WO2012042917A1 - 鉛蓄電池 - Google Patents
鉛蓄電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2012042917A1 WO2012042917A1 PCT/JP2011/050667 JP2011050667W WO2012042917A1 WO 2012042917 A1 WO2012042917 A1 WO 2012042917A1 JP 2011050667 W JP2011050667 W JP 2011050667W WO 2012042917 A1 WO2012042917 A1 WO 2012042917A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/06—Lead-acid accumulators
- H01M10/12—Construction or manufacture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/06—Lead-acid accumulators
- H01M10/12—Construction or manufacture
- H01M10/121—Valve regulated lead acid batteries [VRLA]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/14—Electrodes for lead-acid accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/628—Inhibitors, e.g. gassing inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
- Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a control valve type lead-acid battery using a paste type positive and negative electrode plate.
- Lead-acid batteries are roughly classified into liquid and control valve types, and are characterized by low cost and high reliability. Therefore, power sources for starting automobiles, power sources for electric vehicles such as golf carts, and uninterruptible power supplies, respectively. Widely used as a power source for industrial equipment such as equipment.
- Micro-hybrid vehicles such as an idling stop vehicle (hereinafter referred to as an ISS vehicle) that reduces engine operation time and a power generation control vehicle that uses engine rotation as a power source are being considered as vehicles that have taken measures to improve fuel efficiency. .
- the lead-acid battery In ISS cars, the number of engine starts increases, and the lead-acid battery is repeatedly discharged with a large current each time. Further, in an ISS vehicle or a power generation control vehicle, the amount of power generated by the alternator is reduced, and the lead storage battery is charged intermittently, so charging is often insufficient. Therefore, the lead storage battery used for this type of application is required to improve the performance of charging as much as possible in a short time, that is, the charge acceptability.
- PSOC Partial State Of Charge
- Control valve lead-acid batteries tend to have a shorter life when used under PSOC than when used in a fully charged state.
- the reason for the shortening of the life when used under PSOC is that if charging / discharging is repeated in a state where charging is insufficient, lead sulfate produced on the negative electrode plate becomes coarse during discharge, and lead sulfate is generated by charging. It is thought that it is difficult to return to the metallic lead that is a thing.
- the positive electrode active material is originally high in charge acceptability, but the negative electrode active material is inferior in charge acceptability. Therefore, in order to improve the charge acceptability of the control valve type lead acid battery, the negative electrode active material It is essential to improve the charge acceptability. Therefore, conventionally, efforts have been made exclusively to improve the charge acceptability of the negative electrode active material.
- Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 propose to improve the charge acceptability by increasing the amount of carbonaceous conductive material added to the negative electrode active material and to improve the life of the lead-acid battery under PSOC. These proposals are aimed at control valve type lead acid batteries.
- lignin has a wide variety of structures in which a plurality of unit structures are combined in a complex manner and usually has a portion that is easily oxidized or reduced, such as a carbonyl group, charging and discharging of a control valve type lead-acid battery At this time, this part is oxidized or reduced to be decomposed. For this reason, even when lignin is added to the negative electrode active material, the effect of suppressing deterioration in performance due to repeated charge and discharge cannot be maintained for a long period of time.
- lignin is adsorbed on lead ions that dissolve from lead sulfate during charging and reduces the reactivity of lead ions, so that it inhibits the charging reaction of the negative electrode active material and suppresses the improvement in charge acceptability.
- the lignin added to the negative electrode active material has a problem that it improves the discharge characteristics but hinders the improvement of charge acceptance.
- Patent Document 3 and Patent Document 4 disclose adding a bisphenol, aminobenzenesulfonic acid, formaldehyde condensate, and a carbonaceous conductive material to the negative electrode active material.
- Patent Document 4 shows the effect of suppressing the coarsening of lead sulfate by selecting bisphenols, aminobenzenesulfonic acid, and formaldehyde condensates as organic compounds that suppress the coarsening of lead sulfate associated with charge and discharge.
- Sustaining and adding a carbonaceous conductive material to improve charge acceptance are disclosed.
- Patent Document 5 discloses that conductive carbon and activated carbon are added to the negative electrode active material to improve discharge characteristics under PSOC.
- Patent Document 6 discloses increasing the discharge capacity by increasing the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material from the conventional 4.5 m 2 / g to at most 6 m 2 / g.
- the lignin is added to the electrolyte solution during the formation of the positive electrode plate to refine the positive electrode active material and increase the specific surface area.
- the method of Patent Document 6 has a problem that the positive electrode active material tends to be muddy, and there is a problem in cycle life.
- Patent Document 6 discloses an invention for increasing the discharge capacity of a battery. The charge acceptance required for a control valve type lead-acid battery for an ISS car or a power generation control car, and a cycle under PSOC. In improving the characteristics, a great effect cannot be obtained.
- JP 2003-36882 A Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 07-201331 JP-A-11-250913 JP 2006-196191 A JP 2003-051306 A Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 10-40907
- the control valve type lead-acid battery has a small amount of electrolyte and the capacity is secured after eliminating the free electrolyte
- the specific gravity of the liquid-type lead acid battery 1.28 (20 ° C equivalent)
- the electrolyte has a high specific gravity (1.30 or more).
- in order to improve the charge acceptance of the control valve type lead storage battery and the life performance under PSOC there has been a proposal focusing on improving the performance of the negative electrode active material. It was.
- the object of the present invention is to accept charging further than in the past, particularly in a lead-acid battery of a control valve type, among lead-acid batteries in which charging is performed intermittently for a short time, and high-rate discharge to a load is performed in a partially charged state. And to improve the lifetime performance in use under PSOC.
- the present invention provides an electrode plate group in which a negative electrode plate in which a negative electrode active material is filled in a negative electrode current collector and a positive electrode plate in which a positive electrode active material is filled in a positive electrode current collector are stacked via a separator.
- the control valve type lead storage battery which has the structure accommodated in the battery case with the liquid, is charged intermittently, and discharges at a high rate to the load in a partially charged state.
- At least a carbonaceous conductive material and an organic compound that suppresses the coarsening of the negative electrode active material due to repeated charge / discharge (hereinafter referred to as “an organic compound that suppresses the coarsening of the negative electrode active material”).
- an organic compound that suppresses the coarsening of the negative electrode active material Is added to the negative electrode active material.
- a positive electrode plate having an active material specific surface area set in a range of 5.5 m 2 / g or more is used.
- the specific gravity of electrolyte solution uses what was set to the range of 1.30 or more and 1.35 or less.
- the present inventor can improve the charge acceptance of the positive electrode active material by improving the active material specific surface area of the positive electrode active material, thereby reducing the reaction overvoltage in the charge reaction of the positive electrode active material and facilitating the progress of the charge reaction. And the positive electrode plate thus improved in charge acceptability by adding at least a carbonaceous conductive material and an organic compound that suppresses coarsening of the negative electrode active material to the negative electrode active material.
- a negative electrode plate with improved performance When used together with a negative electrode plate with improved lifespan performance (hereinafter referred to as “a negative electrode plate with improved performance”), the charge acceptability of the entire control valve type lead-acid battery is better than that of a conventional control valve-type lead acid battery. It has been found that the lifetime performance when used under PSOC can be further improved.
- the active material specific surface area of the positive electrode active material is less than 5.5 m 2 / g, the effect of improving the charge acceptability of the entire control valve type lead-acid battery cannot be significantly obtained. If the material specific surface area is 5.5 m 2 / g or more, the effect of improving the charge acceptance of the entire control valve type lead-acid battery can be significantly obtained. If the charge acceptance of the entire control valve type lead-acid battery can be improved, high-rate discharge to the load under PSOC can be performed without any trouble, and discharge is caused by repeated charge and discharge in a state of insufficient charge. Since lead sulfate as a product can be prevented from coarsening, the life performance of the battery when used under PSOC can be improved. However, in order to obtain the above-described effect in the control valve type lead-acid battery, it is necessary that the specific gravity of sulfuric acid as an electrolytic solution is 1.35 or less as described later.
- the active material specific surface area of the positive electrode active material is excessively increased, the positive electrode active material becomes too fine, and the structure of the active material collapses due to repeated charge and discharge, and a phenomenon called so-called mudification occurs.
- the life of the plate is shortened, and a lead-acid battery that can withstand practical use cannot be obtained. Therefore, the active material specific surface area relating to the discharge reaction of the positive electrode active material is not necessarily increased. According to experiments, when the active material specific surface area of the positive electrode active material is 5.5 m 2 / g or more, the charge acceptance and life performance of the battery are improved.
- the active material specific surface area of the positive electrode active material may become muddy if the active material specific surface area of the positive electrode active material is too large, avoid making the active material specific surface area of the positive electrode active material larger than 13 m 2 / g. It is preferable. Therefore, the upper limit of the active material specific surface area of the positive electrode active material relating to the discharge reaction is preferably 13 m 2 / g.
- the charge acceptability of the control valve type lead storage battery is determined by the rate of dissolution of lead sulfate in the electrolytic solution on the principle of the charging reaction.
- a negative electrode plate improved in performance by adding at least a carbonaceous conductive material and an organic compound that suppresses coarsening of the negative electrode active material accompanying charge / discharge to the negative electrode active material, and a positive electrode related to a discharge reaction
- a positive electrode plate having an active material specific surface area of 5.5 m 2 / g or more, preferably 13 m 2 / g or less, the electrolyte specific gravity is 1.30 or more and 1.35 or less.
- the charge acceptability is improved more than the conventional control valve type lead acid battery, which has improved the charge acceptability by improving the performance of the negative electrode exclusively, under PSOC
- the charge acceptability by improving the performance of the negative electrode exclusively, under PSOC
- it enables high-rate discharge to the load and suppresses lead sulfate as a discharge product from becoming coarse by repeated charge and discharge in a state where charging is insufficient. Life performance An improved control valve type lead acid battery can be obtained.
- the carbonaceous conductive material added to the negative electrode active material in order to improve the charge acceptability of the negative electrode active material is a carbon-based conductive material, and conventionally known graphite, carbon black, activated carbon And at least one selected from the group of carbonaceous conductive materials composed of carbon fibers and carbon nanotubes.
- the carbonaceous conductive material is preferably graphite, and more preferably flaky graphite.
- the particle size of the flaky graphite is preferably 100 ⁇ m or more.
- the scaly graphite here refers to that described in JIS M 8601 (2005).
- the electrical resistivity of the scaly graphite is 0.02 ⁇ ⁇ cm or less, which is an order of magnitude less than about 0.1 ⁇ ⁇ cm of carbon blacks such as acetylene black. Therefore, by using scaly graphite instead of carbon blacks used in conventional lead-acid batteries, the electrical resistance of the negative electrode active material can be lowered and the charge acceptance performance can be improved.
- the average primary particle diameter of scaly graphite is determined in accordance with the laser diffraction / scattering method described in JISM8511 (2005).
- a laser diffraction / scattering type particle size distribution measuring device Nikkiso Co., Ltd .: Microtrac 9220FRA
- a commercially available surfactant polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether for example, Roche Diagnostics Co., Ltd .: Triton
- An appropriate amount of a scaly graphite sample is put into an aqueous solution containing 0.5 vol% of X-100), 40 W ultrasonic waves are irradiated for 180 seconds while stirring, and then measurement is performed.
- the obtained average particle diameter (median diameter: D50) is defined as the average primary particle diameter.
- the charging reaction of the negative electrode active material depends on the concentration of lead ions dissolved from lead sulfate, which is a discharge product, and the charge acceptance increases as the amount of lead ions increases.
- the carbonaceous conductive material added to the negative electrode active material has a function of finely dispersing lead sulfate generated in the negative electrode active material during discharge. If the charge / discharge cycle is repeated in a state of insufficient charge, lead sulfate, which is a discharge product, is coarsened, and the concentration of lead ions dissolved from lead sulfate decreases, resulting in a decrease in charge acceptability.
- carbonaceous conductive material If carbonaceous conductive material is added, it is possible to keep lead sulfate in a fine state by suppressing the coarsening of lead sulfate, and to maintain a high concentration of lead ions dissolved from lead sulfate.
- the charge acceptability of the negative electrode can be maintained in a high state over a long period.
- an organic compound to be added to the negative electrode active material in order to suppress the coarsening of the negative electrode active material due to charge / discharge it is preferable to use a compound mainly composed of bisphenols, aminobenzenesulfonic acid and formaldehyde condensate.
- Bisphenols, aminobenzenesulfonic acid, and formaldehyde condensates like lignin, have the effect of suppressing the coarsening of the negative electrode active material and have a portion that is easily oxidized or reduced during charge / discharge of a control valve type lead-acid battery. Therefore, when the condensate is added to the negative electrode active material, the effect of suppressing the coarsening of the negative electrode active material due to charge / discharge can be maintained.
- lignin is adsorbed on lead ions that dissolve from lead sulfate during charging and decreases the reactivity of lead ions. Therefore, it inhibits the charging reaction of the negative electrode active material and suppresses the improvement in charge acceptability.
- the condensate has a smaller amount of adsorption to lead ions than lignin, the side effect of inhibiting the charging reaction is small. Therefore, adding bisphenols, aminobenzenesulfonic acid and formaldehyde condensate together with the carbonaceous conductive material to the negative electrode active material maintains the improved charge acceptability of the negative electrode active material, and the charge and discharge reaction by repeated charge and discharge. It is possible to improve the charge acceptability and the life performance of the negative electrode plate by suppressing the deterioration of the properties.
- the negative electrode plate to which bisphenols, aminobenzenesulfonic acid and formaldehyde condensate are added has a disadvantage that the hydrogen overvoltage is lowered.
- a control valve type lead-acid battery for starting a normal car that is not under PSOC has a large amount of liquid reduction during charging, and the amount of electrolyte is originally limited to a small amount. I can't.
- the present invention is limited to a control valve type lead storage battery in which charging is performed intermittently and high rate discharge to a load is performed under PSOC as defined in the claims.
- the present invention uses a positive electrode plate in which the active material specific surface area relating to the discharge reaction of the positive electrode active material is set in an appropriate range in combination with a negative electrode plate having improved performance (charge acceptance and life performance), and has an electrolyte specific gravity. It is clarified that the effect of improving the charge acceptability of the control valve type lead-acid battery and the life performance during use under PSOC can be remarkably obtained by setting to an appropriate range.
- the negative electrode plate it is preferable to use one having as high charge acceptability and lifetime performance as possible.
- the amount of carbonaceous conductive material added to the negative electrode active material in order to improve the charge acceptance of the negative electrode plate, and the organic added to the negative electrode active material in order to suppress the coarsening of the negative electrode active material due to charge / discharge is not particularly defined, it is natural to set the addition amount of the additive so as to improve the performance of the negative electrode plate as much as possible in carrying out the present invention.
- an active material specific surface area of a positive electrode active material related to a discharge reaction is 5.5 m 2 / g or more, preferably 13 m 2 / g or less, and a positive electrode plate having improved charge acceptance and a negative electrode active material Combined with a negative electrode plate with improved charge acceptance and life performance by adding a carbonaceous conductive material and an organic compound that suppresses the coarsening of the negative electrode active material, the electrolyte specific gravity is set to 1.30 to 1.35 As a result, the charge acceptability of the control valve type lead-acid battery as a whole can be improved more than the conventional control valve-type lead acid battery, which has improved the charge acceptability by improving the negative electrode plate exclusively. .
- the present invention as an organic compound added to the negative electrode active material in order to suppress the coarsening of the negative electrode active material due to charge and discharge, bisphenols, aminobenzenesulfonic acid, formaldehyde with reduced side effects that inhibit the charging reaction
- the main component is a condensate
- the charge acceptance and life performance of the control valve type lead-acid battery can be greatly improved.
- the control valve type lead acid battery according to the present invention is a control valve type lead acid battery in which charging is performed intermittently and high rate discharge to a load is performed under PSOC, and is used in a micro hybrid vehicle such as an ISS car. Is preferred.
- the control valve type lead-acid battery according to the present invention includes a negative electrode plate in which a negative electrode active material is filled in a negative electrode current collector and a positive electrode plate in which the positive electrode active material is filled in a positive electrode current collector, which are stacked via a retainer.
- the electrode plate group configured as described above is housed in the battery case together with the electrolytic solution.
- the present inventor reduced the reaction overvoltage and improved the charge acceptance.
- the charge acceptability of the positive electrode plate is improved, the charge acceptability of the control valve type lead-acid battery as a whole is improved. It discovered that it could improve further than a storage battery. If charge acceptability can be improved, not only can high-rate discharge to the load under PSOC be performed without hindrance, but lead sulfate is coarsened by repeated charge and discharge in a state of insufficient charge. The life performance can be improved.
- FIG. 1 shows the relationship between the charging current and the potentials of the negative electrode plate and the positive electrode plate when charging a control valve type lead-acid battery for an automobile having a charging voltage of 14 V (constant) and an open circuit voltage of 12 V. .
- the vertical axis indicates the charging current
- the horizontal axis indicates the potential (vs. SHE) of the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plate measured with reference to the standard hydrogen electrode.
- N1 and N2 indicate the charging current versus potential curve of the negative electrode plate
- P1 and P2 indicate the charging current versus potential curve of the positive electrode plate.
- the charging current vs. potential curve of the negative electrode plate should be shown in the third quadrant of the orthogonal coordinate system, but in FIG. In the first quadrant, the polarity of the potential and current is reversed and the charging current vs. potential curve of the positive electrode plate is shown.
- N1 indicates a charging current versus potential curve when the overvoltage of the charging reaction performed on the negative electrode plate is higher than that of N2.
- the charging current vs. potential curve of the negative electrode plate has a shape bulging outward as shown in N1 in the figure, but when the overvoltage is low, it stands up from N1 as in N2. Become a curved line.
- P1 shows a charging current vs. potential curve when the overvoltage of the charging reaction performed on the positive electrode plate is higher than that of P2.
- the charging current vs. potential curve P1 swells outward from the charging current vs. potential curve P2 when the reaction overvoltage is low, and when the reaction overvoltage is low, the curve rises more than P1.
- the overvoltage ⁇ (Greek letter: eta) of the charging reaction is a change in potential that occurs at each electrode when the charging voltage is applied in an open circuit state
- the overvoltage ⁇ is the value when the charging voltage is applied.
- the absolute value of the difference between the electrode potential and the equilibrium potential (open circuit voltage), that is, ⁇
- the charging current vs. potential curve of the negative electrode plate that is not particularly devised to improve the charge acceptability of the negative electrode active material has a shape bulging outward as indicated by N1 in FIG.
- the charge current vs. potential curve of the negative electrode plate improved in charge acceptability by adding an appropriate amount of an organic compound that suppresses the coarsening of the negative electrode active material caused by charging and discharging takes an upright shape such as N2.
- the charge current vs. potential curve of the positive electrode plate that is not particularly devised to improve the charge acceptance of the positive electrode active material takes the form of P1 in FIG.
- P1 is a charge current versus potential curve of the positive electrode plate used in the conventional control valve type lead-acid battery, and is a curve that stands up compared to N1. This means that, in a control valve type lead-acid battery, the charge acceptability of the negative electrode plate is originally low and the charge acceptability of the positive electrode plate is high.
- the charge current vs. potential curve of the positive electrode plate takes a more upright shape than P1 as P2 in FIG. .
- a control valve type is formed by combining a negative electrode plate whose charge acceptance is improved by reducing the overvoltage of the charge reaction so that the charge current vs. potential characteristic curve is N2, and a positive electrode plate whose charge current vs. potential curve is P1.
- the charging current that flows when a charging voltage of 14 V is applied is I21 (> I11). This shows that the charging current can be greatly increased even if the charging current vs. potential curve of the positive electrode plate remains P1 (without particularly improving the performance of the positive electrode plate). That is, if the charge acceptability of the negative electrode active material is improved so that the charge current vs. potential characteristic curve is N2, the charge acceptance of the control valve type lead-acid battery as a whole can be achieved without particularly improving the charge acceptability of the positive electrode plate. Can be greatly improved.
- the control valve type lead-acid battery is assembled by combining the positive electrode plate with the reaction overvoltage lowered so that the charge current vs. potential curve is P2 and the negative electrode plate whose charge current vs. potential curve is N1, 14V
- the charging current that flows when the charging voltage is applied is I12 (> I11), which is more charge-acceptable than using a positive electrode plate with a charging current vs. potential curve of P1 and a negative electrode plate with a charging current vs. potential curve of N1.
- the charge acceptability cannot be improved as much as the combination of the positive electrode plate having the charge current vs. potential curve P1 and the negative electrode plate having the charge current vs. potential curve N2.
- the negative voltage was reduced so that the charge current vs. potential curve would be N2 (improvement of charge acceptance), and the overvoltage was lowered so that the charge current vs. potential curve would be P2 (charge acceptance).
- the charging current that flows when a charging voltage of 14 V is applied can be increased to I22 (> I11).
- the charge acceptability of the entire storage battery can be significantly improved as compared with the case where only the charge acceptability of the negative electrode plate is improved.
- the present inventor can improve the charge acceptance of the positive electrode plate as described above, by using the positive electrode plate in combination with the negative electrode plate having improved charge acceptance, the entire control valve type lead-acid battery It was noticed that the charge acceptability of the battery can be significantly improved as compared with the conventional control valve type lead-acid battery which has improved only the charge acceptability of the negative electrode plate.
- the charge current vs. potential curve is as shown in FIG. It has been found that the charge acceptability of the positive electrode plate can be improved so as to have a standing curve as in P2. And the positive electrode plate which improved the charge acceptance by setting the active material specific surface area of a positive electrode active material to the range of 5.5 m ⁇ 2 > / g or more of a negative electrode active material produced with a carbonaceous electrically conductive material and charging / discharging.
- the electrolyte specific gravity is set to 1.30 to 1.35 and controlled
- the active material specific surface area of the positive electrode active material is defined as follows. That is, it is measured by a nitrogen gas adsorption method. This is a general method for measuring specific surface area by adsorbing an inert gas with a known molecular size on the surface of the measurement sample and determining the surface area from the amount of adsorption and the area occupied by the inert gas. . Specifically, it is measured based on the following BET equation.
- Equation (1) is well established when P / Po is in the range of 0.05 to 0.35.
- the equation (1) is transformed (the numerator denominator on the left side is divided by P) to obtain the equation (2).
- V adsorption amount
- P / Po relative pressure
- Expression (4) and Expression (5) are modified, Expression (6) and Expression (7) are obtained, respectively, and Expression (8) for obtaining the monomolecular layer adsorption amount Vm is obtained. That is, when the adsorption amount V at a certain relative pressure P / Po is measured at several points and the slope and intercept of the plot are obtained, the monomolecular layer adsorption amount Vm is obtained.
- the total surface area Total of the sample is obtained by the equation (9), and the specific surface area S is obtained by the equation (10) from the total surface area Total.
- At least a carbonaceous conductive material and an organic compound that suppresses coarsening of the negative electrode active material due to charge / discharge are added to the negative electrode active material.
- the carbonaceous conductive material is preferably selected from a material group consisting of graphite, carbon black, activated carbon, carbon fiber, and carbon nanotube.
- the addition amount of the carbonaceous conductive material is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 3 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the fully charged negative electrode active material (spongy metal lead).
- graphite is selected, and more preferably, scaly graphite is selected.
- the average primary particle size of the flaky graphite is preferably 100 ⁇ m or more.
- Control valve type lead-acid batteries mounted on micro hybrid vehicles such as ISS cars and power generation control cars are used under PSOC.
- lead sulfate which is an insulator generated in the negative electrode active material during discharge, is coarsened with repeated charge and discharge, which is called sulfation. The phenomenon occurs early. When sulfation occurs, the charge acceptability and discharge performance of the negative electrode active material are significantly reduced.
- the carbonaceous conductive material added to the negative electrode active material suppresses the coarsening of lead sulfate, maintains the lead sulfate in a fine state, suppresses the decrease in the concentration of lead ions dissolved from the lead sulfate, It acts to maintain a state of high charge acceptance.
- the organic compound that suppresses the coarsening of the negative electrode active material it is preferable to use bisphenols, aminobenzenesulfonic acid, and formaldehyde condensates.
- the bisphenols include bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and bisphenol S.
- the bisphenol A / aminobenzenesulfonic acid / formaldehyde condensate represented by the chemical structural formula of [Chemical Formula 2] below is particularly preferable.
- the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material is more preferably 9.4 m 2 / g or more and 13 m 2 / g or less.
- the charging reaction of the negative electrode active material depends on the concentration of lead ions dissolved from lead sulfate, which is a discharge product, and the charge acceptability increases as the amount of lead ions increases.
- Lignin which is widely used as an organic compound added to the negative electrode active material in order to suppress the coarsening of the negative electrode active material due to charge / discharge, decreases the reactivity of lead ions by adsorbing to lead ions, There is a side effect of inhibiting the charging reaction of the negative electrode active material and suppressing the improvement of charge acceptance.
- bisphenols, aminobenzenesulfonic acid and formaldehyde condensates including the chemical structural formula of [Chemical Formula 2] have weak adsorptive power to lead ions and have a small amount of adsorption.
- the charge acceptance is less likely to be hindered, and the maintenance of the charge acceptability due to the addition of the carbonaceous conductive material is less likely to be hindered.
- the present invention prevents selection of sodium lignin sulfonate or the like represented by the chemical structural formula (partial structure) of [Chemical Formula 3] below as an organic compound that suppresses the coarsening of the negative electrode active material associated with charge and discharge. is not.
- sodium lignin sulfonate is frequently used as an organic compound that suppresses the coarsening of the negative electrode active material, it has a drawback that it has a strong adsorption power to lead ions and has a strong side effect of suppressing a charging reaction.
- bisphenols, aminobenzene sulfonic acid, and formaldehyde condensates are weakly adsorbed to lead ions and have little amount to be adsorbed to lead ions. Will not be disturbed.
- liquid lead batteries are generally used in automobiles, and the JIS standard (JIS D 5301) for lead-acid batteries for engine starting has not been established for control valve lead batteries. Therefore, in this example, a 12V control valve type lead-acid battery was manufactured using a B20 size battery case defined in the liquid JIS standard as an example, but the present invention is not limited to the standard (configuration) of the battery. . That is, in any standard (configuration) control valve type lead-acid battery, the intended purpose of the present invention is achieved by replacing the range of the conventional positive and negative electrode active materials and electrolyte specific gravity with the present invention. Can do.
- an unformed positive electrode plate was produced.
- a mixture of lead oxide, red lead and cut fiber (polyethylene terephthalate short fiber, hereinafter the same) was kneaded with water, and then kneaded with dilute sulfuric acid added in small portions to produce a positive electrode active material paste.
- This active material paste is filled into an expanded current collector produced by subjecting a rolled sheet made of a lead alloy to an expanding process, and aged for 24 hours in an atmosphere of 40 ° C. and 95% humidity, and then dried to leave the paste.
- a chemical positive plate was prepared.
- a positive electrode plate having positive electrode active materials with different specific surface areas related to the discharge reaction was produced by changing the conditions of battery cell formation described later.
- an unformed negative electrode plate was produced. While adding water to a mixture of lead oxide, cut fiber, barium sulfate, carbonaceous conductive material, and organic compound that suppresses coarsening of the negative electrode active material, kneading, and then adding dilute sulfuric acid in small portions
- the negative electrode active material paste was prepared by kneading. This active material paste is filled into an expanded current collector produced by subjecting a rolled sheet made of a lead alloy to an expanding process, and aged for 24 hours in an atmosphere of 40 ° C. and 95% humidity, and then dried to leave the paste.
- a chemical negative electrode plate was prepared.
- the following negative electrode plates A, B, C, and B ′ were prepared by using different organic compounds and carbonaceous conductive materials that suppress the coarsening of the negative electrode active material.
- Negative electrode plate A As an organic compound that suppresses the coarsening of the negative electrode active material, a compound mainly composed of sodium lignin sulfonate shown in the above [Chemical Formula 3] is selected. Surface area 260 m 2 / g), and the addition amount is 0.2 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the active material.
- 100 mass parts of active material means 100 mass parts of active material (spongy metal lead) in a fully charged state. The same applies hereinafter.
- Negative electrode plate B As an organic compound that suppresses the coarsening of the negative electrode active material, the bisphenol A / aminobenzenesulfonic acid / formaldehyde condensate shown in [Chemical Formula 2] (molecular weight: 17,000 to 20,000, sulfur content in the compound) 6-11 mass%) is selected as the main component, the carbon black is used as the carbonaceous conductive material, and the amount added is 0.2 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the active material.
- Negative electrode plate C As an organic compound that suppresses the coarsening of the negative electrode active material, the bisphenol A / aminobenzenesulfonic acid / formaldehyde condensate shown in [Chemical Formula 2] (molecular weight: 17,000 to 20,000, sulfur content in the compound) 6-11 mass%) as the main component, natural flake graphite (particle size 180 ⁇ m) is used as the carbonaceous conductive material, and the amount added is 2 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the active material. What you did.
- Negative electrode plate B ′ As an organic compound that suppresses the coarsening of the negative electrode active material, the bisphenol A / aminobenzenesulfonic acid / formaldehyde condensate shown in [Chemical Formula 2] (molecular weight: 17,000 to 20,000, sulfur content in the compound) 6-11 mass%) is selected as the main component, and no carbonaceous conductive material is added.
- the positive electrode plate and the negative electrode plates A, B, C, and B ′ were combined with a retainer generally used in a control valve type lead acid battery to assemble a control valve type lead acid battery having no free liquid.
- a retainer generally used in a control valve type lead acid battery to assemble a control valve type lead acid battery having no free liquid.
- Electrode groups were prepared by welding the ears of the plates.
- a battery case was formed. Dilute sulfuric acid was injected into the battery case and charged with an electric amount of 200% of the theoretical capacity based on the amount of active material to charge the battery, thereby completing a control valve type lead-acid battery.
- the properties of the active material of the positive electrode active material change depending on the temperature at the time of chemical conversion, the current density, and the specific gravity of the electrolyte.
- the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material can be decreased by increasing the chemical conversion temperature, and can be increased by increasing the specific gravity of the electrolyte. Accordingly, various lead storage batteries having different active material specific surface areas of the positive electrode plate were prepared by adjusting the temperature at the time of battery formation and the specific gravity of the electrolyte.
- the adjustment of the positive electrode active material specific surface area can be realized by appropriately selecting, for example, a lead powder starting material, a lead powder kneading condition, an electrode plate aging condition and the like in addition to the chemical conversion conditions. Even if the means for adjusting the positive electrode active material specific surface area is different, as a result, if the active material specific surface area is within the range of the present invention, the predetermined effect of the present invention can be obtained. Furthermore, in order to confirm the influence of the electrolyte specific gravity, an appropriate amount of sulfuric acid having a specific gravity of 1.5 was added to the electrolyte of the control valve type lead-acid battery after chemical conversion, and gashing charging was performed to create batteries having different electrolyte specific gravity.
- the surplus electrolyte that was released was sucked and discharged from the valve tube with a tube.
- the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material was measured according to the above-mentioned definition by disassembling the battery after taking out the battery case and taking out the positive electrode plate.
- NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
- the negative electrode active material is separated from the dried negative electrode plate and pulverized.
- the pulverized product was put into a 10% sodium hydroxide solution, and the extract from which the generated precipitate (lead hydroxide) was removed was analyzed and measured with the above apparatus.
- the measurement conditions are as shown in Table 1.
- FIG. 2 shows a spectrum measured by NMR spectroscopy.
- the horizontal axis indicates the chemical shift (ppm), and the vertical axis indicates the peak intensity.
- the electrode plate group produced in this example has the following five types.
- Types 1 to 4 compare the effects of the positive electrode active material specific surface area and the negative electrode active material additive.
- Type 5 compares the effects of electrolyte specific gravity.
- the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material and the specific surface area of carbon black were measured by the nitrogen gas adsorption method described above. That is, S obtained by the above [Equation 10] was defined as the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material and the specific surface area of carbon black.
- Type 1 Positive electrode plate The positive electrode active material specific surface area was changed in seven steps from 4.5 m 2 / g to 14.1 m 2 / g.
- Negative electrode plate As an organic compound that suppresses the coarsening of the negative electrode active material by adding 0.2 parts by mass of carbon black using heavy oil having a specific surface area of 260 m 2 / g as a raw material to 100 parts by mass of the active material [ The negative electrode plate B using the condensate of Chemical formula 2].
- Electrolyte specific gravity Constant (1.30).
- Type 2 Positive electrode plate The positive electrode active material specific surface area was changed in seven steps from 4.5 m 2 / g to 14.1 m 2 / g.
- Negative electrode plate The amount of carbon black added is 0.2 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the active material, and the main component is sodium lignin sulfonate of [Chemical Formula 3] as an organic compound that suppresses coarsening of the negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode plate A which selected what to do.
- Electrolyte specific gravity Constant (1.30).
- Type 3 Positive electrode plate The positive electrode active material specific surface area was changed in seven steps from 4.5 m 2 / g to 14.1 m 2 / g.
- Negative electrode plate Negative electrode plate C using the condensate of [Chemical Formula 2] as an organic compound that suppresses the coarsening of the negative electrode active material by adding 2 parts by mass of the above-mentioned natural flake graphite to 100 parts by mass of the active material.
- Electrolyte specific gravity Constant (1.30).
- Type 4 Positive electrode plate The positive electrode active material specific surface area was changed in seven steps from 4.5 m 2 / g to 14.1 m 2 / g.
- Negative electrode plate A negative electrode plate B ′ using the condensate of the above [Chemical Formula 2] as an organic compound which does not add carbon black and suppresses the coarsening of the negative electrode active material.
- Electrolyte specific gravity Constant (1.30).
- Type 5 Positive electrode plate The specific surface area of the positive electrode active material was 11.0 m 2 / g.
- Negative electrode plate the negative electrode plate A, B or C.
- Electrolyte specific gravity 1.25, 1.30, 1.33, 1.35, 1.40, 1.46.
- the charge acceptability was measured as follows. Adjust the SOC (charged state) to 90% of the fully charged state in a constant temperature bath at 25 ° C and apply 14V charging voltage (however, the current before reaching 14V is limited to 100A). ) The charging current value at 5 seconds from the start (5th charging current value) was measured. The higher the 5th second charging current value, the higher the initial charge acceptability.
- cycle characteristics life test
- a life test was conducted. This test is a cycle test that simulates the use of a control valve type lead-acid battery in an ISS vehicle. In this life test, since the amount of charge is small relative to the amount of discharge, the battery gradually becomes insufficient when charging is not performed completely. As a result, the voltage at the first second when the discharge current is 300 A for 1 second is obtained. Decrease gradually.
- Tables 2 to 5 show the measurement results of the charge current at the 5th second and the measurement results of the cycle characteristics, which were performed on the control valve type lead storage batteries having the type 1 to 4 electrode plate group configuration, respectively.
- Table 2 and Table 3 the case where the positive electrode active material specific surface area is 4.5 m 2 / g is a conventional example, and in Table 4, the case where the positive electrode active material specific surface area is 4.5 m 2 / g is a reference.
- Table 5 where no carbonaceous conductive material was added to the negative electrode active material, all examples in which the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material was 4.5 m 2 / g to 14.1 m 2 / g were compared with the comparative examples. did.
- the charging current and cycle characteristics at the 5th second shown in each table are evaluated based on the conventional example of Table 3 as 100 (the initial value is 100 for the 5th charging current).
- the evaluation column in the table a case where it is superior to the conventional example of Table 3 as a reference is indicated by ⁇ , and a case where it is particularly excellent is indicated by ⁇ .
- the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material related to the discharge reaction is 4.5 m 2 / g. Even in some cases, it can be seen that the charging current at 5 seconds (charge acceptability) and cycle characteristics (lifetime performance under PSOC) can be greatly improved as compared with the conventional example of Table 3. Further, by setting the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material to 5.5 mm 2 / g or more, the charging current and cycle characteristics at the 5th second can be clearly improved as compared with the case where the specific surface area is 4.5 m 2 / g.
- the charging current and cycle characteristics at the 5th second peaked as the positive electrode active material specific surface area was increased.
- the positive electrode active material specific surface area was 14.1 m 2 / g
- the positive electrode active material specific surface area was 13.0 mm 2 / g.
- the cycle characteristics tend to be lower than in the case of g.
- the 5th second charging current and the cycle characteristics are the best results.
- the positive electrode active material specific surface area is 5.5 m 2 / g.
- Table 4 shows 2 parts by weight of natural scaly graphite
- Table 2 shows carbon black under the conditions using the organic compound that suppresses the coarsening of the negative electrode active material as the main component. Is the result of adding 0.2 part by mass of.
- Natural scale-like graphite has the feature that there is no change (curing) in paste properties even if the amount added is increased, so that the amount can be easily increased. In this example, 2 parts by mass are added.
- This difference is thought to be a result of the charging being easier because the natural flaky graphite has a lower resistance value than carbon black and can be added in a larger amount than carbon black.
- the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material is 5.5 m 2 / g or more, it is possible to improve the charging current and cycle characteristics at the 5th second as compared with the case where the specific surface area is 4.5 m 2 / g.
- the positive electrode active material specific surface area increases to 14.1 m 2 / g, the charge current and cycle characteristics at the 5th second peak as the positive electrode active material specific surface area increases.
- the cycle characteristics tend to be lower than in the case of 0 m 2 / g.
- Table 5 shows an example in which no carbonaceous conductive material was added as a comparative example. From the above results, when an organic compound containing the condensate of [Chemical Formula 2] as a main component is used as an organic compound that suppresses the coarsening of the negative electrode active material, even when no carbonaceous conductive material is added to the negative electrode active material, It can be seen that the charging current at 5 seconds and the cycle characteristics can be greatly improved as compared with the conventional example. In this case as well, by setting the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material to 5.5 m 2 / g or more, the charging current and cycle characteristics at the 5th second can be improved as compared with the case where the specific surface area is 4.5 m 2 / g. However, the charging current and the cycle characteristics at the 5th second tend to reach a peak as the positive electrode active material specific surface area is increased.
- the initial 5 second charging current value is not much different from the cases of Tables 2 and 4.
- a carbonaceous conductive material that has an action of finely dispersing lead sulfate generated in the negative electrode active material during discharge is not added to the negative electrode active material, the cycle characteristics are compared with those in Tables 2 and 4. And remarkably bad. That is, the initial charge acceptability is good, but the good state cannot be maintained over the charge / discharge cycle, and the charge acceptability is lowered with the progress of the charge / discharge cycle. Became worse. If the carbonaceous conductive material is not added, the cycle characteristics cannot be improved even if the active material specific surface area of the positive electrode plate is appropriately adjusted.
- the positive electrode active material specific surface area increases, the cycle number tends to decrease gradually.
- the positive electrode active material specific surface area exceeds 13 m 2 / g, the cycle number decreases. This is because the porosity of the active material has become too high, and a phenomenon called mudification has occurred in which the structure of the active material collapses due to repeated charge and discharge. From this, it is considered that the positive electrode active material specific surface area relating to the discharge reaction is preferably in the range of 13 m 2 / g or less.
- the heavy duty cycle test (1 at 0.2 C current) was performed instead of the life mode test caused by the coarsening and sulfation of the negative electrode active material described above.
- a cycle test in which one cycle was a time discharge and then a 1.25 hour charge at a 0.2 C current was performed on each of the valve-regulated lead-acid batteries of Tables 2, 3 and 4. This is a cycle test in which the discharge becomes impossible due to the muddy formation of the positive electrode active material, resulting in a lifetime. The lifetime was defined as the voltage during the first hour of discharge was below 10.2V.
- Table 6 shows the test results with the life as 100 when a positive electrode plate having a specific surface area of 4.5 m 2 / g is used. The test results were the same when using any of the negative electrodes A, B, and C.
- the positive electrode material specific surface area exceeds 13 m 2 / g, the deterioration of the cycle characteristics increases.
- the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material is preferably 13 m 2 / g or less from the viewpoint of heavy load use.
- the cycle characteristics shown in Tables 2 to 4 are in the life mode mainly due to coarsening and sulfation of the negative electrode active material on the side where the positive electrode active material specific surface area is low, and the active material specific surface area is high. Accordingly, it can be determined that the life mode has shifted to the muddy state of the positive electrode active material.
- Table 7 shows the measurement results of the charge current at the 5th second and the measurement results of the cycle characteristics, which were performed on the control valve type lead storage battery of the type 5 electrode plate group configuration.
- Table 7 the case where the specific gravity of the electrolyte was 1.30 to 1.35 was taken as an example, and the case where the specific gravity of the electrolyte was 1.25 and 1.40 to 1.46 was taken as a comparative example.
- the charging current and cycle characteristics at the 5th second shown in Table 7 are evaluated based on the conventional example of Table 3 as 100 (the initial value is 100 for the charging current at the 5th second).
- the charging current and cycle characteristics at the 5th second are superior to the standard when the electrolyte specific gravity is 1.30 to 1.35.
- the specific gravity of the electrolyte exceeds 1.35, the charging current at the fifth second is greatly reduced, and the evaluation is x.
- the charge acceptability of the control valve type lead-acid battery is based on the principle of the charge reaction, the rate of dissolution of lead sulfate in the electrolyte is limited, and the higher the specific gravity of sulfuric acid as the electrolyte is, the higher the electrolyte This is because the solubility of lead sulfate is reduced and the charge acceptability is lowered.
- the electrolyte specific gravity is less than 1.30, the charge acceptability and the cycle characteristics are improved, but the capacity is lowered, and there is a problem that the initial performance (5HR capacity 23Ah) based on this example cannot be satisfied. Evaluation becomes x.
- a condensate of a basic structural unit in which a p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid group is bonded to a benzene nucleus of a bisphenol is particularly effective, but a condensate in which a sulfonic acid group is bonded to a benzene nucleus of a bisphenol can achieve the same effect. .
- the average primary particle diameter of graphite is preferably in the range of 100 ⁇ m or more.
- the average primary particle diameter of the flake graphite is larger than 220 ⁇ m, the effect of the charge acceptance is obtained, but the bond between the current collector and the negative electrode active material becomes weak, and the negative electrode active material is dropped from the current collector. It becomes easy to do. Therefore, practically, it is preferable to use scaly graphite having an average primary particle diameter of 220 ⁇ m or less. Furthermore, since the average primary particle diameter larger than 180 ⁇ m is a natural product, the yield is poor and it is difficult to obtain the average primary particle diameter is 180 ⁇ m.
- control valve type lead-acid batteries in order to improve the charge acceptance, power is focused exclusively on improving the charge acceptance and life performance of the negative electrode plate, and charging by improving the performance of the positive electrode plate.
- the idea of improving acceptability was not taken. Therefore, conventionally, the charge acceptance of the entire control valve type lead storage battery is determined by the charge acceptance of the negative electrode, and there is a limit in improving the charge acceptance of the control valve type lead storage battery.
- attention is paid to the performance of the positive electrode active material, and by improving the performance of the positive electrode active material, it has become possible to further improve the charge acceptability as a whole battery than before. .
- the charge acceptability is improved only by improving the characteristics of the negative electrode plate.
- the charge acceptability of the positive electrode plate is increased by increasing the specific surface area of the positive electrode active material related to the discharge reaction. This makes it possible to further improve the charge acceptability of the entire battery as compared with the prior art, and enables a higher rate discharge under PSOC.
- the charge acceptance of the control valve type lead-acid battery can be improved, so that it is possible to prevent repeated charge and discharge in a state of insufficient charge, so that charge and discharge is repeated in a state of insufficient charge.
- the present invention makes it possible to provide a control valve type lead-acid battery having improved charge acceptance and life performance under PSOC as compared with the prior art. It contributes to the spread of cars. Therefore, the present invention is useful for solving the global problem of reducing carbon dioxide emission by improving the fuel efficiency of automobiles and suppressing global warming, and has great industrial applicability. .
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Abstract
Description
更に、特許文献6には、正極活物質の比表面積を従来の4.5m2/gからせいぜい6m2/gまで大きくして、放電容量を大きくすることが開示されている。これは、リグニンを正極板化成時の電解液中に添加することにより、正極活物質を微細化し、比表面積を大きくするものである。しかし、実験によればこの特許文献6の方法には正極活物質の泥状化が進行しやすい問題があり、サイクル寿命に課題がある。また、特許文献6に開示されているのは電池の放電容量を大きくするための発明であり、ISS車や発電制御車用の制御弁式鉛蓄電池に必要な充電受入れ性やPSOC下でのサイクル特性の向上においては、大きな効果は得られない。
また、上記のように、制御弁式鉛蓄電池の充電受入れ性の向上及びPSOC下での寿命性能の向上を図るために、従来は専ら負極活物質の性能を改善することに着目した提案がされていた。しかしながら、負極活物質の充電受入れ性を向上させ、寿命性能を改善しただけでは、制御弁式鉛蓄電池の充電受入れ性及びPSOC下で使用した際の寿命性能を向上させることに限界があり、PSOC下で使用される制御弁式鉛蓄電池の更なる性能向上を図ることは困難である。
制御弁式鉛蓄電池全体の充電受入れ性を向上させることができれば、PSOC下での負荷への高率放電を支障なく行わせることができ、また充電不足の状態で充放電が繰り返されることにより放電生成物である硫酸鉛が粗大化するのを抑制することができるため、PSOC下で使用された場合の電池の寿命性能を向上させることができる。
ただし、制御弁式鉛蓄電池において上記の効果を得ることが出来るのは、後述のように、電解液である硫酸の比重が1.35以下であることが必要である。
一方、制御弁式鉛蓄電池の充電受入れ性は、充電反応の原理上、電解液への硫酸鉛の溶解速度が律速となる。すなわち、電解液である硫酸の比重が高くなるほど電解液への硫酸鉛の溶解度が減少するため、充電受入れ性は低下する。そのため、実験によれば、本発明の正負極板を用いた制御弁式鉛蓄電池の充電受入れ性は、比重1.35を超えると従来品(比重1.30)以上の充電受入れ性を得ることができなくなる。従って、従来品(比重1.30)以上の充電受入れ性を得るためには比重を1.35以下にする。
ここでいう鱗片状黒鉛とは、JIS M 8601(2005)記載のものを指す。鱗片状黒鉛の電気抵抗率は、0.02Ω・cm以下で、アセチレンブラックなどのカーボンブラック類の0.1Ω・cm前後より一桁小さい。従って、従来の鉛蓄電池で用いられているカーボンブラック類に代えて鱗片状黒鉛を用いることにより、負極活物質の電気抵抗を下げて、充電受入れ性能を改善することができる。
ここで、鱗片状黒鉛の平均一次粒子径は、JISM8511(2005)記載のレーザ回折・散乱法に準拠して求める。レーザ回折・散乱式粒度分布測定装置(日機装株式会社製:マイクロトラック9220FRA)を用い、分散剤として市販の界面活性剤ポリオキシエチレンオクチルフェニルエーテル(例えば、ロシュ・ダイアグノスティックス株式会社製:トリトンX-100)を0.5vol%含有する水溶液に鱗片状黒鉛試料を適量投入し、撹拌しながら40Wの超音波を180秒照射した後、測定を行なう。求められた平均粒子径(メディアン径:D50)の値を平均一次粒子径とする。
一方、本発明者の実験によれば、ビスフェノール類・アミノベンゼンスルホン酸・ホルムアルデヒド縮合物を添加した負極板は水素過電圧が低くなる弊害がある。そのためPSOC下ではない通常の自動車始動用の制御弁式鉛蓄電池では、充電時の減液量が多くなり、元々電解液量が少なく制限されていることから短寿命となってしまい使用することが出来ない。本発明のようにPSOC下での使用では、水素発生の電位まで充電されないためこのような問題は起こらない。すなわち本発明は、請求項で限定されるように、充電が間欠的に行われ、PSOC下で負荷への高率放電が行われる制御弁式鉛蓄電池に限定される。
測定に用いる比表面積計では、試料に吸着占有面積のわかったガス分子を吸着させその吸着量(V)と相対圧力(P/Po)の関係を測定する。測定したVとP/Poより、式(2)の左辺とP/Poをプロットする。ここで、勾配をsとし、式(2)より式(3)を導く。
切片をiとすると、切片i、勾配sは、それぞれ式(4)、式(5)のとおりとなる。式(4)、式(5)を変形すると、それぞれ式(6)、式(7)となり、単分子層吸着量Vmを求める式(8)が得られる。
すなわち、ある相対圧力P/Poにおける吸着量Vを数点測定し、プロットの傾きと切片を求めると、単分子層吸着量Vmが求まる。試料の全表面積Stotalは式(9)で求められ、比表面積Sは全表面積Stotalより式(10)で求められる。
Po:吸着温度における飽和蒸気圧
V:吸着平衡圧Pにおける吸着量
Vm:単分子層吸着量(気体分子が固定表面で単分子層を形成したときの吸着量)
C:BET定数(固体表面と吸着物質と間の相互作用に関するパラメータ)
Vm:単分子層吸着量(-)
N:アボガドロ数(-)
ACS:吸着断面積(m2)
M:分子量(-)
w:サンプル量(g)
正極活物質の活物質比表面積が高いことは、放電反応の反応種である水素イオン(H+)や硫酸イオン(SO4 2-)の拡散移動が速やかに行われる状態を長く維持して、放電反応を長時間に亘って継続させることができることを意味する。反応種の拡散が長時間に亘って維持されることは、反応種の拡散パスが多く存在していることを意味している。
負極活物質の粗大化を抑制する有機化合物として、上記[化3]に示したリグニンスルホン酸ナトリウムを主成分とするものを選択し、炭素質導電材として、重油を原料としたカーボンブラック(比表面積260m2/g)を用い、その添加量を活物質100質量部に対し0.2質量部としたもの。ここで、活物質100質量部とは、満充電状態における活物質(海綿状金属鉛)100質量部を言う。以下同様である。
負極活物質の粗大化を抑制する有機化合物として、上記[化2]に示したビスフェノールA・アミノベンゼンスルホン酸・ホルムアルデヒド縮合物(分子量1.7万~2.0万,化合物中のイオウ含有量は6~11質量%)を主成分とするものを選択し、炭素質導電材として、上記カーボンブラックを用い、その添加量を活物質100質量部に対し0.2質量部としたもの。
負極活物質の粗大化を抑制する有機化合物として、上記[化2]に示したビスフェノールA・アミノベンゼンスルホン酸・ホルムアルデヒド縮合物(分子量1.7万~2.0万,化合物中のイオウ含有量は6~11質量%)を主成分とするものを選択し、炭素質導電材として、天然鱗片状黒鉛(粒径180μm)を用い、その添加量を活物質100質量部に対し2質量部としたもの。
負極活物質の粗大化を抑制する有機化合物として、上記[化2]に示したビスフェノールA・アミノベンゼンスルホン酸・ホルムアルデヒド縮合物(分子量1.7万~2.0万,化合物中のイオウ含有量は6~11質量%)を主成分とするものを選択し、炭素質導電材は添加しなかったもの。
更に、電解液比重の影響を確認するため、化成後の制御弁式鉛蓄電池の電解液に比重1.5の硫酸を適量添加し、ガッシング充電を行い、電解液比重が異なる電池を作成した。なお遊離した余剰の電解液は弁筒からチューブで吸引し排出した。
正極活物質比表面積は、上記の電槽化成後に電池を解体して正極板を取り出し、前述した定義に従って測定した。
まず、化成終了後の実施例1の鉛蓄電池を解体し、負極板を取出す。取出した負極板を水洗して硫酸分を洗い流す。化成後の負極活物質は多孔質の金属鉛である。負極活物質の酸化を防ぐために、負極板の乾燥を窒素などの不活性ガス中で行なう。乾燥させた負極板から負極活物質を分離し粉砕する。前記粉砕物を10%水酸化ナトリウム溶液に投入し、生成する沈殿物(水酸化鉛)を除いた抽出液を前記装置で分析・測定した。測定条件は表1のとおりである
タイプ1から4は正極活物質比表面積及び負極活物質添加剤の影響を比較したものである。タイプ5は電解液比重の影響を比較したものである。
なお本実施例において、正極活物質比表面積ならびにカーボンブラックの比表面積の測定は、前述した窒素ガス吸着法によった。即ち、前述の[数10]により求められるSを、正極活物質比表面積ならびにカーボンブラックの比表面積とした。
タイプ1
正極板:正極活物質比表面積を4.5m2/gから14.1m2/gまで7段階に変化させたもの。
タイプ2
正極板:正極活物質比表面積を4.5m2/gから14.1m2/gまで7段階に変化させたもの。
タイプ3
正極板:正極活物質比表面積を4.5m2/gから14.1m2/gまで7段階に変化させたもの。
タイプ4
正極板:正極活物質比表面積を4.5m2/gから14.1m2/gまで7段階に変化させたもの。
タイプ5
正極板:正極活物質比表面積を11.0m2/gとした。
充放電サイクル中も高い充電受入れ性を維持しなければ、充電不足の状態が継続し、サイクル特性は悪くなる。上記の5秒目充電電流値の充放電サイクルに伴う変化とサイクル特性を評価することで、充放電サイクル中の充電受入れ性の良否を適正に評価することになる。
上記の試験により、充電が間欠的に行われ、PSOC下で負荷への高率放電が行われるときの充電受入れ性と耐久性とを評価できる。
試験結果は、負極板A,B,Cのいずれを使用する場合も、同様であった。
表2ないし4の各表に示したサイクル特性は、正極活物質比表面積が低い側では、主として負極活物質の粗大化やサルフェーションに起因する寿命モードとなっており、活物質比表面積が高くなるに従って、正極活物質の泥状化に起因する寿命モードに移行していると判断できる。
なお、電解液比重が1.30未満になると、充電受入れ性とサイクル特性は向上するが、容量が低下し、本実施例の基準とした初期性能(5HR容量23Ah)を満足できない問題があるため評価が×となる。
天然鱗片状黒鉛の平均一次粒子径を、80μm,100μm,120μm,140μm,180μm,220μmと変化させ、そのほかは表4のNo.5のタイプの極板群構成と同様とした。5秒目充電電流とサイクル特性を評価した結果を、表8に示す。表に示された5秒目充電電流及びサイクル特性は、表2ないし5と同様に表3の従来例を100(5秒目充電電流にあっては、初期を100)として評価したものである。
これらの結果から天然鱗片状黒鉛の平均一次粒子径は、100μm以上の範囲が好ましい。しかし、鱗片状黒鉛の平均一次粒子径が220μmより大きくなると、充電受入れ性については効果が得られるものの、集電体と負極活物質との結合が弱くなり、集電体から負極活物質が脱落しやすくなる。従って、実用的には、平均一次粒子径が220μm以下の鱗片状黒鉛を用いることが好ましい。さらに、180μmより大きい平均一次粒子径は、天然物であるため収率が悪く、入手も難かしくなってくることから、最適な平均一次粒子径は180μmである。
Claims (9)
- 負極活物質を負極集電体に充填してなる負極板と、正極活物質を正極集電体に充填してなる正極板とをセパレータを介して積層した極板群を、電解液と共に電槽内に収容した構成を有して、充電が間欠的に行われ、部分充電状態で負荷への高率放電が行われる制御弁式鉛蓄電池であって、
少なくとも、炭素質導電材と、充放電に伴う負極活物質の粗大化を抑制する有機化合物とが前記負極活物質に添加され、前記正極板は、活物質比表面積が5.5m2/g以上の正極板で構成され、電解液の比重は1.30以上1.35以下の範囲に設定されていることを特徴とする制御弁式鉛蓄電池。 - 前記充放電に伴う負極活物質の粗大化を抑制する有機化合物は、ビスフェノール類・アミノベンゼンスルホン酸・ホルムアルデヒド縮合物を主成分とする有機化合物である請求項1に記載の制御弁式鉛蓄電池。
- 前記正極板は、活物質比表面積が13m2/g以下である請求項1又は2に記載の制御弁式鉛蓄電池。
- 前記炭素質導電材は、黒鉛、カーボンブラック、活性炭、炭素繊維及びカーボンナノチューブからなる材料群から選択された少なくとも1つである請求項2に記載の鉛蓄電池。
- 前記炭素質導電材は、黒鉛、カーボンブラック、活性炭、炭素繊維及びカーボンナノチューブからなる材料群から選択された少なくとも1つである請求項4に記載の鉛蓄電池。
- 前記炭素質導電材は、鱗片状黒鉛である請求項5に記載の鉛蓄電池。
- 前記炭素質導電材は、鱗片状黒鉛である請求項6に記載の鉛蓄電池。
- 前記鱗片状黒鉛の平均一次粒子径が100μm以上220μmである請求項7または8に記載の鉛蓄電池。
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| US13/818,761 US9160002B2 (en) | 2010-09-30 | 2011-01-17 | Lead-acid battery |
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- 2011-01-17 KR KR1020137004466A patent/KR20130108261A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2011-01-17 JP JP2012517955A patent/JP5083481B2/ja active Active
- 2011-01-17 US US13/818,761 patent/US9160002B2/en active Active
- 2011-01-17 EP EP11703363.9A patent/EP2500976B1/en active Active
- 2011-01-17 MX MX2013002125A patent/MX2013002125A/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2011-01-17 WO PCT/JP2011/050667 patent/WO2012042917A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2011-01-17 CN CN201180000056.1A patent/CN102576911B/zh active Active
- 2011-01-17 AU AU2011310180A patent/AU2011310180A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2011-01-17 RU RU2013119916/04A patent/RU2535303C1/ru active
- 2011-01-17 BR BR112013004429A patent/BR112013004429A2/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
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| JPWO2013031263A1 (ja) * | 2011-09-01 | 2015-03-23 | 新神戸電機株式会社 | 鉛蓄電池 |
| JPWO2013058058A1 (ja) * | 2011-10-18 | 2015-04-02 | 新神戸電機株式会社 | 鉛蓄電池 |
| WO2013058058A1 (ja) * | 2011-10-18 | 2013-04-25 | 新神戸電機株式会社 | 鉛蓄電池 |
| JP2013161606A (ja) * | 2012-02-03 | 2013-08-19 | Gs Yuasa Corp | 液式鉛蓄電池 |
| JP2014175066A (ja) * | 2013-03-06 | 2014-09-22 | Shin Kobe Electric Mach Co Ltd | 制御弁式鉛蓄電池 |
| US10096862B2 (en) | 2013-11-29 | 2018-10-09 | Gs Yuasa International Ltd. | Lead-acid battery |
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| RU2535303C1 (ru) | 2014-12-10 |
| EP2500976B1 (en) | 2017-04-05 |
| US9160002B2 (en) | 2015-10-13 |
| CN102576911B (zh) | 2016-06-08 |
| KR20130108261A (ko) | 2013-10-02 |
| JP5083481B2 (ja) | 2012-11-28 |
| BR112013004429A2 (pt) | 2016-05-31 |
| AU2011310180A1 (en) | 2013-03-14 |
| EP2500976A1 (en) | 2012-09-19 |
| JPWO2012042917A1 (ja) | 2014-02-06 |
| EP2500976A4 (en) | 2015-10-14 |
| CN102576911A (zh) | 2012-07-11 |
| US20130157118A1 (en) | 2013-06-20 |
| MX2013002125A (es) | 2013-04-03 |
| RU2013119916A (ru) | 2014-11-10 |
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