WO2012111564A1 - 二次電池負極用スラリー、二次電池用負極及びその製造方法、並びに二次電池 - Google Patents
二次電池負極用スラリー、二次電池用負極及びその製造方法、並びに二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/60—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of organic compounds
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a secondary battery negative electrode slurry, a secondary battery negative electrode and a method for producing the same, and a secondary battery.
- the electrode is usually a binder composition obtained by dispersing or dissolving a polymer serving as a binder in a solvent such as water or an organic liquid, and an electrode active material and, if necessary, a conductive agent such as conductive carbon.
- a slurry is obtained by mixing, and this slurry is applied to a current collector and dried.
- a polymer that serves as a binder for binding the electrode active material and the like to the current collector has also been studied.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 describe a technique regarding a binder for a secondary battery.
- the electrode obtained by the production methods described in Patent Documents 1 and 2 has insufficient dispersibility of the electrode active material, and the electrode active material layer and the current collector are in close contact with each other. As well as the high temperature storage characteristics and low temperature output characteristics of secondary batteries.
- the present invention was devised in view of the above problems, and is a slurry for a secondary battery negative electrode excellent in adhesion between an electrode active material layer and a current collector, and high temperature storage characteristics and low temperature output characteristics of a secondary battery, It aims at providing the negative electrode for secondary batteries, its manufacturing method, and a secondary battery using the same.
- the present inventors combined an electrode active material, a water-insoluble polymer (A) and a water-soluble polymer (B) having a sulfonic acid group with a slurry for a secondary battery negative electrode.
- the dispersion stability of the secondary battery negative electrode slurry is improved by including, the negative electrode obtained using the secondary battery negative electrode slurry is excellent in the adhesion between the electrode active material layer and the current collector,
- the secondary battery provided with the negative electrode discovered that a high temperature storage characteristic and a low temperature output characteristic can be improved notably, and completed this invention. That is, according to the present invention, the following [1] to [8] are provided.
- a slurry for a secondary battery negative electrode comprising an electrode active material, a water-insoluble polymer (A) and a water-soluble polymer (B),
- the water-insoluble polymer (A) comprises (a1) an aliphatic conjugated diene monomer unit of 20% by weight to 60% by weight, and (a2) an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit of 0.5% by weight to 10%.
- the water-soluble polymer (B) comprises (b1) 20% to 60% by weight of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit, and (b2) (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer unit of 25% to 78% by weight. And (b3) 2 wt% to 15 wt% of a sulfonic acid group-containing monomer unit copolymerizable with the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer and the (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer.
- a slurry for secondary battery negative electrode wherein a ratio (A) / (B) of parts by weight of the water-insoluble polymer (A) and the water-soluble polymer (B) is from 80/20 to 95/5.
- the component (b3) of the water-soluble polymer (B) contains a sulfonic acid group-containing monomer having no functional group other than a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, an amide group, and a sulfonic acid group.
- [5] The slurry for secondary battery negative electrode according to any one of [1] to [4], wherein the water-soluble polymer (B) has a weight average molecular weight of 1,000 to 100,000.
- a method for producing a negative electrode for a secondary battery comprising applying the slurry for a secondary battery negative electrode according to any one of [1] to [5] to a surface of a current collector and drying the slurry.
- the electrode active material layer includes an electrode active material, a water-insoluble polymer (A) and a water-soluble polymer (B),
- the water-insoluble polymer (A) comprises (a1) an aliphatic conjugated diene monomer unit of 20% by weight to 60% by weight, and (a2) an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit of 0.5% by weight to 10%.
- the water-soluble polymer (B) comprises (b1) 20% to 60% by weight of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit, and (b2) (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer unit of 25% to 78% by weight. And (b3) 2 wt% to 15 wt% of a sulfonic acid group-containing monomer unit copolymerizable with the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer and the (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer.
- a negative electrode for a secondary battery wherein a ratio (A) / (B) of parts by weight of the water-insoluble polymer (A) and the water-soluble polymer (B) is from 80/20 to 95/5.
- a secondary battery comprising the secondary battery negative electrode according to [7].
- the secondary battery negative electrode slurry, the secondary battery negative electrode, and the secondary battery of the present invention the secondary electrode excellent in adhesion between the electrode active material layer and the current collector in the negative electrode, and high temperature storage characteristics and low temperature output characteristics.
- a battery can be realized.
- the method for producing a negative electrode for a secondary battery of the present invention for a secondary battery that can realize a secondary battery having excellent adhesion between the electrode active material layer and the current collector in the negative electrode, and high temperature storage characteristics and low temperature output characteristics.
- a negative electrode can be manufactured.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing a state of a flexibility test of a negative electrode.
- (meth) acryl means “acryl” or “methacryl”.
- positive electrode active material means an electrode active material for positive electrode
- negative electrode active material means an electrode active material for negative electrode
- the “positive electrode active material layer” means an electrode active material layer provided on the positive electrode
- the “negative electrode active material layer” means an electrode active material layer provided on the negative electrode.
- the slurry for secondary battery negative electrode of the present invention (hereinafter referred to as “the negative electrode slurry of the present invention” as appropriate) is composed of an electrode active material (here, negative electrode active material), water-insoluble polymer (A) and water-soluble heavy. Includes coalescence (B). Moreover, the slurry for negative electrodes of the present invention usually contains a solvent, and may contain other optional components as necessary. In the negative electrode slurry of the present invention, a part of the water-soluble polymer (B) is usually dissolved in the solvent, but another part of the water-soluble polymer (B) is adsorbed on the surface of the negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode active material is covered with a stable layer of the water-soluble polymer (B), and the dispersibility of the negative electrode active material in the solvent is improved.
- the term “polymer is water-soluble” means that at 25 ° C., when 0.5 g of the polymer is dissolved in 100 g of water, the insoluble content is less than 0.5% by weight.
- a polymer being water-insoluble means that an insoluble content becomes 90% by weight or more when 0.5 g of the polymer is dissolved in 100 g of water at 25 ° C.
- the electrode active material (that is, the negative electrode active material) contained in the negative electrode slurry of the present invention is a substance that transfers electrons in the negative electrode of the secondary battery.
- examples of the negative electrode active material include an alloy-based active material and a carbon-based active material.
- the alloy-based active material refers to an active material that includes an element into which lithium can be inserted and has a theoretical electric capacity per unit weight of 500 mAh / g or more when lithium is inserted.
- the upper limit of the theoretical electric capacity is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 5000 mAh / g or less.
- the alloy-based active material for example, lithium metal, a single metal forming a lithium alloy and an alloy thereof, and oxides, sulfides, nitrides, silicides, carbides, phosphides, and the like thereof are used.
- the single metal forming the lithium alloy examples include single metals such as Ag, Al, Ba, Bi, Cu, Ga, Ge, In, Ni, P, Pb, Sb, Si, Sn, Sr, and Zn. .
- the compound containing the said single metal is mentioned, for example.
- silicon (Si), tin (Sn) or lead (Pb) simple metals, alloys containing these simple metals, or compounds of these metals are preferable.
- the alloy-based active material may further contain one or more nonmetallic elements.
- SiC, SiO x C y (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 3, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 5), Si 3 N 4 , Si 2 N 2 O, SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2), SnO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2), LiSiO, LiSnO and the like.
- the lithium at low potential deintercalation capable SiO x, SiC and SiO x C y is preferred.
- SiO x C y can be obtained by firing a polymer material containing silicon.
- the range of 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 3 and 2 ⁇ y ⁇ 4 is preferably used in view of the balance between capacity and cycle characteristics.
- Lithium metal, elemental metal forming lithium alloy and oxides, sulfides, nitrides, silicides, carbides and phosphides of the alloys include oxides, sulfides, nitrides and silicides of lithium-insertable elements Products, carbides, phosphides and the like.
- an oxide is particularly preferable.
- a lithium-containing metal composite oxide containing an oxide such as tin oxide, manganese oxide, titanium oxide, niobium oxide, and vanadium oxide and a metal element selected from the group consisting of Si, Sn, Pb, and Ti atoms is used. .
- lithium-containing metal composite oxide examples include a lithium titanium composite oxide and a lithium manganese composite oxide represented by Li x Ti y M z O 4 and Li x Mn y M z O 4 (0.7 ⁇ x ⁇ 1. 5, 1.5 ⁇ y ⁇ 2.3, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 1.6, and M is composed of Na, K, Co, Al, Fe, Ti, Mg, Cr, Ga, Cu, Zn, and Nb. Represents an element selected from the group).
- Li 4/3 Ti 5/3 O 4 , Li 1 Ti 2 O 4 , Li 4/5 Ti 11/5 O 4 , Li 4/3 Mn 5/3 O 4 are used.
- the alloy-based active material a material containing silicon is preferable, and among these, SiO x , SiC, and SiO x Cy are more preferable.
- SiO x , SiC, and SiO x Cy are more preferable.
- a material containing silicon it is presumed that insertion / extraction of Li to / from Si (silicon) at a high potential and C (carbon) at a low potential occurs, and expansion and contraction are suppressed as compared with other alloy-based active materials. Therefore, the charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the secondary battery are improved.
- the carbon-based active material refers to an active material having carbon as a main skeleton into which lithium can be inserted, and examples thereof include a carbonaceous material and a graphite material.
- the carbonaceous material is generally a carbon material with low graphitization (low crystallinity) obtained by heat-treating (carbonizing) a carbon precursor at 2000 ° C. or less.
- the minimum of the said heat processing temperature is not specifically limited, For example, it is good also as 500 degreeC or more.
- Examples of the carbonaceous material include graphitizable carbon that easily changes the carbon structure depending on the heat treatment temperature, and non-graphitic carbon having a structure close to an amorphous structure typified by glassy carbon.
- Examples of the graphitizable carbon include carbon materials made from tar pitch obtained from petroleum or coal. Specific examples include coke, mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), mesophase pitch carbon fibers, pyrolytic vapor grown carbon fibers, and the like.
- MCMB is carbon fine particles obtained by separating and extracting mesophase microspheres produced in the process of heating pitches at around 400 ° C.
- the mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber is a carbon fiber using as a raw material mesophase pitch obtained by growing and coalescing the mesophase microspheres.
- Pyrolytic vapor-grown carbon fibers are: (1) a method for pyrolyzing acrylic polymer fibers, etc., (2) a method for pyrolyzing by spinning a pitch, and (3) nanoparticles such as iron using a catalyst.
- non-graphitizable carbon examples include phenol resin fired bodies, polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers, pseudo-isotropic carbon, furfuryl alcohol resin fired bodies (PFA), and hard carbon.
- the graphite material is a graphite material having high crystallinity close to that of graphite obtained by heat-treating graphitizable carbon at 2000 ° C. or higher.
- the upper limit of the heat treatment temperature is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 5000 ° C. or less.
- Examples of the graphite material include natural graphite and artificial graphite.
- Examples of artificial graphite include artificial graphite mainly heat-treated at 2800 ° C. or higher, graphitized MCMB heat-treated at 2000 ° C. or higher, graphitized mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber heat-treated mesophase pitch-based carbon fiber at 2000 ° C. or higher, etc. Is mentioned.
- carbonaceous materials are preferable.
- the resistance of the electrochemical element can be reduced, and a secondary battery with excellent input / output characteristics can be manufactured.
- a negative electrode active material may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the negative electrode active material is preferably a granulated particle.
- a higher density electrode can be formed during electrode molding.
- the volume average particle diameter of the particles of the negative electrode active material is appropriately selected in consideration of other constituent requirements of the battery, and is usually 0.1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 1 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, and usually 100 ⁇ m or less, preferably Is 50 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the 50% volume cumulative diameter of the negative electrode active material particles is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 15 ⁇ m or more, and usually 50 ⁇ m or less, preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, from the viewpoint of improving battery characteristics such as initial efficiency, load characteristics, and cycle characteristics. It is.
- the 50% volume cumulative diameter can be obtained as a particle diameter at which the cumulative volume calculated from the small diameter side in the measured particle size distribution is 50% in the measured particle size distribution.
- the tap density of the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited, but 0.6 g / cm 3 or more is preferably used.
- the water-insoluble polymer (A) comprises (a1) an aliphatic conjugated diene monomer unit, (a2) an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit, and (a3) the aliphatic conjugated diene.
- Monomer and a monomer unit copolymerizable with the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer hereinafter, simply referred to as “(a3) unit”. It is considered that including these monomer units in combination is one of the factors for obtaining the effect of the present invention, but according to the study of the present inventors, the effect is obtained by the following mechanism. Inferred.
- the aliphatic conjugated diene monomer unit has low rigidity and is flexible.
- the (a2) ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit contains a carboxyl group (—COOH group) that enhances the adsorptivity to the negative electrode active material and the current collector and has high strength.
- the (a3) unit is a solution of the water-insoluble polymer (A) in the electrolytic solution by the (a1) aliphatic conjugated diene monomer unit and (a2) the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit. The negative electrode active material layer is stabilized.
- the water-insoluble polymer (A) according to the present invention is an excellent binder for holding the negative electrode active material with good adhesion on the surface of the current collector in the negative electrode by combining these monomer units. It is assumed that it is a functional component and plays the role of maintaining the strength of the negative electrode active material layer.
- the (a1) aliphatic conjugated diene monomer unit is a repeating unit obtained by polymerizing an aliphatic conjugated diene monomer.
- aliphatic conjugated diene monomers include 1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3 butadiene, 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene, Substituted straight chain conjugated pentadienes, substituted and side chain conjugated hexadienes, and the like. Of these, 1,3-butadiene is preferred.
- an aliphatic conjugated diene monomer may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios. Therefore, the water-insoluble polymer (A) according to the present invention may contain only one type of (a1) aliphatic conjugated diene monomer unit, and may contain two or more types in combination at any ratio. May be.
- the ratio of the (a1) aliphatic conjugated diene monomer unit is usually 20% by weight or more, preferably 30% by weight or more, and usually 60% by weight or less. Preferably it is 55 weight% or less.
- (A1) By setting the ratio of the aliphatic conjugated diene monomer unit to the lower limit of the above range or more, when the negative electrode slurry of the present invention is applied to the current collector, the negative electrode active material layer and the current collector Sufficient adhesion can be obtained, and the electrolyte resistance of the negative electrode according to the present invention can be increased by setting it to the upper limit or less.
- the (a2) ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit is a repeating unit obtained by polymerizing an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer.
- the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer include monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid and itaconic acid, and anhydrides thereof.
- an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios. Therefore, the water-insoluble polymer (A) according to the present invention may contain only one type of (a2) ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit, and two or more types may be combined at any ratio. May be included.
- the ratio of the (a2) ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit is usually 0.5% by weight or more, preferably 1% by weight or more, more preferably 2%. It is usually 10% by weight or less, preferably 8% by weight or less, more preferably 7% by weight or less.
- A2 By setting the ratio of the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer units to be equal to or higher than the lower limit of the above range, the stability of the slurry for negative electrode of the present invention can be increased, and to be equal to or lower than the upper limit. Thus, the viscosity of the negative electrode slurry of the present invention can be prevented from becoming excessively high and easy to handle.
- the unit is not an aliphatic conjugated diene monomer but a monomer that is not an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer, and the aliphatic conjugated diene monomer and ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid It is a repeating unit obtained by polymerizing a monomer copolymerizable with the monomer (hereinafter sometimes simply referred to as “(a3) monomer”).
- (a3) monomers include aromatic vinyl monomers, vinyl cyanide monomers, unsaturated carboxylic acid alkyl ester monomers, unsaturated monomers containing hydroxyalkyl groups, and unsaturated monomers. Examples thereof include carboxylic acid amide monomers.
- the water-insoluble polymer (A) according to the present invention may contain only one type of (a3) unit, or may contain two or more types in combination at any ratio.
- the aromatic vinyl monomer examples include styrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, vinyl toluene, divinylbenzene and the like. Of these, styrene is preferred. In addition, these may be used individually by 1 type and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the water-insoluble polymer (A) contains an unreacted aliphatic conjugated diene monomer and an unreacted aromatic vinyl monomer as residual monomers. There is.
- the amount of the unreacted aliphatic conjugated diene monomer contained in the water-insoluble polymer (A) is preferably 50 ppm or less, more preferably 10 ppm or less, and the water-insoluble polymer (A) contains.
- the amount of the unreacted aromatic vinyl monomer is preferably 1000 ppm or less, more preferably 200 ppm or less.
- the amount of the aromatic vinyl monomer contained in the water-insoluble polymer (A) is limited to the above range, it is possible to suppress the environmental load and roughness of the negative electrode surface that occur according to the drying conditions, and further, The electrolyte solution resistance of the combined body (A) can be improved.
- Vinyl cyanide monomers such as acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, alpha-chloro acrylonitrile, and alpha-ethyl acrylonitrile. Of these, acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile are preferable. In addition, these may be used individually by 1 type and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- unsaturated carboxylic acid alkyl ester monomers include methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, dimethyl fumarate, diethyl fumarate, dimethyl maleate, diethyl maleate, and dimethyl itaco. Nate, monomethyl fumarate, monoethyl fumarate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and the like. Of these, methyl methacrylate is preferable. In addition, these may be used individually by 1 type and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- Examples of unsaturated monomers containing a hydroxyalkyl group include ⁇ -hydroxyethyl acrylate, ⁇ -hydroxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, hydroxypropyl methacrylate, hydroxybutyl acrylate, hydroxybutyl methacrylate, 3-chloro-2- Examples thereof include hydroxypropyl methacrylate, di- (ethylene glycol) maleate, di- (ethylene glycol) itaconate, 2-hydroxyethyl maleate, bis (2-hydroxyethyl) maleate, and 2-hydroxyethyl methyl fumarate. Of these, ⁇ -hydroxyethyl acrylate is preferred. In addition, these may be used individually by 1 type and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- Examples of the unsaturated carboxylic acid amide monomer include acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-methylol acrylamide, N-methylol methacrylamide, N, N-dimethylacrylamide and the like. Of these, acrylamide and methacrylamide are preferable. In addition, these may be used individually by 1 type and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the monomer (a3) for example, a monomer used in usual emulsion polymerization such as ethylene, propylene, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride may be used. In addition, these may be used individually by 1 type and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the ratio of the unit (a3) is usually 30% by weight or more, preferably 35% by weight or more, and usually 79.5% by weight or less, preferably 69% by weight. It is as follows. (A3) By making the ratio of a unit more than the lower limit of the said range, the electrolyte solution resistance of the negative electrode of this invention can be improved. Moreover, when the ratio of the unit (a3) is not more than the upper limit of the above range, sufficient adhesion between the negative electrode active material layer and the current collector can be obtained when the negative electrode slurry of the present invention is applied to the current collector. Obtainable.
- the weight average molecular weight of the water-insoluble polymer (A) is preferably 10,000 or more, more preferably 20,000 or more, preferably 1,000,000 or less, more preferably 500,000 or less.
- the weight average molecular weight of the water-insoluble polymer (A) is in the above range, the strength of the negative electrode and the dispersibility of the negative electrode active material of the present invention are easily improved.
- what is necessary is just to obtain
- the glass transition temperature of the water-insoluble polymer (A) is preferably ⁇ 75 ° C. or higher, more preferably ⁇ 55 ° C. or higher, particularly preferably ⁇ 35 ° C. or higher, usually 40 ° C. or lower, preferably 30 ° C. or lower. More preferably, it is 20 degrees C or less, Most preferably, it is 15 degrees C or less. Due to the glass transition temperature of the water-insoluble polymer (A) being in the above range, characteristics such as flexibility, binding and winding properties of the negative electrode, and adhesion between the negative electrode active material layer and the current collector are high. It is preferable to be balanced.
- the number average particle diameter of the water-insoluble polymer (A) is preferably 50 nm or more, more preferably 70 nm or more, preferably 500 nm or less. More preferably, it is 400 nm or less.
- the number average particle diameter of the water-insoluble polymer (A) is in the above range, the strength and flexibility of the obtained negative electrode can be improved.
- the presence of polymer particles can be easily measured by transmission electron microscopy, Coulter counter, laser diffraction scattering, or the like.
- the water-insoluble polymer (A) is produced, for example, by polymerizing a monomer composition containing the above-described monomer in an aqueous solvent.
- the ratio of each monomer in the monomer composition is usually (a1) an aliphatic conjugated diene monomer unit in the water-insoluble polymer (A), and (a2) an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer.
- the unit and the ratio of (a3) the monomer unit copolymerizable with the aliphatic conjugated diene monomer and the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer are the same.
- the aqueous solvent is not particularly limited as long as the water-insoluble polymer (A) can be dispersed.
- the boiling point at normal pressure is usually 80 ° C. or higher, preferably 100 ° C. or higher. It is usually selected from aqueous solvents at 350 ° C. or lower, preferably 300 ° C. or lower. Examples of the aqueous solvent will be given below. In the following examples, the number in parentheses after the solvent name is the boiling point (unit: ° C) at normal pressure, and the value after the decimal point is rounded off or rounded down.
- aqueous solvent examples include water (100); ketones such as diacetone alcohol (169) and ⁇ -butyrolactone (204); ethyl alcohol (78), isopropyl alcohol (82), and normal propyl alcohol (97).
- Alcohols propylene glycol monomethyl ether (120), methyl cellosolve (124), ethyl cellosolve (136), ethylene glycol tertiary butyl ether (152), butyl cellosolve (171), 3-methoxy-3-methyl-1-butanol (174), Ethylene glycol monopropyl ether (150), diethylene glycol monobutyl pyrether (230), triethylene glycol monobutyl ether (271), dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether ( 88) glycol ethers and the like; 1,3-dioxolane (75), 1,4-dioxolane (101), ethers such as tetrahydrofuran (66); and the like.
- water is particularly preferable from the viewpoint that it is not flammable and a dispersion of the water-insoluble polymer (A) can be easily obtained.
- the polymerization method is not particularly limited, and any method such as a solution polymerization method, a suspension polymerization method, a bulk polymerization method, and an emulsion polymerization method can be used.
- the polymerization method any method such as ionic polymerization, radical polymerization, and living radical polymerization can be used. It is easy to obtain a high molecular weight product, and since the polymer is obtained in a state of being dispersed in water as it is, no redispersion treatment is required, and it can be used for the production of the negative electrode slurry of the present invention. From the viewpoint of efficiency, the emulsion polymerization method is particularly preferable.
- the emulsion polymerization method is usually performed by a conventional method.
- the method is described in “Experimental Chemistry Course” Vol. 28, (Publisher: Maruzen Co., Ltd., edited by The Chemical Society of Japan). That is, water, an additive such as a dispersant, an emulsifier, a crosslinking agent, a polymerization initiator, and a monomer are added to a sealed container equipped with a stirrer and a heating device so as to have a predetermined composition, and the composition in the container
- a product is stirred to emulsify monomers and the like in water, and the temperature is increased while stirring to initiate polymerization.
- it is the method of putting into a sealed container and starting reaction similarly.
- polymerization initiator examples include organic compounds such as lauroyl peroxide, diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate, di-2-ethylhexyl peroxydicarbonate, t-butyl peroxypivalate, and 3,3,5-trimethylhexanoyl peroxide.
- Peroxides examples include azo compounds such as ⁇ , ⁇ ′-azobisisobutyronitrile; ammonium persulfate; potassium persulfate.
- a polymerization initiator may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- Emulsifiers, dispersants, polymerization initiators, and the like are generally used in these polymerization methods, and the amount used is generally the amount generally used.
- seed polymerization may be performed using seed particles.
- the polymerization temperature and the polymerization time can be arbitrarily selected depending on the polymerization method and the kind of the polymerization initiator. Usually, the polymerization temperature is about 30 ° C. or more, and the polymerization time is about 0.5 to 30 hours. Further, additives such as amines may be used as a polymerization aid.
- an aqueous dispersion of the water-insoluble polymer (A) particles obtained by these methods is used, for example, alkali metal (for example, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) hydroxide, ammonia, inorganic ammonium compound (For example, NH 4 Cl) and a basic aqueous solution containing an organic amine compound (eg, ethanolamine, diethylamine) and the like are mixed to adjust the pH to be in the range of usually 5 to 10, preferably 5 to 9. May be.
- alkali metal hydroxide for example, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs
- ammonia for example, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs
- inorganic ammonium compound for example, NH 4 Cl
- a basic aqueous solution containing an organic amine compound eg, ethanolamine, diethylamine
- pH adjustment with an alkali metal hydroxide is preferable because it improves the binding property (peel strength) between the current collector and the
- the above-mentioned water-insoluble polymer (A) particles may be composite polymer particles composed of two or more types of polymers.
- the composite polymer particles are prepared by polymerizing at least one monomer component by a conventional method, then polymerizing at least one other monomer component, and polymerizing by a conventional method (two-stage polymerization method), etc. Can also be obtained.
- a monomer stepwise it is possible to obtain a core layer present inside the particles, the particles of the core-shell structure having a shell layer covering the core layer.
- the amount of the water-insoluble polymer (A) is usually 0.3 parts by weight or more, preferably 0.5 parts by weight or more, and usually 8 parts by weight or less, preferably 4 parts per 100 parts by weight of the negative electrode active material. It is 2 parts by weight or less, more preferably 2 parts by weight or less.
- the water-soluble polymer (B) comprises (b1) an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit, (b2) a (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer unit, and (b3) an ethylenically unsaturated group.
- a sulfonic acid group-containing monomer unit copolymerizable with a carboxylic acid monomer and a (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer. It is considered that including these monomer units in combination is one of the factors for obtaining the effect of the present invention, but according to the study of the present inventors, the effect is obtained by the following mechanism. Inferred.
- (B1) Since the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit contains a carboxyl group, it promotes adsorption of the water-soluble polymer (B) to the negative electrode active material.
- the (b2) (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer unit has high strength and stabilizes the molecule of the water-soluble polymer (B). Furthermore, (b3) the sulfonic acid group-containing monomer unit copolymerizable with the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer and the (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer has a sulfonic acid group (—SO 3 H).
- the dispersion stability of the negative electrode active material can be improved, the detachment of the negative electrode active material from the negative electrode active material layer can be prevented, and the chemical change of the negative electrode active material itself can be suppressed. High temperature storage characteristics and low temperature output characteristics can be improved. Furthermore, since the stable layer covers the negative electrode active material in the negative electrode slurry of the present invention and suppresses aggregation of the negative electrode active material in the solvent, the negative electrode slurry of the present invention has excellent dispersion stability. ing.
- An ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit is a repeating unit obtained by polymerizing an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer.
- the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit contains a carboxyl group, the adsorption of the water-soluble polymer (B) to the negative electrode active material is promoted, and the dispersibility of the negative electrode active material is improved.
- the dispersibility of a negative electrode active material is improving also by the electrostatic repulsion of a carboxyl group.
- Examples of the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer include monocarboxylic acids and derivatives thereof, dicarboxylic acids and acid anhydrides thereof, and derivatives thereof.
- Examples of monocarboxylic acids include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid and the like.
- Examples of monocarboxylic acid derivatives include 2-ethylacrylic acid, isocrotonic acid, ⁇ -acetoxyacrylic acid, ⁇ -trans-aryloxyacrylic acid, ⁇ -chloro- ⁇ -E-methoxyacrylic acid, ⁇ -diaminoacrylic An acid etc. are mentioned.
- Examples of dicarboxylic acids include maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid and the like.
- Examples of acid anhydrides of dicarboxylic acids include maleic anhydride, acrylic anhydride, methyl maleic anhydride, dimethyl maleic anhydride, and the like.
- Examples of dicarboxylic acid derivatives include methyl maleate such as methylmaleic acid, dimethylmaleic acid, phenylmaleic acid, chloromaleic acid, dichloromaleic acid, and fluoromaleic acid; diphenyl maleate, nonyl maleate, decyl maleate, Examples thereof include maleate esters such as dodecyl maleate, octadecyl maleate, and fluoroalkyl maleate.
- acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and itaconic acid are preferable.
- an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios. Therefore, the water-soluble polymer (B) according to the present invention may contain only one type of (b1) ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit, or two or more types in combination at any ratio. You may go out.
- the ratio of the (b1) ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit is usually 20% by weight or more, usually 60% by weight or less, preferably 50% by weight or less. More preferably, it is 40% by weight or less.
- (B1) Increasing the strength of the water-soluble polymer (B) by increasing the amount of the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer unit above the lower limit of the above range, thereby improving the stability of the negative electrode slurry of the present invention.
- flexibility of a water-soluble polymer (B) can be improved by making it below an upper limit, and the softness
- the (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer unit is a repeating unit obtained by polymerizing a (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer.
- the (meth) acrylate monomer include methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, butyl (meth) acrylate, hexyl (meth) acrylate, (meth) acrylate-2-ethylhexyl, and the like.
- (Meth) acrylic acid alkyl esters; carboxylic acid esters having two or more carbon-carbon double bonds such as ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate; and the like.
- (meth) acrylic acid alkyl ester is preferable, and methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, and butyl (meth) acrylate are more preferable.
- a (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios. Therefore, the water-soluble polymer (B) according to the present invention may contain only one type of (b2) (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer unit, or two or more types in combination at any ratio. You may go out.
- the ratio of the (b2) (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer unit is usually 25% by weight or more, preferably 26% by weight or more, more preferably 28% by weight or more. Moreover, it is 78 weight% or less normally, Preferably it is 75 weight% or less, More preferably, it is 70 weight% or less. (B2) By setting the amount of the (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer unit above the lower limit of the above range, the high temperature storage characteristics and low temperature output characteristics of the secondary battery can be improved, and below the upper limit of the above range. As a result, the adhesion of the negative electrode active material to the current collector can be increased.
- an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomers and (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer copolymerizable with sulfonic acid group-containing monomer units are ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomers and (meth) It is a repeating unit obtained by polymerizing another monomer copolymerizable with an acrylate monomer, and is a repeating unit containing a sulfonic acid group.
- the “other monomer” means a monomer different from the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer and the (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer.
- ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomers and (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer copolymerizable with sulfonic acid group-containing monomer using a monomer containing a sulfonic acid group .
- monomers containing a sulfonic acid, a sulfonic acid group-containing monomer or a salt thereof no functional group other than the sulfonic acid group, a monomer containing an amide group and a sulfonic acid group or Examples thereof include a salt thereof, a monomer containing a hydroxyl group and a sulfonic acid group, or a salt thereof.
- the water-soluble polymer (B) according to the present invention is, (b3) an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomers and (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer copolymerizable with sulfonic acid group-containing monomer units May be included, and two or more types may be combined in any ratio.
- the sulfonic acid group-containing monomer having no functional group other than the sulfonic acid group examples include a monomer sulfonated one of conjugated double bonds of a diene compound such as isoprene and butadiene, vinyl sulfonic acid, Examples thereof include styrene sulfonic acid, allyl sulfonic acid, sulfoethyl methacrylate, sulfopropyl methacrylate, and sulfobutyl methacrylate.
- the salt lithium salt, sodium salt, potassium salt etc. are mentioned, for example. In addition, these may be used individually by 1 type and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- Examples of the monomer containing an amide group and a sulfonic acid group include 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS).
- AMPS 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid
- salt lithium salt, sodium salt, potassium salt etc. are mentioned, for example. In addition, these may be used individually by 1 type and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- Examples of the monomer containing a hydroxyl group and a sulfonic acid group include 3-allyloxy-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid (HAPS).
- HAPS 3-allyloxy-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid
- salt lithium salt, sodium salt, potassium salt etc. are mentioned, for example. In addition, these may be used individually by 1 type and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- sulfonic acid group-containing monomers copolymerizable with ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomers and (meth) acrylic acid ester monomers include styrene sulfonic acid and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane.
- a sulfonic acid (AMPS) a monomer containing an amide group and a sulfonic acid group, or a salt thereof is preferable.
- the ratio of acrylic acid ester monomer copolymerizable with sulfonic acid group-containing monomer units Is usually 2% by weight or more, usually 15% by weight or less, preferably 10% by weight or less, more preferably 8% by weight or less.
- a sulfonic acid group usually undergoes a crosslinking reaction when producing the negative electrode of the present invention, a crosslinked structure is formed by the sulfonic acid group in the negative electrode active material layer.
- the water-soluble polymer (B) has a sufficient amount of sulfonic acid groups, the number of cross-linked structures is increased to increase the strength of the negative electrode active material layer, and the high-temperature storage characteristics of the secondary battery In addition, the low temperature output characteristics can be improved.
- a water-soluble polymer (B) (b3) an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer and a (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer copolymerizable with sulfonic acid group-containing monomer units as the It is preferable to include many.
- the amount of the sulfonic acid group-containing monomer unit copolymerizable with the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer and the (meth) acrylic acid ester monomer is preferably not more than the upper limit of the above range.
- the weight average molecular weight of the water-soluble polymer (B) is preferably 1000 or more, more preferably 1500 or more, particularly preferably 2000 or more, preferably 100000 or less, more preferably 80000 or less, and particularly preferably 75000 or less. .
- the weight average molecular weight of a water-soluble polymer as a value of polyethylene oxide conversion which used GPC as the developing solvent the solution which dissolved 0.85 g / ml sodium nitrate in 10 volume% aqueous solution of acetonitrile.
- the adhesion strength of the negative electrode active material in the negative electrode of the present invention is good.
- the layer of the water-soluble polymer (B) present on the surface of the negative electrode active material is in a sparse state, and as a result, it is presumed that the negative electrode active material may not be stably dispersed.
- the weight average molecular weight of the water-soluble polymer (B) is too large, adsorption between particles of a plurality of negative electrode active materials occurs, and bridging aggregation occurs, so that the stability of the negative electrode active material layer decreases. It is assumed that there is a possibility.
- the glass transition temperature of the water-soluble polymer (B) is preferably 0 ° C or higher, usually 70 ° C or lower, preferably 50 ° C or lower, more preferably 40 ° C or lower. When the glass transition temperature of the water-soluble polymer (B) is in the above range, the flexibility of the negative electrode can be improved.
- the glass transition temperature of the water-soluble polymer (B) can be adjusted by combining various monomers.
- the water-soluble polymer (B) has a viscosity of 1% by weight aqueous solution, preferably 300 mPa ⁇ s or more, more preferably 1000 mPa ⁇ s or more, particularly preferably 2000 mPa ⁇ s or more, and 20000 mPa ⁇ s or less. Is preferable, 15000 mPa ⁇ s or less is more preferable, and 12000 mPa ⁇ s or less is particularly preferable. This is for improving the coating strength of the slurry for the negative electrode and improving the adhesion strength with the current collector.
- the said viscosity is a value when it measures at 25 degreeC and rotation speed 60rpm using an E-type viscosity meter.
- the water-soluble polymer (B) has a pH of preferably 7 or more, more preferably 13 or less, and more preferably 10 or less when a 5% by weight aqueous solution is used. It is for making the applicability
- the production method of the water-soluble polymer (B) There is no limitation on the production method of the water-soluble polymer (B). Moreover, there is no restriction
- the polymerization may be carried out using a polymerization initiator having a sulfonic acid group or a carboxylic acid group, or a combination thereof.
- the amount of the water-soluble polymer (B) is usually 0.01 parts by weight or more, preferably 0.03 parts by weight or more, more preferably 0.05 parts by weight or more with respect to 100 parts by weight of the negative electrode active material. Usually 5 parts by weight or less, preferably 2 parts by weight or less, more preferably 1 part by weight or less, and particularly preferably 0.5 parts by weight or less.
- Ratio of the weight of the water-insoluble polymer (A) and a water-soluble polymer and (B) (A) / (B) is usually 80/20 or more, preferably 83/17 or more and usually 95/5 It is as follows. Thereby, the dispersibility of the negative electrode active material in the slurry for negative electrodes of this invention can be improved.
- the negative electrode slurry of the present invention contains a solvent.
- the solvent may be any solvent that disperses the negative electrode active material and dissolves or disperses the water-insoluble polymer (A) and the water-soluble polymer (B) in the form of particles.
- a solvent that dissolves the water-insoluble polymer (A) or the water-soluble polymer (B) is used, the water-insoluble polymer (A) and the water-soluble polymer (B) are adsorbed on the surface, so that the negative electrode active material Is preferable because the dispersion of is stabilized. It is preferable to select a specific type of solvent from the viewpoint of drying speed and environment.
- the solvent either water or an organic solvent may be used.
- the organic solvent include cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclopentane and cyclohexane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and xylene; ketones such as ethyl methyl ketone and cyclohexanone; ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, and ⁇ -butyrolactone Esters such as ⁇ -caprolactone; Acylonitriles such as acetonitrile and propionitrile; Ethers such as tetrahydrofuran and ethylene glycol diethyl ether: Alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether; N Amides such as -methylpyrrolidone and N, N-dimethylformamide; among them, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) is preferred.
- a solvent may be used individually by 1 type
- the amount of the solvent may be adjusted so that the viscosity of the negative electrode slurry of the present invention is suitable for coating.
- the concentration of the solid content of the slurry for negative electrode of the present invention is preferably 30% by weight or more, more preferably 40% by weight or more, preferably 90% by weight or less, more preferably 80% by weight or less. The amount is adjusted to be used.
- the negative electrode slurry of the present invention may contain a viscosity modifier.
- the viscosity modifier By including the viscosity modifier, the viscosity of the negative electrode slurry of the present invention can be set to a desired range, and the dispersibility of the negative electrode slurry of the present invention can be enhanced, or the applicability of the negative electrode slurry can be increased.
- the viscosity modifier it is preferable to use a water-soluble polysaccharide. Examples of polysaccharides include natural polymers and cellulose semisynthetic polymers.
- a viscosity modifier may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- natural polymers examples include polysaccharides and proteins derived from plants or animals.
- natural polymers that have been subjected to fermentation treatment with microorganisms, heat treatment, or the like can also be exemplified. These natural polymers can be classified as plant natural polymers, animal natural polymers, microbial natural polymers, and the like.
- Examples of plant-based natural polymers include gum arabic, gum tragacanth, galactan, guar gum, carob gum, caraya gum, carrageenan, pectin, cannan, quince seed (malmello), arche colloid (gasso extract), starch (rice, corn, potato, Derived from wheat and the like), glycyrrhizin and the like.
- Examples of animal-based natural polymers include collagen, casein, albumin, gelatin, and the like.
- examples of the microbial natural polymer include xanthan gum, dextran, succinoglucan, and bullulan.
- Cellulosic semisynthetic polymers can be classified into nonionic, anionic and cationic.
- Nonionic cellulose semisynthetic polymers include, for example, alkylcelluloses such as methylcellulose, methylethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, and microcrystalline cellulose; hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxybutylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, hydroxyethylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl And hydroxyalkylcelluloses such as methylcellulose stearoxy ether, carboxymethylhydroxyethylcellulose, alkylhydroxyethylcellulose, and nonoxynylhydroxyethylcellulose;
- anionic cellulose semi-synthetic polymer examples include alkyl celluloses obtained by substituting the above nonionic cellulose semi-synthetic polymer with various derivative groups, and sodium salts and ammonium salts thereof. Specific examples include sodium cellulose sulfate, methyl cellulose, methyl ethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and salts thereof.
- Examples of cationic cellulose semisynthetic polymers include low nitrogen hydroxyethyl cellulose dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (polyquaternium-4), O- [2-hydroxy-3- (trimethylammonio) propyl] hydroxyethyl cellulose (polyquaternium- 10), and O- [2-hydroxy-3- (lauryldimethylammonio) propyl] hydroxyethylcellulose chloride (polyquaternium-24).
- cellulose-based semi-synthetic polymers sodium salts thereof and ammonium salts thereof are preferable because they can have cationic, anionic and amphoteric characteristics.
- an anionic cellulose semisynthetic polymer is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of dispersibility of the negative electrode active material.
- the degree of etherification of the cellulose semisynthetic polymer is preferably 0.5 or more, more preferably 0.6 or more, preferably 1.0 or less, more preferably 0.8 or less.
- the degree of etherification refers to per anhydroglucose unit in the cellulose hydroxyl groups of (3), the degree of substitution of the substituents on the carboxymethyl group and the like.
- the degree of etherification can theoretically take a value of 0-3.
- the cellulosic semi-synthetic polymer adsorbs on the surface of the negative electrode active material and is compatible with water, so it has excellent dispersibility, and the negative electrode active material is at the primary particle level Can be finely dispersed.
- the average degree of polymerization of the viscosity modifier calculated from the intrinsic viscosity obtained from an Ubbelohde viscometer is preferably 500 or more, more preferably 1000 or more. It is preferably 2500 or less, more preferably 2000 or less, and particularly preferably 1500 or less.
- the average degree of polymerization of the viscosity modifier may affect the fluidity of the slurry for negative electrode of the present invention, the film uniformity of the negative electrode active material layer, and the process on the process, but the average degree of polymerization should be in the above range.
- the stability over time of the slurry for negative electrode of the present invention is improved, and coating without agglomerates and thickness unevenness becomes possible.
- the amount of the viscosity modifier is usually 0.1 parts by weight or more, preferably 0.2 parts by weight or more with respect to 100 parts by weight of the negative electrode active material. Yes, usually 5 parts by weight or less, preferably 4 parts by weight or less, more preferably 3 parts by weight or less.
- the negative electrode slurry of the present invention may contain a conductive agent.
- a conductive agent By containing a conductive agent, the electrical contact between the negative electrode active materials can be improved, and the discharge rate characteristics can be improved when used in a secondary battery.
- the conductive agent for example, can be used acetylene black, ketjen black, carbon black, graphite, vapor grown carbon fibers, and a conductive carbon such as carbon nanotubes.
- a electrically conductive agent may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the amount of the conductive agent is preferably 1 to 20 parts by weight, more preferably 1 to 10 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode slurry of the present invention contains other optional components in addition to the above-described negative electrode active material, water-insoluble polymer (A), water-soluble polymer (B), solvent, viscosity modifier and conductive agent. May be.
- optional components include reinforcing materials, leveling agents, electrolytic solution additives, and the like. These are not particularly limited as long as they do not affect the battery reaction.
- an arbitrary component may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the reinforcing material for example, various inorganic and organic spherical, plate, rod or fiber fillers can be used.
- a tough and flexible negative electrode can be obtained, and a secondary battery exhibiting excellent long-term cycle characteristics can be realized.
- the amount of the reinforcing material is usually 0.01 parts by weight or more, preferably 1 part by weight or more, and usually 20 parts by weight or less, preferably 10 parts by weight or less, with respect to 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the negative electrode active material.
- the amount of the reinforcing agent By setting the amount of the reinforcing agent in the above range, the secondary battery can exhibit high capacity and high load characteristics.
- the leveling agent examples include surfactants such as alkyl surfactants, silicone surfactants, fluorine surfactants, and metal surfactants.
- the amount of the leveling agent is preferably 0.01 to 10 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the negative electrode active material.
- the productivity, smoothness, and battery characteristics during the production of the negative electrode are excellent.
- the negative electrode slurry by containing a surfactant can improve the dispersibility of such anode active material, it can be further improved it by the negative pole of the smoothness to be obtained.
- Examples of the electrolytic solution additive include vinylene carbonate. By using the electrolytic solution additive, for example, decomposition of the electrolytic solution can be suppressed.
- the amount of the electrolytic solution additive is preferably 0.01 to 10 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the negative electrode active material. By setting the amount of the electrolytic solution additive in the above range, a secondary battery excellent in cycle characteristics and high temperature characteristics can be realized.
- nanoparticles such as fumed silica and fumed alumina can be cited.
- the thixotropy of the negative electrode slurry can be controlled, and the leveling properties of the negative electrode obtained thereby can be improved.
- the amount of the nanoparticles is preferably 0.01 to 10 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode slurry of the present invention is obtained by mixing the negative electrode active material, the water-insoluble polymer (A), the water-soluble polymer (B) and other components used as necessary.
- the mixing method is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include a method using a mixing apparatus such as a stirring type, a shaking type, and a rotary type.
- a method using a dispersion kneader such as a homogenizer, a ball mill, a sand mill, a roll mill, a planetary mixer, and a planetary kneader can be used.
- the negative electrode of the present invention (that is, the negative electrode for a secondary battery of the present invention) includes a current collector and a negative electrode active material layer formed on the surface of the current collector.
- the negative electrode active material layer may be provided on at least one side of the current collector, but is preferably provided on both sides.
- the negative electrode active material layer contains the negative electrode active material, the water-insoluble polymer (A) and the water-soluble polymer (B) in the specific ratio described above, the negative electrode active material layer and the current collector In particular, when a current collector made of copper is used, the improvement in adhesion is remarkable. Further, in the negative electrode of the present invention, since the negative electrode active material made of an electrolytic solution is high, the negative electrode is not easily deteriorated even after repeated charge and discharge, and the life of the secondary battery can be extended.
- the current collector for the negative electrode is not particularly limited as long as it has electrical conductivity and is electrochemically durable, but a metal material is preferable because of its heat resistance.
- the material for the current collector for the negative electrode include iron, copper, aluminum, nickel, stainless steel, titanium, tantalum, gold, and platinum.
- copper is particularly preferable as the current collector used for the secondary battery negative electrode.
- the said material may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the shape of the current collector is not particularly limited, but a sheet shape having a thickness of about 0.001 mm to 0.5 mm is preferable.
- the current collector is preferably used after being subjected to a surface roughening treatment in advance.
- the roughening method include a mechanical polishing method, an electrolytic polishing method, and a chemical polishing method.
- a mechanical polishing method usually, a polishing cloth with an abrasive particle fixed thereto, a grindstone, an emery buff, a wire brush provided with a steel wire or the like is used.
- an intermediate layer may be formed on the surface of the current collector in order to increase the adhesive strength and conductivity of the negative electrode active material layer.
- a negative electrode active material layer is a layer containing a negative electrode active material, a water-insoluble polymer (A), and a water-soluble polymer (B).
- the negative electrode active material layer usually includes a solid content (for example, a viscosity modifier, a conductive agent, etc.) contained in the negative electrode slurry of the present invention.
- the negative electrode active material, the water-insoluble polymer (A), the water-soluble polymer (B), and other solids used as necessary are the same as described in the section of the negative electrode slurry of the present invention. It is.
- the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer is usually 5 ⁇ m or more, preferably 30 ⁇ m or more, and usually 300 ⁇ m or less, preferably 250 ⁇ m or less. When the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer is in the above range, load characteristics and cycle characteristics can be improved.
- Content of the anode active material in the anode active material layer is preferably 85 wt% or more, more preferably 88 wt% or more, preferably 99 wt% or less, more preferably 97 wt% or less.
- the negative electrode slurry of the present invention can be produced by applying the slurry for negative electrode of the present invention to the surface of the current collector and drying it to form a negative electrode active material layer on the surface of the current collector.
- the method for applying the negative electrode slurry of the present invention to the surface of the current collector is not particularly limited.
- Examples of the method include a doctor blade method, a dip method, a reverse roll method, a direct roll method, a gravure method, an extrusion method, and a brush coating method.
- drying method examples include drying with warm air, hot air, low-humidity air, vacuum drying, and drying by irradiation with (far) infrared rays or electron beams.
- the drying time is usually from 5 minutes to 30 minutes, and the drying temperature is usually from 40 ° C to 180 ° C.
- the negative electrode active material layer after applying and drying the negative electrode slurry on the surface of the current collector, it is preferable to subject the negative electrode active material layer to a pressure treatment using, for example, a mold press or a roll press, if necessary.
- the porosity of the negative electrode active material layer can be lowered.
- the porosity is preferably 5% or more, more preferably 7% or more, preferably 30% or less, more preferably 20% or less.
- the negative electrode active material layer contains a curable polymer
- the secondary battery of the present invention includes the negative electrode of the present invention.
- the secondary battery of the present invention includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and an electrolytic solution, and the negative electrode is the negative electrode of the present invention. Since the negative electrode of the present invention is provided, the secondary battery of the present invention is excellent in high temperature storage characteristics and low temperature output characteristics. In addition, since the negative electrode of the present invention has a high resistance to an electrolytic solution, the secondary battery of the present invention usually has a long life because the capacity is hardly lowered even after repeated charge and discharge.
- the positive electrode includes a current collector and a positive electrode active material layer including a positive electrode active material and a positive electrode binder formed on the surface of the current collector.
- the current collector of the positive electrode is not particularly limited as long as it is a material having electrical conductivity and electrochemical durability.
- the current collector for the positive electrode for example, the current collector used for the negative electrode of the present invention can be used. Among these, aluminum is particularly preferable.
- the positive electrode active material for example, when the secondary battery of the present invention is a lithium ion secondary battery, a material capable of doping and dedoping lithium ions is used. Such positive electrode active materials are roughly classified into those made of inorganic compounds and those made of organic compounds.
- Examples of the positive electrode active material made of an inorganic compound include transition metal oxides, transition metal sulfides, lithium-containing composite metal oxides of lithium and transition metals, and the like.
- Examples of the transition metal include Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Mo.
- Examples of the transition metal oxide include MnO, MnO 2 , V 2 O 5 , V 6 O 13 , TiO 2 , Cu 2 V 2 O 3 , amorphous V 2 O—P 2 O 5 , MoO 3 , V 2 O 5 , V 6 O 13 and the like can be mentioned. Among them, MnO, V 2 O 5 , V 6 O 13 and TiO 2 are preferable from the viewpoint of cycle stability and capacity.
- Examples of the transition metal sulfide include TiS 2 , TiS 3 , amorphous MoS 2 , FeS, and the like.
- Examples of the lithium-containing composite metal oxide include a lithium-containing composite metal oxide having a layered structure, a lithium-containing composite metal oxide having a spinel structure, and a lithium-containing composite metal oxide having an olivine structure.
- Examples of the lithium-containing composite metal oxide having a layered structure include lithium-containing cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ), lithium-containing nickel oxide (LiNiO 2 ), lithium composite oxide of Co—Ni—Mn, Ni—Mn— Examples thereof include lithium composite oxides of Al and lithium composite oxides of Ni—Co—Al.
- lithium-containing composite metal oxide having a spinel structure examples include Li [Mn 3/2 M 1/2 ] O 4 in which lithium manganate (LiMn 2 O 4 ) or a part of Mn is substituted with another transition metal. (Where M is Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, etc.).
- lithium-containing composite metal oxide having an olivine type structure examples include Li X MPO 4 (wherein M is Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Mg, Zn, V, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ti).
- Examples of the positive electrode active material made of an organic compound include conductive polymers such as polyacetylene and poly-p-phenylene.
- the positive electrode active material which consists of a composite material which combined the inorganic compound and the organic compound.
- a composite material covered with a carbon material may be produced by reducing and firing an iron-based oxide in the presence of a carbon source material, and the composite material may be used as a positive electrode active material.
- Iron-based oxides tend to have poor electrical conductivity, but can be used as a high-performance positive electrode active material by using a composite material as described above.
- you may use as a positive electrode active material what carried out the element substitution of the said compound partially.
- a positive electrode active material may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the average particle diameter of the positive electrode active material particles is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 2 ⁇ m or more, and usually 50 ⁇ m or less, preferably 30 ⁇ m or less.
- the average particle diameter of the positive electrode active material particles is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 2 ⁇ m or more, and usually 50 ⁇ m or less, preferably 30 ⁇ m or less.
- Content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 90 wt% or more, more preferably 95 wt% or more, preferably 99.9 wt% or less, more preferably 99 wt% or less.
- -Positive electrode binder examples include polyethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (FEP), poly Resins such as acrylic acid derivatives and polyacrylonitrile derivatives; soft polymers such as acrylic soft polymers, diene soft polymers, olefin soft polymers, and vinyl soft polymers can be used.
- a binder may be used individually by 1 type and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the positive electrode active material layer may contain arbitrary components other than a positive electrode active material and a binder as needed. Examples thereof include a viscosity modifier, a conductive agent, a reinforcing material, a leveling agent, an electrolytic solution additive, and the like. Moreover, an arbitrary component may be used individually by 1 type, and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the thickness of a positive electrode active material layer is 5 micrometers or more normally, Preferably it is 10 micrometers or more, and is 300 micrometers or less normally, Preferably it is 250 micrometers or less.
- the thickness of the positive electrode active material layer is in the above range, high characteristics can be realized in both load characteristics and energy density.
- a positive electrode can be manufactured in the same way as the above-mentioned secondary battery negative electrode, for example.
- separator As the separator, a porous substrate having a pore portion is usually used.
- separators include (a) a porous separator having pores, (b) a porous separator having a polymer coating layer formed on one or both sides, and (c) a porous resin coat containing inorganic ceramic powder. And a porous separator having a layer formed thereon. Examples of these are for solid polymer electrolytes such as polypropylene-based, polyethylene-based, polyolefin-based or aramid-based porous separators, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile or polyvinylidene fluoride hexafluoropropylene copolymer.
- a polymer film for a gel polymer electrolyte a separator coated with a gelled polymer coat layer; a separator coated with a porous film layer composed of an inorganic filler and an inorganic filler dispersant; and the like.
- Electrolyte for example, a solution obtained by dissolving a lithium salt as a supporting electrolyte in a non-aqueous solvent can be used.
- the lithium salt include LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAlCl 4 , LiClO 4 , CF 3 SO 3 Li, C 4 F 9 SO 3 Li, CF 3 COOLi, (CF 3 CO) 2 NLi , (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 NLi, (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) NLi, and other lithium salts.
- LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , and CF 3 SO 3 Li that are easily soluble in a solvent and exhibit a high degree of dissociation are preferably used.
- One of these may be used alone, or two or more of these may be used in combination at any ratio.
- the amount of the supporting electrolyte is usually 1% by weight or more, preferably 5% by weight or more, and usually 30% by weight or less, preferably 20% by weight or less with respect to the electrolytic solution. If the amount of the supporting electrolyte is too small or too large, the ionic conductivity is lowered, and the charging characteristics and discharging characteristics of the secondary battery may be lowered.
- the solvent used in the electrolytic solution is not particularly limited as long as it can dissolve the supporting electrolyte.
- the solvent include alkyl carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate (BC), methyl ethyl carbonate (MEC); Esters such as butyrolactone and methyl formate; ethers such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane and tetrahydrofuran; sulfur-containing compounds such as sulfolane and dimethyl sulfoxide;
- dimethyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and methyl ethyl carbonate are preferred because high ion conductivity is easily obtained and the use temperature range is wide.
- a solvent may be used individually by 1 type and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- an additive may be included in the electrolytic solution as necessary.
- carbonate compounds such as vinylene carbonate (VC) are preferable.
- an additive may be used individually by 1 type and may be used combining two or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- Examples of the electrolytic solution other than the above include a gel polymer electrolyte obtained by impregnating a polymer electrolyte such as polyethylene oxide and polyacrylonitrile with an electrolytic solution; an inorganic solid electrolyte such as lithium sulfide, LiI, and Li 3 N; Can do.
- the manufacturing method of the secondary battery of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- the above-described negative electrode and positive electrode may be overlapped via a separator, and this may be wound or folded in accordance with the shape of the battery and placed in the battery container, and the electrolyte may be injected into the battery container and sealed.
- an expanded metal; an overcurrent prevention element such as a fuse or a PTC element; a lead plate or the like may be inserted to prevent an increase in pressure inside the battery or overcharge / discharge.
- the shape of the battery may be any of, for example, a laminate cell type, a coin type, a button type, a sheet type, a cylindrical type, a square type, and a flat type.
- FIG. 1 schematically shows the state of the flexibility test of the negative electrode.
- the negative electrode was subjected to a flexibility test in accordance with a mandrel test (JIS K 5600). A mandrel diameter of 3 mm ⁇ was used, the negative electrode was wound around the mandrel, and the surface was observed with a digital microscope. At this time, in the folded sample 10, the electrode length T of the folded portion when the electrode active material layer was broken was measured. The shorter the electrode length T, the higher the flexibility of the negative electrode.
- a negative electrode is cut into a rectangle having a width of 1 cm and a length of 10 cm to form a test piece, and fixed with the negative electrode active material layer facing upward.
- cellophane tape is attached to the surface of the negative electrode active material layer of the test piece, and then the cellophane tape is peeled from one end of the test piece at a speed of 50 mm / min in the direction of 180 ° with respect to the surface of the negative electrode active material layer Measure the stress. The measurement was performed 10 times, and the average value was obtained and used as the peel strength. It shows that the adhesion strength of a negative electrode is so large that this value is large.
- a 1% by weight aqueous solution is prepared by dissolving a water-soluble polymer in water, diluted aqueous ammonia is added, and a maximum viscosity in the range of pH 5 to 8 is obtained at 25 ° C. and a rotation speed of 60 rpm using an E-type viscometer. The viscosity was measured and determined.
- a water-insoluble polymer (A9) was prepared as a water-insoluble polymer (A) in the same manner as in Production Example A-1, except that the amount of 1,3-butadiene was 24 parts and the amount of styrene was 73 parts. Got.
- the obtained emulsion aqueous solution was continuously dropped into the separable flask over 4 hours.
- the reaction temperature was set to 80 ° C., and the reaction was further carried out for 2 hours.
- the reaction was stopped by cooling to obtain an aqueous dispersion containing the water-soluble polymer (B1).
- the polymerization conversion rate was 99%.
- the amount of the sulfonic acid monomer unit contained in the water-soluble polymer (B1) was 2.5% by weight. Moreover, it was 25000 when the weight average molecular weight of the obtained water-soluble polymer (B1) was measured by GPC.
- the viscosity when the obtained water-soluble polymer (B1) was made into a 1% by weight aqueous solution was 3000 (mPa ⁇ s).
- a water-soluble polymer (B7) was obtained as a water-soluble polymer (B) in the same manner as in Production Example B-1, except that acrylic acid was used instead of methacrylic acid.
- the amount of the sulfonic acid monomer unit contained in this water-soluble polymer (B7) was 2.5% by weight.
- the weight average molecular weight of the obtained water-soluble polymer (B7) was 25000.
- the viscosity when the obtained water-soluble polymer (B7) was made into a 1% by weight aqueous solution was 3000 (mPa ⁇ s).
- Example 1 Manufacture of slurry for secondary battery negative electrode
- Carboxymethylcellulose abbreviated as “CMC”, “BSH-12” manufactured by Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.
- the polymerization degree of the thickener was 1700, and the etherification degree was 0.65.
- artificial graphite average particle size: 24.5 ⁇ m, graphite interlayer distance (interval between (002) planes by X-ray diffraction (d value): 0.354 nm
- d value X-ray diffraction
- the water-insoluble polymer (A1) and the water-soluble polymer (B1) are combined in one part (based on solid content) and adjusted so that the final solid content concentration is 50%. Mix for another 10 minutes. This was defoamed under reduced pressure to obtain a slurry for a secondary battery negative electrode having good fluidity.
- the non-ratio of the weight of the water-soluble polymer (A1) and a water-soluble polymer and (B1) ⁇ water-insoluble polymer (A1) / water-soluble polymer (B1) ⁇ was 90/10 .
- the secondary battery negative electrode slurry was applied to the surface of a 20 ⁇ m thick copper foil with a comma coater so that the film thickness after drying was about 200 ⁇ m, and dried for 2 minutes (at a rate of 0.5 m / min, 60 ° C.) and heat treatment (120 ° C.) for 2 minutes to obtain an electrode raw material.
- the raw electrode was rolled with a roll press to obtain a negative electrode for a secondary battery having a negative electrode active material layer thickness of 80 ⁇ m.
- LiCoO 2 having a layered structure as a positive electrode active material and PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) as a binder for the positive electrode active material layer so as to have a solid content of 3 parts
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- acetylene black and N -20 parts of methylpyrrolidone was added and mixed with a planetary mixer to obtain a slurry for positive electrode.
- This positive electrode slurry was applied to an aluminum foil having a thickness of 18 ⁇ m, dried at 120 ° C. for 30 minutes, and then roll-pressed to obtain a positive electrode having a thickness of 60 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode was cut into a diameter of 13 mm, and the negative electrode was cut into a circle with a diameter of 14 mm. Furthermore, the separator provided with the porous film was cut into a circle having a diameter of 18 mm.
- a separator and a negative electrode were laminated in this order on the electrode active material layer side of the positive electrode, and this was stored in a stainless steel coin-type outer container provided with a polypropylene packing.
- a stainless steel cap was put on and fixed, and the battery can was sealed to manufacture a lithium ion secondary battery having a diameter of 20 mm and a thickness of about 3.2 mm (coin cell CR2032).
- Example 2 A negative electrode and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the water-soluble polymer (B2) was used instead of the water-soluble polymer (B1). The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 3 Except that the ratio of parts by weight of water-insoluble polymer (A1) and water-soluble polymer (B1) ⁇ water-insoluble polymer (A1) / water-soluble polymer (B1) ⁇ was 85/15 In the same manner as in Example 1, negative electrodes and secondary batteries were produced and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 4 A negative electrode and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the water-insoluble polymer (A2) was used instead of the water-insoluble polymer (A1). The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 5 A negative electrode and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the water-soluble polymer (B3) was used instead of the water-soluble polymer (B1). The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 6 A negative electrode and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the water-soluble polymer (B4) was used instead of the water-soluble polymer (B1). The results are shown in Table 2.
- Example 7 A negative electrode and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the water-soluble polymer (B5) was used instead of the water-soluble polymer (B1). The results are shown in Table 2.
- Example 8 A negative electrode and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the water-soluble polymer (B6) was used instead of the water-soluble polymer (B1). The results are shown in Table 2.
- Example 9 A negative electrode and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the water-insoluble polymer (A3) was used instead of the water-insoluble polymer (A1). The results are shown in Table 2.
- Example 10 A negative electrode and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the water-insoluble polymer (A4) was used instead of the water-insoluble polymer (A1). The results are shown in Table 2.
- Example 11 A negative electrode and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the water-insoluble polymer (A5) was used instead of the water-insoluble polymer (A1). The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 12 A negative electrode and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the water-insoluble polymer (A6) was used instead of the water-insoluble polymer (A1). The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 13 A negative electrode and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the water-insoluble polymer (A7) was used instead of the water-insoluble polymer (A1). The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 14 A negative electrode and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the water-soluble polymer (B7) was used instead of the water-soluble polymer (B1). The results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 15 Except that the ratio of parts by weight of water-insoluble polymer (A1) and water-soluble polymer (B1) ⁇ water-insoluble polymer (A1) / water-soluble polymer (B1) ⁇ was 93/7 In the same manner as in Example 3, a negative electrode and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated. The results are shown in Table 1.
- Example 16 The amount of water-insoluble polymer (A1) (based on solid content) is 2.83 parts and the amount of water-soluble polymer (B1) (based on solid content) is 1003 parts of artificial graphite, which is the negative electrode active material. A negative electrode and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount was 0.5 parts. The results are shown in Table 4.
- Example 17 A negative electrode and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the water-insoluble polymer (A8) was used instead of the water-insoluble polymer (A1). The results are shown in Table 4.
- Example 18 The amount of water-insoluble polymer (A1) (based on solid content) is 4 parts and the amount of water-soluble polymer (B1) (based on solid content) is 1 part with respect to 100 parts of artificial graphite as the negative electrode active material.
- a negative electrode and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that. The results are shown in Table 4.
- Example 19 A negative electrode and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the water-insoluble polymer (A9) was used instead of the water-insoluble polymer (A1). The results are shown in Table 4.
- Example 20 A negative electrode and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the water-soluble polymer (B8) was used instead of the water-soluble polymer (B1). The results are shown in Table 4.
- Example 21 The amount of water-insoluble polymer (A1) (based on solid content) is 0.72 parts and the amount of water-soluble polymer (B1) (based on solid content) with respect to 100 parts of artificial graphite as the negative electrode active material.
- a negative electrode and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the amount was 0.08 part. The results are shown in Table 5.
- Example 2 A negative electrode and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the water-soluble polymer (B9) was used instead of the water-soluble polymer (B1). The results are shown in Table 5.
- Example 3 A negative electrode and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the water-soluble polymer (B10) was used instead of the water-soluble polymer (B1). The results are shown in Table 5.
- Example 4 A negative electrode and a secondary battery were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the water-soluble polymer (B11) was used instead of the water-soluble polymer (B1). The results are shown in Table 5.
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Abstract
Description
すなわち、本発明によれば、以下の〔1〕~〔8〕が提供される。
前記非水溶性重合体(A)が、(a1)脂肪族共役ジエン単量体単位20重量%~60重量%、(a2)エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位0.5重量%~10重量%、並びに、(a3)前記脂肪族共役ジエン単量体及び前記エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体と共重合可能な単量体単位30重量%~79.5重量%を含み、
前記水溶性重合体(B)が、(b1)エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位20重量%~60重量%、(b2)(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体単位25重量%~78重量%、並びに、(b3)前記エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体及び前記(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体と共重合可能なスルホン酸基含有単量体単位2重量%~15重量%を含み、
前記非水溶性重合体(A)と前記水溶性重合体(B)との重量部の割合(A)/(B)が、80/20~95/5である、二次電池負極用スラリー。
〔2〕 前記水溶性重合体(B)の(b3)成分が、スルホン酸基以外に官能基をもたないスルホン酸基含有単量体またはその塩、アミド基とスルホン酸基とを含有する単量体またはその塩、並びに、ヒドロキシル基とスルホン酸基とを含有する単量体またはその塩からなる群より選ばれる1種類以上のスルホン酸基含有単量体を重合して得られる繰り返し単位である、〔1〕に記載の二次電池負極用スラリー。
〔3〕 前記非水溶性重合体(A)の量が、前記電極活物質100重量部に対して、0.3重量部~8重量部である、〔1〕又は〔2〕記載の二次電池負極用スラリー。
〔4〕 前記水溶性重合体(B)の量が、前記電極活物質100重量部に対して、0.01重量部~5重量部である、〔1〕~〔3〕のいずれか一項に記載の二次電池負極用スラリー。
〔5〕 前記水溶性重合体(B)の重量平均分子量が1000~100000である、〔1〕~〔4〕のいずれか一項に記載の二次電池負極用スラリー。
〔6〕 〔1〕~〔5〕のいずれか一項に記載の二次電池負極用スラリーを集電体の表面に塗布し、乾燥させることを含む、二次電池用負極の製造方法。
〔7〕 集電体と、前記集電体の表面に形成された電極活物質層とを備え、
前記電極活物質層が、電極活物質、非水溶性重合体(A)および水溶性重合体(B)を含み、
前記非水溶性重合体(A)が、(a1)脂肪族共役ジエン単量体単位20重量%~60重量%、(a2)エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位0.5重量%~10重量%、並びに、(a3)前記脂肪族共役ジエン単量体及び前記エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体と共重合可能な単量体単位30重量%~79.5重量%を含み、
前記水溶性重合体(B)が、(b1)エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位20重量%~60重量%、(b2)(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体単位25重量%~78重量%、並びに、(b3)前記エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体及び前記(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体と共重合可能なスルホン酸基含有単量体単位2重量%~15重量%を含み、
前記非水溶性重合体(A)と前記水溶性重合体(B)との重量部の割合(A)/(B)が、80/20~95/5である、二次電池用負極。
〔8〕 〔7〕記載の二次電池用負極を備える二次電池。
本発明の二次電池用負極の製造方法によれば、負極における電極活物質層と集電体との密着性、並びに高温保存特性及び低温出力特性に優れる二次電池を実現できる二次電池用負極を製造できる。
本発明の二次電池負極用スラリー(以下、適宜「本発明の負極用スラリー」という。)は、電極活物質(ここでは、負極活物質)、非水溶性重合体(A)および水溶性重合体(B)を含む。また、本発明の負極用スラリーは通常は溶媒を含み、必要に応じてその他の任意成分を含んでいてもよい。本発明の負極用スラリーでは、通常、一部の水溶性重合体(B)は溶媒に溶解しているが、別の一部の水溶性重合体(B)が負極活物質の表面に吸着することによって、負極活物質が水溶性重合体(B)の安定な層で覆われて、負極活物質の溶媒中での分散性が向上している。
なお、重合体が水溶性であるとは、25℃において、その重合体0.5gを100gの水に溶解した際に、不溶分が0.5重量%未満であることをいう。一方、重合体が非水溶性であるとは、25℃において、その重合体0.5gを100gの水に溶解した際に、不溶分が90重量%以上となることをいう。
本発明の負極用スラリーが含む電極活物質(即ち、負極活物質)は、二次電池の負極において電子の受け渡しをする物質である。
合金系活物質としては、例えばリチウム金属、リチウム合金を形成する単体金属及びその合金、並びにそれらの酸化物、硫化物、窒化物、珪化物、炭化物、燐化物等が用いられる。
炭素質材料としては、一般的には、炭素前駆体を2000℃以下で熱処理(炭素化)された黒鉛化の低い(結晶性の低い)炭素材料である。なお、前記の熱処理温度の下限は、特に限定されないが、例えば500℃以上としてもよい。
本発明に係る非水溶性重合体(A)は、(a1)脂肪族共役ジエン単量体単位と、(a2)エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位と、(a3)前記脂肪族共役ジエン単量体及び前記エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体と共重合可能な単量体単位(以下において、単に「(a3)単位」ということがある。)とを含む。
これらの各単量体単位を組み合わせて含むことが本発明の効果が得られる要因の一つと考えられるが、本発明者の検討によれば、以下のような仕組みにより効果が得られていると推察される。(a1)脂肪族共役ジエン単量体単位は、剛性が低く柔軟である。また、(a2)エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位は、負極活物質及び集電体への吸着性を高めるカルボキシル基(-COOH基)を含み、強度が高い。さらに、(a3)単位は、前記の(a1)脂肪族共役ジエン単量体単位及び(a2)エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位による非水溶性重合体(A)の電解液への溶解性を低下させて、負極活物質層を安定化させる。本発明に係る非水溶性重合体(A)は、これらの単量体単位を組み合わせることにより、負極において集電体の表面に負極活物質を密着性よく保持するための優れた結着剤として機能する成分となっており、負極活物質層の強度を維持する役割を果たすものと推察される。
脂肪族共役ジエン単量体の例を挙げると、1,3-ブタジエン、2-メチル-1,3-ブタジエン、2,3-ジメチル-1,3ブタジエン、2-クロル-1,3-ブタジエン、置換直鎖共役ペンタジエン類、置換および側鎖共役ヘキサジエン類、などが挙げられる。中でも、1,3-ブタジエンが好ましい。なお、脂肪族共役ジエン単量体は1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて用いてもよい。したがって、本発明に係る非水溶性重合体(A)は、(a1)脂肪族共役ジエン単量体単位を、1種類だけ含んでいてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて含んでいてもよい。
エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体の例を挙げると、アクリル酸、メタクリル酸、クロトン酸、マレイン酸、フマル酸、イタコン酸などのモノカルボン酸及びジカルボン酸並びにその無水物等が挙げられる。中でも、本発明の負極用スラリーの安定性の観点から、アクリル酸、メタクリル酸及びイタコン酸からなる群より選ばれる単量体を、単独又は組み合わせて用いることが好ましい。なお、エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体は1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて用いてもよい。したがって、本発明に係る非水溶性重合体(A)は、(a2)エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位を、1種類だけ含んでいてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて含んでいてもよい。
(a3)単量体の例を挙げると、芳香族ビニル単量体、シアン化ビニル単量体、不飽和カルボン酸アルキルエステル単量体、ヒドロキシアルキル基を含有する不飽和単量体、不飽和カルボン酸アミド単量体等が挙げられる。なお、これらは1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて用いてもよい。したがって、本発明に係る非水溶性重合体(A)は、(a3)単位を、1種類だけ含んでいてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて含んでいてもよい。
芳香族ビニル単量体を用いる場合、非水溶性重合体(A)には、残留単量体として未反応の脂肪族共役ジエン単量体及び未反応の芳香族ビニル単量体が含まれることがある。その場合、非水溶性重合体(A)が含む未反応の脂肪族共役ジエン単量体の量は、好ましくは50ppm以下、より好ましくは10ppm以下であり、非水溶性重合体(A)が含む未反応の芳香族ビニル単量体の量は、好ましくは1000ppm以下、より好ましくは200ppm以下である。非水溶性重合体(A)が含む脂肪族共役ジエン単量体の量を前記範囲に抑えると、本発明の負極用スラリーを集電体の表面に塗布及び乾燥させて負極を製造する際に、負極の表面に発泡による荒れが生じたり、臭気による環境負荷を引き起こしたりすることを防止できる。また、非水溶性重合体(A)が含む芳香族ビニル単量体の量を前記範囲に抑えると、乾燥条件に応じて生じる環境負荷及び負極表面の荒れを抑制でき、更には非水溶性重合体(A)の耐電解液性を高めることができる。
単量体組成物中の各単量体の比率は、通常、非水溶性重合体(A)における(a1)脂肪族共役ジエン単量体単位、(a2)エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位、並びに、(a3)前記脂肪族共役ジエン単量体及び前記エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体と共重合可能な単量体単位の比率と同様にする。
また、アミン類などの添加剤を重合助剤として用いてもよい。
本発明に係る水溶性重合体(B)は、(b1)エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位と、(b2)(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体単位と、(b3)エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体及び(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体と共重合可能なスルホン酸基含有単量体単位とを含む。
これらの各単量体単位を組み合わせて含むことが本発明の効果が得られる要因の一つと考えられるが、本発明者の検討によれば、以下のような仕組みにより効果が得られていると推察される。(b1)エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位は、カルボキシル基を含むため水溶性重合体(B)の負極活物質への吸着を促進する。また、(b2)(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体単位は強度が高く、水溶性重合体(B)の分子を安定化させる。さらに、(b3)エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体及び(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体と共重合可能なスルホン酸基含有単量体単位は、スルホン酸基(-SO3H)を有することにより、負極活物質の分散安定性を向上させたり、負極活物質の負極活物質層からの脱離を防止したり、負極活物質自体の化学変化を抑制したりできるので、二次電池の高温保存特性及び低温出力特性を向上させることができる。さらに、前記の安定な層は本発明の負極用スラリーにおいても負極活物質を覆い、負極活物質の溶媒中での凝集を抑制しているため、本発明の負極用スラリーは分散安定性に優れている。
エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体としては、例えば、モノカルボン酸及びその誘導体、ジカルボン酸及びその酸無水物並びにそれらの誘導体などが挙げられる。モノカルボン酸の例としては、アクリル酸、メタクリル酸、クロトン酸などが挙げられる。モノカルボン酸の誘導体の例としては、2-エチルアクリル酸、イソクロトン酸、α-アセトキシアクリル酸、β-trans-アリールオキシアクリル酸、α-クロロ-β-E-メトキシアクリル酸、β-ジアミノアクリル酸などが挙げられる。ジカルボン酸の例としては、マレイン酸、フマル酸、イタコン酸などが挙げられる。ジカルボン酸の酸無水物の例としては、無水マレイン酸、アクリル酸無水物、メチル無水マレイン酸、ジメチル無水マレイン酸などが挙げられる。ジカルボン酸の誘導体の例としては、メチルマレイン酸、ジメチルマレイン酸、フェニルマレイン酸、クロロマレイン酸、ジクロロマレイン酸、フルオロマレイン酸等のマレイン酸メチルアリル;マレイン酸ジフェニル、マレイン酸ノニル、マレイン酸デシル、マレイン酸ドデシル、マレイン酸オクタデシル、マレイン酸フルオロアルキル等のマレイン酸エステルなどが挙げられる。これらの中でも、アクリル酸、メタクリル酸及びイタコン酸が好ましい。
なお、エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体は1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて用いてもよい。したがって、本発明に係る水溶性重合体(B)は、(b1)エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位を、1種類だけ含んでいてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて含んでいてもよい。
(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体としては、(メタ)アクリル酸メチル、(メタ)アクリル酸エチル、(メタ)アクリル酸ブチル、(メタ)アクリル酸ヘキシル、(メタ)アクリル酸-2エチルヘキシル等の(メタ)アクリル酸アルキルエステル;エチレングリコールジメタクリレート、ジエチレングリコールジメタクリレート、トリメチロールプロパントリアクリレート等の2つ以上の炭素-炭素二重結合を有するカルボン酸エステル類;などが挙げられる。これらの中でも、(メタ)アクリル酸アルキルエステルが好ましく、(メタ)アクリル酸メチル、(メタ)アクリル酸エチル、(メタ)アクリル酸ブチルがより好ましい。
なお、(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体は1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて用いてもよい。したがって、本発明に係る水溶性重合体(B)は、(b2)(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体単位を、1種類だけ含んでいてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて含んでいてもよい。
水溶性重合体(B)の重量平均分子量が上記範囲にあると、本発明の負極における負極活物質の密着強度が良好となる。このように水溶性重合体(B)の重量平均分子量によって密着強度が変化する理由は定かではないが、本発明者の検討によれば以下の仕組みによると推察される。例えば、水溶性重合体(B)の重量平均分子量が小さすぎると、水溶性重合体(B)の溶媒への溶解性が高くなって運動性も高くなる。このため、水溶性重合体(B)が負極活物質の表面に吸着しても、水溶性重合体(B)の運動性及び溶媒への溶解性の高さから、水溶性重合体(B)が負極活物質からの脱離を起こしやすくなる。そのため、負極活物質の表面に存在する水溶性重合体(B)の層が疎な状態になり、その結果、負極活物質を安定的に分散させることができない可能性があると推察される。逆に、水溶性重合体(B)の重量平均分子量が大きすぎると、複数の負極活物質の粒子の間で吸着をし、橋架け凝集が起きて、負極活物質層の安定性が低下する可能性があると推察される。
通常、本発明の負極用スラリーは溶媒を含む。溶媒は、負極活物質を分散させ、また、非水溶性重合体(A)及び水溶性重合体(B)を溶解または粒子状に分散させるものであればよい。非水溶性重合体(A)又は水溶性重合体(B)を溶解する溶媒を用いると、非水溶性重合体(A)及び水溶性重合体(B)が表面に吸着することにより負極活物質の分散が安定化するので、好ましい。溶媒は乾燥速度や環境上の観点から具体的な種類を選択することが好ましい。
本発明の負極用スラリーは、粘度調整剤を含んでいてもよい。粘度調整剤を含むことにより、本発明の負極用スラリーの粘度を所望の範囲にして、本発明の負極用スラリーの分散性を高めたり、負極用スラリーの塗布性を高めたりすることができる。
粘度調整剤としては、水溶性の多糖類を使用することが好ましい。多糖類としては、例えば、天然系高分子、セルロース系半合成系高分子などが挙げられる。なお、粘度調整剤は、1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて用いてもよい。
本発明の負極用スラリーは、導電剤を含んでいてもよい。導電剤を含有することにより、負極活物質同士の電気的接触を向上させることができ、二次電池に用いる場合に放電レート特性を改善することができる。
本発明の負極用スラリーには、上述した負極活物質、非水溶性重合体(A)、水溶性重合体(B)、溶媒、粘度調整剤及び導電剤以外にその他の任意成分が含まれていてもよい。任意成分の例を挙げると、補強材、レベリング剤、電解液添加剤等が挙げられる。これらは、電池反応に影響を及ぼさないものであれば特に限られない。また、任意成分は、1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて用いてもよい。
本発明の負極用スラリーは、上記負極活物質、非水溶性重合体(A)、水溶性重合体(B)および必要に応じて用いられる他の成分を混合して得られる。
混合方法は特に限定はされないが、例えば、撹拌式、振とう式、および回転式などの混合装置を使用した方法が挙げられる。また、ホモジナイザー、ボールミル、サンドミル、ロールミル、プラネタリーミキサーおよび遊星式混練機などの分散混練装置を使用した方法が挙げられる。
本発明の負極(すなわち、本発明の二次電池用負極)は、集電体と、前記集電体の表面に形成された負極活物質層とを備える。負極活物質層は、集電体の少なくとも片面に設けられていればよいが、両面に設けられていることが好ましい。本発明の負極は、負極活物質層が、負極活物質、非水溶性重合体(A)および水溶性重合体(B)を上述した特定の比率で含むので、負極活物質層と集電体との密着性が高く、特に銅で形成された集電体を用いた場合に密着性の向上が顕著である。また、本発明の負極においては負極活物質の耐電解液製が高いため、充放電を繰り返しても負極が劣化し難く、二次電池の寿命を延ばすことができる。
負極用の集電体は、電気導電性を有しかつ電気化学的に耐久性のある材料であれば特に制限されないが、耐熱性を有するため金属材料が好ましい。負極用の集電体の材料としては、例えば、鉄、銅、アルミニウム、ニッケル、ステンレス鋼、チタン、タンタル、金、白金などが挙げられる。中でも、二次電池負極に用いる集電体としては銅が特に好ましい。なお、前記の材料は、1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて用いてもよい。
集電体は、負極活物質層との接着強度を高めるため、表面に予め粗面化処理して使用するのが好ましい。粗面化方法としては、例えば、機械的研磨法、電解研磨法、化学研磨法などが挙げられる。機械的研磨法においては、通常、研磨剤粒子を固着した研磨布紙、砥石、エメリバフ、鋼線などを備えたワイヤーブラシ等が使用される。また、負極活物質層の接着強度や導電性を高めるために、集電体の表面に中間層を形成してもよい。
負極活物質層は、負極活物質、非水溶性重合体(A)および水溶性重合体(B)を含む層である。また、負極活物質層は、通常、本発明の負極用スラリーが含む固形分(例えば、粘度調整剤、導電剤等)も含む。負極活物質、非水溶性重合体(A)及び水溶性重合体(B)、並びに、必要に応じて用いられる他の固形分については、本発明の負極用スラリーの項で説明したのと同様である。
例えば、本発明の負極用スラリーを集電体の表面に塗布し、乾燥させることにより、集電体の表面に負極活物質層を形成して、本発明の負極を製造することができる。
本発明の二次電池は、本発明の負極を備える。通常、本発明の二次電池は、正極、負極、セパレーター及び電解液を備え、前記負極が、本発明の負極となっている。
本発明の負極を備えるため、本発明の二次電池は高温保存特性及び低温出力特性に優れる。また、本発明の負極は耐電解液性が高いため、通常は、本発明の二次電池は充放電を繰り返しても容量が低下し難く、長寿命である。
正極は、集電体と、集電体の表面に形成された、正極活物質及び正極用の結着剤を含む正極活物質層とを備える。
正極の集電体は、電気導電性を有しかつ電気化学的に耐久性のある材料であれば特に制限されない。正極の集電体としては、例えば、本発明の負極に使用される集電体を用いることができる。中でも、アルミニウムが特に好ましい。
正極活物質は、例えば本発明の二次電池がリチウムイオン二次電池である場合には、リチウムイオンをドープ及び脱ドープ可能な物質が用いられる。このような正極活物質は、無機化合物からなるものと有機化合物からなるものとに大別される。
上記の遷移金属としては、例えばTi、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Mo等が使用される。
遷移金属酸化物としては、例えば、MnO、MnO2、V2O5、V6O13、TiO2、Cu2V2O3、非晶質V2O-P2O5、MoO3、V2O5、V6O13等が挙げられ、中でもサイクル安定性と容量からMnO、V2O5、V6O13、TiO2が好ましい。
遷移金属硫化物としては、例えば、TiS2、TiS3、非晶質MoS2、FeS等が挙げられる。
リチウム含有複合金属酸化物としては、例えば、層状構造を有するリチウム含有複合金属酸化物、スピネル構造を有するリチウム含有複合金属酸化物、オリビン型構造を有するリチウム含有複合金属酸化物などが挙げられる。
層状構造を有するリチウム含有複合金属酸化物としては、例えば、リチウム含有コバルト酸化物(LiCoO2)、リチウム含有ニッケル酸化物(LiNiO2)、Co-Ni-Mnのリチウム複合酸化物、Ni-Mn-Alのリチウム複合酸化物、Ni-Co-Alのリチウム複合酸化物等が挙げられる。
スピネル構造を有するリチウム含有複合金属酸化物としては、例えば、マンガン酸リチウム(LiMn2O4)又はMnの一部を他の遷移金属で置換したLi[Mn3/2M1/2]O4(ここでMは、Cr、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu等)等が挙げられる。
オリビン型構造を有するリチウム含有複合金属酸化物としては、例えば、LiXMPO4(式中、Mは、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Mg、Zn、V、Ca、Sr、Ba、Ti、Al、Si、B及びMoからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種を表し、Xは0≦X≦2を満たす数を表す。)で表されるオリビン型燐酸リチウム化合物が挙げられる。
さらに、前記の化合物を部分的に元素置換したものを正極活物質として用いてもよい。また、上記の無機化合物と有機化合物の混合物を正極活物質として用いてもよい。
なお、正極活物質は、1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて用いてもよい。
正極用の結着剤としては、例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)、テトラフルオロエチレン-ヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体(FEP)、ポリアクリル酸誘導体、ポリアクリロニトリル誘導体などの樹脂;アクリル系軟質重合体、ジエン系軟質重合体、オレフィン系軟質重合体、ビニル系軟質重合体等の軟質重合体を用いることができる。なお、結着剤は、1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて用いてもよい。
正極活物質層には、必要に応じて、正極活物質及び結着剤以外の任意成分が含まれていてもよい。その例を挙げると、例えば、粘度調整剤、導電剤、補強材、レベリング剤、電解液添加剤等が挙げられる。また、任意成分は、1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて用いてもよい。
正極活物質層の厚みは、通常5μm以上、好ましくは10μm以上であり、通常300μm以下、好ましくは250μm以下である。正極活物質層の厚みが上記範囲にあることにより、負荷特性及びエネルギー密度の両方で高い特性を実現できる。
正極は、例えば、前述の二次電池負極と同様の要領で製造できる。
セパレーターとしては、通常、気孔部を有する多孔性基材を用いる。セパレーターの例を挙げると、(a)気孔部を有する多孔性セパレーター、(b)片面または両面に高分子コート層が形成された多孔性セパレーター、(c)無機セラミック粉末を含む多孔質の樹脂コート層が形成された多孔性セパレーター、などが挙げられる。これらの例としては、ポリプロピレン系、ポリエチレン系、ポリオレフィン系、またはアラミド系多孔性セパレーター、ポリビニリデンフルオリド、ポリエチレンオキシド、ポリアクリロニトリルまたはポリビニリデンフルオリドヘキサフルオロプロピレン共重合体などの固体高分子電解質用またはゲル状高分子電解質用の高分子フィルム;ゲル化高分子コート層がコートされたセパレーター;無機フィラーと無機フィラー用分散剤とからなる多孔膜層がコートされたセパレーター;などが挙げられる。
電解液としては、例えば、非水系の溶媒に支持電解質としてリチウム塩を溶解したものが使用できる。リチウム塩としては、例えば、LiPF6、LiAsF6、LiBF4、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、LiClO4、CF3SO3Li、C4F9SO3Li、CF3COOLi、(CF3CO)2NLi、(CF3SO2)2NLi、(C2F5SO2)NLiなどのリチウム塩が挙げられる。特に溶媒に溶けやすく高い解離度を示すLiPF6、LiClO4、CF3SO3Liは好適に用いられる。これらは1種類を単独で用いてもよく、2種類以上を任意の比率で組み合わせて用いてもよい。
本発明の二次電池の製造方法は、特に限定されない。例えば、上述した負極と正極とをセパレーターを介して重ね合わせ、これを電池形状に応じて巻く、折るなどして電池容器に入れ、電池容器に電解液を注入して封口してもよい。さらに、必要に応じてエキスパンドメタル;ヒューズ、PTC素子などの過電流防止素子;リード板などを入れ、電池内部の圧力上昇、過充放電の防止をしてもよい。電池の形状は、例えば、ラミネートセル型、コイン型、ボタン型、シート型、円筒型、角形、扁平型などいずれであってもよい。
〔負極の柔軟性試験〕
図1に、負極の柔軟性試験の様子を模式的に示す。負極電極について、マンドレル試験(JIS K 5600)に従い屈曲性試験を行った。マンドレル径は3mmφのものを使用し、負極電極をマンドレルの外側にまきつけ、表面をデジタルマイクロスコープで観察した。この際、折り返されたサンプル10において、電極活物質層が割れたときの折り返し部分の電極長Tを測定した。この電極長Tが短いほど、負極の柔軟性が高いことを表す。
負極を幅1cm×長さ10cmの矩形に切って試験片とし、負極活物質層を上にして固定する。試験片の負極活物質層の表面にセロハンテープを貼り付けた後、試験片の一端からセロハンテープを50mm/分の速度で、負極活物質層の表面に対して180°方向に引き剥がしたときの応力を測定する。測定を10回行い、その平均値を求めてこれをピール強度とした。この値が大きいほど、負極の密着強度が大きいことを示す。
10セルのラミネートセル型電池を、25℃雰囲気下で、0.2Cの定電流法によって4.25Vに充電し、60℃雰囲気下で1週間保存した後、25℃雰囲気下で、3.0Vまで放電する充放電を行い、電気容量を測定した。10セルの平均値を測定値とし、1週間保存前の電気容量と1週間保存後の電気容量の比(%)で表される充放電容量保持率を求め、この充放電容量保持率を高温保存特性の評価基準とする。この値が高いほど高温保存特性に優れることを示す。
10セルのラミネートセル型電池を用いて、25℃で0.1Cの定電流で4.2Vまで充電し、-30℃において1Cの定電流で放電した10秒後の電圧降下(ΔV)を測定した。この値が小さいほど、内部抵抗が小さく、高速充放電が可能であることを示す。
水溶性重合体を水に溶解させて1重量%水溶液を調製し、希釈したアンモニア水を添加し、pH5~8の範囲の最大粘度を、E型粘度計を用いて25℃、回転数60rpmで測定し、粘度を求めた。
攪拌機付き5MPa耐圧容器に、脂肪族共役ジエン単量体として1,3-ブタジエン47部と、エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体としてメタクリル酸3部と、これらと共重合可能な単量体としてスチレン50部と、乳化剤としてドデシルベンゼンスルホン酸ナトリウム4部と、イオン交換水150部と、連鎖移動剤としてt-ドデシルメルカプタン0.4部と、重合開始剤として過硫酸カリウム0.5部とを入れ、十分に攪拌した後、50℃に加温して重合を開始した。重合転化率が96%になった時点で冷却し反応を停止して、非水溶性重合体(A)として非水溶性重合体(A1)を得た。
1,3-ブタジエンの量を29部とし、スチレンの量を68部としたこと以外は製造例A-1と同様にして、非水溶性重合体(A)として非水溶性重合体(A2)を得た。
1,3-ブタジエンの量を40部とし、スチレンの量を57部としたこと以外は製造例A-1と同様にして、非水溶性重合体(A)として非水溶性重合体(A3)を得た。
メタクリル酸の代わりにイタコン酸を用いたこと以外は製造例A-1と同様にして、非水溶性重合体(A)として非水溶性重合体(A4)を得た。
メタクリル酸の代わりにアクリル酸を用いたこと以外は製造例A-1と同様にして、非水溶性重合体(A)として非水溶性重合体(A5)を得た。
メタクリル酸の量を6部とし、スチレンの量を47部としたこと以外は製造例A-1と同様にして、非水溶性重合体(A)として非水溶性重合体(A6)を得た。
1,3-ブタジエンの量を57部とし、スチレンの量を40部としたこと以外は製造例A-1と同様にして、非水溶性重合体(A)として非水溶性重合体(A7)を得た。
1,3-ブタジエンの量を47.5部とし、スチレンの量を50.5部とし、メタクリル酸の量を2部としたこと以外は製造例A-1と同様にして、非水溶性重合体(A)として非水溶性重合体(A8)を得た。
1,3-ブタジエンの量を24部とし、スチレンの量を73部としたこと以外は製造例A-1と同様にして、非水溶性重合体(A)として非水溶性重合体(A9)を得た。
攪拌機、還流冷却管および温度計を備えた容量1LのSUS製セパラブルフラスコに、脱塩水を予め仕込み十分攪拌した後、70℃とし、過硫酸カリウム水溶液0.2部を添加した。
エチルアクリレートの量を31.5部とし、ブチルアクリレートの量を31.5部とし、AMPSの量を7部としたこと以外は製造例B-1と同様にして、水溶性重合体(B)として水溶性重合体(B2)を得た。この水溶性重合体(B2)が含むスルホン酸単量体単位量は7重量%であった。また、得られた水溶性重合体(B2)の重量平均分子量は10000であった。得られた水溶性重合体(B2)を1重量%水溶液とした時の粘度は1200(mPa・s)であった。
AMPSの代わりにスチレンスルホン酸を用いたこと以外は製造例B-1と同様にして、水溶性重合体(B)として水溶性重合体(B3)を得た。この水溶性重合体(B3)が含むスルホン酸単量体単位量は2.5重量%であった。また、得られた水溶性重合体(B3)の重量平均分子量は70000であった。得られた水溶性重合体(B3)を1重量%水溶液とした時の粘度は8400(mPa・s)であった。
エチルアクリレートの量を31.5部とし、ブチルアクリレートの量を31.5部とし、スチレンスルホン酸の量を7部としたこと以外は製造例B-3と同様にして、水溶性重合体(B)として水溶性重合体(B4)を得た。この水溶性重合体(B4)が含むスルホン酸単量体単位量は7重量%であった。また、得られた水溶性重合体(B4)の重量平均分子量は50000であった。得られた水溶性重合体(B4)を1重量%水溶液とした時の粘度は6000(mPa・s)であった。
AMPSの代わりに4-スルホブチルメタクリレートを用いたこと以外は製造例B-1と同様にして、水溶性重合体(B)として水溶性重合体(B5)を得た。この水溶性重合体(B5)が含むスルホン酸単量体単位量は2.5重量%であった。また、得られた水溶性重合体(B5)の重量平均分子量は10000であった。得られた水溶性重合体(B5)を1重量%水溶液とした時の粘度は1200(mPa・s)であった。
エチルアクリレートの量を31.5部とし、ブチルアクリレートの量を31.5部とし、4-スルホブチルメタクリレートの量を7部としたこと以外は製造例B-5と同様にして、水溶性重合体(B)として水溶性重合体(B6)を得た。この水溶性重合体(B6)が含むスルホン酸単量体単位量は7重量%であった。また、得られた水溶性重合体(B6)の重量平均分子量は6000であった。得られた水溶性重合体(B6)を1重量%水溶液とした時の粘度は700(mPa・s)であった。
メタクリル酸の代わりにアクリル酸を用いたこと以外は製造例B-1と同様にして、水溶性重合体(B)として水溶性重合体(B7)を得た。この水溶性重合体(B7)が含むスルホン酸単量体単位量は2.5重量%であった。また、得られた水溶性重合体(B7)の重量平均分子量は25000であった。得られた水溶性重合体(B7)を1重量%水溶液とした時の粘度は3000(mPa・s)であった。
メタクリル酸の量を60部とし、エチルアクリレートの量を15部とし、ブチルアクリレートの量を15部とし、AMPSの量を10部としたこと以外は製造例B-1と同様にして、水溶性重合体(B)として水溶性重合体(B8)を得た。この水溶性重合体(B8)が含むスルホン酸単量体単位量は10重量%であった。また、得られた水溶性重合体(B8)の重量平均分子量は3000であった。得られた水溶性重合体(B8)を1重量%水溶液とした時の粘度は350(mPa・s)であった。
メタクリル酸の量を64部とし、エチルアクリレートの量を17.5部とし、ブチルアクリレートの量を17.5部とし、AMPSの量を1部としたこと以外は製造例B-1と同様にして、水溶性重合体(B9)を得た。この水溶性重合体(B9)が含むスルホン酸単量体単位量は1重量%であった。また、得られた水溶性重合体(B9)の重量平均分子量は50000であった。得られた水溶性重合体(B9)を1重量%水溶液とした時の粘度は6000(mPa・s)であった。
エチルアクリレートの量を26.5部とし、ブチルアクリレートの量を26.5部とし、AMPSの量を17部としたこと以外は製造例B-1と同様にして、水溶性重合体(B10)を得た。この水溶性重合体(B10)が含むスルホン酸単量体単位量は17重量%であった。また、得られた水溶性重合体(B10)の重量平均分子量は100000であった。得られた水溶性重合体(B10)を1重量%水溶液とした時の粘度は12000(mPa・s)であった。
メタクリル酸の量を18部とし、エチルアクリレートの量を39.75部とし、ブチルアクリレートの量を39.75部としたこと以外は製造例B-1と同様にして、水溶性重合体(B11)を得た。この水溶性重合体(B11)が含むスルホン酸単量体単位量は2.5重量%であった。また、得られた水溶性重合体(B11)の重量平均分子量は20000であった。得られた水溶性重合体(B11)を1重量%水溶液とした時の粘度は3800(mPa・s)であった。
(二次電池負極用スラリーの製造)
増粘剤としてカルボキシメチルセルロース(略称「CMC」、第一工業製薬社製「BSH-12」)を用いた。増粘剤の重合度は、1700、エーテル化度は0.65であった。
また、負極活物質として人造黒鉛(平均粒子径:24.5μm、黒鉛層間距離(X線回折法による(002)面の面間隔(d値)):0.354nm)を用いた。
上記二次電池負極用スラリーを、コンマコーターで、厚さ20μmの銅箔の表面に、乾燥後の膜厚が200μm程度になるように塗布し、2分間乾燥(0.5m/分の速度、60℃)し、2分間加熱処理(120℃)して電極原反を得た。この電極原反をロールプレスで圧延して、負極活物質層の厚みが80μmの二次電池用負極を得た。
正極活物質として層状構造を有するLiCoO2を95部に、正極活物質層用結着剤としてPVDF(ポリフッ化ビニリデン)を固形分量が3部となるように加え、さらに、アセチレンブラック2部及びN-メチルピロリドン20部を加えて、プラネタリーミキサーで混合してスラリー状の正極用スラリーを得た。この正極用スラリーを、厚さ18μmのアルミニウム箔に塗布し、120℃で30分乾燥した後、ロールプレスして厚さ60μmの正極を得た。
製造した負極及び二次電池について、上述した要領で評価を行った。結果を表1に示す。
水溶性重合体(B1)の代わりに水溶性重合体(B2)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極及び二次電池を製造し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
非水溶性重合体(A1)と水溶性重合体(B1)との重量部の割合{非水溶性重合体(A1)/水溶性重合体(B1)}を85/15にしたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極及び二次電池を製造し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
非水溶性重合体(A1)の代わりに非水溶性重合体(A2)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極及び二次電池を製造し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
水溶性重合体(B1)の代わりに水溶性重合体(B3)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極及び二次電池を製造し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
水溶性重合体(B1)の代わりに水溶性重合体(B4)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極及び二次電池を製造し、評価した。結果を表2に示す。
水溶性重合体(B1)の代わりに水溶性重合体(B5)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極及び二次電池を製造し、評価した。結果を表2に示す。
水溶性重合体(B1)の代わりに水溶性重合体(B6)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極及び二次電池を製造し、評価した。結果を表2に示す。
非水溶性重合体(A1)の代わりに非水溶性重合体(A3)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極及び二次電池を製造し、評価した。結果を表2に示す。
非水溶性重合体(A1)の代わりに非水溶性重合体(A4)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極及び二次電池を製造し、評価した。結果を表2に示す。
非水溶性重合体(A1)の代わりに非水溶性重合体(A5)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極及び二次電池を製造し、評価した。結果を表3に示す。
非水溶性重合体(A1)の代わりに非水溶性重合体(A6)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極及び二次電池を製造し、評価した。結果を表3に示す。
非水溶性重合体(A1)の代わりに非水溶性重合体(A7)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極及び二次電池を製造し、評価した。結果を表3に示す。
水溶性重合体(B1)の代わりに水溶性重合体(B7)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極及び二次電池を製造し、評価した。結果を表3に示す。
非水溶性重合体(A1)と水溶性重合体(B1)との重量部の割合{非水溶性重合体(A1)/水溶性重合体(B1)}を93/7としたこと以外は実施例3と同様にして負極及び二次電池を製造し、評価した。結果を表1に示す。
負極活物質である人造黒鉛100部に対して、非水溶性重合体(A1)の量(固形分基準)を2.83部とし、水溶性重合体(B1)の量(固形分基準)を0.5部としたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極及び二次電池を製造し、評価した。結果を表4に示す。
非水溶性重合体(A1)の代わりに非水溶性重合体(A8)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極及び二次電池を製造し、評価した。結果を表4に示す。
負極活物質である人造黒鉛100部に対して、非水溶性重合体(A1)の量(固形分基準)を4部とし、水溶性重合体(B1)の量(固形分基準)を1部としたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極及び二次電池を製造し、評価した。結果を表4に示す。
非水溶性重合体(A1)の代わりに非水溶性重合体(A9)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極及び二次電池を製造し、評価した。結果を表4に示す。
水溶性重合体(B1)の代わりに水溶性重合体(B8)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極及び二次電池を製造し、評価した。結果を表4に示す。
負極活物質である人造黒鉛100部に対して、非水溶性重合体(A1)の量(固形分基準)を0.72部とし、水溶性重合体(B1)の量(固形分基準)を0.08部としたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極及び二次電池を製造し、評価した。結果を表5に示す。
非水溶性重合体(A1)と水溶性重合体(B1)との重量部の割合{非水溶性重合体(A1)/水溶性重合体(B1)}を97/3にしたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極及び二次電池を製造し、評価した。結果を表5に示す。
水溶性重合体(B1)の代わりに水溶性重合体(B9)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極及び二次電池を製造し、評価した。結果を表5に示す。
水溶性重合体(B1)の代わりに水溶性重合体(B10)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極及び二次電池を製造し、評価した。結果を表5に示す。
水溶性重合体(B1)の代わりに水溶性重合体(B11)を用いたこと以外は実施例1と同様にして負極及び二次電池を製造し、評価した。結果を表5に示す。
表1~表5から分かるように、実施例においては、負極の柔軟性及び密着強度、並びに二次電池の高温保存特性及び低温出力特性のいずれにも優れる。他方、比較例においては、負極の柔軟性及び密着強度、並びに二次電池の高温保存特性及び低温出力特性のいずれかの性能が十分ではない。したがって、実施例及び比較例の結果から、負極活物質、非水溶性重合体(A)及びスルホン酸基を有する水溶性重合体(B)を特定の比率で組み合わせることによってはじめて負極の柔軟性及び密着強度並びに二次電池の高温保存特性及び低温出力特性をいずれも改善できることが確認された。
T サンプル10の折り返し部分の電極長
Claims (8)
- 電極活物質、非水溶性重合体(A)および水溶性重合体(B)を含む二次電池負極用スラリーであって、
前記非水溶性重合体(A)が、(a1)脂肪族共役ジエン単量体単位20重量%~60重量%、(a2)エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位0.5重量%~10重量%、並びに、(a3)前記脂肪族共役ジエン単量体及び前記エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体と共重合可能な単量体単位30重量%~79.5重量%を含み、
前記水溶性重合体(B)が、(b1)エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位20重量%~60重量%、(b2)(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体単位25重量%~78重量%、並びに、(b3)前記エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体及び前記(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体と共重合可能なスルホン酸基含有単量体単位2重量%~15重量%を含み、
前記非水溶性重合体(A)と前記水溶性重合体(B)との重量部の割合(A)/(B)が、80/20~95/5である、二次電池負極用スラリー。 - 前記水溶性重合体(B)の(b3)成分が、スルホン酸基以外に官能基をもたないスルホン酸基含有単量体またはその塩、アミド基とスルホン酸基とを含有する単量体またはその塩、並びに、ヒドロキシル基とスルホン酸基とを含有する単量体またはその塩からなる群より選ばれる1種類以上のスルホン酸基含有単量体を重合して得られる繰り返し単位である、請求項1に記載の二次電池負極用スラリー。
- 前記非水溶性重合体(A)の量が、前記電極活物質100重量部に対して、0.3重量部~8重量部である、請求項1又は2に記載の二次電池負極用スラリー。
- 前記水溶性重合体(B)の量が、前記電極活物質100重量部に対して、0.01重量部~5重量部である、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の二次電池負極用スラリー。
- 前記水溶性重合体(B)の重量平均分子量が1000~100000である、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の二次電池負極用スラリー。
- 請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の二次電池負極用スラリーを集電体の表面に塗布し、乾燥させることを含む、二次電池用負極の製造方法。
- 集電体と、前記集電体の表面に形成された電極活物質層とを備え、
前記電極活物質層が、電極活物質、非水溶性重合体(A)および水溶性重合体(B)を含み、
前記非水溶性重合体(A)が、(a1)脂肪族共役ジエン単量体単位20重量%~60重量%、(a2)エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位0.5重量%~10重量%、並びに、(a3)前記脂肪族共役ジエン単量体及び前記エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体と共重合可能な単量体単位30重量%~79.5重量%を含み、
前記水溶性重合体(B)が、(b1)エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体単位20重量%~60重量%、(b2)(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体単位25重量%~78重量%、並びに、(b3)前記エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸単量体及び前記(メタ)アクリル酸エステル単量体と共重合可能なスルホン酸基含有単量体単位2重量%~15重量%を含み、
前記非水溶性重合体(A)と前記水溶性重合体(B)との重量部の割合(A)/(B)が、80/20~95/5である、二次電池用負極。 - 請求項7に記載の二次電池用負極を備える二次電池。
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- 2012-02-10 US US13/985,075 patent/US9203091B2/en active Active
- 2012-02-10 EP EP12746469.1A patent/EP2677578B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2012-02-10 HU HUE12746469A patent/HUE036552T2/hu unknown
- 2012-02-10 KR KR1020137020523A patent/KR101807543B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-02-10 PL PL12746469T patent/PL2677578T3/pl unknown
- 2012-02-10 WO PCT/JP2012/053149 patent/WO2012111564A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2012-02-10 JP JP2012557932A patent/JP5900354B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
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Cited By (11)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2013131368A (ja) * | 2011-12-21 | 2013-07-04 | Toyo Kagaku Kk | 電極用バインダー |
| WO2015052809A1 (ja) * | 2013-10-10 | 2015-04-16 | 株式会社日立製作所 | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材料、及びそれを用いたリチウムイオン二次電池用負極、リチウムイオン二次電池、電池システム |
| US10355279B2 (en) | 2013-10-10 | 2019-07-16 | Hitachi, Ltd. | Negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries, negative electrode for lithium ion secondary batteries using same, lithium ion secondary battery and battery system |
| US20170279152A1 (en) * | 2014-09-30 | 2017-09-28 | Zeon Corporation | Composition for lithium ion secondary battery porous membrane, porous membrane for lithium ion secondary battery, and lithium ion secondary battery |
| US10008737B2 (en) * | 2014-09-30 | 2018-06-26 | Zeon Corporation | Composition for lithium ion secondary battery porous membrane, porous membrane for lithium ion secondary battery, and lithium ion secondary battery |
| JP2017160294A (ja) * | 2016-03-07 | 2017-09-14 | 三洋化成工業株式会社 | 非水系二次電池活物質被覆用樹脂組成物及び非水系二次電池用被覆活物質 |
| CN109314245A (zh) * | 2016-06-29 | 2019-02-05 | 日本瑞翁株式会社 | 非水系二次电池电极用粘结剂组合物、非水系二次电池电极用浆料组合物、非水系二次电池用电极及非水系二次电池 |
| JPWO2018173717A1 (ja) * | 2017-03-24 | 2020-02-06 | 日本ゼオン株式会社 | 非水系二次電池用バインダー組成物及び非水系二次電池用スラリー組成物 |
| JP7003987B2 (ja) | 2017-03-24 | 2022-01-21 | 日本ゼオン株式会社 | 非水系二次電池用バインダー組成物及び非水系二次電池用スラリー組成物 |
| US20240105948A1 (en) * | 2019-10-11 | 2024-03-28 | Toagosei Co., Ltd. | Secondary battery electrode binder, secondary battery electrode mixture layer composition, secondary battery electrode and secondary battery |
| US12482822B2 (en) * | 2019-10-11 | 2025-11-25 | Toagosei Co., Ltd. | Secondary battery electrode binder, secondary battery electrode mixture layer composition, secondary battery electrode and secondary battery |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| PL2677578T3 (pl) | 2018-05-30 |
| HUE036552T2 (hu) | 2018-07-30 |
| EP2677578A1 (en) | 2013-12-25 |
| EP2677578A4 (en) | 2016-12-07 |
| KR101807543B1 (ko) | 2017-12-11 |
| US20130316235A1 (en) | 2013-11-28 |
| JP5900354B2 (ja) | 2016-04-06 |
| US9203091B2 (en) | 2015-12-01 |
| CN103348517B (zh) | 2015-08-19 |
| JPWO2012111564A1 (ja) | 2014-07-07 |
| EP2677578B1 (en) | 2017-11-29 |
| CN103348517A (zh) | 2013-10-09 |
| KR20140020247A (ko) | 2014-02-18 |
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