowers), stature, nutraceutical content, flavor, and/or aroma) of interest.
  • Methods include applying a narrow-bandwidth light of a test spectrum to a plant (or cell, tissue, or part of the plant); growing the plant; determining the effect the test spectrum has on the plant trait; and identifying the test spectrum that modulates the plant trait of interest.
  • the screening method comprises applying a narrow-bandwidth light.
  • the narrow-bandwidth light has a half-bandwidth of less than 50nm, or any value less than 50nm (such as less than 1 Onm).
  • the narrow-bandwidth light is a monochromatic light or has a bandwidth of less than lOOnm, or any value less than lOOnm (such as less than l Onm).
  • the narrow-bandwidth light has a bandwidth of less than 1 OOnm, or any value less than lOOnm (such as less than lOnm).
  • the screening method comprises applying a narrow-bandwidth the light comprising, or consisting of, a monochromatic light selected from violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, red, and far-red.
  • the screening method comprises applying a narrow-bandwidth the light having a wavelength within the range of 3 OOnm to 900nm, or any range therebetween, such as between 35 Onm to 800nm.
  • the nutraceutical content that is modulated includes anthocyanin levels (also associated with coloration in plants), glucosinolate levels and general antioxidant levels.
  • the present invention provides a plant lighting system for modulating plant traits, including color, stature, nutraceutical content, flavor, and/or aroma.
  • the present invention provides software and/or control devices that can be used to modulate color, stature, nutraceutical content, flavor, and/or aroma of plants.
  • the present invention provides materials and methods for controlling custom conditions that can be used to improve the growth of specific crops, allowing farmers to grow, for example, high- value crops, with less input.
  • the present invention provides a plant lighting system for altering the emission level of a volatile organic compound of interest, from plants or plant parts (such as fruits and flowers), wherein the lighting system comprises: a light source capable of emitting a narrow- bandwidth light to a plant part of interest; and a controlling device for controlling the bandwidth of the light emitted from the light source so that when the narrow-bandwidth light is applied to the plant part (such as flowers and fruits), the emission level of a volatile organic compound of interest from the plant part is altered (such as increased or decreased).
  • the present invention provides a plant lighting system for modulating a plant trait (such as plant color, growth rate, stature, nutraceutical content, flavor, and/or aroma) of interest, comprising: a light source capable of emitting a narrow-bandwidth; and a controlling device configured to control the frequency, range of wavelength, and/or bandwidth of the light emitted from the light source so that when the narrow-bandwidth light is applied to a plant or plant part, the plant trait of interest is modulated.
  • the plant trait of interest includes, but is not limited to, anthocyanin levels, chlorophyll levels, and glucosinolate levels.
  • the present invention provides a plant lighting system for altering (e.g., increasing) the emission level of a volatile organic compound of interest from a floral organ or a fruit, comprising: a light source capable of emitting a narrow-bandwidth; and a controlling device configured to control the frequency, range of wavelength, and/or bandwidth of the light emitted from the light source so that when the narrow-bandwidth light is applied to a floral organ or a fruit, the emission level of the volatile organic compound of interest from the floral organ or the fruit is altered (e.g., increased).
  • the volatile organic compound of interest increases the intensity of aroma and/or flavor (such as sweetness) of the fruit.
  • the volatile organic compound of interest increases the intensity of floral fragrance or scent of a flower.
  • the lighting system comprises a sensor for determining the emission level of one or more volatile organic compounds of interest.
  • the present invention provides a plant lighting system for increasing the intensity of aroma and/or flavor (such as sweetness) of a fruit, comprising: a light source capable of emitting a narrow-bandwidth; and a controlling device configured to control frequency, range of wavelength, and/or bandwidth of the light emitted from the light source so that when the narrow-bandwidth light is applied to a fruit, the intensity of aroma and/or flavor (such as sweetness) of the fruit is increased.
  • the present invention provides a plant lighting system for the intensity of floral fragrance or scent of a flower, comprising: a light source capable of emitting a narrow-bandwidth; and a controlling device configured to control the frequency, range of wavelength, and/or bandwidth of the light emitted from the light source so that when the narrow-bandwidth light is applied to a flower, the intensity of floral fragrance or scent of the flower is increased.
  • Light sources useful according to the present invention can be of any suitable conventional source including, but not limited to, light-emitting diode (LED), organic light-emitting diode (OLED), and a natural or artificial white light source comprising filters that let through light of the desired wavelength(s).
  • the light source may be placed at any distance from the plants or parts thereof, before or after harvest, provided that the light energy used is sufficient to influence.
  • the controlling device can be a computer and/or a device-control software program, and preferably, having a specific "prescription" or program for modulating a trait of interest (e.g., the emission level of volatile organic compounds, color, stature, nutraceutical content, flavor, aroma, growth rate of plants or parts thereof) for a particular plant species.
  • a trait of interest e.g., the emission level of volatile organic compounds, color, stature, nutraceutical content, flavor, aroma, growth rate of plants or parts thereof.
  • the controlling device is in the form of a data-processing system or apparatus (such as a computer) within which a set of instructions, when executed, may cause the system or apparatus to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed above.
  • a data-processing system or apparatus such as a computer
  • a set of instructions when executed, may cause the system or apparatus to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed above.
  • the methods and processes described herein can be embodied as a software code.
  • the controlling device comprises a software code that can be stored on one or more computer-readable media (e.g., non-transitory computer-readable media).
  • a data- processing system or apparatus reads and executes the code and/or data stored on a machine-readable medium
  • the data-processing system or apparatus system performs the methods and processes embodied as the software code stored within the machine-readable medium.
  • the methods and processes described herein can be implemented in hardware modules.
  • the hardware modules can include, but are not limited to, application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) chips, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and other programmable logic devices.
  • ASIC application-specific integrated circuit
  • FPGA field programmable gate arrays
  • the hardware modules When the hardware modules are activated, the hardware modules perform the methods and processes included within the hardware modules.
  • machine-readable media useful according to the present invention can include computer-readable storage media and communication media accessible by the computer system.
  • a computer-readable storage medium includes, but is not limited to, volatile memory such as random access memories (RAM, DRAM, SRAM); and non-volatile memory such as flash memory, various read-only-memories (ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM), magnetic and ferromagnetic/ferroelectric memories (MRAM, FeRAM), and magnetic and optical storage devices (hard drives, magnetic tape, CDs, DVDs); or other media now known or later developed that are capable of storing computer-readable information/data for use by a computer system.
  • volatile memory such as random access memories (RAM, DRAM, SRAM
  • non-volatile memory such as flash memory, various read-only-memories (ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM), magnetic and ferromagnetic/ferroelectric memories (MRAM, FeRAM), and magnetic and optical storage devices (hard drives, magnetic tape, CDs, DVDs); or other media now known or
  • the plant lighting system of the invention is capable of emitting light with a half-bandwidth of less than 50nm, or any value less than 50nm, including, but not limited to, less than 45nm, less than 40nm, less than 35nm, less than 30nm, less than 25nm, less than 20nm, less than 15nm, less than l Onm, less than 5nm, and less than 3nm.
  • the half-bandwidth of the emission-line spectrum of the light source is less than 50nm, or any value less than 50nm (such as less than l Onm).
  • the half-bandwidth of the emission-line spectrum of the light source is from 3nm to 50nm, or any value therebetween, including, but not limited to, 5nm to 45nm, lOnm to 40nm, 15nm to 30nm, and 20nm to 25nm.
  • the narrow-bandwidth light is a monochromatic light or has a bandwidth of less than l OOnm, or any value less than l OOnm (such as less than l Onm). In one embodiment, the narrow-bandwidth light has a bandwidth of less than 1 OOnm, or any value less than lOOnm (such as less than lOnm).
  • the narrow-bandwidth light is a monochromatic light or has a bandwidth of less than 1 OOnm, or any value less than lOOnm (such as less than lOnm).
  • the narrow-bandwidth light has a bandwidth of less than 1 OOnm, or any value less than lOOnm (such as less than lOnm).
  • the plant lighting system of the invention is capable of emitting light having a wavelength within the range of 3 OOnm to 900nm, or any range therebetween, such as, between 350nm to 800nm.
  • the plant lighting system can be placed in green houses, processing compartments in processing factories, refrigerators, or shipping containers.
  • the light source can be manually or automatically activated by, for example, employing a timing means and thereby emitting wavelengths of light in accordance with the present invention.
  • the number of light sources may be as little as one to a whole "battery" of light sources arranged in series and/or in parallel, each light source being suitably distanced one from the other at appropriate intervals in such a manner as to effect exposure of the plant material to light of wavelengths in accordance with the present invention.
  • the light treatments are generated using a light emitting diode (LED) platform (Zhang et al, 2011) (Fig. IB). A dark treatment and four light treatments are tested: white, blue, red, and far-red
  • the control treatment (white light) is generated by T8 cool white fluorescent bulbs, while the dark treatments are performed in an actively ventilated light-tight enclosure under the same ambient conditions.
  • the light treatments are generated using the Flora Lamp LED arrays (Light Emitting Computers, Victoria, B.C.). Fruits and flowers are treated without photoperiod. Spectroradiometer readings are taken with a StellarNet device and visualized on SpectraWiz software (Stellar et, Tampa, FL).
  • LED light is provided by Plant Whisperer light units (Light Emitting Computers, Victoria BC Canada). Principle wavelengths tested are 470, 660, 730 nm and white light supplied by Philips Cool White Fluorescent bulbs. Experimental trials are conducted in ventilated experimental chambers lined with reflective mylar. Light is applied at various fluence rates without photoperiod.
  • Petunia x hybrida cv 'Mitchell Diploid' (MD) plants (Mitchell et al, 1980) are grown in a glass greenhouse from seeds to reproductive maturity. Developing MD flowers are tagged at stage 6 and allowed to grow to stage 8 (Colquhoun el al, 2010). In the morning of stage 8 open flowers, tagged flowers are excised at the petiole, and placed in a 4 ml glass vial with 2 ml of tap water.
  • a dark environment control is also included. At 18:00 h, all flowers are removed from their respective light treatments. Receptacle is detached, and two flowers are each inserted into a single glass tube for volatile collection, for four biological replicates. Multiple replications of this experiment are performed with similar results observed.
  • Field grown tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum, M82) are harvested at breaker stage and allowed to ripen under five different light conditions: white, blue, red, far-red, and dark. After 10 days, fruit are diced and lOOg samples are loaded into glass tubes in triplicate for volatile collection. Multiple replications of this experiment are performed with similar results observed.
  • Field grown mature Fragaria x ananassa cv 'Strawberry Festival' fruit are harvested in the morning and chilled at 4°C overnight in dark conditions. Seven uniformly selected berries per treatment are placed into clear plastic containers the next morning, and allowed treatment conditions for 8 h. Light environments tested are white, blue, red, far-red, and dark. After 8 h, light- treated fruit samples are homogenized in a blender and 20 g of homogenate is loaded in triplicate into glass tubes for volatile collection. Multiple replications of this experiment are performed with similar results observed.
  • Field grown Vaccinium corymbosum cv 'Scintilla' fruit are harvested one day prior to light treatments. Mature blueberry fruits are harvested in the morning and chilled at 4°C overnight in dark conditions. The next morning selected uniform fruit are spread in a single layer and placed in the light treatments for eight hours. After the treatments, the berries are removed, blended 15 s, and volatiles are collected in triplicate (30 g homogenate per tube). Multiple replications of this experiment are performed with similar results observed.
  • Samples are loaded as described previously into thin walled glass tubes attached to a dynamic headspace volatile collection system with a column containing HaySep Q 80-100 porous polymer adsorbent (Hayes Separations Inc., Bandera, TX) at the tube outlet to capture volatile organic compounds over a period of one hour. Volatiles are eluted from the column with 150 ⁇ methylene chloride spiked with 5 ⁇ of nonyl acetate as an elution standard. Elutions are run on an Agilent 7890 A Series Gas Chromatograph Flame Ionization Detector.
  • Peaks from the chromatography traces of compounds within a sample elution are identified using Chemstation software (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA). Peak areas of detected VOC are used to determine the mass of said compound within a sample via calculations that adjust for nonyl acetate elution standard and original biological sample mass (Underwood et al., 2005; Dexter et al, 2007). GC-MS is used to confirm the presence of compounds and identify retention times that are not associated with a GC standard. Red Russian Kale
  • Seeds for Red Russian kale (Brassica napus pabularia; Johnny's Selected Seeds, Waterville ME) are surface sterilized in 25% (v/v) bleach for ten minutes followed by a brief treatment with 70% ethanol and then are placed on vertical water-agar plates or on horizontal water-agar magenta boxes for the final sequential treatments.
  • the seeds are stratified at 4°C for 48 h, exposed to white light for one hour and transferred to darkness for 24-96 h prior to light treatments.
  • Seeds on agar plates are transferred to complete darkness and then moved to light conditions on sequential days. Seedlings are grown under various fluence rates and wavelengths, alone or in combination as described. All experiments analyzed end-point hypocotyl length after 96 h. Seedlings are imaged on a flat-bed scanner and then measured using Image Tool 3.0.
  • 4-day old seedlings grown under different light conditions are collected, roots excised, immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen, reduced to powder using a mortar and a pestle, and transferred to an eppendorf tube where the weight is measured. Around 60 mg and 20 mg of powder weight are used for anthocyanins and for chlorophyll extraction, respectively.
  • Anthocyanins extraction follows the method described by Neff and Chory (1998). Three hundred microliters of methanol-1 % (v/v) HC1 is added to each tube and incubated overnight at 4°C under dark. 200 ⁇ of water and 500 ⁇ of chloroform are then added and the tubes centrifuged for 5 min at maximum speed at room temperature. The supernatant is transferred to a new tube and the volume adjusted to 800 ⁇ with 60% methanol-1% HC1. The absorbances at 530 nm and 657 nm are read with a SmartSpec 3000 spectrophotometer (Bio-Rad), using 60% methanol-1% HC1 as the blank. The amount of anthocyanins per seedling weight is calculated using the following equation:
  • Ch 0.8 x (17.67 x Abs 6 47 + 7.17 x Abs 664 ) x powder weight (mg) "1
  • the antioxidant capacity is determined following the ORAC-FL (oxygen radical absorbance capacity-fluorescein) method described by Cao et al. (1993) and modified by Ou et al. (2001).
  • ORAC-FL oxygen radical absorbance capacity-fluorescein
  • Five milliliters of ice-cold PBS (pH 7.0) is added to the powder and incubated for 1 h on ice, under dark.
  • the ORAC-FL is conducted at 37°C in a 3 ml final volume (PBS solvent).
  • the fluorescence is recorded every 5 min in a FluoroMax-3 fluorometer (Jobin Yvon Horiba) using 480 nm and 514 nm as the excitation and emission wavelengths, respectively.
  • the reactions are conducted for 90 min or until a reaction has stopped (considered when the decay in fluorescence would be lower than 5% of the previous reading).
  • 300 ⁇ of the diluted kale extracts are added to the cuvette containing fluorescein (sodium salt, Sigma) to a final concentration of 100 nM and equilibrated at 37°C for 15 min.
  • AAPH 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride, Sigma
  • Trolox reagent ⁇ - 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid, Sigma
  • AUC area under the fluorescence decay curve
  • AUC (FL 0 /FL 0 +FL 1 /FLo+FL 2 /FL 0 +...+FL FL 0 ) x At (min)
  • glucosinolates extraction around 100 mg of 4-d old seedlings (roots excised) are frozen in liquid nitrogen and reduced to powder in an eppendorf tube.
  • 1 ml 70% methanol at 80°C and 30 ⁇ of 5 mM benzylglucosinolate (glucotropaeolin potassium salt, ChromaDex) is added to each sample tube, vortexed and incubated at 80°C for 10 minutes.
  • the tubes are centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes (room temperature) and the supernatant transferred to a 15 ml falcon tube. This methanol extraction is repeated twice, the supernatants combined and the volume adjusted to 4 ml with 70% methanol.
  • glucosinolates purification 1 g DEAE sephadex A-25 resin (Sigma) is incubated overnight in 30 ml 0.5 M acetate buffer (pH 5.0) and 1 ml applied to a Bio-Rad column. The column is washed once with 5 ml water , the glucosinolate extract is then added, and the column is washed again twice with 2 ml 70% methanol, five times with 2 ml water and once with 2 ml 20 mM acetate buffer. 15 mg of sulfatase (Sigma) is dissolved in 6 ml 20 mM acetate buffer and 500 ⁇ applied to each column, which are then left overnight at room temperature. The columns are eluted three times with 1 ml water, the eluted fractions dried in a speed-vac and the pellets resuspended in 100 ⁇ water, from which 15 are used for the FTPLC analysis.
  • Compounds are analyzed on a C-18 column using a 6 min gradient from 1.5 to 5.0% (v/v) acetonitrile (AN), a 2 min gradient using 5-7% AN, followed by a 7 min gradient from 7-25% AN and a 2 min gradient transitioning from 25-92% AN, then 6 min at 92% AN, then 1 in from 92-1.5% AN and lastly 5 min at 1.5% AN.
  • AN acetonitrile
  • MD floral fragrance production is a well characterized biological system consisting of a relatively simple, but robust fragrance bouquet (Verdonk et al, 2003; Schuurink et al, 2006; Colquhoun et al, 2010; Colquhoun & Clark, 2011).
  • far-red light is u sed in a time dependent manner to test for a rate of affective induction of change in volatile emission.
  • Benzyl alcohol e m i s s i o n is elevated by 2 h of far-red light treatment and reaches a maximum level after 8 h of treatment.
  • Benzyl benzoate and benzaldehyde emissions are elevated by the far-red light treatment and both reach a maximum level after 4 h of treatment (Fig. 3).
  • Methyl salicylate emission is reduced after 2 h of far-red light treatment, and remained consistent afterward. No significant change is detected for methyl benzoate or isoeugenol emission through any time-point of far-red treatment compared to the white light treatment.
  • Tomato fruit volatile compound production is a well characterized biological system. Unlike petunia fragrance, tomato fruit volatile profiles can consist of a large and complex number of volatile chemical species (Buttery et al, 1987; Tieman et al, 2012).
  • This Example focuses on emission of a simple set of volatile compounds cis-3-hexenal, cis- 3-hexen-l -ol, 2-methyl- butanol, and 3 -methyl- 1-butanol, which can be of commercial importance.
  • Cis-3-hexenal is present in tomatoes in large amounts, and can generate a robust signal for our analytical techniques; cis-3 -hexen-l-ol, 2-methyl- butanol, and 3 -methyl- 1-butanol have been empirically demonstrated to contribute to overall tomato flavor intensity (Tieman et al, 2012).
  • Tomato fruits are harvested at breaker stage and allowed to ripen under white light, blue, red, far-red, and dark conditions.
  • the blue light treatment does not result in significant differences in the emission of cis-3 -hexenal, cis-3 -hexen-l-ol, 2-methyl- butanol, and 3 -methyl- 1-butanol (Fig. 4).
  • the dark treatment results in a 5 fold increase in 3-methyl- 1-butanol, a 2.6 fold increase in 2-methyl butanol, and a significant increase of cis-3- hexen-l-ol, when compared to white light conditions.
  • Red light treatment results in significant increases of 2-methyl butanol and 3-methyl-l -butanol, along with a reduction of cis-3-hexenal (Fig. 4).
  • Far-red light treatment results in significant increases of cis-3 -hexenal, cis-3-hexen-l-ol, 2-methyl- butanol, and 3 -methyl- 1-butanol, with a notable 2.2 fold increase of cis-3-hexenal.
  • This Example focuses on a simple set of volatile compounds - cis-3-hexen-l -ol, ethyl caproate, methyl butyrate, and hexyl butyrate, which can be of commercial importance.
  • Cis-3- hexen-l -ol is present in large amounts in strawberries; ethyl caproate and methyl butyrate production is well d o c u m e n t e d in the literature (Hakala et al, 2002; Jetti et al, 2007;
  • hexyl butyrate a five carbon extension of methyl butyrate, has chemical similarity with methyl butyrate.
  • This Example examines the effect of varying spectral light on volatile emission in Vaccinium corymbosum cv 'Scintilla' fruit.
  • S i m i l ar to tom atoe s and strawberri es, blueberry fruits e m it a relatively large array of volatile compounds.
  • This Example shows the effect of varying spectral light on volatile emission on a simple set of volatile compounds: hexenal, trans-2-hexenal, 1 -hexanol, trans-2-hexen-l-ol, which are of putative importance in blueberry.
  • blueberries exposed to far-red light conditions emit higher levels of hexenal, and reduced levels of 1-hexanol and trans-2- hexen-l-ol emissions (Fig. 6).
  • the blue light treatment also results in significant reduction of 1- hexanol and trans-2-hexen-l-ol emissions, when compared to white light controls.
  • light treatments can be used to modulate color, stature, and/or nutraceutical content of plants.
  • light treatments can be used to modulate colors in plants including radish, kale, mung bean, broccoli, and sprouts.
  • green light is applied to Arabidopsis seedlings.
  • the results show that green light promotes stem growth (Fig. 7), decreases the abundance of plastid transcripts and inhibits seedling growth responses (Fig. 8), and induces adaptive shade-like responses in seedlings (Fig. 9).
  • Genetic studies show that while a majority of plant responses to green light are mediated by a novel green receptor, certain responses to green light also are mediated by cryptochrome and phototropin blue light receptors.
  • This Example examines stem growth responses during de-etiolation to various light wavelengths in Brassica napus seedlings. Red Russian kale seedling development is first assessed under different light conditions and a variety of fluence rates. Seedlings are allowed to germinate in darkness and then moved to various wavelengths and three fluence rates, at 24 h intervals (light/dark; 0 D/96 L, 24 D/72 L, 48 D/48 L, 72 D/24 L).
  • Fig. 14, panels A-D shows the typical seedling response to light with expanded cotyledons and greening and also the repression of hypocotyl elongation. The effect of light on hypocotyl elongation is quantified in Fig. 15, A-D.
  • EXAMPLE 9 BALANCE OF RED AND FAR-RED LIGHT ON THE DE-ETIOLATION OF RED RUSSIAN KALE SEEDLINGS
  • the modulation of plant growth and development by light is dictated by phytochromes, plant pigments that are generally activated by red light and inactivated by far-red light (reviewed in Chen and Chory, 2011). Under the presence of both wavelengths a dynamic equilibrium is established, allowing plants to rapidly optimize their response to that particular environment.
  • Figs. 15- 17 reveal that far-red and red light exert almost antagonistic effects on photomorphogenic development.
  • Blue light typically induces anthocyanin accumulation.
  • This Example examines the effect of blue supplementation on mixtures of red and far-red light. Seedlings are grown as in Fig. 18, except that blue light is added. Consistent with the effect of combinations of red and far-red light on hypocotyl elongation (Fig. 18, A), the presence of blue light does not augment the strong hypocotyl growth inhibition under high fluence rates (data not shown). The addition of blue light along with red and/or far-red light promotes increased levels of anthocyanins (Fig. 19, A). Increasing fluence rates of blue light on a red background leads to higher levels of anthocyanins.
  • EXAMPLE 1 1 - TOTAL ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY AND GLUCOSINOLATE ACCUMULATION IN RED RUSSIAN KALE IS AFFECTED BY THE LIGHT WAVELENGTH Wavelength-specific effects on anthocyanins and chlorophyll are conspicuous and quantifiable. Data from this Example suggest that there may be concomitant changes in antioxidant agents and/or glucosinolates (GL), two classes of compounds with reported health benefits (Gulcin, 2012; Traka and Mithen, 2009; Prakash and Gupta, 2012).
  • kale seedlings are grown for 4 days in darkness or under a single fluence rate (50 ⁇ m "2 s "1 ) of different light wavelengths.
  • the results show that far-red induces the highest TE accumulation (Fig. 20), approximately 25% higher than under white or blue light.
  • red light-grown seedlings have a TE concentration much lower than in any other light regime, albeit double the basal level of dark-grown seedlings.
  • Glucosinilate composition in light-grown kale seedlings is determined by HPLC. Light treatments are the same as those used for the ORAC-FL tests.
  • GLs may be classified based on their side chain structure into groups (Dinkova-Kostova et al, 2010; Prakash and Gupta, 2012). In these trials two groups are identified - the aliphatic and the indole - and we observe differences in the accumulation of total and specific GLs (Table 1 ). Furthermore, within each group every specific GL is found to be present in kale grown under all treatments tested.
  • Treatment with far-red light increases the total aliphatic GL levels by 25% over dark controls, whereas white light, decreases them. Red and blue light does not induce any difference compared to darkness.
  • light treatments generally decrease the levels of 4- hydroxy-indolyl-3-methyl-GL (40HI3M), but increase "unknown" GL species (which cannot be precisely resolved) to approximately 100-200%) under white light, red light or blue light conditions compared to dark controls.
  • the only aliphatic species that is significantly modified by a single light treatment is 4-methylsulfinylbutyl-GL (4MSOB), which shows similar levels in all conditions except under far-red light, where a 50% increase is observed when compared to the dark level.
  • Total indole-based GLs are generally at their highest levels in etiolated seedlings (Table 1 ) and about double of what is present with any narrow-bandwidth treatment. Far-red, red and blue light all generate similar total indole GL levels, whereas white light lowers this amount about 40%. The substantial effect of white light on decreasing indole GLs is also visible when looking at specific species, as seen by the 67%, 50% and 85% decrease in indole-3-ylmethyl-GL (13 M), 4-methoxyindol- 3-ylmethyl-GL (4MTI3M), and l -methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl-GL (1MTI3M), respectively, when compared to dark-grown kale. This effect is observed to a similar extent under the rest of the light conditions except for DM, where far-red, red and blue light actually decreases it to lower levels than in darkness but still reaches a level 50% higher than what is measured under white light.
  • 4MSOB 4-methylsulfmylbutyl-GL
  • 5MSOP 5-methylsulfinylpentyl-GL
  • 40HI3M 4-hydroxy- indolyl-3-methyl-GL
  • 4MTB 4-methylthiobutyl-GL
  • DM indole-3-ylmethyl-GL
  • 4MT13M 4- methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl-GL
  • 1 MTDM l-methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl-GL.
  • Examples herein show that controlling light conditions affects different physiological parameters in Red Russian kale. For instance, stem elongation, pigment accumulation and nutrient density are modulated by changing light wavelengths and fluence rates.
  • This Example integrates the information gained to explore kale sprout plasticity during growth, to reach an "ideal" kale sprout for market.
  • Four different combinations of light are tested over a period of four days.
  • the sequence of treatments (Fig. 21, A) is designed to promote specific outcomes in the final product.
  • the first treatment (Tl ) is a control, and includes three days of white light treatment following a 24 h-dark period to promote stem elongation.
  • Treatment 2 serves as a transition from Tl to Treatment 3 (T3) and 4 (T4) and uses red instead of white light, at an intermediate fluence rate (25 ⁇ m "2 s "1 ) that does not repress stem elongation to a strong extent (Fig. 15, A-C) but is still able to promote chlorophyll accumulation (Fig. 17).
  • the red-light treatment lasts one day and the other two are used for a combination of simultaneous far-red and blue light, which promote darker purple seedling colors (Fig. 14) and anthocyanin accumulation (Fig. 19, A) to a stronger level than other light treatments, and also increase the antioxidant capacity of kale (Fig. 20).
  • the blue light is switched off in the last day of growth in T4 when compared to T3.
  • Tl and T3 treatments result in seedlings with similar antioxidant capacities (Fig. 21, F), with more than 100% of the TE measured in T2 but significantly lower than the nearly 100 ⁇ TE g "1 registered in T4. Both aliphatic and indole-specific and total GL concentrations show a peak under the T3 treatment but decrease in T4.
  • 4MSOB 4-methylsulfinylbutyl-GL
  • 5MSOP 5-methylsulfinylpentyl-GL
  • 40HI3M 4-hydroxy- indolyl-3-methyl-GL
  • 4MTB 4-methylthiobutyl-GL
  • I3M indole-3-ylmethyl-GL
  • 4MTI3M 4- methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl-GL
  • 1MTI3M 1 -methoxyindol-3-ylmethyl-GL.
  • Embodiments of the invention utilize narrow-bandwidth light to control several valued traits of a nutrient dense food.
  • the present invention applies the basic biology derived from a laboratory plant to a specialty crop, translating principles learned to generate attractive novel colors and nutraceuticals to consumers.
  • the present invention also demonstrates the range of phenotypes that may be extracted from a given genotype, simply by modulating ambient light conditions, and paves the way for additional experiments that use narrow bandwidth lighting or supplementation to affect traits that add value to small format crops. Such environmental modification may add substantial value, novelty and profitability to already nutrient-dense fresh vegetables.
  • basic science it is a demonstration of how to extract "more" phenotype from a given genotype by altering the ambient light environment.
  • Plant Signal Behav 6(3): 378-381 Plant Signal Behav 6(3): 378-381 .
  • Du X, Plotto A, Baldwin E, Rouseff R. 201 Evaluation of volatiles from two subtropical strawberry cultivars using GC -olfactometry, GC-MS odor activity values, and sensory analysis. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 59(23): 12569-12577.
  • Hakala MA Lapvetelainen AT, allio HP. 2002. Volatile compounds of selected strawberry varieties analyzed by purge-and-trap headspace GC-MS. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 50(5): 1 133-1 142.
  • Aroma content of fresh basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) leaves is affected by light reflected from colored mulches. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 51(8): 2272-2276.
  • Preuss SB Meister R, Xu Q, Urwin CP, Tripodi FA, Screen SE, Anil VS, Zhu S, Morrell JA, Liu G, Ratcliffe OJ, Reuber TL, Khanna R, Goldman BS, Bell E, Ziegler TE, McClerren AL, Ruff TG, Petracek ME. 2012. Expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana BBX32 gene in soybean increases grain yield. PLoS ONE 7(2): e30717.
  • Singh S, Kumari R, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB. 201 Growth, yield and tuber quality of Solanum tuberosum L. under supplemental ultraviolet-B radiation at different NPK levels. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 13(3): 508-516.

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Abstract

Dans un premier mode de réalisation, la présente invention concerne des procédés d'application de lumière à des plantes et des parties de plante (telles que des fleurs, des fruits) pour moduler une accumulation de pigment (c'est-à-dire une couleur), une dimension, des réponses photomorphogéniques, un contenu nutraceutique, une saveur et/ou un arome de plantes ou de parties de plante. L'invention concerne également des dispositifs logiciels et/ou de commande pour des systèmes d'éclairage de plante (tels que des diodes électroluminescentes (DEL)), qui peuvent être utilisés pour moduler une accumulation de pigment, une dimension, des réponses photomorphogéniques, un contenu nutraceutique, une saveur et/ou un arome de plantes ou de parties de plante.
PCT/US2013/072295 2012-11-27 2013-11-27 Modulation de lumière de plantes et de parties de plante Ceased WO2014085626A1 (fr)

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