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WO2011005984A2 - Processus permettant de générer de l’huile algale et de l’électricité à partir de déchets d’origine humaine et animale et d’autres sources d’hydrocarbures - Google Patents

Processus permettant de générer de l’huile algale et de l’électricité à partir de déchets d’origine humaine et animale et d’autres sources d’hydrocarbures Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011005984A2
WO2011005984A2 PCT/US2010/041399 US2010041399W WO2011005984A2 WO 2011005984 A2 WO2011005984 A2 WO 2011005984A2 US 2010041399 W US2010041399 W US 2010041399W WO 2011005984 A2 WO2011005984 A2 WO 2011005984A2
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Prior art keywords
stream
gas
heat exchanger
plasmolysis
paste
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WO2011005984A3 (fr
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Andrew G. Mitchell
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Priority claimed from ZA200904785A external-priority patent/ZA200904785B/en
Priority claimed from ZA200908980A external-priority patent/ZA200908980B/en
Priority claimed from US12/692,038 external-priority patent/US20100184177A1/en
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of WO2011005984A2 publication Critical patent/WO2011005984A2/fr
Publication of WO2011005984A3 publication Critical patent/WO2011005984A3/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B19/00—Heating of coke ovens by electrical means
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
    • C10B53/00—Destructive distillation, specially adapted for particular solid raw materials or solid raw materials in special form
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/46—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/72—Other features
    • C10J3/86—Other features combined with waste-heat boilers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M43/00—Combinations of bioreactors or fermenters with other apparatus
    • C12M43/02—Bioreactors or fermenters combined with devices for liquid fuel extraction; Biorefineries
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M43/00—Combinations of bioreactors or fermenters with other apparatus
    • C12M43/04—Bioreactors or fermenters combined with combustion devices or plants, e.g. for carbon dioxide removal
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0283—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a CO-shift step, i.e. a water gas shift step
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0405—Purification by membrane separation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/12—Heating the gasifier
    • C10J2300/123—Heating the gasifier by electromagnetic waves, e.g. microwaves
    • C10J2300/1238—Heating the gasifier by electromagnetic waves, e.g. microwaves by plasma
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
    • C10J2300/1603—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with gas treatment
    • C10J2300/1618—Modification of synthesis gas composition, e.g. to meet some criteria
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
    • C10J2300/1681—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with biological plants, e.g. involving bacteria, algae, fungi
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
    • C10J2300/1861—Heat exchange between at least two process streams
    • C10J2300/1884—Heat exchange between at least two process streams with one stream being synthesis gas
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/18—Details of the gasification process, e.g. loops, autothermal operation
    • C10J2300/1861—Heat exchange between at least two process streams
    • C10J2300/1892—Heat exchange between at least two process streams with one stream being water/steam

Definitions

  • PSA Pressure Swing Adsorption
  • membrane separation techniques employ a variety of membrane materials amongst which palladium or palladium alloys are the most prevalent.
  • Lewnard et al (US Patent Appln. No. 2008/0178739) provide a comprehensive review of both open and closed system designs, as well as a hybrid method for cultivating algae in large closed spaces.
  • the main issues cited by most authors are the propensity for contamination in open systems as well as a fairly low yield in terms of algal growth per unit land area compared to closed systems which have the comparative high capital cost per unit of land area. Closed systems have the advantage of increased carbon dioxide availability.
  • Freeman (US Patent Appln. No. 2008/0254529) describes a process whereby liquid culture mediums are exposed to closed carbon dioxide/air mixtures. Whitton (US Patent Appln. No.
  • moist waste solids are delivered to a pyrolysis unit (pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of a condensed substance by heating) employing one or more gas plasmolysis torches (plasmolysis is the chemical decomposition of matter employing high temperature gas plasma).
  • pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of a condensed substance by heating
  • gas plasmolysis torches plasmolysis is the chemical decomposition of matter employing high temperature gas plasma.
  • the moist solids have been macerated to a suitable particle size fraction and, in the moist condition, constitute a paste.
  • the paste is introduced into the pyrolysis chamber through concentric cylinders (the "waste feed former") forming a paste cylinder with an internal diameter greater than that of the plasmolysis torch external diameter.
  • a plasmolysis torch is situated inside the paste cylinder at a sufficient height above the waste former so as not to cause any thermal damage of the equipment.
  • Secondary torches are placed outside of the paste cylinder such that the combined effect of the plasmolysis torches completely renders the waste into a gaseous product stream.
  • Other gas inlet nozzles allow gas into the chamber in sufficient quantities that all suspended solids are entrained.
  • the gases flow through the radiant heat exchanger which conveys energy to superheated steam.
  • the steam drives a steam turbine and is condensed and recycled.
  • the gases flow through a bag particle filter and into a combined secondary heat exchanger and catalytic converter. In this unit, further energy is extracted from the gases and water is converted to hydrogen via the water gas shift reaction.
  • the reacted gases then flow to a hydrogen separation device in which hydrogen is extracted, compressed and stored in gas cylinders.
  • the remaining gases are circulated to a compressor expander unit where a purge stream flows through the expander providing the energy to compress the recycle stream.
  • the purge stream is delivered to the in line mixers for mixing with the algal aquaculture water feed and the recycle stream is compressed and returned to a gas storage vessel. From the gas storage vessel the recycle stream is fed back to the plasmolysis unit.
  • moist waste solids are delivered to a pyrolysis unit (pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of a substance by heating) employing one or more gas plasmolysis torches (plasmolysis is the chemical decomposition of matter employing high temperature gas plasma).
  • pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of a substance by heating
  • plasmolysis is the chemical decomposition of matter employing high temperature gas plasma.
  • the moist solids have been macerated to a suitable particle size fraction and, in the moist condition, constitute a paste.
  • the paste is introduced into the pyrolysis chamber through either 1) concentric cylinders (the "waste feed former") forming a paste cylinder with an internal diameter greater than that of the plasmolysis torch external diameter or 2) through a feed tube in the form of a solid cylinder with two or more plasmolysis torches arranged so that the flames impinge on the cylinder at an acute angle to the axis of the cylinder.
  • a plasmolysis torch is situated inside the paste cylinder at a sufficient height above the waste former so as not to cause any thermal damage of the equipment.
  • Secondary torches are placed outside of the paste cylinder such that the combined effect of the plasmolysis torches completely renders the waste into a gaseous product stream.
  • gas inlet nozzles allow gas into the chamber in sufficient quantities that all suspended solids are entrained.
  • the gases flow through the radiant heat exchanger which conveys energy to superheated steam.
  • the steam drives a steam turbine and is condensed and recycled.
  • the gases flow through a particle filter (which may be a centrifuge or bag filter or other suitable device known in the art) and into a combined secondary heat exchanger and catalytic converter. In this unit, further energy is extracted from the gases and water is converted to hydrogen via the water gas shift reaction. Methane is converted to carbon monoxide and hydrogen via the steam reformer reaction:
  • the reacted gases flow to a condensing heat exchanger wherein water is condensed and removed.
  • the remaining gases are compressed in a three stage reciprocating compressor with interstage cooling and interstage removal of hydrogen via membrane separation.
  • the interstage removal of hydrogen is incorporated in this invention.
  • the final stage of compression increases the partial pressure of the water vapor and carbon dioxide to such a degree that upon cooling in the post compression heat exchangers the water vapor condenses and with further cooling the carbon dioxide subsequently liquefies.
  • the liquefied carbon dioxide is stored in a high pressure storage tank.
  • the residual gas stream is recycled to the pyrolysis chamber and to the plasmolysis torches.
  • Carbon dioxide from the storage tank is expanded through a heat exchanger (which may be situated in a cold storage chamber) and delivered to the in line mixers for mixing with the algal aquaculture water feed during daytime operation.
  • the algal aquaculture feed stream is heated by the condensate steam from the process.
  • carbon dioxide containing gas is injected into sufficient water under pressure to dissolve the carbon dioxide using in line mixers.
  • Carbon Dioxide rich water is pumped to a Plastic Disposable Reactor ("PDR") train, consisting of multiple units of the PDRs.
  • the PDRs have been inoculated with and contain growing algae.
  • the nutrient rich waters are fed upwards at low linear velocities through the PDRs and the resultant oxygen enriched water is drawn through a filter at the top of the PDR.
  • the design of the filtration device and its fixture to the PDR is incorporated in this invention.
  • the water is preheated to between about 24°C and about 32°C for optimal algae growth. (This temperature may change for other species of microbes).
  • the internal diameter of the PDR may vary from just greater than 0 to about 5 or more inches but is not limited to this upper limit.
  • the height of the PDR may vary from just greater than 0 to about 24 or more feet but is not limited to this upper limit.
  • the wall thickness of the PDR may vary from just greater than 0 to about 1 A inch or more but is not limited to this upper limit.
  • the thickness of the reactor wall is determined by the design operating pressure, the internal diameter and height of the vessel using typical engineering considerations.
  • the inlet and exit of the PDR may have an internal pipe thread, an external pipe thread, or an external tube connector. This may be Imperial (BSP), metric (ISO), or US National Pipe Thread (NPT) and may be more or less than the typical 1 inch diameter.
  • the design of the PDR and the filtration device is incorporated in the invention.
  • the material of choice for the PDR for the purpose of aquaculture of algae is polyethylene teraphthalate (PET); however the PDR may be made of other suitable materials including, but not limited to, clear polyvinyl chloride (PVC),
  • FIGURE 3 shows a plant layout which removes carbon dioxide from an incoming gaseous stream by dissolution in water at ambient or elevated temperature and pressure.
  • the carbon dioxide rich water stream is conveyed through a series of three way ball valves (all valves with the exception of valve 3 which is a flow control valve) to the PDR units.
  • the valves are configured to allow the carbon dioxide rich water stream to pass upwards through the PDR train containing algae.
  • the algae in the course of photo synthetic metabolism convert the carbon dioxide to various complex organic molecules and oxygen.
  • the oxygen (dissolved and gaseous) is conveyed from the algae by the continued upward motion of the water.
  • the valves are configured such that potable water is fed to the top of the PDR train allowing water and algae to be drawn from the bottom of the train and "harvested.” Once a fraction (in one embodiment, but not limited to, about one-half) of the algae has thus been withdrawn from each PDR, the valves are
  • a further embodiment of the described operation allows for the use of a bleaching agent in conjunction with potable water to clean the interior surface of the PDRs. Once this cycle has been completed, the cleaned PDRs will have to be re-inoculated with growing algae. This cleaning is helpful for continued maximum
  • the number of PDRs in a train and the number of trains employed for any given site will depend on various factors including, but not limited to, the quantity of gas to be treated, the availability of land space, the size distribution of the PDR units and the climatic conditions where the facility is to be situated.
  • FIGURE 4 shows a PDR with the filtration mechanism attached.
  • the design of the PDRs has been discussed in the summary.
  • the filtration device is the counterpart of the female pipe thread
  • FIGURE 5 shows a series of connected PDRs forming a "Train.” The trains can be suspended from an external support which attaches to the top water conveying pipe.
  • FIGURE 1 shows a schematic of the plasmolysis unit waste feed former
  • FIGURE 2 shows a process flow
  • FIGURE 3 shows a process flow diagram for the removal of carbon dioxide from a carbon dioxide rich stream and subsequent treatment of the carbon dioxide saturated or partially saturated water in two trains of PDRs;
  • FIGURE 4 shows a detailed cross section of a PDR
  • FIGURE 5 shows a schematic of a PDR train
  • FIGURE 6 shows a process flow diagram for the gasification of waste, the generation of electricity and the dissolution of carbon dioxide in water.
  • FIGURE 1 shows one embodiment of the plasmolysis unit waste feed former (28).
  • the waste feed is introduced from the waste solid maceration tank (22) by the action of a mechanical auger and/or a positive displacement device that allows delivery to the unit at an operating pressure of between 0 to 10 bar (g).
  • the waste is fed through the delivery system to a cylindrical device (20) resulting in a continuously formed cylinder of solid feed that moves upwards at a specified linear velocity.
  • the cylinder (20) surrounds the primary gasification torch (30) and is also fired upon by as many as four secondary plasmolysis torches (30), situated externally to the cylinder (20) and at such impingement angles as to optimally and completely gasify the waste feed cylinder.
  • FIGURE 2 shows one embodiment of a plant layout which conveys waste from the maceration tank (22) to a plasmolysis combustion furnace described above (stream 1).
  • a plasmolysis combustion furnace described above (stream 1).
  • secondary gas inlet nozzles 24, 26
  • FIGURE 2 shows a process flow diagram for the transport of the moist waste solid feed to the plasmolysis unit, gasification of the waste solid stream, generation of superheated steam in the radiant section of the gasification unit, generation of electricity from the steam, recirculation of condensate steam, convection of the plasmolysis unit exhaust through a bag filter unit (44) to a secondary heat exchanger (HX2) and catalytic converter (48), to a hydrogen extraction device (36), to an expander/compressor unit (46) wherein the stream is split into a purge stream (9) which is expanded and feeds an algal aquaculture unit and a recycle stream (8) which delivers compressed exhaust gas to a storage vessel (38) and is returned to the pyrolysis unit.
  • the purge stream is injected into the algal aquaculture feed stream which is delivered to the algae generation facility.
  • Combustion exhaust gases are extracted from the radiant heat exchange section (HXl) of the furnace (28), forced through a high temperature bag dust filter (44) which removes suspended solids (predominantly carbon in various stages of activation - stream 3) and then through a convective heat exchanger (42).
  • Boiler water - stream 4 - is partially vaporized in the convective heater (42) and superheated in the radiant heat exchanger (HX2) and delivered to the steam turbine for production of electricity).
  • the convective heat exchanger (42) may contain a solid catalyst which promotes the water gas shift reaction defined above. Cooled reacted gas (stream 5) then flows through a catalytic converter (48) which drives the water gas shift reaction further.
  • the gas flows to a membrane hydrogen extraction device (36) which delivers purified hydrogen to a compressor unit for storage in cylinders (stream 6).
  • a membrane hydrogen extraction device (36) which delivers purified hydrogen to a compressor unit for storage in cylinders (stream 6).
  • the use of steam produced by the interstage cooling of the hydrogen for electricity production is incorporated in this patent application.
  • the hydrogen deficit exhaust gas stream (stream 7) is split into a recycle stream (stream 8) and a purge stream (stream 9).
  • the purge stream is expanded and delivered to the algal aquaculture feedwater stream (stream 12) while the recycle stream is compressed and delivered to a gas storage tank (38) from which it is fed back to the plasmolysis combustion furnace (28).
  • the use of the expander/compressor unit for this purpose in the application described is incorporated in the patent application.
  • Waste heat from the hydrogen compressor interstage coolers (stream 10) is used to generate steam for electricity production.
  • Condensing steam (stream 11) is used to heat the algal aquaculture feedwater (stream 12) in the condensate heat exchanger (HX3) prior to the carbon dioxide injection.
  • the use of the condensing steam to heat the algal aquaculture feedwater is
  • the carbon dioxide enriched water is delivered to the algae generation facility.
  • Water from the condensate heat exchanger is delivered to the boiler water treatment plant.
  • FIGURE 3 shows at least one embodiment of a plant layout which removes carbon dioxide from an incoming gaseous stream by dissolution in water at ambient or elevated temperature and pressure.
  • the carbon dioxide rich water stream (66) is conveyed through a series of three way ball valves Vl, V2, V4, V5, V6, V7, V8, V9 (all valves with the exception of valve V3 which is a flow control valve) to the PDR ("plastic disposable reactor” - DPR for "disposable plastic reactor” and PDR will be used interchangeably) units (68, 78).
  • FIGURE 3 shows the first PDR train (80), having a top fluid conveying pipe (84), bottom fluid conveying pipe (86), algae and water outlet (88), and PDRs (68).
  • the second PDR train (82) having a top fluid conveying pipe (90), bottom fluid conveying pipe (92), and PDRs (78).
  • the valves Vl, V2, V3, V5 are configured to allow the carbon dioxide rich water stream to pass upwards through the PDR train (80) containing algae.
  • the algae in the course of photosynthetic metabolism convert the carbon dioxide to various complex organic molecules and oxygen.
  • the oxygen (dissolved and gaseous) is conveyed from the algae by the continued upward motion of the water.
  • valves V6, V7, V9 are configured such that potable water is fed to the top of the PDR train allowing water and algae to be drawn from the bottom fluid conveying pipe (92) of the train and "harvested.” Once a fraction (in one embodiment, but not limited to, about one-half) of the algae has thus been withdrawn from each PDR (68, 78), the valves are reconfigured to allow either carbon dioxide enriched water or potable water (depending on the light cycle - i.e. either day or night) up through the PDR (68, 78).
  • Carbon dioxide rich water is pumped to the PDR train (80, 82), consisting of multiple PDRs (68, 78).
  • the PDRs have been inoculated with and contain growing algae.
  • the nutrient rich waters are fed upwards at low linear velocities through the PDRs and the resultant oxygen enriched water is drawn through a filter at the top of the PDR.
  • the design of the filtration device and its fixture to the PDR is incorporated in this invention.
  • the water is preheated to between about 24°C and about 32°C for optimal algae growth. (This temperature may change for other species of microbes).
  • the internal diameter of the PDR may vary from just greater than 0 to about 5 or more inches but is not limited to this upper limit.
  • the height of the PDR may vary from just greater than 0 to about 24 or more feet but is not limited to this upper limit.
  • the wall thickness of the PDR may vary from just greater than 0 to about 1 A inch or more but is not limited to this upper limit. The thickness of the reactor wall is determined by the design operating pressure, the internal diameter and height of the vessel using typical engineering considerations.
  • the inlet (52) and exit (54) of the PDR (56) may have an internal pipe thread (72), an external pipe thread (70), or an external tube connector (76). This may be Imperial (BSP), metric (ISO), or US National Pipe Thread (NPT) and may be more or less than the typical 1 inch diameter.
  • the material of choice for the PDR for the purpose of aquaculture of algae is polyethylene teraphthalate (PET); however the PDR may be made of other suitable materials including, but not limited to, clear polyvinyl chloride (PVC),
  • Polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), high density polyethylene (HDPE), cross linked polyethylene (PEX), clear polycarbonate and other plastics.
  • a further embodiment of the described operation allows for the use of a bleaching agent in conjunction with potable water to clean the interior surface of the PDRs. Once this cycle has been completed, the cleaned PDRs will have to be re-inoculated with growing algae. This cleaning is helpful for continued maximum availability of light throughout the PDR. [0029] After a period of time has elapsed, wherein the reactors may need to be replaced, the reactors are disconnected from the train and replaced with new reactors. The old reactors may be washed and sent for recycling.
  • the number of PDRs in a train and the number of trains employed for any given site will depend on various factors including, but not limited to, the quantity of gas to be treated, the availability of land space, the size distribution of the PDR units and the climatic conditions where the facility is to be situated.
  • FIGURE 4 shows one embodiment of a PDR (56) with the filtration mechanism (74) attached.
  • the design of the PDRs has been discussed in the summary.
  • the filtration device (74) is the counterpart of the female pipe thread - a male threaded fitting.
  • the fitting incorporates a porous filtration medium (74) in the shape of a plug that is affixed to the tube.
  • the bottom of the PDR (56) is affixed to the fluid conveying pipe (86, 92) by means of a suitable sized male threaded connection (76) and flexible hose.
  • FIGURE 5 shows one embodiment of a series of connected PDRs (58) forming a train (78). In the embodiment, these trains (78) will be suspended from an external support which attaches to the top water conveying pipe (94).
  • FIGURE 5 also shows valves (96, 98), oxygenated water output (100), carbon dioxide saturated water inlet (102), bottom carbon dioxide saturated water inlet (104), and algae and water outlet (106).
  • FIGURE 6 shows another embodiment of a plant layout which conveys waste from the maceration tank (22) to a plasmolysis combustion furnace (28).
  • a plasmolysis combustion furnace 28
  • secondary gas inlet nozzles 24,26
  • HXl radiant heat exchanger
  • FIGURE 6 shows a process flow diagram for the transport of the moist waste solid feed to plasmolysis unit, gasification of the waste solid stream, generation of superheated steam in the radiant section of the gasification unit, generation of electricity from the steam, recirculation of condensate steam, convection of the plasmolysis unit exhaust through a suitable device to a secondary heat exchanger (HX2) and catalytic converter, to a three stage reciprocating compressor with interstage hydrogen extraction and cooling, to condensing heat exchangers where water condenses, the residual gases are subsequently cooled and carbon dioxide condenses and is stored in a high pressure tank, the residual gases from the carbon dioxide condenser are split into two streams - one being a gas turbine fuel feed and the other a recycle stream to the plasmolysis unit.
  • Gas turbine exhaust is injected into the algae aquaculture feed stream which flows into a degassing chamber, releasing entrained gases (nitrogen and oxygen) to atmosphere.
  • Carbon dioxide and residual water from the high pressure carbon dioxide storage tank are passed through an expansion valve and a heat exchanger (which may be enclosed by a cold storage unit) and injected into the algae aquaculture feed stream.
  • the operating pressure of the algae aquaculture feed stream and algae aquaculture unit may be 1 or more bar absolute.
  • Algae extracted from the algae aquaculture unit is dewatered and pressed to extract algae oil ("algal oil”) which may be used in a variety of processes including conversion to biodiesel using conventional methods known in the art.
  • the pressed algae solids may be returned to the waste macerator for reprocessing or used for other purposes.

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Abstract

La présente invention a trait à un procédé permettant de générer de l’électricité et incluant les étapes consistant à produire une pâte à partir de déchets d’hydrocarbures ; à fournir la pâte à une unité de pyrolyse ; à transformer la pâte en un flux de produit gazeux ; à permettre au flux de passer par un dispositif de filtrage approprié ; à extraire l’énergie du flux ; à produire de l’électricité ; à convertir l’eau en hydrogène au moyen d’une conversion de l’eau au gaz ; à permettre au flux mis en réaction de circuler vers un compresseur à piston ; à permettre à tout flux restant d’être comprimé ; à refroidir, condenser et stocker du dioxyde de carbone dans un réservoir à pression élevée ; à permettre à tout flux restant d’être divisé, une partie subissant une combustion dans une turbine à gaz produisant de l’électricité et l’autre partie étant recyclée vers l’unité de plasmolyse ; à injecter le gaz d’échappement dans un flux de charge qui circule vers une chambre de dégazage ; et à permettre au dioxyde de carbone et aux eaux résiduaires d’un réservoir de stockage d’être dilatés, de passer par l’échangeur thermique et d’être injectés dans la charge d'aquaculture.
PCT/US2010/041399 2009-01-01 2010-07-08 Processus permettant de générer de l’huile algale et de l’électricité à partir de déchets d’origine humaine et animale et d’autres sources d’hydrocarbures Ceased WO2011005984A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ZA200904785A ZA200904785B (en) 2009-01-01 2009-01-01 A process that facilitates the generation of hydrogen, biodiesel and carbon from algae, human and animal waste, and other hydrocarbon sources
ZA200908980A ZA200908980B (en) 2009-01-01 2009-01-01 Process for the generation of algal oil and electricity from human and animal waste, and other hydrocarbon sources
ZA200904785 2009-07-08
ZA200908980 2009-12-17
US12/692,038 2010-01-22
US12/692,038 US20100184177A1 (en) 2009-01-22 2010-01-22 Plastic disposable reactor system

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2011005984A2 true WO2011005984A2 (fr) 2011-01-13
WO2011005984A3 WO2011005984A3 (fr) 2011-04-28

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2010/041399 Ceased WO2011005984A2 (fr) 2009-01-01 2010-07-08 Processus permettant de générer de l’huile algale et de l’électricité à partir de déchets d’origine humaine et animale et d’autres sources d’hydrocarbures

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WO (1) WO2011005984A2 (fr)

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7452392B2 (en) * 2003-11-29 2008-11-18 Nick Peter A Process for pyrolytic heat recovery enhanced with gasification of organic material
ITRM20040298A1 (it) * 2004-06-17 2004-09-17 Ct Sviluppo Materiale S P A Procedimento di trasformazione di rifiuti.
WO2006109294A1 (fr) * 2005-04-12 2006-10-19 C. En. Limited Systemes et procedes pour la production d’hydrogene
KR20090040406A (ko) * 2006-05-05 2009-04-24 플라스코에너지 아이피 홀딩스, 에스.엘., 빌바오, 샤프하우젠 브랜치 플라즈마 토치 가열을 사용하는 가스 재구성 시스템

Also Published As

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WO2011005984A3 (fr) 2011-04-28

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