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WO2011136778A1 - Modèle de formation à la chirurgie cutanée pour la tête, le cou et les épaules - Google Patents

Modèle de formation à la chirurgie cutanée pour la tête, le cou et les épaules Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011136778A1
WO2011136778A1 PCT/US2010/032982 US2010032982W WO2011136778A1 WO 2011136778 A1 WO2011136778 A1 WO 2011136778A1 US 2010032982 W US2010032982 W US 2010032982W WO 2011136778 A1 WO2011136778 A1 WO 2011136778A1
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Prior art keywords
simulating
layer
training model
surgical training
structures
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English (en)
Inventor
Keoni Nguyen
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Dermsurg Scientific LLC
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Dermsurg Scientific LLC
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Priority to PCT/US2010/032982 priority Critical patent/WO2011136778A1/fr
Publication of WO2011136778A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011136778A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09B—EDUCATIONAL OR DEMONSTRATION APPLIANCES; APPLIANCES FOR TEACHING, OR COMMUNICATING WITH, THE BLIND, DEAF OR MUTE; MODELS; PLANETARIA; GLOBES; MAPS; DIAGRAMS
    • G09B23/00—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes
    • G09B23/28—Models for scientific, medical, or mathematical purposes, e.g. full-sized devices for demonstration purposes for medicine
    • G09B23/30—Anatomical models
    • G09B23/303—Anatomical models specially adapted to simulate circulation of bodily fluids

Definitions

  • Embodiments shown and described herein are generally directed to a surgical training model, and more specifically to a three-dimensional surgical training model of the head, neck, and shoulders for demonstrating or practicing surgical techniques, and methods of building, training and utilization thereof.
  • the field of dermatologic surgery is of paramount importance in the surgical arena. As a result of an increase in the incidence of skin cancer in the aging population, there has been an increase in surgical procedures performed in dermatological clinical practice. More specifically, dermatologic surgery has gained importance in the excision and suturing of skin lesions, often in the high risk anatomic locations of the head and neck. While the field of dermatologic surgery has experienced rapid growth in response to the demands of the healthcare system, there is tremendous variation in the surgical training offered and received among dermatology residents and licensed doctors. Thus, improved surgical training is desired.
  • One embodiment relates to a three-dimensional surgical training model comprising a skin-simulating layer, a muscle- simulating layer, cartilage-simulating structures, gland-simulating structures, and a skull-simulating structure.
  • the skin- simulating layer comprises cutaneous defect- simulating structures embedded within the skin- simulating layer and blood vessel- simulating structures laminated onto the skin- simulating layer.
  • the muscle- simulating layer comprises artery- simulating structures, nerve- simulating structures, and gland-simulating structures laminated onto the muscle- simulating layer.
  • the muscle- simulating layer further comprises a superficial
  • musculoaponeurotic system-simulating layer laminated onto the muscle- simulating layer, wherein the artery- simulating structures, the nerve-simulating structures, and the gland- simulating structures are subjacent to the superficial musculoaponeurotic system- simulating layer and are superficial to the muscle- simulating layer.
  • the muscle- simulating layer is laminated onto the skin-simulating layer and onto the skull-simulating layer.
  • Another embodiment relates to a method of building a three-dimensional surgical training model from a negative mold, comprising laminating a skin- simulating layer onto the negative mold, fabricating a muscle-simulating layer, laminating artery- simulating structures onto the muscle-simulating layer, laminating nerve- simulating structures onto the muscle-simulating layer, laminating a superficial musculoaponeurotic system- simulating structure onto the muscle-simulating layer, laminating gland-simulating structures onto the skin-simulating layer, fabricating a skull-simulating structure, laminating the muscle-simulating layer onto the skull- simulating structure, laminating cartilage-simulating structures onto the skull- simulating structure, laminating the skull- simulating structure onto the skin- simulating layer, and removing the three-dimensional surgical training model from the negative mold.
  • Yet another embodiment relates to a method of training medical practitioners, comprising providing a three-dimensional surgical training model and performing surgical techniques upon the three-dimensional surgical training model.
  • Still yet another embodiment relates to a method of using a three-dimensional surgical training model, comprising performing surgical techniques on the surgical training model.
  • FIG. 1 is a front view of a three-dimensional surgical training model with a variety of tumors disposed thereon;
  • FIG. 2 is a back view of the training model of FIG. 1 with a variety of tumors disposed thereon;
  • FIG. 3 is a front view of a negative mold of the training model of FIG. 1 with an outer support;
  • FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view of the training model of FIG. 1, depicting a variety of layers of the training model;
  • FIG. 4B is a detail view of the training model of FIG. 4A, depicting a variety of layers of the training model;
  • FIG. 5 is a front view of the training model of FIG. 1, depicting a variety of superficial muscles of the head, neck, and shoulders;
  • FIG. 6A is a perspective view of the nasal cartilage of the training model of
  • FIG. 1 A first figure.
  • FIG. 6B is a bottom perspective view of the nasal cartilage of the training model of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 7 is a front view of the training model of FIG. 1, depicting a variety of blood vessel- simulating structures and artery- simulating structures of the face;
  • FIG. 8 is a side elevational view of the training model of FIG. 1, depicting a variety of nerve-simulating structures and gland- simulating structures of the head and neck;
  • FIG. 9A is a cross-sectional diagram of the layers of the training model taken along line 45 in FIG. 8;
  • FIG. 9B is a cross-sectional diagram of the layers of the training model taken along line 46 in FIG. 8;
  • FIG. 10 is a side elevational view of a skull-simulating structure depicting a hinged mandibular joint according to one embodiment
  • FIG. 11 is a flow chart depicting the method of building a surgical training model
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic representation of single and double advancement flap procedures being performed on the training model of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 13 is a schematic representation of a rotational flap procedure being performed on the training model of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 14 is a schematic representation of a bilobed transpositional flap procedure being performed on the training model of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 15 is a schematic representation of an island pedicle graft, being performed on the training model of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 16 is a schematic representation of a hinge flap procedure being performed on the training model of FIG. 1.
  • the present invention relates to a three-dimensional surgical training model for demonstrating or practicing surgical techniques.
  • the three-dimensional surgical training model (hereinafter "surgical training model") simulates human tissues of the head, neck and shoulders.
  • the surgical training model may comprise a wide variety of defects, including but not limited to various cutaneous defects. As used herein, the term
  • the present invention means relating to or existing on or affecting the skin.
  • the present invention also relates to methods of building and utilizing a three-dimensional surgical training model.
  • the present invention further comprises a method of training medical
  • the surgical training model disclosed herein is high-fidelity.
  • high fidelity indicates an accurate simulation of the anatomy and physical properties of human tissue.
  • the present invention comprises a surgical training model that simulates human tissues of a human head, neck, and shoulders in approximate proportion to a human head, neck and shoulders.
  • the present invention may also comprise surgical training models that simulate human tissues of only the human head and neck, or human tissues of only the head.
  • the surgical training model may comprise a variety of cutaneous defects, including but not limited to lesions and/or wounds.
  • lesion means any localized abnormal structural change and "wound” means any injury to living tissue.
  • the surgical training model comprises tissue- simulating layers.
  • the tissue- simulating layers may comprise a skin- simulating layer, blood vessel- simulating structures, cutaneous defect-simulating structures, a muscle- simulating layer, artery- simulating structures, nerve-simulating structures, a superficial musculoaponeurotic system-simulating structure, gland-simulating structures, cartilage- simulating structures and/or skull-simulating structures, and combinations thereof.
  • the surgical training model 100 simulates human tissues of the head 74, neck 84, and shoulders 85, wherein one or more tissue layers of the head 74, neck 84 and shoulders 85 of the surgical training model 100 are simulated in approximate proportion to human tissues of a human head, neck and shoulders.
  • the surgical training model 100 may include one or more tissues, including skin layers, fatty layer(s), muscles, blood vessels, nerves, glands, bone, cartridge, and/or other tissues and body parts.
  • the surgical training model 100 is fabricated to be anatomically correct, or at least substantially anatomically correct, as to the layers of tissues, including but not limited to skin-simulating layer 2, blood vessel- simulating structures 112, a muscle- simulating layer(s) 7, artery- simulating structures 90, nerve- simulating structures 93, a superficial musculoaponeurotic system-simulating layer
  • the surgical training model 100 also comprises a head 74, neck 84, shoulders 85, eyes 77, ears 78, nose 79, and mouth 80, which may comprise or make up of one or more of these layers and/or structures.
  • the surgical training model 100 may comprise one or more of the head 74, neck 84, shoulders 85, eyes 77, ears 78, nose 79, mouth 80, skin-simulating layer 2, blood vessel- simulating structures 112, a muscle- simulating layer(s) 7, artery- simulating structures 90, nerve-simulating structures 93, a superficial musculoaponeurotic system- simulating layer 94, gland- simulating structures 96, cartilage-simulating structures
  • the surgical training model 100 may comprise one or more of various cutaneous defect-simulating structures 73, including but not limited to lesions, wounds, cysts, lymphomas, scars, and combinations thereof. As shown in
  • the surgical training model 100 comprises a plurality of cutaneous defect- simulating structures 73 distributed substantially throughout or all over the surgical training model 100, including lesions that comprise tumors 75 and tumor margins 76.
  • Cutaneous defect- simulating structures 73 may be arranged within the surgical training model 100 in high-risk anatomical areas, including but not limited to the head 74 and neck 84. Cutaneous defects may also be arranged within the surgical training model 100 in areas wherein surgical techniques may result in deformation of one or more of the skin- simulating layers and/or the underlying tissue layers.
  • the suture process may result in deformation of skin, in the form of buckling. The incidence of buckling increases in areas surrounding the eyes 77 and the mouth 80.
  • the surgical training model 100 provides medical practitioners and others, and more specifically provides surgical residents and fellows, a device upon which to practice surgical techniques in high risk anatomic locations and in areas wherein surgical techniques may result in deformation of the skin.
  • the surgical training model 100 provides medical practitioners an opportunity to practice surgical techniques on a synthetic model prior to encountering live patients. Examples of the surgical techniques that a medical practitioner may perform or practice on the surgical training model 100 may include, but should not be limited to, excisions, closures, and/or cosmetic procedures, and combinations thereof.
  • the surgical training model 100 comprises a skin- simulating layer 2, blood vessel- simulating structures 112, a muscle- simulating layer 7, artery- simulating structures 90, nerve-simulating structures 93, a superficial musculoaponeurotic system-simulating layer 94, gland- simulating structures 96, cutaneous defect- simulating structures 73, cartilage-simulating structures 95, and a skull- simulating structure 8.
  • the skin- simulating layer 2 comprises a high-fidelity model of human skin.
  • the skin- simulating layer 2 is high-fidelity in that it possesses one or more of the physical properties of human skin, including but not limited to high tensile strength and elongation.
  • the skin- simulating layer 2 provides medical practitioners and others, and more specifically surgical residents and fellows, a device upon which to perform a plethora of surgical techniques under realistic conditions.
  • the skin- simulating layer 2 of the surgical training model 100 provides a device upon which surgical residents and fellows may perform complex closure techniques of high tension on the head 74 and neck 84 of greater than about 40 mm in diameter without the risk of tearing through the skin- simulating layer.
  • the skin- simulating layer 2 comprises an epidermis-simulating layer 3 which is the outermost layer of the surgical training model 100, a dermis- simulating layer 97 adjacent to the epidermis-simulating layer 3, comprising an upper dermis-simulating layer and a lower dermis-simulating layer 5, and a subcutaneous- simulating layer 6 disposed inwardly from the dermis-simulating layer 97.
  • the epidermis- simulating layer 3 may comprise one or more materials, including but not limited to plastics, polymers, composites, other materials, additives, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the epidermis-simulating layer 3 may comprise elastomeric materials such as, for example, elastomers (synthetic and natural), rubbers (synthetic and natural), polyisobutene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane, polyetherurethane, polyurethane, other materials (known or yet-to-be discovered), additives, and/or combinations thereof such that the epidermis-simulating layer 3 possesses similar or the same characteristics, such as substantially the same or similar tensile strength and/or elongation at break point as that of the actual epidermal layer in humans.
  • the epidermis- simulating layer 3 may be comprised of an elastomeric material having a tensile strength from about 150 psi (about 1.0 MPa) to about 500 psi (about 3.4 MPa), in another embodiment from about 225 psi (about 1.5 MPa) to about 500 psi (about 3.4 MPa), in another embodiment from about 300 psi (about 2.1 MPa) to about 500 psi (about 3.4 MPa), in still another embodiment from about 400 psi (about 2.8 MPa) to about 500 psi (about 3.4 MPa), and still yet another embodiment from about 450 psi (about 3.1 MPa) to about 500 psi (about 3.4 MPa), and an elongation at break point from about 700% to about 1100%, in another embodiment from about 800% to about 1100%, in still another embodiment from about 900% to about 1100%, or in still yet another embodiment from about 950% to about 1100%.
  • the epidermis- simulating layer 3 comprises a mixture of a polysiloxane, more particularly a platinum polysiloxane derivative, with a polysiloxane containing an amorphous silica composition, in a ratio of 1:1, respectively.
  • the platinum polysiloxane derivative comprises PlatSil Gel 10 and the polysiloxane derivative containing the amorphous silica composition may comprise a silicone rubber, more particularly Dragon Skin® 10 Fast.
  • PlatSil Gel 10 has a tensile strength of approximately 228 psi (about 1.57 MPa) and an elongation at break point of about 970%.
  • Dragon Skin® 10 Fast comprises a tensile strength of approximately 475 psi (about 3.2 MPa) and an elongation at break point of about 1000%. To simulate the tensile strength and elongation at break point of the human epidermal tissue, PlatSil Gel 10 is combined with Dragon Skin® 10 Fast.
  • PlatSil Gel 10 has a cure time of about 4 to about 5 minutes.
  • Dragon Skin® 10 Fast has a cure time of about 8 to about 10 minutes.
  • a retarder may be added in order to equalize the cure times of PlatSil Gel 10 and Dragon Skin® 10 Fast.
  • the retarder may comprise about 1% PlatSil 71 & 73 R Retarder.
  • the retarder acts to double the cure time of PlatSil Gel 10 so that it is approximately equal to the cure time of Dragon Skin® 10 Fast, i.e. about 8 minutes to about 10 minutes.
  • the epidermis-simulating layer 3 comprises a polysiloxane softener.
  • the polysiloxane softener comprises a pure silicone compound, and more particularly comprises about 100% dimethyl silicone fluid.
  • the silicone compound comprises about 100% dimethyl silicone fluid and Smith's Deadener.
  • the epidermis- simulating layer 3 comprises a mixture of about 42.5% PlatSil Gel 10 (i.e. about 42.5% of the total volume), about 42.5% Dragon Skin® 10 Fast (i.e. about 42.5% of the total volume), about 10% of about 100% dimethyl silicon fluid (i.e.
  • the epidermis- simulating layer 3 further comprises a synthetic polymer layer, and more particularly comprises a polyfiber layer.
  • the polyfiber layer adds support to the epidermis-simulating layer.
  • the polyfiber layer comprises SF-8 Supreme Polyfiber.
  • the thickness of the epidermis-simulating layer 3 is about 0.5 mm to about 1.0 mm.
  • the epidermis- simulating layer 3 may further comprise the addition of a dye to simulate the pigmentation of human epidermal tissue.
  • the dye is an oil-based flesh tone pigment.
  • the dermis- simulating layer 97 is subjacent to the epidermis-simulating layer 3.
  • the dermis- simulating layer 97 may comprise one or more materials, including but not limited to plastics, polymers, composites, other materials, additives, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the dermis- simulating layer 4 may comprise elastomeric materials such as, for example, elastomers (synthetic and natural), rubbers (synthetic and natural), polyisobutene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane, polyetherurethane, polyurethane, other materials (known or yet- to-be discovered), additives, and/or combinations thereof such that the dermis- simulating layer 4 possesses similar or the same characteristics, such as substantially the same or similar tensile strength and/or elongation at break point as that of the actual dermal layer in humans.
  • elastomeric materials such as, for example, elastomers (synthetic and natural), rubbers (synthetic and natural), polyisobutene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane, polyetherurethane, polyurethane, other materials (known or yet- to-be discovered), additives, and/or combinations thereof such that the dermis- simulating layer 4
  • the dermis-simulating layer 4 comprises two sublayers: an upper dermis-simulating layer 4 and a lower dermis- simulating layer 5.
  • the upper dermis-simulating 4 layer comprises a polysiloxane, and more particularly comprises Dragon Skin® 10 Fast.
  • the upper dermis-simulating layer comprises Dragon Skin® 10 Fast, a polysiloxane softener, which is more particularly about 100% dimethyl silicone fluid.
  • the upper dermis-simulating layer comprises about 90% Dragon Skin® 10 Fast and about 10% of about 100% dimethyl silicone fluid.
  • the upper dermis-simulating layer 4 may comprise a polyfiber layer.
  • the polyfiber layer adds support to the upper dermis-simulating layer.
  • the polyfiber layer may comprise a synthetic polymer.
  • the polyfiber layer comprises SF-8 Supreme Polyfiber.
  • the thickness of the upper dermis-simulating layer is about 0.5 mm to about 1 mm.
  • the lower dermis-simulating layer 5 comprises at least one polyamide layer.
  • the lower dermis-simulating layer 5 is subjacent to the upper dermis-simulating layer 4.
  • the at least one polyamide layer comprises polyamide mesh.
  • the polyamide mesh is 15 Denier.
  • the lower dermis-simulating layer 5 may comprise blood vessel- simulating structures 112 disposed therein. Blood vessel-simulating structures simulate bleeding on the performance of surgical techniques upon the surgical training model 100.
  • a plurality of blood vessel-simulating structures are incorporated into the lower dermis-simulating layer 5 by laminating at least one filament onto the polyamide mesh.
  • the blood vessel- simulating structures are incorporated into the lower dermis-simulating layer 5 by laminating at least one filament onto approximately three layers of polyamide mesh with Dragon Skin® 10 Fast.
  • the filaments are arranged in their correct anatomical positions, such that they extend substantially radially outward from the top of the skull-simulating structure 8.
  • the at least one filament extends from the surgical training model 100 through an aperture defined by of the surgical training model 100.
  • the at least one filament is removed after lamination of the entire surgical training model 100, thus creating a channel and/or cavity defined by the Dragon Skin® 10 Fast.
  • synthetic blood may be injected into the blood vessel-simulating structures to simulate bleeding upon performance of surgical techniques on the surgical training model 100.
  • filament means a fibril or a slender natural or synthetic fiber.
  • At least one layer of polyamide mesh is laminated onto the blood vessel-simulating structures incorporated into the lower dermis- simulating layer 5.
  • approximately eleven layers of polyamide mesh are laminated onto the blood vessel- simulating structures incorporated into the lower dermis- simulating layer 5.
  • the polyamide mesh may be laminated with Dragon Skin® 10 Fast.
  • the thickness of the lower dermis- simulating layer 5 is about 1.0 mm to about 1.5 mm.
  • the dermis- simulating layer 97 may further comprise the addition of a dye to simulate the pigmentation of a human dermal tissue.
  • the dye is an oil-based flesh-tone pigment, lighter than the pigmentation of the epidermis- simulating layer 3.
  • tumor margins 76 may be painted onto the subjacent side of the dermis-simulating layer 97 to simulate the volume of human tumors.
  • the tumor margins 76 may be painted light green. Tumor margins 76 may vary in size from about 4 mm to about 15 mm in diameter.
  • the combined thickness of the epidermis- simulating layer 3 and the dermis-simulating layer 97 is from about 2.0 mm to about 3.5 mm.
  • the epidermis-simulating layer 3 and the dermis-simulating layer 97 may have a combined tensile strength from about 10 MPa to about 20 MPa, in another embodiment from about 13 MPa to about 20 MPa, in yet another embodiment from about 15 MPa to about 20 MPa, in yet another embodiment from about 16 MPa to about 20 MPa, in still yet another embodiment from about 15.13 MPa to about 16.89 MPa.
  • the epidermis- simulating layer 3 and the dermis- simulating layer 97 may have an elongation at break point of from about 50% to about 100% of the original length and in addition to the original length of the epidermis-simulating layer 3 and the dermis- simulating layer 97, in another embodiment from about 60% to about 100% of the original length and in addition to the original length, in yet another embodiment from about 70% to about 100% of the original length and in addition to the original length, in still another embodiment from about 75% to about 100% of the original length and in addition to the original length.
  • the combined thickness of the epidermis- simulating layer 3 and the dermis- simulating layer 97 is about 1.3 mm to about 1.6 mm
  • the tensile strength is from about 15.13 MPa to about 16.89 MPa
  • the elongation at break point is from about 77.39% to about 85.45% of the original length and in addition to the original length
  • the Young's Modulus was from about 12.76 MPa to about 18.4 MPa.
  • the measurements were obtained from an Instron E3000 wherein a sample of the epidermis-simulating layer 3 and the dermis- simulating layer 97 was tested. The sample tested had a width from about 14.01 mm to about 19.69 mm in width.
  • the cutaneous defect-simulating structures 73 are disposed within the epidermis- simulating layer 3. As such, the cutaneous defect- simulating structures extend up through a surface of the outer-most epidermis-simulating layer 3. These cutaneous defect structures 73 may even extend above the surface, providing a raised or protruding structure on the surface of the epidermis-simulating layer 3.
  • the cutaneous defect- simulating structures 73 may range in size from about 10 mm to about 50 mm and may be embedded in critically high risk anatomic locations of the surgical training model 100 (e.g., near the eyes 77, nose 79, mouth 80, etc.).
  • the cutaneous defect- simulating structures 73 may comprise one or more materials, including but not limited to plastics, polymers, composites, other materials, additives, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the cutaneous defect- simulating structures 73 may comprise elastomeric materials such as, for example, elastomers (synthetic and natural), rubbers (synthetic and natural), polyisobutene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane, polyetherurethane, polyurethane, other materials (known or yet-to-be discovered), additives, and/or combinations thereof such that the cutaneous defect- simulating structures 73 possess similar or the same characteristics, such as substantially the same or similar tensile strength, and/or elongation at break point as that of typical cutaneous defects (e.g., tumors, lesions, wounds, scars, etc.) in humans.
  • typical cutaneous defects e.g., tumors, lesions, wounds, scars, etc.
  • the subcutaneous-simulating layer 6 is subjacent to the dermis-simulating layer
  • the subcutaneous-simulating layer 6 may comprise an elastomer of low compression and hardness to a durometer reading of about 0.
  • the subcutaneous- simulating layer 6 may comprise one or more materials, including but not limited to plastics, polymers, composites, other materials, additives, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the subcutaneous- simulating layer 6 may comprise elastomeric materials such as, for example, elastomers (synthetic and natural), rubbers (synthetic and natural), polyisobutene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane, polyetherurethane, polyurethane, other materials (known or yet-to-be discovered), additives, and/or combinations thereof such that the subcutaneous- simulating layer 6 possesses similar or the same
  • the subcutaneous- simulating layer 6 comprises a mixture of polysiloxane with a polysiloxane softener.
  • the polysiloxane comprises PlatSil Gel 10 and the polysiloxane softener comprises a mixture of 100% trimethyl silicone fluid and Smith's Deadener.
  • the silicone compound comprises about 100% dimethyl silicone fluid and Smith's Deadener.
  • the subcutaneous-simulating layer 6 comprises about PlatSil Gel 10, about 280% Smith's Deadener (i.e. about 280% of the volume of PlatSil Gel 10), and about 10% of about 100% trimethyl silicone fluid (i.e. about 10% of the volume of PlatSil Gel 10).
  • the thickness of the subcutaneous-simulating layer 6 is from about 1 mm to about 10 mm.
  • the subcutaneous- simulating layer 6 may further comprise the addition of a dye to simulate the pigmentation of human subcutaneous tissue.
  • the dye is oil-based, and in a further embodiment, the dye comprises red and yellow oil-based pigments.
  • the skin-simulating layer 2, which epidermis- simulating layer 3, dermis-simulating layer 97, and subcutaneous- simulating layer 6, of an embodiment of the surgical training model 100 has a tensile strength of from about 16 MPa to about 20 MPa, an elongation at break of from about 65% to about 75%, and a durometer hardness of from about 4 to about 6.
  • the surgical training model 100 is illustrated without the skin- simulating layer 2 in order to show the muscle- simulating layer 7.
  • the muscle- simulating layer 7 is subjacent to the subcutaneous-simulating layer 6.
  • the muscle- simulating layer 7 simulates superficial muscles of the head and neck, including, but not limited to, the frontal 10, occipital 11, procerus 12, orbicularis oculi 13, transverse nasalis 14, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi 15, levator labii superioris 16, zygomaticus minor 17, zygomaticus major 18, orbicularis oris 19, buccinator 20, depressor anguli oris 21, depressor labii inferioris 22, mentalis 23, and platysma 24.
  • the muscle- simulating layer 7 may comprise one or more materials, including but not limited to plastics, polymers, composites, other materials, additives, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the muscle-simulating layer 7 may comprise elastomeric materials such as, for example, elastomers (synthetic and natural), rubbers (synthetic and natural), polyisobutene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane,
  • the muscle-simulating layer 7 comprises a mixture of an elastomer of high tensile strength and alginate to a durometer hardness of about 10 to about 12.
  • the muscle-simulating layer 7 comprises a combination of a polysiloxane, a polysiloxane softener, and alginate.
  • the polysiloxane is PlatSil Gel 10
  • the polysiloxane softener is a mixture of about 100% dimethyl silicone fluid and Smith's Deadener
  • the alginate is alginate powder, and is more particularly Accu-Cast 380 CC Alginate.
  • the muscle- simulating layer 7 comprises about 70% PlatSil Gel 10, about 10% Smith's Deadener, about 10% dimethyl silicone fluid, and about 10% Accu-Cast 380 CC Alginate.
  • the muscle-simulating layer 7 may further comprise the addition of a dye to simulate the pigmentation of human muscle tissue.
  • dye may be added to the muscle- simulating layer 7 to simulate the pigmentation of human muscle tissues.
  • the dye is oil-based, and in a further embodiment, the dye comprises red and brown oil-based pigments.
  • the surgical training model 100 is shown with the skin- simulating layer 2 and the muscle-simulating layer 7 removed in order to show the artery- simulating structure(s) 90.
  • the artery-simulating structures 90 comprise superficial blood vessels of the face.
  • the artery- simulating structures are arranged within the surgical training model 100 in their correct anatomical positions.
  • the artery-simulating structures 90 of the face include but should not be limited to the supratrochlear artery 32, the supraorbital artery 33, the temporal artery 35, the opthalmic artery, the angular artery 36, the transverse facial artery 37, the superior labial artery 38, and the inferior labial artery 39.
  • the artery- simulating structures 90 may comprise one or more materials, including but not limited to plastics, polymers, composites, filaments, filaments encompassed, encircled, or embeded within polymer or composite materials, other materials, additives, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the artery- simulating structures 90 may comprise elastomeric materials such as, for example, elastomers (synthetic and natural), rubbers (synthetic and natural), polyisobutene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane, polyetherurethane, polyurethane, polyamide, other materials (known or yet-to-be discovered), additives, and/or combinations thereof such that the artery-simulating structures 90 possesses similar or the same characteristics, such as substantially the same or similar tensile strength and/or elongation at break point as that of actual arteries in humans.
  • the artery- simulating structures 90 are individually composed and are laminated onto the muscle- simulating layer 7, prior to lamination of the muscle- simulating layer 7 onto the subcutaneous-simulating layer 6.
  • the artery- simulating structures 90 comprise polysiloxane. In a further embodiment, the artery- simulating structures 90 comprise Dragon Skin® 10 Fast.
  • the artery- simulating structures 90 are individually composed with Dragon Skin® 10 Fast and polyamide mesh encircling a filament in an artery simulating-structures 90 mold.
  • the filament is fishing line having a diameter of about 2 mm. After the Dragon Skin® 10 Fast cures, the filament is removed. Upon removal of the filament, a channel and/or cavity defined by the Dragon Skin® 10 Fast are created. Synthetic blood may be injected into the artery- simulating structures to simulate bleeding upon performance of surgical techniques on the surgical training model 100. Upon removal of the filament, the artery- simulating structures 90 are laminated onto the muscle-simulating layer 7 in their correct anatomical positions.
  • the nerve-simulating structures 93 are shown.
  • the nerve- simulating structures 93 are laminated onto the muscle- simulating layer 7 in their correct anatomical positions.
  • the nerve-simulating structures 93 may include but should not be limited to the temporal 44, zygomatic 48, buccal 50, mandibular 51, cervical 101, auricular 102, and the spinal accessory 53.
  • the branches of the facial nerve 110 include the temporal 44, zygomatic 48, buccal 50, mandibular 51, and cervical 101.
  • the auricular nerve 102 is used to identify the spinal accessory nerve 53 as it emerges from the posterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle 103 and the anterior border of the trapezius muscle 54.
  • the nerve-simulating structures 93 may comprise one or more materials, including but not limited to plastics, polymers, composites, filaments, filaments encompassed, encircled, or embeded within polymer or composite materials, other materials, additives, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the nerve- simulating structures 93 may comprise elastomeric materials such as, for example, elastomers (synthetic and natural), rubbers (synthetic and natural), polyisobutene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane, polyetherurethane, polyurethane, polyamide, other materials (known or yet-to-be discovered), additives, and/or combinations thereof such that the nerve- simulating structures 93 possesses similar or the same characteristics, such as substantially the same or similar tensile strength and/or elongation at break point as that of actual nerves in humans.
  • the nerve-simulating structures 93 are composed of a filament embedded in an elastomer as set forth above.
  • the filament is yarn and the elastomer is Dragon Skin® 10 Fast.
  • the yarn is about 0.5 mm thick, and in still a further embodiment, the yarn is yellow.
  • the superficial musculoaponeurotic system- simulating layer 94 may comprise one or more materials, including but not limited to plastics, polymers, composites, filaments, filaments encompassed, encircled, or embedded within polymer or composite materials, other materials, additives, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the superficial musculoaponeurotic system-simulating layer 94 may comprise elastomeric materials such as, for example, elastomers (synthetic and natural), rubbers (synthetic and natural), polyisobutene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane,
  • polyetherurethane polyurethane, polyamide, other materials (known or yet-to-be discovered), additives, and/or combinations thereof such that the superficial
  • musculoaponeurotic system-simulating layer 94 possesses similar or the same
  • the superficial musculoaponeurotic system-simulating layer 94 may comprise an elastomer and polyamide mesh.
  • the superficial musculoaponeurotic system- simulating layer 94 is laminated onto the muscle- simulating layer 7, such that the artery-simulating structures 90 and the nerve- simulating structures 93 are in their correct anatomical positions subjacent to or superficial to the superficial musculoaponeurotic system- simulating layer 94.
  • the superficial musculoaponeurotic system- simulating layer comprises polyamide mesh and polysiloxane.
  • the polyamide mesh is about 30 Denier and the polysiloxane is Dragon Skin® 10 Fast.
  • the superficial musculoaponeurotic system- simulating layer 94 is laminated over the temporalis muscle 42, platysma muscle 55, obicularis oculi muscle 13, occipitofrontalis muscle 11, zygomatici muscles 17, 18, levator labii superioris muscle 19, and temporal branches 44 of the facial nerve 110.
  • the superficial musculoaponeurotic system- simulating layer 94 may comprise only a polyamide mesh.
  • the cartilage-simulating structures 95 are subjacent to the muscle- simulating layer 7.
  • the cartilage-simulating structures 95 comprise nasal cartilage-simulating structures 120 and auricular cartilage- simulating structures (not shown).
  • the nasal cartilage-simulating structures 120 include but are not limited to septal cartilage 31, lateral cms of the major alar cartilage 27, and minor alar cartilage 28.
  • the cartilage- simulating structures 95 also comprise the lateral fibro-fatty tissue 30.
  • the cartilage- simulating structures may comprise one or more materials, including but not limited to plastics, polymers, composites, filaments, filaments encompassed, encircled, or embeded within polymer or composite materials, other materials, additives, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the cartilage- simulating structures may comprise elastomeric materials such as, for example, elastomers (synthetic and natural), rubbers (synthetic and natural),
  • the cartilage-simulating structures comprise a mixture of elastomer, alginate, and gypsum cement to a durometer hardness of about 20.
  • the nasal cartilage- simulating structure 120 and auricular cartilage-simulating structure (not shown) comprise about 50% PlatSil Gel 10, about 25% gypsum cement, and about 25% alginate.
  • the cartilage-simulating structures 95 further comprise gypsum cement and alginate.
  • the lateral alar fibro-fatty tissue 30 comprises about 50% PlatSil Gel 10 and about 50% polyfiber.
  • the cartilage-simulating structures 95 may further comprise the addition of a dye to simulate the pigmentation of human cartilage.
  • the dye is oil-based, and in a further embodiment, the dye comprises white oil-based pigment.
  • the lateral alar fibro-fatty tissue 30 may also further comprise the addition of a dye to simulate the pigmentation of human lateral alar fibro-fatty tissue.
  • the dye is oil-based, and in a further embodiment, the dye comprises yellow oil-based pigment.
  • gland- simulating structures 96 are shown and are disposed superficial to the muscle- simulating layer 7.
  • the gland-simulating structures 96 are arranged within the surgical training model 100 such that they are anatomically correct.
  • the gland- simulating structures 96 may include but are not limited to lacrimal glands 104 and parotid glands 49.
  • the gland-simulating structures 96 may comprise one or more materials, including but not limited to plastics, polymers, composites, filaments, filaments encompassed, encircled, or embeded within polymer or composite materials, other materials, additives, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the gland- simulating structures 96 may comprise elastomeric materials such as, for example, elastomers (synthetic and natural), rubbers (synthetic and natural), polyisobutene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane, polyetherurethane, polyurethane, polyamide, other materials (known or yet-to-be discovered), additives, and/or combinations thereof such that the gland- simulating structures 96 possess similar or the same characteristics, such as substantially the same or similar tensile strength and/or elongation at break point as that of actual glands in humans.
  • the gland-simulating structures 96 may comprise a mixture of an elastomer and polyamide mesh to a durometer hardness of about 2 to about 3. The polyamide mesh covers the gland- simulating structures 96.
  • the lacrimal glands 104 are arranged within the surgical training model 100 in the anterior, superior, temporal region of the eye socket, as depicted in FIG. 8. More specifically, the lacrimal glands 104 are arranged within the surgical training model 100 so that they are about 0.5 mm to about 1 mm from the medial canthus margin. In one particular embodiment, the lacrimal glands 104 comprise a polysiloxane composition. In a further embodiment, the lacrimal glands 104 comprise Dragon Skin® 10 Fast.
  • the parotid glands 49 are arranged within the surgical training model 100 posterior to the mandibular ramus, anterior and inferior to the ear 78, and extending irregularly from the zygomatic arch to the angle of the mandible.
  • the parotid glands 49 may comprise a mixture of polysiloxane and deadener in a ratio of 1:230, respectively.
  • the parotid glands 49 may comprise a polysiloxane.
  • the parotid glands 49 may comprise PlatSil Gel 10.
  • the parotid glands 49 may further comprise polyfibers.
  • the parotid glands 49 may comprise a polysiloxane softener, and more particularly, comprises Smith's Deadener. The ratio of PlatSil Gel 10 to Smith's
  • the parotid glands 49 comprise a polyamide mesh to simulate the parotid fascia. In a further embodiment, the polyamide mesh is fabricated over the parotid glands 49.
  • Pigment may be added to the gland-simulating structures 96 to simulate the desirable color of the human parotid glands and lacrimal glands.
  • yellow and red oil-based pigments may be added.
  • the gland-simulating structures 96 further comprises parotid duct- simulating structures 105.
  • the parotid duct-simulating structures 49.1 are arranged within the superior lobe of the parotid glands 49 such that they pass through the buccinator 20 and are anatomically correct.
  • the parotid duct-simulating structures 105 may comprise a mixture of an elastomer and polyamide mesh to a durometer hardness of about 2 to about 3.
  • the elastomer of the duct- simulating structures may comprise natural elastomers, synthetic elastomers, and combinations thereof.
  • the parotid duct- simulating structures 105 may comprise elastomeric materials such as, for example, elastomers (synthetic and natural), rubbers (synthetic and natural), polyisobutene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane, polyetherurethane, polyurethane, polyamide, other materials (known or yet-to-be discovered) such as alginate, additives, and/or combinations thereof such that the parotid duct- simulating structures 105 possess similar or the same characteristics, such as substantially the same or similar tensile strength and/or elongation at break point as that of an actual parotoid duct in humans.
  • the parotid duct- simulating structures 105 comprise polysiloxane and alginate. In a further embodiment, the parotid duct- simulating structures 105 comprise about 60% PlatSil Gel 10 and about 40% alginate. Pigment may be added to the parotid duct- simulating structures 105 to simulate the desirable color of the human ducts. In one particular embodiment, yellow and red oil-based pigments are added.
  • the skull- simulating (and/or skeleton-simulating) structure 8 is subjacent to the muscle-simulating layer 7.
  • the skull- simulating structure 8 comprises gypsum cement.
  • the skull- simulating structure has a thickness of about 4 mm to about 6 mm.
  • Pigment may be added to the skull- simulating structure 8 to simulate the desirable color of the human skull.
  • white oil- based pigment is added.
  • the skull- simulating structure 8 comprises two halves: an anterior half 81 and a posterior half 82.
  • Subjacent to the skull- simulating structure 8 is a rigid support layer 9.
  • the rigid support layer comprises a rigid foam capable of expansion.
  • a rigid foam capable of expansion is inserted into the surgical training model 100.
  • the rigid foam capable of expansion forms a rigid support layer 9 subjacent to the skull-simulating structure 8.
  • the rigid foam comprises a rigid polyfoam, and more particularly comprises a rigid polyurethane foam.
  • the skull- simulating structure 8 compresses all tissue-simulating layers superficial to the skull- simulating structure 8. It is understood that the skull- simulating structure 8 may be fabricated from other materials such as plastics, polymers, metals, composites, cements, any other conventional and yet-to-be developed materials, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the skull-simulating structure 8 may comprise a periosteum-simulating layer 65.
  • the periosteum-simulating layer 65 may comprise a polyamide, and may more particularly comprise polyamide mesh.
  • the periosteum-simulating layer 65 may be laminated onto the skull-simulating structure 8 while the skull- simulating structure 8 is still tacky, so that the polyamide mesh covers the skull- simulating structure 8.
  • the periosteum-simulating layer 65 may comprise a variety of materials, including but not limited to polymers, elastomers (synthetic and natural), rubbers (synthetic and natural), polyisobutene, polyisoprene, polysiloxane,
  • periosteum-simulating layer 65 possesses similar or the same characteristics, such as substantially the same or similar tensile strength and/or elongation at break point as that of an actual periosteum tissue in humans.
  • the skull- simulating structure 8 may comprise a galea aponeurotica-simulating structure 40.
  • the galea aponeurotica-simulating structure 40 may comprise a polyamide and an elastomer.
  • the galea aponeurotica 40 comprises polyamide mesh and polysiloxane.
  • the galea aponeurotica 40 comprises 30 Denier Polyamide and Dragon Skin® 10 Fast.
  • the galea aponeurotica-simulating structure 40 may be laminated onto the skull- simulating structure 8, in its correct anatomical position.
  • the galea aponeurotica- simulating structure 40 may comprise a variety of materials, including but not limited to polymers, elastomers (synthetic and natural), rubbers (synthetic and natural),
  • galea aponeurotica-simulating structure 40 possesses similar or the same characteristics, such as substantially the same or similar tensile strength and/or elongation at break point as that of an actual galea aponeurotica tissue in humans.
  • FIGS. 9A and 9B cross-sectional diagrams of the layers of the surgical training model 100 taken along lines 45 and 46 are depicted. More particularly, FIG. 9A depicts the tumor 75, the tumor margin 76, the epidermis-simulating layer 3, the upper dermis-simulating layer 4, the lower dermis-simulating layer 5, a blood vessel- simulating structure embedded within the lower dermis-simulating layer 5, the
  • FIG. 9B depicts the epidermis-simulating layer 3, the upper dermis-simulating layer 4, the lower dermis- simulating layer 5, a blood vessel-simulating structure embedded within the lower dermis- simulating layer 5, the subcutaneous- simulating layer 6, the superficial
  • the superficial musculoaponeurotic system-simulating layer 94 is superficial to the muscle-simulating layer 7 and to the temporal nerve 44.
  • the skull-simulating structure 8 comprises a hinging device 83.
  • the hinging device 83 may be attached to the superior mandible 106 and temporal bones 107 such that in one embodiment of the surgical training model 100, the mouth 80 may be opened and closed.
  • the surgical training model 100 may also comprises synthetic teeth (not shown), lip- simulating structures (80, FIG. 1), and/or a tongue- simulating structure (not shown). This embodiment would be useful for providing a training model for dental and/or oral cavity procedures such as, for example, tooth removal, repair, or replacement, oral surgeries, jaw reconstruction procedures, root canals, gum restoration, tongue surgeries, etc.
  • further embodiments of the surgical training model 100 comprise the addition of synthetic eyes 77, eyebrows 108, eyelashes 109, and/or pigmentation to the tumors 75, and combinations thereof.
  • the surgical training model 100 may comprise open eyes 77; in an alternative embodiment, the surgical training model may comprise closed eyes 77.
  • synthetic blood is injected into blood vessel- simulating structures 112 and artery- simulating structures 90 to simulate bleeding on the performance of surgical techniques upon the surgical training model 100.
  • the surgical training model may comprise a storage container (not shown) that may hold a liquid (i.e., blood- simulating fluid) that simulates blood and a pumping device (not shown) that may be manually or automatically (motor or other actuators) operated in order to move the liquid through the blood- simulating structures.
  • a liquid i.e., blood- simulating fluid
  • the blood-simulating structures would comprise channels, tubes, or other fluid carriers within the layers of the model in order to deliver and hold the blood-simulating fluid.
  • the surgical training model 100 may further comprise the addition of a support structure (not shown).
  • the support structure may be inserted into the head and neck of the surgical training model.
  • the support structure may be composed of metals, plastics, or polymers, and combinations thereof, as well as any other materials which may serve to support the head and neck of the surgical training model 100.
  • the support structure may be attached to the head 74 and to the neck 84 of the surgical training model 100 with any suitable means of attachment.
  • suitable means of attachment include but should not be limited to screws, nails, clips, clamps, and/or welds.
  • the support structure may further comprise the addition of a mounting device (not shown).
  • the mounting device may be attached to the support structure, wherein the surgical training model 100 may be affixed to a solid support or platform wherein surgical techniques may be performed.
  • the mounting device may include but should not be limited to clips, clamps (e.g., screw clamps), other mounting devices and combinations thereof.
  • the support structure may further comprise a pivoting device (not shown).
  • the pivoting device may be attached to the head of the surgical training model 100 so that the head 74 of the surgical training model may rotate about the pivoting device.
  • the pivoting device may comprise any pivoting means about which the head of the structure may pivot, including but not limited to joints, ball/socket pivots, swivel shower heads, and other conventional pivoting joints providing one or more degrees of motion.
  • the present invention also relates to a method of building a surgical training model 100.
  • the method of building comprises laminating various tissue-simulating layers onto a negative mold 1 from the outermost layer inward to the innermost layer.
  • the surgical training model 100 may be fabricated by laminating various tissue-simulating layers onto a sculptured model of the head, neck and shoulders from the innermost layer outward to the outermost layer.
  • laminating means covering with thin layers.
  • the method of building a surgical training model 100 from a negative mold comprises: laminating a skin-simulating layer 2 into the negative mold 1 (step 210), fabricating a muscle- simulating layer 7 (step 220), laminating artery- simulating structures 90 onto the muscle-simulating layer 7 (step 230), laminating nerve-simulating structures 93 onto the muscle-simulating layer 7 (step 240), laminating a superficial musculoaponeurotic system-simulating structure 94 onto the muscle-simulating layer 7 (step 250), laminating gland- simulating structures 96 onto the skin-simulating layer 2 (step 260), fabricating a skull- simulating structure 8 (step 270), laminating the muscle- simulating layer 7 onto the skull-simulating structure 8 (step 280), laminating cartilage- simulating structures 95 onto the skull- simulating structure 8 (step 290), laminating the skull-simul
  • a negative mold 1 is fabricated from a sculptured model of a human head, neck, and shoulders.
  • a negative mold 1 may be fabricated from only the head, or from only the head and neck.
  • the sculptured model of the head, neck, and shoulders may comprise an oil-based clay.
  • cutaneous defect- simulating structures 73 may be carved into the sculptured model of the head, neck, and shoulders.
  • a plurality of cutaneous defect-simulating structures 73 may be carved into high risk areas of the head and neck.
  • the sculptured model of a human head, neck, and shoulders may comprise that of an adult, child, or infant.
  • the sculptured model of a human head, neck, and shoulders may comprise a male head, neck, and shoulders; alternatively, the sculptured model of the human head, neck, and shoulders may comprise a female head, neck, and shoulders.
  • the negative mold 1 comprises polyurethane rubber, and, more particularly, the negative mold 1 is fabricated from Poly 74-30. In an alternative embodiment, the negative mold 1 may be prefabricated from a variety of materials, including but not limited to metals, plastics, polymers, composites, any other mold materials, and/or combinations thereof.
  • an outer mold 121 is fabricated to support the negative mold 1.
  • the outer mold 121 comprises a polyisocyanate derivative, and more particularly, the outer mold 2 comprises Plasti-PasteTM.
  • the outer mold 121 may comprise any material that is strong, durable, and light weight such that it is capable of supporting the negative mold 1.
  • the outer mold 121 may be prefabricated from a variety of materials, including but not limited to metals, plastics, polymers, composites, any other mold materials, and/or combinations thereof.
  • the skin- simulating layers 2 are laminated onto the negative mold 1.
  • the skin- simulating layers 2 comprise an epidermis- simulating layer 3, a dermis-simulating layer 97, and a subcutaneous- simulating layer 6.
  • the epidermis- simulating layer 3 comprising a mixture of about 42.5% PlatSil Gel 10 (i.e. about 42.5% of the total volume), about 42.5% Dragon Skin® 10 Fast (i.e. about 42.5% of the total volume), about 10% of about 100% dimethyl silicon fluid (i.e. about 10% of the volume of PlatSil Gel 10 and Dragon Skin® 10 Fast), about 5% Smith's Deadener (i.e.
  • a dye may be added to simulate the pigmentation of human epidermal tissue.
  • the negative mold 1 is rotated.
  • the negative mold 1 may be rotated manually or by use of a machine. In one embodiment, a rotocasting machine may be used. The negative mold 1 should be rotated for
  • the thickness of the epidermis- simulating layer 3 ranges from about 0.5 mm to about 1.0 mm.
  • the epidermis-simulating layer 3 Upon laminating the epidermis- simulating layer 3 onto the negative mold 1, the epidermis-simulating layer 3 should be given time to cure. As previously discussed, where the epidermis-simulating layer 3 comprises a plurality of compounds with different curing times, a retarder may be added to equalize cure times. In one particular,
  • the epidermis- simulating layer 3 comprises PlatSil Gel 10 and Dragon Skin® 10 Fast
  • PlatSil 71 & 73 R Retarder is added to double the cure time of Dragon Skin® 10 Fast.
  • the epidermis- simulating layer 3 cures in about 8 to about 10 minutes.
  • a thin layer of polyfiber should be laminated onto the epidermis-simulating layer 3.
  • SF-8 Supreme Polyfiber is used.
  • the dermis-simulating layer 96 is fabricated in a multi-step process: by laminating the upper dermis-simulating layer 4 onto the epidermis- simulating layer 3, and by fabricating the lower dermis-simulating layer 5 outside of the surgical training model 100 and then laminating the pre-fabricated lower dermis-simulating layer 5 onto the upper dermis-simulating layer 4.
  • the upper dermis-simulating layer 4 comprising a mixture of about 90% Dragon Skin® 10 Fast and about 10% silicone fluid is laminated onto the epidermis- simulating layer 3 by applying the upper dermis- simulating layer 4 composition onto the epidermis- simulating layer 3.
  • the negative mold 1 is rotated after application of the upper dermis- simulating layer 4.
  • the negative mold 1 may be rotated manually or by the use of a machine. In one embodiment, a rotocasting machine may be used. The negative mold 1 should be rotated for approximately thirty minutes.
  • the upper dermis- simulating layer 4 While the upper dermis- simulating layer 4 is still tacky, a layer of polyfiber is applied onto the upper dermis-simulating layer 4. In one particular embodiment, SF-8 Supreme Polyfiber is used.
  • the upper-dermis simulating layer 4 ranges in thickness from about 0.5 mm to about 1 mm.
  • the lower dermis-simulating layer 5 is fabricated outside of the surgical training model 100 prior to its lamination onto the upper dermis-simulating layer 4.
  • the lower dermis-simulating layer 5 is pre-fabricated outside of the surgical training model 100 by laminating a lower dermis-simulating composition onto a negative mold 1 of the sculptured model of a human head, neck, and/or shoulders that is approximately about 2 mm to about 3 mm smaller than that of the negative mold 1 comprising the epidermis- simulating layer 3 and the upper dermis-simulating layer 4.
  • the lower dermis-simulating layer 5 comprises a plurality of layers of polyamide.
  • the lower dermis-simulating layer 5 comprises polyamide mesh that is laminated onto the negative mold with a polysiloxane compound.
  • the polyamide mesh is 15 Denier and the polysiloxane compound is Dragon Skin® 10 Fast.
  • the lower dermis- simulating layer 5 comprises fourteen layers of polyamide mesh.
  • blood vessel-simulating structures 112 are incorporated into the lower dermis-simulating layer 5.
  • Blood vessel- simulating structures are incorporated into the lower dermis-simulating layer 5 by laminating at least one filament onto the lower dermis-simulating layer 5.
  • at least one filament is laminated onto the lower dermis-simulating layer 5 comprising three layers of polyamide mesh.
  • At least one filament is laminated onto the polyamide mesh with a polysiloxane, and more particularly, with Dragon Skin® 10 Fast.
  • a plurality of layers of polyamide mesh are laminated onto the blood vessel- simulating structures.
  • the polyamide mesh is laminated onto the blood vessel-simulating structures with Dragon Skin® 10 Fast.
  • the at least one filament comprises fishing line, and more particularly comprises fifty pound 1 mm monofilament fishing line.
  • the at least one filament remains laminated in the lower dermis- simulating layer 5 until the final layer is laminated onto the surgical training model 100.
  • Dye may be added to the lower dermis- simulating layer 5 to simulate the pigmentation of human dermal tissue.
  • the dye is an oil-based flesh-tone pigment, lighter than the pigmentation of the epidermis- simulating layer.
  • the lower dermis-simulating layer 5 Upon laminating the lower dermis- simulating layer 5 onto the negative mold, the lower dermis-simulating layer 5 should be given time to cure. Upon curing of the lower dermis-simulating layer 5, tumor margins 76 varying in sizes ranging from about 4 mm to about 15 mm in diameter may be painted. The total thickness of the epidermis- simulating layer 3, the upper dermis-simulating layer 4, and the lower dermis-simulating layer 5 ranges from about 2.0 mm to about 3.5 mm.
  • the lower dermis-simulating layer 5 Prior to laminating the lower-dermis simulating layer 5 onto the upper dermis- simulating layer 4, the lower dermis-simulating layer 5 is sectioned. In one particular embodiment, the lower dermis-simulating layer 5 is sectioned into two pieces, such that the blood vessel-simulating structures are not severed. The lower-dermis simulating layer 5 is then laminated onto the upper dermis-simulating layer 4. In one embodiment, the lower-dermis simulating layer 5 is laminated onto the upper dermis-simulating layer 4 with Dragon Skin® 10 Fast.
  • the lower-dermis simulating layer 5 is laminated onto the upper dermis-simulating layer 4 by applying Dragon Skin® 10 Fast onto the sectioned lower dermis-simulating layer 5 and allowing the lower-dermis simulating layer 5 time to cure.
  • the subcutaneous-simulating layer 6 is laminated onto the lower dermis- simulating layer 5.
  • the subcutaneous-simulating layer 6 comprises a polysiloxane.
  • the subcutaneous-simulating layer 6 comprises a material of low
  • the subcutaneous- simulating layer 6 comprises PlatSil Gel 10, Smith's Deadener, and 10% 100% trimethyl silicone fluid silicone. The mixture is applied to the lower dermis- simulating layer 5 and rotated for uniform distribution.
  • a dye may be added to simulate the pigmentation of human subcutaneous tissue.
  • the dye is oil-based and comprises red and yellow oil-based pigments.
  • the muscle-simulating layer 7 is fabricated outside of the surgical training model 100 prior to its lamination onto the subcutaneous- simulating layer 6.
  • the muscle-simulating layer 7 is composed of about 70% PlatSil Gel 10, about 10% Smith's Deadener, about 10% of about 100% trimethyl silicone fluid, and about 10% alginate powder.
  • the muscle-simulating layer 7 composition is applied to a prefabricated mold.
  • the prefabricated mold may comprise rubbers, plastics, or polymers, and combinations thereof.
  • the prefabricated mold comprises a polyurethane rubber wherein select facial muscles are embodied, including but not limited to the frontal 10, occipital 11, procerus 12, orbicularis oculi 13, transverse nasalis 14, levator labii superioris alaeque 15, levator labii superioris 16, zygomaticus minor 17, zygomaticus major 18, orbiculari oris 19, buccinator 20, depressor anguli oris 21, depressor labii inferioris 22, mentalis 23, and platysma 24.
  • the artery-simulating structures 90 are individually fabricated prior to being laminated onto the muscle-simulating layer 7.
  • the artery-simulating structures 90 include but should not be limited to the supratrochlear artery 32, supraorbital artery 33, angular artery 36, transverse facial artery 37, superior labial artery 38, and inferior labial artery 39.
  • the artery-simulating structures 90 are prefabricated in a mold.
  • the artery- simulating structures 90 are individually fabricated using a polysiloxane and a polyamide which encircles the filament.
  • the polysiloxane is Dragon Skin® 10 Fast.
  • the artery-simulating structures 90 are individually composed with Dragon Skin® 10 Fast and polyamide mesh encircling a filament in an artery-simulating mold.
  • the filament comprises fishing line having a 2 mm diameter.
  • the filament is removed and the hollow artery-simulating structures 90 are laminated onto the muscle-simulating layer 7 in their correct anatomical positions.
  • the artery- simulating structures 90 are laminated onto the muscle-simulating layer 7 in their correct anatomical positions with a
  • the polysiloxane is PlatSil Gel 10.
  • a portion of the artery-simulating structures 90 is embedded within the muscle-simulating layer 7.
  • a portion of the artery- simulating structures 90 may be embedded within the muscle-simulating layer 7 through an aperture defined by the muscle-simulating layer 7.
  • the nerve- simulating structures 93 are laminated onto the muscle-simulating layer 7 in their correct anatomical positions.
  • the nerve- simulating structures 93 may include but should not be limited to the temporal 44, zygomatic 48, buccal 50, mandibular 51, cervical 101, auricular 102, spinal accessory 53, and the facial nerve.
  • the branches of the facial nerve 110 include the temporal 44, zygomatic 48, buccal 50, mandibular 51, and cervical 101.
  • the auricular nerve 102 is used to identify the spinal accessory nerve 53 as it emerges from the posterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle 103 and the anterior border of the trapezius muscle 54.
  • the nerve-simulating structures 93 comprise a filament.
  • the filament is yarn, and in a further embodiment, the yarn is approximately 0.5 mm thick. In still a further embodiment, the yarn is yellow.
  • the nerve- simulating structures 93 are laminated onto the muscle-simulating layer 7 with a polysiloxane.
  • the polysiloxane is Dragon Skin® 10 Fast.
  • the nerve- simulating structures 93 are laminated onto the muscle-simulating layer 7 in their correct anatomical positions with a polysiloxane.
  • the polysiloxane is PlatSil Gel 10.
  • the superficial musculoaponeurotic system- simulating layer is laminated onto the muscle-simulating layer 7 such that it is anatomically correct.
  • the superficial musculoaponeurotic system-simulating layer 94 is laminated onto the muscle- simulating layer 7, such that the artery- simulating structures 90 and the nerve- simulating structures 93 are in their correct anatomical positions subjacent to or superficial to the superficial musculoaponeurotic system-simulating layer 94.
  • the superficial musculoaponeurotic system- simulating layer 94 comprises an polysiloxane and polyamide mesh.
  • the polysiloxane is Dragon Skin® 10 Fast.
  • the polyamide comprises 30 Denier Polyamide.
  • the superficial musculoaponeurotic system- simulating layer 94 is laminated over the temporalis muscle, platysma muscle 24, orbicularis oculi muscle 13, occipitofrontalis muscle 11, zygomatici muscle 18, levator labii superioris muscle 16, and temporal branches of the facial nerve.
  • the superficial musculoaponeurotic system- simulating layer 94 is laminated onto the muscle- simulating layer 7 by applying the polyamide mesh and polysiloxane to the muscle- simulating layer 7 while the polyamide mesh and polysiloxane are still tacky.
  • the muscle- simulating layer 7 is laminated onto the skull- simulating structure 8 prior to laminating the muscle- simulating layer 7 onto the subcutaneous-simulating layer 6.
  • the muscle-simulating layer 7 is laminated onto the skull- simulating structures such that the artery- simulating structures 90, the nerve- simulating structures 93 and the superficial musculoaponeurotic system-simulating layer 94 are substantially anatomically correct.
  • the muscle-simulating layer 7 is laminated onto the skull- simulating structure 8 such that the blood artery- simulating structures 90, the nerve- simulating structures 93, and the superficial musculoaponeurotic system-simulating layer 94 are substantially superficial to the muscle-simulating layer 7 and the skull-simulating structure 8.
  • a dye may be added to simulate the pigmentation of human muscle tissue.
  • the dye is oil-based and comprises red and brown oil-based pigments.
  • the muscle-simulating layer 7 is laminated onto the skull- simulating structure 8 with a polysiloxane.
  • the polysiloxane is PlatSil Gel 10.
  • the cartilage-simulating structures 95 are fabricated outside of the surgical training model 100 prior to being laminated onto the skull- simulating structure 8 in their correct anatomical positions.
  • the cartilage- simulating structures 95 comprise nasal cartilage 120 and auricular cartilage (not shown).
  • the nasal cartilage 120 may include but should not be limited to septal cartilage 26, lateral eras of the major alar cartilage 27, minor alar cartilage 28, septal cartilage 31, and lateral alar fibro-fatty tissue 30.
  • the nasal cartilage 120 and auricular cartilage are fabricated in a nasal mold and an auricular mold, respectively.
  • the mold may comprise a polyurethane material.
  • the nasal cartilage 120 comprises a polysiloxane, gypsum cement, and alginate.
  • the nasal cartilage comprises about 50% PlatSil Gel 10, about 25% gypsum cement, and about 25% alginate.
  • the auricular cartilage may comprise the same mixture as the nasal cartilage.
  • the lateral alar fibro-fatty tissue 30 is composed of a polysiloxane and polyfiber. In one particular embodiment, the lateral alar fibro-fatty tissue 30 comprises about 50% PlatSil Gel 10 and about 50% polyfiber.
  • the composition used to fabricate the muscle-simulating layer 7 is laminated onto the cartilage-simulating structures 95.
  • the negative mold 1 mimics the structure of the muscle-simulating layer 7 and defines apertures through which the cartilage-simulating structures 95 may extend.
  • the negative mold 1 covers substantially all of the muscle-simulating layer 7, but does not cover the cartilage- simulating structures 95.
  • the composition used to fabricate the muscle- simulating layer 7 is easily laminated onto the cartilage-simulating structures 95. After the lamination process is complete, the negative mold 1 may be removed.
  • the cartilage simulating-structures 95 and the muscle-simulating layer 7 may be laminated onto the skull- simulating structure 8.
  • the cartilage- simulating structures 95 are laminated onto the skull-simulating structure 8 with a polysiloxane.
  • the polysiloxane is PlatSil Gel 10.
  • a dye may be added to simulate the pigmentation of human cartilage tissue.
  • the dye is oil-based and comprises white oil-based pigment.
  • a dye may also be added to simulate the pigmentation of human lateral alar fibro-fatty tissue 30.
  • the dye is oil-based and comprises yellow oil-based pigment.
  • the gland-simulating structures 96 are fabricated outside of the surgical training model 100 prior to being laminated onto the muscle-simulating layer 7.
  • the gland- simulating structures include but should not be limited to lacrimal glands 104 and parotid glands 49.
  • the lacrimal glands 104 comprise a polysiloxane, and more specifically comprise Dragon Skin® 10 Fast.
  • the lacrimal glands 104 are fabricated in a lacrimal gland mold.
  • the lacrimal gland mold comprises a urethane mold.
  • the lacrimal glands 104 are arranged within the surgical training model 100 such that they are superficial to the muscle- simulating layer 7.
  • the parotid glands 49 comprise a polysiloxane and a polysiloxane softener. In a further embodiment, the parotid glands 49 comprise PlatSil Gel 10 and Smith's Deadener in a ratio of about 1:230, respectively.
  • the parotid glands 49 may further comprise a polyamide mesh which is applied over the parotid glands 49, to simulate the parotid fascia.
  • the parotid glands 49 are laminated onto the muscle- simulating layer 7 in their correct anatomical position with a polysiloxane.
  • the parotid glands 49 are arranged within the surgical training model 100 such that they are superficial to the muscle-simulating layer 7.
  • the gland- simulating structures 96 may further comprise parotid duct- simulating structures 105.
  • the parotid duct- simulating structures 105 may comprise a polysiloxane and alginate.
  • the parotid duct- simulating structures 105 comprise a polysiloxane, and more particularly comprise PlatSil Gel 10.
  • the parotid duct-simulating structures 105 comprise about 60% PlatSil Gel 10 and about 40% alginate.
  • the parotid duct-simulating structures 105 are fabricated in a tubular mold.
  • parotid duct- simulating structures 105 After the parotid duct- simulating structures 105 have cured, they are arranged within the superior lobe of the parotid gland 49 such that they pass through the buccinator 20 and are anatomically correct.
  • the parotid duct- simulating structures 105 pass through the buccinator 20 through an aperture defined by the buccinator 20.
  • the parotid duct- simulating structures 105 may be adhered to the parotid glands 49 with a polysiloxane.
  • the polysiloxane is PlatSil Gel 10.
  • the lacrimal glands 104 and parotid glands 49 are laminated onto the muscle-simulating layer 7 in their correct anatomical positions.
  • the lacrimal glands 104 are arranged within the anterior, superior, temporal region of the eye socket.
  • the parotid glands 49 are arranged so that they are posterior to the mandibular ramus, anterior and inferior to the ear 78, and extend irregularly from the zygomatic arch to the angle of the mandible 106.
  • Dye may be added to the lacrimal glands 104 and the parotid glands 49 to simulate the color of human lacrimal glands 104 and human parotid glands 49, respectively.
  • the dye comprises yellow and red oil-based pigments.
  • the gland-simulating structures 96 are laminated onto the muscle-simulating layer 7 in their correct anatomical position with a polysiloxane. In one particular embodiment, the gland-simulating structures 96 are laminated onto the muscle- simulating layer 7 with a polysiloxane, and in a more particular embodiment, the gland-simulating structures 96 are laminated onto the muscle-simulating layer 7 with PlatSil Gel 10.
  • the skull-simulating structure 8 comprises gypsum cement.
  • the skull- simulating structure 8 is fabricated in a polyurethane mold. In a further embodiment, the skull-simulating structure 8 is fabricated in sections, and more particularly, is fabricated in two sections. In this embodiment, the skull-simulating structure 8 is fabricated in an anterior section 81 and a posterior section 82. The skull- simulating structure 8 is fabricated in an anterior section 81 and a posterior section 82 along the broken line 111 in FIG. 10.
  • a periosteum- simulating layer 65 may be laminated onto the skull-simulating structure 8 in its correct anatomical position.
  • the periosteum-simulating layer 65 may be laminated onto the skull-simulating structure 8 with an polysiloxane.
  • the polysiloxane is PlatSil Gel 10.
  • a galea aponeurotica- simulating structure 40 may be laminated onto the skull-simulating structure 8, in its correct anatomical position.
  • the galea aponeurotica 40 comprises a polyamide mesh and polysiloxane.
  • the galea aponeurotica 40 comprises 30 Denier Polyamide and Dragon Skin® 10 Fast.
  • the muscle- simulating layer 7 is then laminated onto the skull- simulating structure 8, and the skull- simulating structure 8 and muscle- simulating layer 7 are laminated onto the subcutaneous-simulating layer 6 of the surgical training model 100.
  • a rigid foam capable of expansion is applied to the surgical training model 100.
  • a rigid foam may be added to the skull- simulating structure 8 which may expand to compress the tissue-simulating layers superficial to the skull- simulating structure 8.
  • the rigid foam comprises a rigid support layer 9.
  • the rigid foam is a rigid polyurethane foam.
  • the surgical training model 100 may be removed from the negative mold 1.
  • the rigid support layer 9 cures in approximately 30 minutes.
  • a hinging device 83 is added to the skull- simulating structure.
  • the hinging device 83 is attached to the superior mandible 106 and to the temporal bones 107 so that the mouth 80 of the surgical training model 100 may be opened and closed.
  • the present invention further comprises a method of training medical practitioners, and more specifically surgical residents and fellows, in a variety of surgical techniques.
  • the method comprises providing a surgical training model 100 and performing surgical techniques upon the surgical training model 100.
  • the method of training comprises the use of a surgical training model 100 to train surgical residents and fellows how to perform a variety of surgical techniques, including but not limited to excision techniques, closure techniques, and cosmetic procedures, and combinations thereof.
  • the method of training medical practitioners comprises providing a surgical training model 100 comprising a variety of cutaneous defect- simulating structures 73. Surgical residents and fellows may then perform excision techniques upon the surgical training model 100 to remove one or more of the cutaneous defect-simulating structures 73. Following excision of the cutaneous defect- simulating structures, surgical residents and fellows may perform closure techniques to close the opening wherein the cutaneous defect-simulating structures 73 were excised.
  • Closure techniques may include but should not be limited to flap and graft closures.
  • flap closures may comprise single and double advancement flaps, rotational flaps, hinge flaps, bilobed transpositional flaps, forehead flaps, rhomboid flaps, Z-plasty flaps, nasolabial tranpositional flaps, and Estlander flaps.
  • graft closures may comprise island pedicle grafts and full thickness skin grafts.
  • the closure techniques may further comprise primary closures and resections.
  • resections may comprise a wedge-shape resection.
  • the first example comprises a single advancement flap procedure comprising the steps of 81a, 81b and 81c.
  • a cutaneous defect- simulating structure is removed using a rectangular excision 130.
  • parallel incisions 132 will be extended from one end of the rectangular excision 130.
  • the parallel incisions 132 extend in line with the top and bottom of the rectangular excision 130 as designated by broken lines 132, creating a cantilevered-flap 140.
  • the cantilevered-f ap 140 is then stretched across the rectangular excision 130 as shown in 81b. While holding the stretched cantilevered-flap 140, all edges of the flap 140 are sutured thus closing the wound as shown in step 81c.
  • a double advancement flap procedure may be performed on the rectangular excision 130, as shown in steps 82a, 82b and 82c.
  • the double advancement flap procedure comprises the same steps as set forth above with reference to the single advancement flap procedure, but duplicated on the opposite side of the rectangular excision 130.
  • a surgical procedure is shown that may be performed using the surgical training model 100.
  • This example comprises a rotational flap procedure comprising the steps of 150a, 150b and 150c.
  • a cutaneous defect- simulating structure is removed using a circular excision 152.
  • curved incisions e.g., arcuate incisions
  • the cantilevered-flaps 156a and 156b are then stretched across the circular excision 152 as indicated by the arrows (A) in 150b (e.g., in a substantially angular movement). While holding the stretched cantilevered-flaps 156a and 156b, all edges of the flaps 156a and 156b are sutured thus closing the wound as shown in step 150c.
  • FIG. 14 an example of a surgical procedure is shown that may be performed using the surgical training model 100.
  • This example comprises a
  • transpositional flap procedure comprising the steps of 160a, 160b and 160c.
  • step 160a incisions as shown by broken lines 162 in a three- sided rectangular shape are made, creating a cantilevered flap 164.
  • the cantilevered flap 164 will be extended as shown in 160b to cover a cutaneous defect-simulating structure 73.
  • the end and a portion of the sides of the cantilevered flap 164, designated 167 shown in step 160c are sutured.
  • the edges, 166a and 166b, of the wound left by the removal of the cantilevered flap 164 are sutured (sutures 168) together as shown in step 160c.
  • an example of a surgical procedure is shown that may be performed using the surgical training model 100.
  • This example comprises an island pedicle graft procedure comprising the steps of 170a, 170b and 170c.
  • a cutaneous defect-simulating structure is removed using a circular excision 172.
  • Two linear incisions, 174a and 174b, are made off of the same side of the circular excision 172 and are oriented such that they intersect at ends opposite of the circular excision 172, removing a triangular- shaped piece of the skin-simulating layer 2.
  • a matching substantially triangular- shaped piece of skin-simulating layer from another area of the surgical training model 100 is grafted into the wound 176, as shown in step 170c.
  • an example of a surgical procedure is shown that may be performed using the surgical training model 100.
  • the example comprises a hinge flap procedure comprising the steps of 180a, 180b and 180c.
  • a cutaneous defect- simulating structure is removed using a rectangular excision 182.
  • substantially rectangular- shaped piece of cartilage- simulating structures 95 and skin- simulating layer 2 are then excised from another area of the surgical training model 100, as shown in step 180b.
  • the graft 184 is then grafted onto the wound 186, as shown in step 180c.
  • the method of training medical practitioners to perform surgical techniques involving cosmetic procedures comprises providing a surgical training model 100, and performing a variety of cosmetic procedures upon the surgical training model 100.
  • the cosmetic procedures may include but should not be limited to facelift, forehead lift, scalp lift, liposuction, injection therapies (e.g. Botox® and fat injection), blepharoplasty, facial implants, birthmark, mole and scar removal, and rhinoplasty.
  • the invention further comprises a method of using a surgical training model 100.
  • the method of using a surgical training model 100 comprises performing surgical techniques on the surgical training model 100.
  • the method of using a surgical training model 100 may further comprise practicing surgical techniques on the surgical training model 100, and demonstrating surgical techniques on the surgical training model 100.
  • surgical techniques performed on the surgical training model 100 may include but should not be limited to excision techniques, closure techniques, and/or cosmetic procedures, and combinations thereof.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un modèle tridimensionnel de formation chirurgicale de haute fidélité servant à présenter des techniques chirurgicales ou à s'exercer à ces dernières. Le modèle tridimensionnel de formation chirurgicale, qui simule des tissus humains de la tête, du cou et des épaules, peut comprendre une grande variété de défauts, comprenant mais sans y être limité divers défauts cutanés. La présente invention concerne également des procédés pour construire et utiliser un modèle tridimensionnel de formation chirurgicale.
PCT/US2010/032982 2010-04-29 2010-04-29 Modèle de formation à la chirurgie cutanée pour la tête, le cou et les épaules Ceased WO2011136778A1 (fr)

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US9792836B2 (en) 2012-10-30 2017-10-17 Truinject Corp. Injection training apparatus using 3D position sensor
US9922578B2 (en) 2014-01-17 2018-03-20 Truinject Corp. Injection site training system
RU179883U1 (ru) * 2018-03-26 2018-05-28 Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью "Лиоселл-Лтв" Шаблон для подготовки биоимпланта для ринопластики
US10235904B2 (en) 2014-12-01 2019-03-19 Truinject Corp. Injection training tool emitting omnidirectional light
US10269266B2 (en) 2017-01-23 2019-04-23 Truinject Corp. Syringe dose and position measuring apparatus
US10290231B2 (en) 2014-03-13 2019-05-14 Truinject Corp. Automated detection of performance characteristics in an injection training system
US10500340B2 (en) 2015-10-20 2019-12-10 Truinject Corp. Injection system
US10648790B2 (en) 2016-03-02 2020-05-12 Truinject Corp. System for determining a three-dimensional position of a testing tool
US10650703B2 (en) 2017-01-10 2020-05-12 Truinject Corp. Suture technique training system
US10743942B2 (en) 2016-02-29 2020-08-18 Truinject Corp. Cosmetic and therapeutic injection safety systems, methods, and devices
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EP3789988A1 (fr) * 2019-09-06 2021-03-10 Virtamed AG Agencements de matériau haptique de corps souple
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RU226709U1 (ru) * 2023-12-14 2024-06-19 Государственное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения города Москвы "Научно-практический клинический центр диагностики и телемедицинских технологий Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы" (ГБУЗ "НПКЦ ДиТ ДЗМ") Фантом лица для косметологических манипуляций под ультразвуковым контролем

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US8961189B2 (en) 2012-10-30 2015-02-24 Truinject Medical Corp. System for cosmetic and therapeutic training
US9443446B2 (en) 2012-10-30 2016-09-13 Trulnject Medical Corp. System for cosmetic and therapeutic training
US9792836B2 (en) 2012-10-30 2017-10-17 Truinject Corp. Injection training apparatus using 3D position sensor
US11403964B2 (en) 2012-10-30 2022-08-02 Truinject Corp. System for cosmetic and therapeutic training
US12456393B2 (en) 2012-10-30 2025-10-28 Truinject Corp. System for cosmetic and therapeutic training
US12217626B2 (en) 2012-10-30 2025-02-04 Truinject Corp. Injection training apparatus using 3D position sensor
US8764449B2 (en) 2012-10-30 2014-07-01 Trulnject Medical Corp. System for cosmetic and therapeutic training
US10902746B2 (en) 2012-10-30 2021-01-26 Truinject Corp. System for cosmetic and therapeutic training
US11854426B2 (en) 2012-10-30 2023-12-26 Truinject Corp. System for cosmetic and therapeutic training
US10854111B2 (en) 2013-06-12 2020-12-01 University Of Florida Research Foundation, Inc. Simulation system and methods for surgical training
US10896627B2 (en) 2014-01-17 2021-01-19 Truinjet Corp. Injection site training system
US9922578B2 (en) 2014-01-17 2018-03-20 Truinject Corp. Injection site training system
US10290232B2 (en) 2014-03-13 2019-05-14 Truinject Corp. Automated detection of performance characteristics in an injection training system
US10290231B2 (en) 2014-03-13 2019-05-14 Truinject Corp. Automated detection of performance characteristics in an injection training system
US10235904B2 (en) 2014-12-01 2019-03-19 Truinject Corp. Injection training tool emitting omnidirectional light
US10500340B2 (en) 2015-10-20 2019-12-10 Truinject Corp. Injection system
US12070581B2 (en) 2015-10-20 2024-08-27 Truinject Corp. Injection system
US10743942B2 (en) 2016-02-29 2020-08-18 Truinject Corp. Cosmetic and therapeutic injection safety systems, methods, and devices
US10648790B2 (en) 2016-03-02 2020-05-12 Truinject Corp. System for determining a three-dimensional position of a testing tool
US10849688B2 (en) 2016-03-02 2020-12-01 Truinject Corp. Sensory enhanced environments for injection aid and social training
US11730543B2 (en) 2016-03-02 2023-08-22 Truinject Corp. Sensory enhanced environments for injection aid and social training
US10650703B2 (en) 2017-01-10 2020-05-12 Truinject Corp. Suture technique training system
US10269266B2 (en) 2017-01-23 2019-04-23 Truinject Corp. Syringe dose and position measuring apparatus
US11710424B2 (en) 2017-01-23 2023-07-25 Truinject Corp. Syringe dose and position measuring apparatus
US12350472B2 (en) 2017-01-23 2025-07-08 Truinject Corp. Syringe dose and position measuring apparatus
RU179883U1 (ru) * 2018-03-26 2018-05-28 Общество С Ограниченной Ответственностью "Лиоселл-Лтв" Шаблон для подготовки биоимпланта для ринопластики
EP3789988A1 (fr) * 2019-09-06 2021-03-10 Virtamed AG Agencements de matériau haptique de corps souple
WO2023184026A1 (fr) * 2022-03-28 2023-10-05 Simulare Medical Inc. Simulateur pour la pratique de chirurgie pour fente labio-palatine bilatérale
RU226709U1 (ru) * 2023-12-14 2024-06-19 Государственное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения города Москвы "Научно-практический клинический центр диагностики и телемедицинских технологий Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы" (ГБУЗ "НПКЦ ДиТ ДЗМ") Фантом лица для косметологических манипуляций под ультразвуковым контролем

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