WO2011122462A1 - 水素吸蔵合金、水素吸蔵合金電極、及び二次電池 - Google Patents
水素吸蔵合金、水素吸蔵合金電極、及び二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/0005—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes
- C01B3/001—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes characterised by the uptaking medium; Treatment thereof
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- C01B3/0005—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes
- C01B3/001—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes characterised by the uptaking medium; Treatment thereof
- C01B3/0031—Intermetallic compounds; Metal alloys; Treatment thereof
- C01B3/0047—Intermetallic compounds; Metal alloys; Treatment thereof containing a rare earth metal; Treatment thereof
- C01B3/0057—Intermetallic compounds; Metal alloys; Treatment thereof containing a rare earth metal; Treatment thereof also containing nickel
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- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/383—Hydrogen absorbing alloys
- H01M4/385—Hydrogen absorbing alloys of the type LaNi5
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a hydrogen storage alloy, a hydrogen storage alloy electrode, and a secondary battery using the hydrogen storage alloy electrode.
- the hydrogen storage alloy is an alloy that can store hydrogen as an energy source safely and easily, and has attracted much attention as a new material for energy conversion and storage.
- Applications of hydrogen storage alloys as functional materials include hydrogen storage and / or transport, heat storage and / or transport, thermal-mechanical energy conversion, hydrogen separation and / or purification, hydrogen isotopes It has been proposed over a wide range, such as separation of hydrogen, batteries using hydrogen as an active material, catalysts in synthetic chemistry, and temperature sensors.
- a nickel metal hydride storage battery using a hydrogen storage alloy as a negative electrode material is (a) high capacity, (b) strong against overcharge and overdischarge, (c) capable of high rate charge / discharge, (D) Since it has features such as being clean, it has been attracting attention as a consumer battery, and its practical application and application are being actively carried out.
- the hydrogen storage alloy has a variety of mechanical, physical, and chemical applications, and can be cited as one of key materials in future industries.
- an AB 5 type rare earth-Ni alloy having a CaCu 5 type crystal structure has been put into practical use so far.
- the discharge capacity is limited to about 300 mAh / g, and it is difficult to further increase the capacity.
- Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2008-71687 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2009-108379 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 11-323469 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2009-68116
- an object of the present invention is to provide a hydrogen storage alloy having excellent cycle characteristics while maintaining a high discharge capacity when used as an electrode.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a hydrogen storage alloy electrode and a secondary battery that have a high discharge capacity and are less likely to have a reduced capacity retention rate even when charging and discharging are repeated.
- the inventors of the present invention provide a hydrogen storage alloy according to the present invention.
- M1 is one or more elements selected from La, Pr, and Nd
- M2 is one or more elements selected from V, Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr, and Hf
- M3 is one or more elements selected from Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu
- M4 is one or more
- the value used as the atomic radius in the present invention is “a calculation data collection useful for predicting the metal behavior of elements in a binary alloy system (Compilation of calculated data useful in predicting metallurgical behavior of the elements in binary alloy systems) '' The value of the atomic radius described in [Teatum, E., 2 other authors, LA-2345, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, 1960].
- the hydrogen storage alloy of the present invention is set so that v satisfies 0.5 ⁇ v ⁇ 3.7.
- the hydrogen storage alloy of the present invention is preferably set so that v satisfies 1.6 ⁇ v ⁇ 3.5.
- M3 preferably contains Sm.
- M3 is preferably Sm.
- a crystal phase having a Ce 2 Ni 7 type crystal structure is a main product phase.
- the present invention provides a hydrogen storage alloy electrode characterized by using the above hydrogen storage alloy as a hydrogen storage medium.
- the present invention also provides a secondary battery comprising a negative electrode containing a hydrogen storage alloy as described above.
- the hydrogen storage alloy according to the present invention is a hydrogen storage alloy having the above-described chemical composition, even when hydrogen storage and release are repeated, the retention rate of the hydrogen storage capacity is high, and the hydrogen storage amount is also high. It has extremely excellent properties such as many.
- the secondary battery according to the present invention has such a novel hydrogen storage alloy, so that the discharge capacity is high, and the capacity retention rate is not easily lowered even after repeated charge and discharge. It becomes a secondary battery.
- the hydrogen storage alloy of the present embodiment has a chemical composition represented by a general formula M1 t M2 u M3 v Ca w Mg x Ni y M4 z , and is generally referred to as a rare earth-Mg—Ni alloy.
- a rare earth-Mg—Ni alloy an alloy contained in a hydrogen storage alloy called a rare earth-Ca—Mg—Ni alloy.
- M1 is one or more elements selected from La, Pr, and Nd
- M2 is one or more elements selected from V, Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr, and Hf
- M3 Is one or more elements selected from Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu
- M4 is selected from Co, Mn, Al, Cu, Fe, Cr, Zn. Or one or more elements.
- the ratio v of M3 is 16 ⁇ (d ⁇ 1.870) / (d ⁇ r) ⁇ v ⁇ 16 ⁇ (d ⁇ 1.860) / (dr)
- the Ca ratio is 1.6 ⁇ w ⁇ 3.2
- the Mg ratio is 4.1 ⁇ x ⁇ . 5.1
- the unit of each average atomic radius d and r is 10 ⁇ 10 m.
- v which is the ratio of M3, satisfies the following condition: 16 ⁇ (d ⁇ 1.870) / (dr) ⁇ v ⁇ 16 ⁇ (d ⁇ 1860) / (dr), that is,
- the Ce 2 Ni 7 type crystal structure (2: 7H) as the main product phase (Or Gd 2 Co 7 type crystal structure (2: 7R)) has an a-axis length in the range of 5.023 to 5.033.
- the hydrogen storage alloy of the present embodiment is particularly remarkably improved in cycle characteristics.
- the range of the ratio v of M3 preferably satisfies 0.5 ⁇ v ⁇ 3.7, preferably 1.6 ⁇ v ⁇ 3.5.
- the a-axis length is 5.023 to The relationship is in the range of 5.033cm. This is because there is a linear relationship between the average atomic radius of all rare earths including M1 and M3 and the a-axis length.
- M3 is contained as a metal for substituting a part of M1 which is a rare earth in the hydrogen storage alloy of this embodiment, the effect of remarkable improvement in cycle characteristics can be exhibited.
- the content ratio of M3 differs depending on the element.
- the B / A ratio of the value B (y + z) obtained by adding the ratio y and the ratio z of M4 is in the range of 3.2 to 3.4.
- This range has a Ce 2 Ni 7 type crystal structure as described later. This is a range in which the crystal phase is stable.
- the magnesium Mg ratio x is in the range of 4.1 to 5.1 atomic%.
- the range of the ratio t of M1 contained in the hydrogen storage alloy of the present embodiment is preferably in the range of 13.9 to 14.5 atomic%, the range of the ratio u of M2 is 0 to 0.7 atomic%, The range of the M4 ratio z is preferably 0 to 0.8 atomic%. Further, the range of the ratio y of Ni is preferably 75.0 to 77.0 atomic%. In the case of these ranges, the cycle characteristics can be further improved.
- V, Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr, and Hf as M2 are all metal elements belonging to Group 4A or Group 5A. These metal elements tend to form hydrides and have a common property that they are hardly dissolved in the Ce 2 Ni 7 type crystal structure phase and the Gd 2 Co 7 type crystal structure phase.
- the hydrogen storage alloy having the novel chemical composition as described above exhibits improved cycle characteristics while maintaining high hydrogen storage.
- the ratio of Sm is preferably 1.6 ⁇ v ⁇ 3.5.
- the ratio of Sm is within this range, a crystal phase having a Ce 2 Ni 7 type crystal structure as will be described later becomes stable, and the effect of improving cycle characteristics by Sm substitution is exhibited.
- the optimum amount of Sm contained in the alloy is also related to the amount of Ca in the alloy.
- the ratio of Sm to the whole hydrogen storage alloy is 1.6 atomic% or more and 3.5 atomic% or less and the ratio of Ca is 1.6 atomic% or more and 3.2 atomic% or less.
- this type of alloy has a crystal structure in which units of different lattice sizes, a Laves type A 2 B 4 unit and a CaCu 5 type AB 5 unit, are stacked, and when hydrogen is absorbed and released repeatedly. Since there is a large difference in volume change between the two-phase units, it is considered that the capacity is reduced due to distortion occurring at the interface between the two phases.
- the A 2 B 4 unit is a structural unit having a hexagonal MgZn 2 type crystal structure (C14 structure) or a hexagonal MgCu 2 type crystal structure (C15 structure), and the AB 5 unit is a hexagonal CaCu 5 unit. It is a structural unit with a type crystal structure.
- the crystal phase having a Ce 2 Ni 7 type crystal structure is preferably the main product phase.
- high capacity can be maintained and cycle characteristics can be further improved. This is considered due to the fact that Ca is easily dissolved in the crystal structure.
- the crystal phase having a Ce 2 Ni 7 type crystal structure is a crystal structure in which two AB 5 units are inserted between A 2 B 4 units.
- the Ce 2 Ni 7 type crystal structure is a main product phase, phase consisting other crystalline structure contained in the alloy, for example than the phase consisting of Gd 2 Co 7 type crystal structure, Ce 2 Ni 7 This means that there are many type crystal structures.
- the amount of the phase having a Ce 2 Ni 7 type crystal structure contained in the alloy is preferably 44% by mass or more. When the proportion of the phase comprising the Ce 2 Ni 7 type crystal structure is within the above range, excellent cycle characteristics are exhibited while maintaining a high capacity.
- the crystal structure can be specified by, for example, performing X-ray diffraction measurement on the pulverized alloy powder and analyzing the obtained diffraction pattern by the Rietveld method.
- the a-axis length of the crystal phase is 5.023 to 5.033 mm. If the a-axis length is in the range of 5.023 to 5.033 mm, cycle characteristics can be improved while maintaining a high capacity.
- the a-axis length can be calculated from the X-ray diffraction pattern.
- the hydrogen storage alloy according to the present invention is not limited to the above. That is, various forms employed in a general hydrogen storage alloy can be employed within a range that does not impair the effects of the present invention.
- the hydrogen storage alloy shown in the above embodiment, within a range not to impair the effects of the present invention may include a general formula M1 t M2 u M3 v Ca w Mg x Ni y M4 z elements not specified in.
- the M5 content s is an amount that does not impair the effects of the present invention. That is, as described above, if the content s of M5 is an amount satisfying 0 ⁇ s ⁇ 0.4, the effect of the present invention is not impaired.
- the reason why M5 is contained is that impurities are contained in the raw material ingot. Therefore, the amount of M5 in the hydrogen storage alloy can be controlled by controlling the purity of the raw material ingot.
- the said hydrogen storage alloy can be manufactured with the manufacturing method of a well-known hydrogen storage alloy. For example, first, a predetermined amount of raw material powder of an alloy is weighed based on the chemical composition of the target hydrogen storage alloy, put into a reaction vessel, and the raw material is used in a low-pressure or normal pressure inert gas atmosphere using a high-frequency melting furnace. After melting the powder, it is rapidly solidified at a cooling rate of 1000 ° C./second or more in order to increase the production rate of the metastable phase. Furthermore, the alloy can be produced with high efficiency by annealing at 860 to 1000 ° C. for 3 to 50 hours in an inert gas atmosphere under pressure.
- the atmosphere and temperature conditions for melting and annealing can be appropriately adjusted depending on the alloy composition.
- a cooling method a melt spinning method, a gas atomizing method, a water-cooled die casting method, a water-cooled plate rapid solidification method, or the like can be suitably used.
- an inert gas atmosphere for example, argon gas, helium gas
- a inert gas atmosphere for example, argon gas, helium gas
- the pressurizing condition is preferably 0.2 to 1.0 MPa (gauge pressure). Since helium has better thermal conductivity than argon, the temperature difference in the firing furnace is reduced, and the alloy can be heat-treated at a more uniform temperature. By heat treatment at such a uniform temperature, for example, an alloy such as Mg can be effectively prevented from evaporating, and an alloy having a desired composition and phase can be produced without changing the alloy weight.
- the obtained powder is mixed with an appropriate binder (for example, a resin such as polyvinyl alcohol) and water (or other liquid) to form a paste, filled into a nickel porous body and dried.
- an appropriate binder for example, a resin such as polyvinyl alcohol
- water or other liquid
- the negative electrode produced as described above is combined with a positive electrode (for example, a nickel electrode cage), an alkaline electrolyte, and the like to produce a secondary battery (for example, a nickel-hydrogen battery) according to the present invention.
- a positive electrode for example, a nickel electrode cage
- an alkaline electrolyte for example, an alkaline electrolyte, and the like
- a secondary battery for example, a nickel-hydrogen battery
- Each raw material ingot was weighed in a predetermined amount so that the atomic% ratio of the elements of the hydrogen storage alloy would be the ratio shown in Table 1, placed in a crucible, and heated to 1500 ° C. using a high-frequency melting furnace in a reduced argon gas atmosphere. Heated to melt the material. The melted material was transferred to a water-cooled mold in the high-frequency melting furnace and solidified. Furthermore, the obtained alloy was annealed at 910 ° C. in a helium gas atmosphere pressurized to 0.2 MPa (gauge pressure, the same applies hereinafter), thereby obtaining hydrogen storage alloys of Examples and Comparative Examples. The obtained hydrogen storage alloy was mechanically pulverized by a pulverizer under an argon gas atmosphere, and the average particle diameter (D50) was adjusted to 50 ⁇ m.
- D50 average particle diameter
- the scan step was 0.020 °.
- the crystal structure was analyzed by the Rietveld method (using analysis software RIEtan 2000). The results are also shown in Table 1.
- the graph of FIG. 1 shows how the capacity retention rate varies depending on the relationship between the Ca content and the Sm content.
- the examples and comparative examples in which the Ca content is 1.9 atomic% the examples and comparative examples in which the Ca content is 2.3 atomic%, and the Ca content.
- a comparative example of atomic% was selected (see Table 2), and each example and comparative example was plotted on a graph in which the amount of Sm was taken on the X axis and the capacity retention rate% was taken on the Y axis.
- the Ca content is 1.9, 2.3, and 3.2 atomic%, and the Sm content is 1.6 or more and 3.5 atomic% or less. It can be seen that the cycle capacity retention rate is significantly improved.
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Abstract
Description
機能性材料としての水素吸蔵合金の応用分野としては、水素の貯蔵及び/又は輸送、熱の貯蔵及び/又は輸送、熱-機械間のエネルギーの変換、水素の分離及び/又は精製、水素同位体の分離、水素を活物質とした電池、合成化学における触媒、温度センサーなどの広範囲にわたって提案されている。
このように、水素吸蔵合金は、機械的、物理的、化学的に様々な応用の可能性を秘めており、将来の産業におけるキー材料の一つとして挙げられる。
このような希土類-Mg-Ni系合金の高い放電容量を維持したまま、サイクル特性を向上させるべく、水素吸蔵合金にさらに加える金属の種類や量を調整することが行われている(特許文献1~4)。
また本発明は、放電容量が高く、充放電を繰り返した際にも容量維持率が低下しにくい水素吸蔵合金電極および二次電池を提供することを課題とする。
化学組成が、一般式M1tM2uM3vCawMgxNiyM4z(但し、
16×(d-1.870)/(d-r)≦v≦16×(d-1.860)/(d-r)、
1.6≦w≦3.2、
4.1≦x≦5.1、
3.2≦(y+z)/(t+u+v+w+x)≦3.4、
t+u+v+w+x+y+z=100であり、
M1はLa,Pr,Ndから選択される1種又は2種以上の元素、
M2はV,Nb,Ta,Ti,Zr,Hfから選択される1種又は2種以上の元素、
M3はSm,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Luから選択される1種又は2種以上の元素、
M4はCo,Mn,Al,Cu,Fe,Cr,Znから選択される1種又は2種以上の元素、
dは、M1として選択された元素の平均原子半径、
rは、M3として選択された元素の平均原子半径である。)
で表されることを特徴としている。
化学組成が、一般式M1tM2uM3vCawMgxNiyM4zM5s
(但し、16×(d-1.870)/(d-r)≦v≦16×(d-1.860)/(d-r)、
1.6≦w≦3.2、
4.1≦x≦5.1、
3.2≦(y+z)/(t+u+v+w+x)≦3.4、
t+u+v+w+x+y+z=100、
sが、0<s≦0.4、であり、
M1はLa,Pr,Ndから選択される1種又は2種以上の元素、
M2はV,Nb,Ta,Ti,Zr,Hfから選択される1種又は2種以上の元素、
M3はSm,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Luから選択される1種又は2種以上の元素、
M4はCo,Mn,Al,Cu,Fe,Cr,Znから選択される1種又は2種以上の元素、
M5は、前記M1、M2、M3及びM4以外の元素、
dは、M1として選択された元素の平均原子半径、
rは、M3として選択された元素の平均原子半径である。)
で表されることを特徴としている。
本実施形態の水素吸蔵合金は、化学組成が、一般式M1tM2uM3vCawMgxNiyM4zで表されるものであって、一般的に希土類-Mg-Ni系合金と称されるもののうち、特に、希土類-Ca-Mg-Ni系合金と称される水素吸蔵合金に含まれる合金である。
このとき、M1として選択された元素の平均原子半径をdとし、M3として選択された元素の平均原子半径をrとした場合、M3の比率vは16×(d-1.870)/(d-r)≦v≦16×(d-1.860)/(d-r)を満たし、Caの比率は、1.6≦w≦3.2、Mgの比率は、4.1≦x≦5.1を満たし、各成分の比率は、3.2≦(y+z)/(t+u+v+w+x)≦3.4、で且つt+u+v+w+x+y+z=100の関係を満たす。
尚、前記各平均原子半径d、rの単位は、10-10mである。
a軸長がこの範囲にある時に本実施形態の水素吸蔵合金は特に顕著にサイクル特性の改善が見られる。
具体的には、M3の比率vの範囲は0.5≦v≦3.7、好ましくは1.6≦v≦3.5を満たすことが好ましい。
但し、M3の含有比率は元素によって相違する。例えば、M1としてLaを採用した場合において、M3=Smの場合にはv=1.6~3.5、M3=Gdの場合にはv=1.6~3.5、M3=Tbの場合にはv=1.3~2.8、M3=Dyの場合にはv=1.2~2.6、M3=Hoの場合にはv=1.1~2.4、M3=Erの場合にはv=1.0~2.2、M3=Tmの場合にはv=0.9~2.0、M3=Ybの場合にはv=0.9~1.9、M3=Luの場合にはv=0.9~1.9となる。
また、本実施形態の水素吸蔵合金においては、マグネシウムMgの比率xが4.1~5.1原子%の範囲となる。
Mgの比率の範囲がこの範囲である場合には、合金を粉砕した場合に微粉化が抑制され且つサイクル特性の改善が発揮される。
このときの、Smの比率は1.6≦v≦3.5であることが好ましい。
Smの比率がこの範囲である場合には、後述するようなCe2Ni7型結晶構造を有する結晶相が安定となり、且つ、Sm置換によるサイクル特性の向上効果が発揮される。
水素吸蔵合金全体に対するSmの比率が1.6原子%以上3.5原子%以下であり、且つCaの比率が1.6原子%以上3.2原子%以下であると、このような水素吸蔵合金を電極として用いたニッケル水素蓄電池などの二次電池におけるサイクル特性が顕著に向上するという効果が認められる。
尚、Caの比率を上記範囲内にすることで、水素吸蔵合金の腐食が抑制され且つ高容量を維持することができる。
すなわち、この系の合金では、Laves型のA2B4ユニットとCaCu5型のAB5ユニットという異なる格子サイズのユニットが積層された結晶構造となっており、水素の吸蔵放出を繰り返した際に両相ユニットで体積変化に大きな差があるため、両相の境界面に歪みが生じることに起因して、容量の低下が生じると考えられる。
Ce2Ni7型結晶構造からなる相が合金中に含まれる量としては44質量%以上含まれていることが好ましい。
Ce2Ni7型結晶構造からなる相の含まれる割合が上記範囲内であれば、高容量を維持しつつ、優れたサイクル特性を示す。
尚、a軸長はX線回折パターンから算定することができる。
例えば、上記実施形態で示した水素吸蔵合金は、本発明の効果を損なわない範囲で、一般式M1tM2uM3vCawMgxNiyM4zで規定されていない元素を含みうる。
16×(d-1.870)/(d-r)≦v≦16×(d-1.860)/(d-r)、
1.6≦w≦3.2、
4.1≦x≦5.1、
3.2≦(y+z)/(t+u+v+w+x)≦3.4、
t+u+v+w+x+y+z=100、
sが、0<s≦0.4、であり、
M1はLa,Pr,Ndから選択される1種又は2種以上の元素、
M2はV,Nb,Ta,Ti,Zr,Hfから選択される1種又は2種以上の元素、
M3はSm,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Luから選択される1種又は2種以上の元素、
M4はCo,Mn,Al,Cu,Fe,Cr,Znから選択される1種又は2種以上の元素、
M5は、前記M1、M2、M3及びM4以外の元素、
dは、M1として選択された元素の平均原子半径、
rは、M3として選択された元素の平均原子半径である。)
で表されるような水素吸蔵合金が挙げられる。
前記M5が含まれる原因としては、原料インゴット中に不純物が含まれていることが挙げられる。
従って、原料インゴットの純度を制御することにより前記水素吸蔵合金中のM5の量を制御することができる。
例えば、まず、目的とする水素吸蔵合金の化学組成に基づいて合金の原料粉末を所定量秤量し、反応容器に入れ、減圧又は常圧下の不活性ガス雰囲気中で高周波溶融炉を用いて該原料粉末を溶融させた後、準安定相の生成率を高めるため1000℃/秒以上の冷却速度で急冷凝固させる。さらに加圧状態の不活性ガス雰囲気下で860~1000℃にて3~50時間焼鈍することによって前記合金を高効率に生成させることができる。
また、不活性ガスとしてはヘリウムガスを用いることが好ましく、加圧条件としては、0.2~1.0MPa(ゲージ圧)とすることが好ましい。
ヘリウムはアルゴンと比べて熱伝導性に優れるため、焼成炉内の温度差が少なくなり、より均一な温度で合金を熱処理することが可能となる。このような均一な温度による熱処理により、例えばMg等の合金の蒸発を効果的に防止し、合金重量を変動させることなく所望の組成および相を有する合金を作製することが可能となる。
得られた水素吸蔵合金を、アルゴンガス雰囲気下で粉砕機により機械的に粉砕し、平均粒径(D50)が50μmとなるように調整した。
(a)電極の作製
得られた実施例又は比較例の水素吸蔵合金粉末100重量部に、ニッケル粉末(INCO社製、#210)3重量部を加えて混合した後、増粘剤(メチルセルロース)を溶解した水溶液を加え、さらに、結着剤(スチレンブタジエンゴム)を1.5重量部加え、ペースト状にしたものを厚み45μmの穿孔鋼板(開口率50%)の両面に塗布して乾燥した後、厚さ0.36mmにプレスし、負極とした。
一方、正極としては、シンター式水酸化ニッケル電極を用いた。
前記のようにして作製した負極をセパレータを介して正極で挟み込み、これらの電極に1kgf/cm2の圧力がかかるようにボルトで固定し、開放形セルに組み立てた。電解液としては6.8mol/LのKOH溶液を使用した。
作製した電池を20℃の水槽中に入れ、充電は0.1Cで150%、放電は0.2ItAで終止電圧-0.6V(vs.Hg/HgO)の条件で充放電を10サイクル繰り返し、放電容量が最大となった点を最大放電容量とした。
前記最大放電容量の測定に引き続き、同じ水槽中において、充電は0.1Cで150%、放電は1.0ItAで終止電圧-0.6V(vs.Hg/HgO)の条件で1~9サイクルの充放電を行った後、再び0.2ItAで終止電圧-0.6V(vs.Hg/HgO)の条件に戻し、10サイクル目の放電容量を測定した。
そして、測定された10サイクルまでの最大放電容量と10サイクル目の放電容量から、容量維持率(10サイクル後の容量維持率(%))を求めた。
実施例および比較例の各合金の粉末を、X線回析装置を用いてX線回析測定を行い、各生成相の含有量を測定した。
具体的には、得られた実施例および比較霊の水素吸蔵合金を粉砕した後、粉末X線回析装置(リガク社製、RINT2400)を用い、ゴニオ半径185mm、発散スリット1deg.、散乱スリット1deg.、受光スリット0.15mm、X線源CuKα線、管電圧50kV、管電流200mAで測定した。
尚、回析角は、2θ=15.0~85.0°の範囲とし、スキャンスピードは4.000°/min.、スキャンステップは0.020°とした。
得られたX線回析結果に基づいてリートベルト法(解析ソフト RIETAN2000使用)により結晶構造の解析を行った。
結果を併せて表1に示す。
前記実施例および比較例の中から、Caの含有率が1.9原子%である実施例および比較例、Caの含有率が2.3原子%である実施例および比較例、Caの含有率が3.2原子%である実施例および比較例、Caの含有率が0原子%である比較例、Caの含有率が4.4原子%である比較例、Caの含有率が1.1原子%である比較例を選び(表2を参照のこと)、X軸にSmの量をとり、Y軸に容量維持率%をとったグラフに各実施例、比較例をプロットした。
図2からわかるように、Ca含有量が1.9、2.3および3.2原子%である場合には、Smの含有量が1.6未満、3.5原子%を超える範囲よりも最大放電容量が高くなることがわかる。
Claims (9)
- 化学組成が、一般式M1tM2uM3vCawMgxNiyM4z(但し、
16×(d-1.870)/(d-r)≦v≦16×(d-1.860)/(d-r)、
1.6≦w≦3.2、
4.1≦x≦5.1、
3.2≦(y+z)/(t+u+v+w+x)≦3.4、
t+u+v+w+x+y+z=100であり、
M1はLa,Pr,Ndから選択される1種又は2種以上の元素、
M2はV,Nb,Ta,Ti,Zr,Hfから選択される1種又は2種以上の元素、
M3はSm,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Luから選択される1種又は2種以上の元素、
M4はCo,Mn,Al,Cu,Fe,Cr,Znから選択される1種又は2種以上の元素、
dは、M1として選択された元素の平均原子半径、
rは、M3として選択された元素の平均原子半径である。)
で表されることを特徴とする水素吸蔵合金。 - 化学組成が、一般式M1tM2uM3vCawMgxNiyM4zM5s(但し、
16×(d-1.870)/(d-r)≦v≦16×(d-1.860)/(d-r)、
1.6≦w≦3.2、
4.1≦x≦5.1、
3.2≦(y+z)/(t+u+v+w+x)≦3.4、
t+u+v+w+x+y+z=100、
sが、0<s≦0.4、であり、
M1はLa,Pr,Ndから選択される1種又は2種以上の元素、
M2はV,Nb,Ta,Ti,Zr,Hfから選択される1種又は2種以上の元素、
M3はSm,Gd,Tb,Dy,Ho,Er,Tm,Yb,Luから選択される1種又は2種以上の元素、
M4はCo,Mn,Al,Cu,Fe,Cr,Znから選択される1種又は2種以上の元素、
M5は、前記M1、M2、M3及びM4以外の元素、
dは、M1として選択された元素の平均原子半径、
rは、M3として選択された元素の平均原子半径である。)
で表されることを特徴とする水素吸蔵合金。 - vが、0.5≦v≦3.7を満たすように設定された請求項1または請求項2に記載の水素吸蔵合金
- vが、1.6≦v≦3.5を満たすように設定された請求項1または請求項2に記載の水素吸蔵合金。
- M3がSmを含む請求項1に記載の水素吸蔵合金。
- M3がSmである請求項5に記載の水素吸蔵合金。
- Ce2Ni7型結晶構造を有する結晶相が主生成相である請求項1乃至6の何れか一項に記載の水素吸蔵合金。
- 請求項1乃至7の何れか一項に記載の水素吸蔵合金を水素貯蔵媒体として用いたことを特徴とする水素吸蔵合金電極。
- 請求項8に記載の水素吸蔵合金電極を負極として用いたことを特徴とする二次電池。
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| EP11762693.7A EP2554694B1 (en) | 2010-03-29 | 2011-03-25 | Hydrogen storage alloy, hydrogen storage alloy electrode, and secondary battery |
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| JPWO2011122462A1 (ja) | 2013-07-08 |
| CN102834538B (zh) | 2015-12-09 |
| EP2554694A1 (en) | 2013-02-06 |
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