WO2012119684A2 - Aluminiumoxid basierte metallisierungsbarriere - Google Patents
Aluminiumoxid basierte metallisierungsbarriere Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012119684A2 WO2012119684A2 PCT/EP2012/000590 EP2012000590W WO2012119684A2 WO 2012119684 A2 WO2012119684 A2 WO 2012119684A2 EP 2012000590 W EP2012000590 W EP 2012000590W WO 2012119684 A2 WO2012119684 A2 WO 2012119684A2
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- C23C18/12—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition characterised by the deposition of inorganic material other than metallic material
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- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/02—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition
- C23C18/12—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition characterised by the deposition of inorganic material other than metallic material
- C23C18/1204—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition characterised by the deposition of inorganic material other than metallic material inorganic material, e.g. non-oxide and non-metallic such as sulfides, nitrides based compounds
- C23C18/1208—Oxides, e.g. ceramics
- C23C18/1216—Metal oxides
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/02—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition
- C23C18/12—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition characterised by the deposition of inorganic material other than metallic material
- C23C18/125—Process of deposition of the inorganic material
- C23C18/1254—Sol or sol-gel processing
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C18/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating
- C23C18/02—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition
- C23C18/12—Chemical coating by decomposition of either liquid compounds or solutions of the coating forming compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating; Contact plating by thermal decomposition characterised by the deposition of inorganic material other than metallic material
- C23C18/125—Process of deposition of the inorganic material
- C23C18/1295—Process of deposition of the inorganic material with after-treatment of the deposited inorganic material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
- C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
- C23C24/082—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat without intermediate formation of a liquid in the layer
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- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C26/00—Coating not provided for in groups C23C2/00 - C23C24/00
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/20—Electrodes
- H10F77/206—Electrodes for devices having potential barriers
- H10F77/211—Electrodes for devices having potential barriers for photovoltaic cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/20—Electrodes
- H10F77/206—Electrodes for devices having potential barriers
- H10F77/211—Electrodes for devices having potential barriers for photovoltaic cells
- H10F77/219—Arrangements for electrodes of back-contact photovoltaic cells
- H10F77/223—Arrangements for electrodes of back-contact photovoltaic cells for metallisation wrap-through [MWT] photovoltaic cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
Definitions
- the present invention relates to alumina-based passivation layers which simultaneously act as a diffusion barrier for aluminum and other metals over underlying wafer layers. Furthermore, a method and suitable compositions for producing these layers are described.
- the conventional full-surface backside metallization presents ever more pressing problems.
- the surface recombination velocity in the heavily aluminum-doped layer is very high (typically 500-1000 cm / s) and can not be arbitrarily further reduced by existing conventional technology. The result is a lower power output compared to more advanced but more costly concepts, which is primarily due to lower short circuit currents and reduced open terminal voltage.
- LBSF Local Back Surface Field
- the LBSF is the core technology for optimizing the efficiency of the solar cell backside. It is the key to maximizing basic solar cell parameters, such as short-circuit current and / or open-circuit voltage. At the same time, and this may be more important from the point of view of industrial mass production of solar cells, it opens up the possibility of circumventing or avoiding negative phenomena, such as that of the "bows" already formulated in the beginning, ie the bending of solar cells predominantly production-related and technologically related problems.
- FIG. 1 shows the architecture of a highly efficient solar cell according to the PERC concept (see text), namely a solar cell with passivated (selective) emitter and backward local (point) contacts (LBSF) [1].
- the generation of the LBSF is the basic principle of all technologies based on or based on the Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell (PERC) concept.
- PROC Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell
- dielectric layers By far the most common, especially in the production of solar cells, is the use of dielectric layers, masks and / or layer stacks, which can usually be applied to the surfaces in question with the aid of physical and / or chemical vapor deposition, PVD and CVD methods .
- silicon oxides and silicon nitrides are generally suitable as dielectric layers or layer stacks of both materials.
- dielectrics are supplemented by others. These may be, for example: aluminum oxides but also silicon oxynitrides.
- silicon carbide, silicon carbonitride (SiCxNy), and amorphous silicon (a-Si) stacked layers and silicon nitride are currently being investigated for their suitability for coating the backside of the solar wafer.
- All of these materials and material systems (layer stacks) have to fulfill two functions in their use, simultaneously acting both as a (diffusion) mask and as an (electronic) passivation layer.
- the need for a back passivation layer is due to the architecture of the LBSF solar cell.
- the efficiency potential of the LBSF over the conventional standard solar cell with all-surface backside metallization is based essentially on the possibility of significantly reducing the, in this case, backward, surface recombination rate of the excess charge carrier density generated on the wafer surface as a result of the light absorption in comparison to the value mentioned above for the standard -Al-BSF solar cell.
- suitable passivation layers and layer systems can reach values down to the range of one-digit or lower two-digit surface recombination rates, which corresponds approximately to a reduction by a factor of 100.
- one of the LBSF approaches is based on the use of a resist layer of wax, which is printed on the back, which is provided with a dielectric, and then structured with concentrated hydrofluoric acid becomes. After the removal of the wax layer, a metal paste is imprinted on the entire surface, which can not penetrate the dielectric during the firing process, but the sites in which the silicon is exposed due to the structuring step [2].
- the LBSF cell can be implemented with at least three technologies (with the exception of the preceding example).
- these ohmic contacts must ensure the transport of majority carriers from the base by forming the back surface fields, which acts as a kind of electronic mirror, but prevent minority carriers from reaching these contacts.
- the first method is done by local stronger re-doping of
- This first possibility of realization requires the use of a mask technology, in this case that of a diffusion mask, which suppresses the full-area doping of the back, but also of the front, in this case boron. Local openings in the mask enable the creation of boron doped back surface fields in the silicon on the back side.
- this technology also requires the production of the diffusion mask, the local structuring of the diffusion mask and its removal, since this boron-permeated diffusion mask itself can not have a passivating effect, and the creation of a passivating layer for the surface and, if necessary, its Encapsulation.
- This short outline already exposes the difficulties which underlie this approach, in addition to technological problems of a general nature, the most: time, industrial throughput and ultimately the cost of implementation. 2.
- LFC laser fired contacts
- a passivating layer usually a silicon oxide layer
- the aluminum is locally melted, penetrating the passivation layer and then alloyed in the silicon
- the technology of producing an LBSF solar cell by means of the LFC process is characterized by high process costs for depositing the deposited aluminum layers, so that the possibility of industrial implementation of this concept has not yet been conclusively answered third option he is due to the exclusive use of aluminum paste, which allows both LBSF formation and contact formation to be achieved in a firing step similar to the formation of full-surface Al-BSF structures.
- i-PERC is a screen-printed PERC solar cell, which was developed by the research institute IMEC and in which the LBSF structure exclusively with a conventional, in the The requirement for this is to provide the opening of local contacts on the back side in a layer that is sufficiently stable or diffusible to the firing of aluminum paste, and to provide an easily adapted aluminum paste for a full face backside metallization the paste can adhere adequately without delamination and the remaining backside has to be electronically passivated.
- the diffusion barrier meets both functions.
- Silica is not resistant to the penetration of aluminum paste.
- Shaping is generally understood to mean the formation of a thin inversion layer or layer a thin ion channel located directly at the interface between silicon nitride and p-doped base. This region is thereby reversed into an n-type zone which, when in contact with the local backside contacts, injects majority charge carriers (electrons) into the majority carrier current of the point contacts (holes). The result is a recombination of the charge carriers and thus a reduction of the short-circuit current and the open terminal voltage. For this reason, layer systems of a few nanometers of silicon oxide, covered with up to 100 nm of silicon nitride, are frequently used for LBSF solar cells.
- Alternative layer systems can be composed of the following layer stacks: SiO x / SiN x / SiN x , SiO x / SiO x N x / SiN x , SiO x N y / SiN x / SiN x , SiO x / AIO x , AIO x / SiN x etc.
- These layer stacks are conventionally applied to the wafer surface by means of PVD and / or CVD methods and are thus intrinsically cost-intensive and, in some cases, for industrial production [cf.
- the coating with aluminum oxide by means of "atomic layer deposition" (ALD)] not suitable.
- the PASHA concept can be named here (passivated on all sides H-patterned) (see [3]).
- Hydrogen-rich silicon nitride is applied on both sides of the solar wafer, which has excellent passivation properties both on heavily n-doped and on weakly p-doped material.
- metal paste is printed locally at the locations of the back-side contacting, which penetrates the silicon nitride in the subsequent firing process.
- a disadvantage of this method is that the metal paste no penetration points are given. This penetrates the paste at all points where it comes in contact with the nitride.
- PEPVD plasma enhanced physical vapor deposition
- FIG. 2 shows the construction of a double-passivated, rear-contacted solar cell with integrated MWT architecture ( ⁇ ASPIRe) [5] ⁇ .
- the back side contacts are shown in the figure as black elements. These backside contacts each have the LBSF regions.
- this layer should be able to be applied in a single process step by simply selectively printing the composition required for this purpose, as well as a barrier layer against "spitting" of the aluminum during the firing process.
- the object is achieved in particular by a method for producing a dielectric layer which acts as a passivation layer and diffusion barrier against aluminum and / or other related metals and metal pastes over the whole surface by an alumina sol or an alumina hybrid sol in the form of an ink or a paste or patterned on a surface, and densified and dried by heating to elevated temperatures to form amorphous Al 2 O 3 and / or alumina hybrid layers.
- amorphous Al 2 O 3 and / or aluminum oxide hybrid layers of a layer thickness ⁇ 100 nm are formed.
- the alumina sol or alumina hybrid sol is applied several times and dried. After application of the sol drying takes place at temperatures between 300 and 1000 ° C, preferably in the range between 350 and 450 ° C. Good layer properties are achieved if this drying takes place within a time of two to five minutes. Particularly good barrier layer properties are obtained when the layer (s) applied according to the invention and dried are passivated by subsequent annealing at 400 to 500 ° C. in a nitrogen and / or forming gas atmosphere.
- boron doping of an underlying silicon substrate layer takes place by drying an applied layer of a boron-containing aluminum oxide ink or paste at elevated temperature and, in a further embodiment, boron doping with emitter formation in the silicon.
- phosphorus doping of an underlying silicon substrate layer takes place by drying an applied layer of a phosphorus-containing aluminum oxide ink or paste at elevated temperature.
- the object of the present invention is achieved by providing a dielectric aluminum oxide layer having passivation properties with respect to p-doped base layers, preferably silicon base layers, which can be produced in a simple manner by the method according to the invention.
- dielectric layers are available, which act as a diffusion barrier against aluminum and other related metals.
- a dielectric thus produced in a sufficient layer thickness advantageously exhibits, after suitable thermal pretreatment, diffusion resistance to "spitting through” aluminum compared with conventional screen-printable aluminum-containing metal pastes which are usually used for contacting crystalline silicon solar cells.
- compositions used to produce the dielectric layer are printable, they can not only be applied over the entire surface of the wafer surface but also printed structured, whereby subsequent usually necessary structuring by etching of the dielectric, for example, to generate local contact openings, superfluous.
- the dielectric produced according to the invention is distinguished by an excellent passivation capability of p-doped silicon wafer surfaces.
- the alumina layer is produced via a sol-gel process which enables the application of a stable sol with cost-effective printing technology.
- the so imprinted sol is determined by suitable methods such. B. heating, transferred to the gel state and thereby compacted.
- the preparation of the aluminum layer by sol-gel method can be carried out according to the method described in the European patent applications with the application numbers 11001921.3 and 11001920.5. The disclosure of these two applications is hereby incorporated by reference into this application.
- the aluminum oxide layer not only acts as a barrier layer but also shows excellent passivation properties compared to the p-doped base, which is why no further cleaning and manufacturing steps are required after the firing process.
- Sol-gel based inks and / or pastes may be preferably used in the process of the present invention to form barrier-effect dielectric alumina or alumina hybrid layers, which can inhibit the diffusion of metallic aluminum and / or other comparable metals and metal pastes low-melting ( ⁇ 1300 ° C) alloy can be prevented.
- the dielectric aluminum oxide or aluminum oxide hybrid layers formed in the process according to the invention accordingly act as a diffusion barrier.
- the inks and / or pastes of the present invention After the inks and / or pastes of the present invention have been desirably applied to the wafer surfaces, they are dried at elevated temperatures to form the barrier layers. This drying takes place at temperatures between 300 and 1000 ° C, forming amorphous Al2O3 and / or aluminum oxide hybrid layers. At these temperatures, within a time of ⁇ 5 minutes at a layer thickness of ⁇ 100 nm, a residue-free Drying to form the desired layers. Preferably, the drying step is carried out at temperatures in the range of 350-450 ° C. For thicker layers, the drying conditions must be adjusted accordingly. It should be noted, however, that hardening above 1000 ° C results in hard, crystalline layers (see corundum).
- the dried Al 2 O 3 (hybrid) layers obtained by drying at temperatures ⁇ 500 ° C. can then be dried using the n
- Mono- or multicrystalline silicon wafers HF or RCA cleaned
- sapphire wafers thin film solar modules
- coated and uncoated Q glasses steel elements
- coated with functional materials eg, ITO, FTO, AZO, IZO, or similar
- ITO, FTO, AZO, IZO, or similar can be used with these inks and / or pastes of the invention described herein and their alloyed derivatives, and other materials used in microelectronics are coated in a simple manner.
- the sol-gel based formulations, inks and / or pastes are printable.
- the properties, in particular the rheological properties, of the formulations and to adapt them within wide limits to the respectively required requirements of the printing method to be used so that the paste formulations are both selective in the form of very fine structures and lines in the nm range as well as over the entire surface can be applied.
- Suitable printing methods are: spin or dip coating, drop casting, curtain or slot-dye coating, screen or flexo printing, gravure or ink jet or aerosol jet printing, offset printing, microcontact printing, electro-electrodynamic dispensing, roller or spray coating , Ultrasonic Spray Coating, Pipe Jetting, Laser Transfer Printing, Päd Printing, Rotary Screen Printing and others.
- sol-gel based alumina inks and / or alumina pastes By applying sol-gel based alumina inks and / or alumina pastes, outstanding surface passivation of silicon wafers (especially p-type wafers) can be achieved.
- the charge carrier lifetime is already increased by applying a thin layer of Al 2 O 3 and subsequent drying.
- subsequent annealing at 400-500 ° C in a nitrogen and / or Formiergasatmospreheat the surface passivation of the layer can be greatly increased.
- boron doping of the underlying silicon can be achieved simultaneously with drying at elevated temperatures. This doping leads to an "electronic mirror" on the back of the solar cell, which can have a positive effect on the efficiency of the cell, whereby the aluminum oxide acts very well on the surface of the (heavily) p-doped silicon layer.
- boron-containing aluminum oxide ink and / or paste can also be used for doping with emitter formation in silicon; namely, the doping leads to the p-type doping on n-type silicon.
- the aluminum oxide has a very good surface-passivating effect on the p-doped emitter layer.
- suitable sol-gel inks can be used for the production of the aluminum oxide layers according to the invention, as described in the European patent application with the application number 11001920.5.
- stable and smooth layers can be formed in the sol-gel process in a combined drying and tempering treatment at temperatures, preferably below 400 ° C., which after drying and tempering are free of organic contaminants.
- AO ß inks with an acidic pH in the range 4-5, preferably ⁇ 4.5, which alcohol and / or polyoxylated solvent.
- Such compositions have very good wetting and adhesion properties on S1O2 and silane-terminated silicon wafer surfaces.
- corresponding alkoxides of aluminum such as aluminum triethylate, aluminum triisopropylate and aluminum tri-sec-butoxide, or slightly soluble hydroxides and oxides of aluminum.
- aluminum compounds are dissolved in solvent mixtures.
- solvent mixtures can be polar protic and polar aprotic solvents, which in turn can be mixed with non-polar solvents to adapt the wetting behavior to the desired conditions and properties of the coatings.
- polar protic and polar aprotic solvents which in turn can be mixed with non-polar solvents to adapt the wetting behavior to the desired conditions and properties of the coatings.
- the inks may contain mixtures of at least one low-boiling alcohol, preferably ethanol or isopropanol, and a high-boiling glycol ether, preferably diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether or diethylene glycol monobutyl ether.
- a high-boiling glycol ether preferably diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether or diethylene glycol monobutyl ether.
- other polar solvents such as acetone, DMSO, sulfolane or ethyl acetate and the like may also be used.
- the coating property can be adapted to the desired substrate.
- the usable inks contain water when aluminum alkoxides have been used for sol formation.
- the water is required to achieve the hydrolysis of the aluminum cores and their precondensation, and to form a desired dense, homogeneous layer, wherein the molar ratio of water to precursor between 1: 1 and 1: 9, preferably between 1: 1, 5 and 1: 2.5 should be.
- organic acid preferably acetic acid
- the added acid catalyzes the pre-condensation and the subsequent crosslinking of the solution in solution hydrolyzed aluminum cores.
- a steric stabilization of the inks is effected by mixing with hydrophobic components, such as 1, 3-cyclohexadione, salicylic acid and their structural relatives, and moderately hydrophilic components, such as acetylacetone, dihydroxybenzoic acid, trihydroxybenzoic acid and their structural relatives, or with chelating agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA ), Diethylenetriaminepeantaacetic acid (DETPA), nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), ethylenediaminetetramethylenephosphonic acid (EDTPA), diethylenetriaminepentamethylenephosphonic acid (DETPPA) and structurally related complexing agents or chelating agents.
- hydrophobic components such as 1, 3-cyclohexadione, salicylic acid and their structural relatives
- moderately hydrophilic components such as acetylacetone, dihydroxybenzoic acid, trihydroxybenzoic acid and their structural relatives
- chelating agents such as ethylenedi
- additives for adjusting the surface tension, viscosity, wetting behavior, drying behavior and adhesion capability may be added to the aluminum sol.
- U. a. may also be added particulate additives to influence the Theological properties and the drying behavior, such.
- the coating-forming components are used in proportion such that the solids content of the inks is between 0.5 and 10% by weight, preferably between 1 and 5% by weight.
- the residue-free drying of the inks after coating of the surfaces results in amorphous Al 2 O 3 layers, wherein the drying takes place at temperatures between 300 and 1000 ° C., preferably at about 350 ° C. With a suitable coating, the drying takes place within a Time of ⁇ 5 minutes, whereby a layer thickness of ⁇ 100 nm is obtained. If thicker layers are desired, the drying conditions must be varied accordingly.
- Al 2 O 3 (hybrid) layers which have been dried at temperatures ⁇ 500 ° C can be etched and patterned by using most inorganic mineral acids, but preferably by HF and H 3 PO 4, as well as many organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid and the like ,
- Suitable substrates for the coating with the corresponding inks are monocrystalline or multicrystalline silicon wafers (HF or RCA-cleaned), sapphire wafers, thin-film solar modules, glasses coated with functional materials (eg ITO, FTO, AZO, IZO or comparable), uncoated glass, as well as other materials used in microelectronics in question.
- the layers formed by using the inks may serve as a diffusion barrier, printable dielectric, electronic and electrical passivation, antireflection coating.
- Inks used in the preparation of the barrier layers in the form of hybrid materials with simple and polymeric boron and phosphorus oxides, and their alkoxides can be used for the simultaneous low-cost areas and local doping of semiconductors, preferably of silicon.
- additives and additives can be used, but may be included to adjust the paste properties suitable thickeners and / or a correspondingly higher solids content may be present. Details of corresponding pastes are described in detail in the corresponding patent application.
- the same compounds of Aluminum can be used as precursors, namely all organic aluminum compounds are suitable as precursors in paste formulations which are suitable for the formation of Al2O3 in the presence of water under acidic conditions at a pH in the range of about 4-5.
- corresponding alkoxides are preferably dissolved in a suitable solvent mixture.
- This solvent mixture can be composed of both polar protic and polar aprotic solvents and mixtures thereof.
- Corresponding solvent mixtures are described in the specified patent application.
- the paste formulations are stabilized by the addition of suitable acids and / or chelating or chelating agents.
- suitable polymers By adding suitable polymers, the theological properties can be influenced and suitable paste properties, such as intrinsic viscosity, thixotropy, yield point, etc., can be set.
- particulate additives can be added to influence the rheological properties. Suitable particulate additives are z.
- the layer-forming components are used in relation to one another in such a way that the solids content of the pastes is between 9 and 10% by weight in order to produce the pastes which can be used according to the invention.
- the pastes can be applied by means of suitable methods on the surface of the substrates to be treated, structured over the entire surface or high-resolution down to the nm range and dried at suitable temperatures.
- these pastes are applied by printing by means of flexographic and / or screen printing, more preferably by screen printing.
- the sol-gel paste formulations can be used for the same purposes as the inks described above.
- Al 2 O 3 layers can be obtained, which can serve as sodium and potassium diffusion barriers in the LCD technique.
- a thin layer of AI2O3 on the coverslip of the Displays prevent the diffusion of ions from the coverslip into the liquid crystalline phase, which can greatly increase the life of the LCDs.
- Fig. 1 Architecture of a highly efficient solar cell according to the PERC concept (see text).
- the scheme shows a solar cell with passivated (selective) emitter and backward local (point) contacts (LBSF) [1].
- Fig. 2 architecture passivated on both sides, back contacted
- Fig. 3 Images of the wafer pieces before the metallization (Example 2).
- Fig. 5 Images of the wafer pieces from Example 3 before
- FIG. 6 Microscope images of the surface after the etching treatment in FIG.
- Example 3 The micrographs show the surfaces of Al 2 O 3 -coated wafers after firing and subsequent etching of the aluminum paste (a 113 nm Al 2 O 3 ; b 168 nm Al 2 O 3 ; c 222 nm Al 2 O 3 ; d reference wafer without metal paste). 7: ECV measurements of the samples coated with different layer thicknesses in Example 3, of an uncoated reference sample and of a co-processed, but not metallized aluminum reference.
- Example 1 The temperatures given in the examples and the description as well as in the claims are always in ° C.
- Example 1 The temperatures given in the examples and the description as well as in the claims are always in ° C.
- Example 4 of the European patent application with the application number 11 001 920.5 In a 100 ml round bottom flask, 3 g of salicylic acid and 1 g of acetylacetone in 25 ml of isopropanol and 25 ml of diethylene glycol monoethyl ether are presented. 4.9 g of aluminum trisecbutylate are added to the solution and stirred for a further 10 minutes. To neutralize the butylate and adjust the pH of the ink, add 5 g of acetic acid and stir again for 10 minutes. For the hydrolysis of the partially protected aluminum alcoholate, 1.7 g of water are added and the slightly yellow solution is allowed to stand for aging after stirring for 10 minutes. The solids content can be increased up to 6% by weight. The ink exhibits a stability of> 3 months with ideal coating properties and efficient drying (compare Figures 1 and 2 in the above-mentioned patent application 11 001 920.5).
- Example 2 To evaluate the metal barrier effect, multiple coatings with a coating thickness of approximately 40 nm per individual coating are selected. Between each coating is a two minute drying at 400 ° C on a hotplate under atmospheric conditions. The multiple coats are again annealed at 450 ° C as described above for 15 minutes. It follows that from four individual coatings (total layer thickness 170 nm), a penetration of the aluminum can be prevented. In a reference experiment with an ink of higher mass concentration (about 6% w / w) it can be shown that a single coating with a final layer thickness of 165 nm after two minutes of drying at 400 ° C is an effective metal barrier.
- Example 2 Example 2:
- an aluminum metal paste is applied over the entire surface in a layer thickness of 20 pm by means of a doctor blade on the wafer and the wafer thus treated fired in a belt furnace with four zones (T-set points: 850/800/800/800 ° C) for 100 s.
- the aluminum paste is removed by means of etching with a phosphoric acid (85%) - nitric acid (69%) -acetic acid (100%) - mixture (in v / v: 80-5-5, remainder water).
- the Si0 2 layer is then etched away with dilute HF.
- a coated reference without printed metal paste is co-processed in each case.
- the samples, after exposing the silicon surface in the area not covered by SiO 2 show surface morphologies typical of alloying aluminum paste into silicon.
- the areas covered with SiO 2 show, regardless of the previously existing SiO 2 layer thickness, structures or etching figures which have a square and / or rectangular character.
- the entrained reference samples have neither of the two observed characteristics. No barrier effect is observed with respect to the action of the metal paste on the SiO 2 layers. Regardless of the generated SiO 2 layer thickness, therefore, no barrier effect of the SiO 2 to the action of the metal paste can be observed.
- FIG. 4 shows microscope images of the surface after the etching treatment.
- the images show the surfaces of SiO 2 -coated wafers after firing and subsequent Etching the aluminum paste (a 258 nm S1O2; b 386 nm S1O2; c 508 nm S1O2; d 639 nm Si0 2 ; e without barrier; f reference without metal paste).
- Three pieces of wafer (Cz, p-type, polished on one side, 10 ⁇ * cm) are coated with a sol-gel-based Al 2 O 3 layer by spin-coating to obtain different layer thicknesses (if necessary under multiple coating, if necessary, each Layer is previously densified thermally, as described in Example 1).
- the sol layer is thermally densified (at 450 ° C for 30 minutes, as described in Example 1), and then half of the Al 2 0 3 layer is removed by etching with dilute HF solution.
- shots of the wafer pieces are shown prior to metallization.
- an aluminum metal paste is applied over the entire surface in a layer thickness of 20 pm by means of a doctor blade on the wafer and fired in a belt furnace with four zones (T-set points: 850/800/800/800 ° C) for 100 s.
- the aluminum paste is removed by etching with a phosphoric acid (85%) - nitric acid (69%) -acetic acid (100%) - mixture (in v / v: 80-5-5, remainder water).
- the Al 2 O 3 layer and, if appropriate, parasitically formed SiO 2 are then etched off with dilute HF.
- FIG. 6 shows microscope images of the surface after the etching treatment.
- the micrographs show the surfaces of Al 2 O 3 coated wafers after firing and subsequent etching of the aluminum paste (a 113 nm Al 2 O 3 ; b 168 nm Al 2 O 3 ; c 222 nm Al 2 O 3 ; d reference wafer without metal paste) ,
- a coated reference without printed metal paste is co-processed in each case.
- the sample which is covered with a layer thickness of 113 nm Al2O3, shows a surface structure that can be attributed to the attack of the aluminum paste. Square to rectangular structures, pits, etch pits can be discovered in the silicon surface.
- the aluminum paste "spiked" through the Al 2 O 3 layer, and as soon as the layer thickness of the Al 2 O 3 exceeds 170 nm, only the basic doping of the silicon wafer is determined by means of electrochemical capacitance voltage measurements (ECV), which is 1 * 10 16 Boron atoms / cm 3 (see Fig. 7).
- ECV electrochemical capacitance voltage measurements
- ECV electro-capacitance measurements
- FIG. 7 shows ECV measurements of the samples coated with different layer thicknesses, of an uncoated reference sample and of a co-processed, but not aluminum-metallized reference.
- passivated with 170 and 220 nm Al2O3 only the base doping (boron ⁇ 1 * 10 16 atoms / cm 3 ) can be detected.
- the positive charge carriers in silicon were measured.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (8)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP12704685.2A EP2683777A2 (de) | 2011-03-08 | 2012-02-09 | Aluminiumoxid basierte metallisierungsbarriere |
| SG2013066592A SG193304A1 (en) | 2011-03-08 | 2012-02-09 | Metallisation barrier based on aluminium oxide |
| JP2013556984A JP6185845B2 (ja) | 2011-03-08 | 2012-02-09 | 酸化アルミニウムベースの金属配線バリア |
| AU2012224973A AU2012224973B2 (en) | 2011-03-08 | 2012-02-09 | Metallisation barrier based on aluminium oxide |
| CA2829269A CA2829269A1 (en) | 2011-03-08 | 2012-02-09 | Aluminium oxide-based metallisation barrier |
| US14/004,074 US20130341769A1 (en) | 2011-03-08 | 2012-02-09 | Aluminium oxide-based metallisation barrier |
| CN2012800119575A CN103403885A (zh) | 2011-03-08 | 2012-02-09 | 基于氧化铝的金属化屏障 |
| KR1020137026493A KR20140022012A (ko) | 2011-03-08 | 2012-02-09 | 산화 알루미늄에 기초한 금속화물 배리어 |
Applications Claiming Priority (10)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP11001920.5 | 2011-03-08 | ||
| EP11001921.3 | 2011-03-08 | ||
| EP11001921 | 2011-03-08 | ||
| EP11001920 | 2011-03-08 | ||
| EP11006971.3 | 2011-08-26 | ||
| EP11006971 | 2011-08-26 | ||
| EP11007205 | 2011-09-06 | ||
| EP11007205.5 | 2011-09-06 | ||
| EP11007207 | 2011-09-06 | ||
| EP11007207.1 | 2011-09-06 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2012119684A2 true WO2012119684A2 (de) | 2012-09-13 |
| WO2012119684A3 WO2012119684A3 (de) | 2013-01-31 |
Family
ID=45688416
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/EP2012/000590 Ceased WO2012119684A2 (de) | 2011-03-08 | 2012-02-09 | Aluminiumoxid basierte metallisierungsbarriere |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20130341769A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP2683777A2 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP6185845B2 (de) |
| KR (1) | KR20140022012A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN103403885A (de) |
| AU (1) | AU2012224973B2 (de) |
| CA (1) | CA2829269A1 (de) |
| SG (1) | SG193304A1 (de) |
| TW (1) | TW201241924A (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2012119684A2 (de) |
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| WO2012171682A3 (de) * | 2011-06-15 | 2013-11-21 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren zur herstellung einer passivierungsschicht auf nasschemischem weg für eine halbleitereinrichtung |
| JP2014072448A (ja) * | 2012-09-28 | 2014-04-21 | Hitachi Chemical Co Ltd | 半導体基板パッシベーション膜形成用組成物、パッシベーション膜付半導体基板及びその製造方法、並びに太陽電池素子及びその製造方法 |
| JP2014072447A (ja) * | 2012-09-28 | 2014-04-21 | Hitachi Chemical Co Ltd | 半導体基板パッシベーション膜形成用組成物、パッシベーション膜付半導体基板及びその製造方法、並びに太陽電池素子及びその製造方法 |
| JP2014157871A (ja) * | 2013-02-14 | 2014-08-28 | Hitachi Chemical Co Ltd | パッシベーション膜形成用組成物、パッシベーション膜付半導体基板及びその製造方法、並びに太陽電池素子及びその製造方法 |
| JPWO2013103141A1 (ja) * | 2012-01-06 | 2015-05-11 | 日立化成株式会社 | パッシベーション膜付半導体基板及びその製造方法、並びに太陽電池素子及びその製造方法 |
| WO2016165812A1 (de) | 2015-04-15 | 2016-10-20 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Siebdruckbare bor-dotierpaste mit gleichzeitiger hemmung der phosphordiffusion bei co-diffusionsprozessen |
| WO2016165811A1 (de) * | 2015-04-15 | 2016-10-20 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Verfahren zur herstellung von solarzellen unter verwendung von phosphor-diffusionshemmenden, druckbaren dotiermedien |
| WO2016165810A1 (de) | 2015-04-15 | 2016-10-20 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Sol-gel-basierte druckbare und parasitär-diffusionshemmende dotiermedien zur lokalen dotierung von siliziumwafern |
| WO2016150549A3 (de) * | 2015-03-23 | 2016-12-01 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Druckbare tinte zur bereitstellung einer barriereschicht bei der solarzellenherstellung |
| JP2017195377A (ja) * | 2017-05-19 | 2017-10-26 | 日立化成株式会社 | 半導体基板パッシベーション膜形成用組成物、パッシベーション膜付半導体基板及びその製造方法、並びに太陽電池素子及びその製造方法 |
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| WO2015039143A1 (en) * | 2013-09-16 | 2015-03-19 | Solexel, Inc. | Laser processing for solar cell base and emitter regions |
| JP6795877B2 (ja) * | 2013-12-25 | 2020-12-02 | 東京応化工業株式会社 | 表面被覆膜の形成方法及び表面被覆膜を有する太陽電池 |
| CN108575097B (zh) | 2016-12-20 | 2021-08-17 | 浙江凯盈新材料有限公司 | 具有印刷的氧化物隧道结的叉指背接触金属-绝缘体-半导体太阳能电池 |
| CN108885917B (zh) | 2016-12-20 | 2020-06-02 | 浙江凯盈新材料有限公司 | 含硅氧烷的太阳能电池金属化浆料 |
| CN106611799B (zh) * | 2017-01-12 | 2018-02-02 | 合肥海润光伏科技有限公司 | 一种喷墨打印双面晶体硅太阳能电池及其制备方法 |
| US10622502B1 (en) | 2019-05-23 | 2020-04-14 | Zhejiang Kaiying New Materials Co., Ltd. | Solar cell edge interconnects |
| US10749045B1 (en) | 2019-05-23 | 2020-08-18 | Zhejiang Kaiying New Materials Co., Ltd. | Solar cell side surface interconnects |
| CN111834492A (zh) * | 2020-07-22 | 2020-10-27 | 常州时创能源股份有限公司 | TOPCon电池的制备方法 |
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Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2012171682A3 (de) * | 2011-06-15 | 2013-11-21 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren zur herstellung einer passivierungsschicht auf nasschemischem weg für eine halbleitereinrichtung |
| JPWO2013103141A1 (ja) * | 2012-01-06 | 2015-05-11 | 日立化成株式会社 | パッシベーション膜付半導体基板及びその製造方法、並びに太陽電池素子及びその製造方法 |
| JP2014072448A (ja) * | 2012-09-28 | 2014-04-21 | Hitachi Chemical Co Ltd | 半導体基板パッシベーション膜形成用組成物、パッシベーション膜付半導体基板及びその製造方法、並びに太陽電池素子及びその製造方法 |
| JP2014072447A (ja) * | 2012-09-28 | 2014-04-21 | Hitachi Chemical Co Ltd | 半導体基板パッシベーション膜形成用組成物、パッシベーション膜付半導体基板及びその製造方法、並びに太陽電池素子及びその製造方法 |
| JP2014157871A (ja) * | 2013-02-14 | 2014-08-28 | Hitachi Chemical Co Ltd | パッシベーション膜形成用組成物、パッシベーション膜付半導体基板及びその製造方法、並びに太陽電池素子及びその製造方法 |
| WO2016150549A3 (de) * | 2015-03-23 | 2016-12-01 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Druckbare tinte zur bereitstellung einer barriereschicht bei der solarzellenherstellung |
| WO2016165812A1 (de) | 2015-04-15 | 2016-10-20 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Siebdruckbare bor-dotierpaste mit gleichzeitiger hemmung der phosphordiffusion bei co-diffusionsprozessen |
| WO2016165811A1 (de) * | 2015-04-15 | 2016-10-20 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Verfahren zur herstellung von solarzellen unter verwendung von phosphor-diffusionshemmenden, druckbaren dotiermedien |
| WO2016165810A1 (de) | 2015-04-15 | 2016-10-20 | Merck Patent Gmbh | Sol-gel-basierte druckbare und parasitär-diffusionshemmende dotiermedien zur lokalen dotierung von siliziumwafern |
| JP2017195377A (ja) * | 2017-05-19 | 2017-10-26 | 日立化成株式会社 | 半導体基板パッシベーション膜形成用組成物、パッシベーション膜付半導体基板及びその製造方法、並びに太陽電池素子及びその製造方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CA2829269A1 (en) | 2012-09-13 |
| CN103403885A (zh) | 2013-11-20 |
| WO2012119684A3 (de) | 2013-01-31 |
| EP2683777A2 (de) | 2014-01-15 |
| TW201241924A (en) | 2012-10-16 |
| KR20140022012A (ko) | 2014-02-21 |
| AU2012224973A1 (en) | 2013-10-24 |
| AU2012224973B2 (en) | 2016-01-07 |
| US20130341769A1 (en) | 2013-12-26 |
| SG193304A1 (en) | 2013-10-30 |
| JP6185845B2 (ja) | 2017-08-23 |
| JP2014516467A (ja) | 2014-07-10 |
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