WO2011004099A1 - Systeme de conversion de l'energie a champ electrique augmente - Google Patents
Systeme de conversion de l'energie a champ electrique augmente Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011004099A1 WO2011004099A1 PCT/FR2010/051325 FR2010051325W WO2011004099A1 WO 2011004099 A1 WO2011004099 A1 WO 2011004099A1 FR 2010051325 W FR2010051325 W FR 2010051325W WO 2011004099 A1 WO2011004099 A1 WO 2011004099A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
- C25B11/03—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form perforated or foraminous
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/004—Details
- H01G9/04—Electrodes or formation of dielectric layers thereon
- H01G9/048—Electrodes or formation of dielectric layers thereon characterised by their structure
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/70—Carriers or collectors characterised by shape or form
- H01M4/75—Wires, rods or strips
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/002—Shape, form of a fuel cell
- H01M8/004—Cylindrical, tubular or wound
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10D—INORGANIC ELECTRIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES
- H10D1/00—Resistors, capacitors or inductors
- H10D1/60—Capacitors
- H10D1/68—Capacitors having no potential barriers
- H10D1/692—Electrodes
- H10D1/711—Electrodes having non-planar surfaces, e.g. formed by texturisation
- H10D1/716—Electrodes having non-planar surfaces, e.g. formed by texturisation having vertical extensions
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/022—Electrodes made of one single microscopic fiber
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
- H01M4/661—Metal or alloys, e.g. alloy coatings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
- H01M4/663—Selection of materials containing carbon or carbonaceous materials as conductive part, e.g. graphite, carbon fibres
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the invention relates to the conversion of energy and more specifically relates to a system for converting energy to an increased electric field around at least one of its two electrodes.
- the invention also relates to different energy conversion devices made from such a system.
- the invention relates to the application of a conductor means of electricity to the production of at least one of the two electrodes of such a system providing a significant increase effect of the electric field received by the other electrode. .
- Energy conversion systems comprising a first electrode, a second electrode and an inter-electrode space comprising a functional medium such as an electrolyte or a dielectric.
- a functional medium such as an electrolyte or a dielectric.
- Their optimization is most often based on an empirical approach consisting of varying the different parameters defining the system.
- the literature (engineering techniques, Encyclopedia of Electrochemistry, Ed. Wiley 2007, Handbook of Electrochemistry, 1 st Ed., Cynthia G. Zoski Ed. Elsevier 2007) teaches the various optimization strategies of a performance electrochemical reactor and also all the associated costs.
- the parameters of interest are mainly the inter-electrode space, the catalyst and the electrolyte for the aspects related to the increase of the efficiency on the one hand, the increase of the electrode surface and the density of the electrode surface area for the aspects related to the investment costs (increase of the electric intensity and thus of the production rate for a given volume) on the other hand.
- GB-A-2018826 teaches that it is desirable for an electrode to provide the electrolyte with the largest possible area, which can be achieved either by providing that the surface of the electrode has microscopic roughness or by providing that the overall structure of the electrode provides such a high surface.
- US 4046664 also teaches that the efficiency of an electrochemical reactor depends on the surface of the working electrode, which must be maximized and fully exposed to the electrolyte.
- the described document describes a working electrode consisting of a wick consisting of a large number of similar filaments, of the same length, made of copper or metal-coated carbon fibers arranged in parallel with each other. others, suspended by its upper end to a mounting member and electrical connection adapted to be in electrical contact with all the filaments of the wick.
- the section of the filaments is as small as possible in order to fulfill two functions: to increase the contact surface of the working electrode with the electrolyte and to allow the passage of the electrolyte through the strand of filaments.
- the reactor comprises a working electrode as just described, placed in a non-conductive guide member, and a conventional counter electrode.
- the filaments of the working electrode tend to be arranged individually in the electrolyte as a result of the flow of electrolyte around the filaments.
- the filaments are circular in section to prevent them from engaging with each other and prevent the passage of electrolyte.
- US 4108755 discloses a reactor of the type according to US 4046664, the working electrode consisting of a wick consisting of a large number of metal filaments.
- US 5294319 discloses an electrochemical reactor of which at least one electrode is made from a fiber or filament substrate having a unit diameter of less than 254 10 -6 m (10 mils), which is also in the form of strands or strips, this substrate then being subjected to successive operations to lead to the final electrode (catalyst deposition, annealing, compression).
- US 4108754 discloses a reactor from US 4046664, wherein the working electrode is placed in a housing having an electrolyte supply at the top and electrolyte evacuation ports at the bottom.
- the working electrode is formed of a large number of closely packed carbon fibers compressed with respect to one another and with electrical contact therebetween. It can be provided from 5,000 to 10,000 fibers each having a diameter between 5 to 15 micrometers (5 x 10 "6 m to 15 x 10 " 6 m), this range being purely indicative since it is taught that other diameters are possible.
- US 4108757 describes an electrode for a reactor of the type described in US 4108754, comprising carbon fibers and fiber association means disposed on at least a limited portion of the length of the fibers. Therefore, the teaching of these different documents relates only to the surface of the desired working electrode, maximized and exposed to the electrolyte. No electrostatic benefit is actually derived from the microstructure of the electrode, in particular the radius of curvature of the filaments, since the use of wicks composed of multiple filaments is equivalent, in terms of structure for the electric field, to a filament whose diameter is about the diameter of a unit filament multiplied by the square root of the number of filaments of the wick.
- US 4337138 raises the problem of increasing the efficiency of energy conversion systems.
- this document describes an electrode which comprises an electrically conductive collector and a working surface containing a multiplicity of conductive islands in a non-conductive matrix.
- the problem underlying the invention is therefore to have an energy conversion system of the type comprising a first electrode, a second electrode and an inter-electrode space comprising a functional medium such as an electrolyte or a dielectric, which is optimized to provide high efficiency at a reasonable commercial scale manufacturing cost and operating cost.
- the invention aims to provide a solution to this problem, this solution being furthermore simple to implement, as well as reproducible and reliable.
- the invention is based first of all on the demonstration of an effect that has not been identified so far in the context of the invention, that an elongated electrically conductive means with a radius of curvature R less than 40 x 10 "6 m (40 micrometers) arranged to constitute at least the first electrode of an energy conversion system further comprising a second electrode and an inter-electrode space comprising a functional medium, is suitable for scale from nanometric to millimeter, to significantly increase the electric field around the first electrode thus formed.
- corona effect by analogy with the conventional corona effect known in the case of electrical cables whose diameter is of the order of a few centimeters, under high electrical voltage, of the order of several tens of kilo volts.
- the so-called "corona effect” is obtained with an electrically conductive means whose radius of curvature R is very small - less than 40 x 10 "6 m (40 micrometers) - and with a voltage also very low compared to the radius of curvature and voltage known in the case of the conventional corona effect.
- the invention is then based on the observation that such a first electrode combined with an inter-electrode gap having a thickness of between 1 ⁇ 10 -9 m and 5 ⁇ 10 -3 m (1 nanometer and 5 millimeters) is such that the second electrode is able to see the electric field thus increased, so that the energy conversion system takes advantage of this "crown effect".
- the invention is also based on the observation that this "corona effect" which must exist without being measurable for short lengths of filaments, becomes interesting in terms of efficiency when the length of the constituent filament exceeds 10 6 (one million) times its radius and preferentially 2.5 x 10 7 (25 million) times its radius.
- the invention is also based on the observation that such a structure - first electrode and interelectrode space - combined with a structure of the first electrode such as its interfacial surface is high, provides surprising results in terms of conversion efficiencies of the first electrode. 'energy.
- the invention consists of an energy conversion system comprising a first electrode, a second electrode and, between them, an interelectrode space comprising a functional medium, the first electrode being made from at least an electrically conductive means, elongate and of total length L, with curved section and radius of curvature R, arranged in a solid overall structure, with a more or less aerated consistency, able to be in all places at the same potential electrical and thus constitute the said first electrode.
- the energy conversion system according to the invention is characterized in that:
- R is less than 40 x 10-6 m (40 micrometers)
- the inter-electrode space is of a thickness of between 1 ⁇ 10 -9 m and 5 ⁇ 10 -3 m (1 nanometer and 5 millimeters),
- the total length L of the at least one electrically conductive means of the first electrode is greater than 1 ⁇ 10 3 m (1 kilometer), and
- the ratio L / R is greater than 10 6 (one million) so that the first electrode provides on the scale from nanometric to millimeter a significant increase effect of the electric field seen by the second electrode.
- the invention also relates to an energy conversion system comprising a first electrode, a second electrode and, between them, an inter-electrode space comprising a functional medium, the first electrode being made from at least one electrically conductive means, elongate and of total length L, of curved section and of radius of curvature R, arranged in a solid overall structure, with a more or less aerated consistency, suitable for being in all same electrical potential and thus constitute said first electrode.
- This system is characterized in that
- R is less than 50 x 10-6 m (50 micrometers)
- the inter-electrode space is of a thickness of between 1 ⁇ 10 -9 m and 2 ⁇ 10 -2 m (1 nanometer and 2 cm), and the ratio L / R is greater than 3 ⁇ 10 6 (three million) so that the first electrode (106, 306) provides on the scale from nanometric to millimeter an effect of significant increase of the electric field seen by the second electrode (107, 307).
- the electrically conductive means of the first electrode consists of an electrical conductor or comprises an electrically insulating internal structure covered with an external conductive structure of electricity, this external structure being able to be under layer form.
- the outer structure is in the form of a layer.
- the electrically conductive means of the first electrode is made of, or comprises, at least one material selected from the group consisting of carbon, graphite, nickel and an alloy comprising nickel and steels and alloys comprising iron.
- the electrically conductive means of the first electrode is self-supporting or non-self-supporting, the first electrode comprising a part of mechanical resistance.
- the electrically conductive means of the first electrode (106, 306) is in the form of a filament, or fiber, or tip.
- the overall structure of the electrically conductive means of the first electrode is an unorganized bulk structure or an organized structure, in particular in the form of a sheet, or plate, or strip, or coil.
- the electrically conductive means of the first electrode is looped on itself in a closed circuit.
- the electrically conductive means of the first electrode is not looped on itself in an open circuit.
- the conversion system comprises a first electrode and a second electrode having a symmetrical or pseudo-symmetrical structure.
- the conversion system comprises a first electrode and a second electrode having an asymmetrical structure.
- the invention also relates to an energy conversion device including an energy conversion system according to the first embodiment, consisting of an electrolysis, photolysis, electro-synthesis, electric generator device. by reverse electrolysis, fuel cell, electric accumulator, ozone generator, electrodialysis.
- the invention also relates to an energy conversion device including an energy conversion system according to the second embodiment, consisting of a device such as capacitor, discharge lamp, photovoltaic generator, photo conductor solar cell. -active.
- the invention further relates to an application of an elongated electrically conductive means of length L greater than 1 x 10 3 m (1 kilometer) and radius of curvature R less than 40 x 10-6 m (40 micrometers). such that the L / R ratio is greater than 10 6 (one million), the constitution of a first electrode of an energy conversion system further comprising a second electrode and an inter-electrode gap comprising a medium functional, the first electrode providing on the scale from nanometric to millimeter an effect of significant increase of the electric field.
- the invention also relates to an application of an elongated electrically conductive means of length L greater than 1 ⁇ 10 3 m (1 kilometer) and having a radius of curvature R of less than 40 ⁇ 10 -6 m (40 micrometers) such that the L / R ratio is greater than 10 6 (one million), the constitution of a first electrode of an energy conversion system further comprising a second electrode and an inter-electrode gap comprising a functional medium , the first electrode providing on the scale from nanometric to millimeter a significant increase effect of the electric field seen by the second electrode, the inter-electrode space having a thickness of between 1 ⁇ 10 -9 m and 5 ⁇ 10 "3 m (1 nanometer and 5 millimeters).
- the invention also relates to the application of the energy conversion system according to the invention for producing nanometric to micrometric powders.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective diagram of a first possible particular embodiment of a device including a system for converting the energy according to the invention, namely an electrolysis device, the first electrode and the second electrode of the system having a symmetrical or pseudo-symmetrical structure.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the evolution of the efficiency of the electrolysis device in percentage (ordinate) for all the experiments carried out, as a function of the ratio of the length of the filament on its radius (abscissa).
- FIG. 2 is a perspective diagram of a second particular embodiment of the device including a conversion system of the energy according to the invention, namely a capacitor, the two electrodes here also having an asymmetrical structure.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram at the micrometric scale illustrating a first possible embodiment of an electrode of the energy conversion system in which the electrically conductive means is in the form of a fiber, with an overall structure in bulk unorganized.
- FIG. 4 is a micrometric scale diagram illustrating a second possible embodiment of an electrode of the energy conversion system in which the electrically conductive means is in the form of a filament, with an overall structure organized such as a fabric or a network.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram at the micrometric scale illustrating a third possible embodiment of an electrode of the energy conversion system in which the electricity conducting means is in the form of a peak, according to an overall structure organized in network.
- FIG. 1 illustrates an electrolysis device 101, axis 102 of revolution.
- This electrolysis device 101 comprises an outer hollow enclosure 103, here of cylindrical shape.
- the outer hollow enclosure 103 encloses an anode compartment 104 and a cathode compartment 105. These two compartments 104, 105 are generally cylindrical in shape, coaxial with axis 102. They are placed one inside the other, here the anode compartment 104 surrounding the cathode compartment 105 to the outside.
- the anode compartment 104 comprises an anode electrode 106 and the cathode compartment 105 comprises a cathode electrode 107.
- a potential difference is applied at 108 between the anode 106 and the cathode 107.
- the inner surface 109 of the anode 106 and the outer surface 110 of the cathode 107 are located opposite one another and define between them an inter-electrode space 11.
- a filter 112 placed in the inter-electrode space 11 1 separates the anode 106 from the cathode 107 and allows the presence of an electrolyte between them.
- the electrolyte is tap water, slightly ionized, a passive system constituted by a cylindrical magnet 113 such as a NdFeB magnet, placed in the center of the cathode compartment 105 provided for this purpose with a central empty space.
- the anode 106 and the cathode 107 have, in the embodiment considered here, an identical or similar structure, without necessarily having the same surface, which qualifies this structure as symmetrical or pseudo-symmetrical.
- a structure consisting of a generally hollow cylinder-shaped filter with pores of 25 x 10 -6 m (25 micrometers). and towards the interior of this structure, steel wool having a small radius of curvature R of 9 x 10 -6 m (9 micrometers) is moderately packed - with a porosity of greater than 70%, the length L total of each steel wool electrode being 10 x 10 3 m (10 km).
- corona effect resulting from the combination of an anode 106 and a cathode 107 made from a means of conducting electricity (fibers or filaments of steel wool) lengthened length L equal to 1 x 10 3 m (10 kilometers) and with a very small radius of curvature R less than 40 ⁇ 10 -6 m (40 micrometers), such that the L / R ratio is greater than 10 6 (1.1 ⁇ 10 9 in this case) and a space inter-electrodes 11 of small thickness between 1 x 10 -9 m and 5 x 10 -3 m (1 nanometer and 1 millimeter), so that the electric field around an electrode, at the nanoscale to millimeter, is increased significantly, being able to be seen by the other electrode.
- the structure of the anode 106 and the cathode 107 is such that their interfacial surface is high, which in turn contributes to increasing the efficiency of the system.
- steel wool is not inert in the functional environment of city water (tap water). It is rapidly destroyed during the electrochemical operation of the reactor. Further tests have therefore been carried out with materials normally considered relatively inert, such as nickel. It quickly appeared a decomposition of the nickel electrodes at the anode as the cathode and the appearance of an oxidized nickel compound in the form of a micrometer-sized powder.
- an electrolyzer comprising a pure nickel fabric cathode and a gold anode also resulted in the decomposition of the two electrodes, the nickel cathode having a black powder appearance while the gold anode fragmented in gold microparticles.
- An elemental electrolyser was produced in a cylindrical geometry, without any separation wall between the anode compartment and the cathode compartment (filter or membrane).
- the facing surface of each electrode was set at 30 cm 2 , the voltage was set at 2.5 V, the spacing between the electrodes was set at 10 -3 m (5 mm), the electrolyte being 20% by weight of sodium silicate compound and 20% by weight of sodium hydroxide in demineralized water, this electrolyte making it possible to obtain a high conductivity while guaranteeing the stability of the electrodes, even in the case of steel.
- the measured efficiency is the ratio of the energy contained in the hydrogen produced to the energy supplied by the power supply.
- the graph of FIG. 1 represents the evolution of the yield in percentage (ordinate) for all the experiments carried out, as a function of the ratio of the length of the filament on its radius (abscissa).
- a last experiment was carried out with an electrolysis cell intended for the production of hydrogen, composed of a cathode made from a nickel fabric, an anode made of stainless steel fabric, the two electrodes having a surface facing 1 dm 2 (1 square decimeter) and being spaced from each other by 5 mm (5 millimeters).
- the electrolyte was composed of 30% potassium hydroxide and 20% potassium silicate in deionized water.
- the measured efficiency, at ambient temperature and pressure, for a voltage of 1.9 volts under these non-optimal conditions was found to be 88%. This kind of device whose manufacturing and operating costs are very low allows to consider a commercial operation.
- the energy conversion system can also, always with a first electrode and a second electrode having a symmetrical or pseudo-symmetrical structure, make it possible to produce an electric generator.
- the device is structurally identical or analogous to the electrolysis device. In this case, the lower part of the device is injected with hydrogen into the anode compartment and air into the cathode compartment in the form of microbubbles.
- An inverse reaction to electrolysis makes it possible to generate electric current.
- Such a device allows a reversible reaction: electrolysis or generation of an electric current.
- Electrodes with a symmetrical or pseudo-symmetrical structure of the electrodes are conceivable, such as photolysis device, electro-synthesis device, fuel cell, electric accumulator, ozone generator, electrodialyzer.
- the electrodes may be asymmetrical, as in the case of a capacitor 301 corresponding to the embodiment of FIG. 3.
- the capacitor 301 comprises an outer hollow enclosure 303, here of cylindrical shape and axis 302.
- the outer hollow enclosure 303 encloses a first electrode 306 and a second electrode 307.
- the first electrode 306 is made from a copper wire with a length of 1 x 10 3 m (1 kilometer) and a diameter (2 x R) of 50 x 10-6 m (50 micrometers), looped on itself, disposed on the outer face of a cylindrical support, itself placed in the outer hollow enclosure 303.
- the second electrode 307 is an electrolyte placed in the gap between a dielectric 31 1 in the form of a layer externally coating the conductive wire of the first electrode 306 and the outer hollow enclosure 303.
- the dielectric 311 thus fills the space between the electrodes 306 and 307.
- the dielectric 311 is constituted by polyurethane. Electrical connectors 316 and 317 are connected firstly to the electrically conductive wire of the first electrode 306 and to the electrolyte forming the second electrode 307.
- the calculated theoretical capacitance of the capacitor 301 is 3 ⁇ F (3 microfarads).
- the capacity is first 25 ⁇ F (25 microfarads), then increases to 120 ⁇ F (120 microfarads) and then stabilizes.
- the first electrode 306 is of a type similar to the anodes 106 and 206 previously described, whereas the second electrode 307, here an electrolyte, has a different structure of both the first electrode 306 and the cathode 107 described above, which justifies qualifying the structure of the electrodes of the asymmetrical capacitor 301.
- an enamelled copper wire is used for producing the first electrode 306, but an aluminum wire having a diameter (2 ⁇ R) of 40 ⁇ 10 -6 m (40 micrometers) and a length of 600 m (600 meters) approximately.
- An oxidation layer is created on the aluminum wire depending on the desired maximum operating voltage, for example 15O x 10 -9 m (150 nanometers), for a voltage of 100 V (100 volts).
- the surface of the electrode thus produced is of the order of 145 ⁇ 10 -4 m 2 (145 square centimeters) .
- the theoretical capacity of such a capacitor is 9 ⁇ F (9 microfarads), but its real capacity considering of the "crown" increase effect is greater.
- Electrodes can be envisaged from an asymmetrical structure of electrodes, such as a discharge lamp, a photovoltaic generator, a photoconductive solar cell. In all cases, these devices are based on energy conversion systems comprising a first electrode (106, 306), a second electrode (107, 307) and, between them, an inter-electrode gap (11, 31). 1) comprising a functional medium.
- One of the electrodes - in this case the first electrode or anode - in the case of an asymmetrical structure, or the two electrodes, in the case of a symmetrical or pseudo-symmetrical structure, is produced from least one electrically conductive means, which is elongated and of total length L, with curved section and radius of curvature R, arranged in a solid overall structure, with a more or less aerated consistency, suitable for all locations at the same electrical potential and thus constitute said first electrode or said first electrode and second electrode.
- the radius of curvature R is less than 40 ⁇ 10 -6 m (40 micrometers) and the average height is greater than 10 6 (one million), preferably greater than 2, 5 x 10 7 (25 million).
- the inter-electrode space (1 11, 31 1) is of a thickness (distance between the two electrodes) of between 1 x 10 -9 m and 5 x 10 -3 m (1 nanometer and 5 mm) .
- a thickness distance between the two electrodes of between 1 x 10 -9 m and 5 x 10 -3 m (1 nanometer and 5 mm) .
- the electrically conductive means of the electrode or electrodes in question may be the subject of different embodiments.
- the electrically conductive means consists of an electrical conductor.
- the electrically conductive means comprises an electrically insulating internal structure covered with an external conductive structure of electricity.
- an external structure is typically in the form of a layer.
- the electrically conductive means comprises at least one material chosen to be adapted to the functional medium for the intended application (electrolysis, photolysis, production of powders).
- it may be carbon, graphite, nickel or an alloy comprising nickel, stainless steel or a photosensitive material.
- the conductive means is not able, in itself, to present the necessary overall mechanical strength.
- the electrically conductive means comprises a portion of mechanical strength and a conductive portion of electricity.
- the electrically conductive means is carried by a separate mechanical strength means 400, such as a plate, a strip, a coil, etc.
- the electrically conductive means is in the form of a filament or fiber 401, as it is represented in FIGS. 3 and 4.
- This embodiment is not exclusive of others, for example a tip shape 402, as shown in Figure 5.
- Such tips 402 may protrude from a strength means 400, such as a plate.
- the overall structure of the electrically conductive means is unorganized, in bulk.
- the overall structure of the electrically conductive means is organized. It is a kind of fabric (Figure 4), or a flat coil or a network of points (Figure 5).
- the conductive means of electricity is looped on itself in closed circuit or not looped, being then in open circuit. In all cases, the driver is in all places at the same electrical potential.
- the invention can also be seen as the application of a conductive means as just described to the constitution of at least one, and possibly both, electrodes ( 106, 107, 306) of an energy conversion system, providing on the scale from nanometric to millimeter a significant increase effect of the electric field.
- an energy conversion system of the type comprising a first electrode, a second electrode and an inter-electrode space comprising a functional medium such as an electrolyte or a dielectric. optimized to provide high efficiency at reasonable commercial scale manufacturing cost and operating cost for commercial operation.
- the energy conversion system comprises a first electrode made from a conductive, elongate and total length wire L, having a curved section and a radius of curvature equal to 45 ⁇ 10 -6. m (45 micrometers).
- the energy conversion system further comprises a second electrode and, between them, a 1.5 centimeter inter-electrode gap comprising a functional medium composed of 20% by weight sodium silicate and sodium hydroxide. 10% by weight in demineralised water.
- the L / R ratio is equal to 5 x 10 6 (5 million), which makes it possible to obtain, at the nanometric to millimeter scale, a significant increase effect of the electric field seen by the second electrode.
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- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
- Coils Of Transformers For General Uses (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
- Hybrid Cells (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (9)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IN1102DEN2012 IN2012DN01102A (fr) | 2009-07-08 | 2010-06-25 | |
| JP2012519032A JP2012532986A (ja) | 2009-07-08 | 2010-06-25 | 電場の増大をもたらすエネルギ変換用システム |
| RU2012103741/04A RU2012103741A (ru) | 2009-07-08 | 2010-06-25 | Система преобразования энергии с усиленным электрическим полем |
| KR1020127003213A KR20120085717A (ko) | 2009-07-08 | 2010-06-25 | 강화된 전기장으로 에너지를 변환하는 시스템 |
| AU2010270061A AU2010270061A1 (en) | 2009-07-08 | 2010-06-25 | System for converting energy with an enhanced electric field |
| CA2767482A CA2767482A1 (fr) | 2009-07-08 | 2010-06-25 | Systeme de conversion de l'energie a champ electrique augmente |
| EP10745342A EP2483450A1 (fr) | 2009-07-08 | 2010-06-25 | Systeme de conversion de l'energie a champ electrique augmente |
| CN2010800400216A CN102482788A (zh) | 2009-07-08 | 2010-06-25 | 具有增强的电场的能量转换系统 |
| US13/382,539 US20120115071A1 (en) | 2009-07-08 | 2010-06-25 | System for converting energy with an enhanced electric field |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0954726 | 2009-07-08 | ||
| FR0954726A FR2947841B1 (fr) | 2009-07-08 | 2009-07-08 | Systemes de conversion de l'energie a champ electrique augmente. |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2011004099A1 true WO2011004099A1 (fr) | 2011-01-13 |
Family
ID=41664936
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2010/051325 Ceased WO2011004099A1 (fr) | 2009-07-08 | 2010-06-25 | Systeme de conversion de l'energie a champ electrique augmente |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20120115071A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2483450A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2012532986A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20120085717A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN102482788A (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU2010270061A1 (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2767482A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2947841B1 (fr) |
| IN (1) | IN2012DN01102A (fr) |
| RU (1) | RU2012103741A (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2011004099A1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2011161375A1 (fr) * | 2010-06-25 | 2011-12-29 | Chantal Chapel | Dispositif d'electrolyse ou d'electrolyse inverse comportant un electrolyte compose d'une base alcaline et de silicate alcalin. |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US10326300B2 (en) * | 2016-02-04 | 2019-06-18 | Walmart Apollo, Llc | Apparatus and method for generating electrical energy with shopping carts |
| US9837682B1 (en) * | 2016-08-29 | 2017-12-05 | Microsoft Technology Licensing, Llc | Variable layer thickness in curved battery cell |
| US12180101B2 (en) | 2018-06-01 | 2024-12-31 | Altered Labs Llc | Reducing compositions and processes for producing the same |
| KR102074257B1 (ko) * | 2018-07-16 | 2020-03-18 | 한국에너지기술연구원 | 원통형 역전기투석 발전장치 |
| KR102102941B1 (ko) * | 2018-08-09 | 2020-04-21 | 한국에너지기술연구원 | 염도차 발전장치 |
| KR102325186B1 (ko) * | 2020-02-11 | 2021-11-11 | 한국에너지기술연구원 | 공급 용액의 재순환이 가능한 염도차 발전장치 |
| KR102325185B1 (ko) * | 2020-02-11 | 2021-11-11 | 한국에너지기술연구원 | 수상/수중형 염분차 발전장치 |
| CN116536745B (zh) * | 2022-05-20 | 2025-02-07 | 武汉铢寸科技有限公司 | 在膜中制造纳米孔的方法、装置及叠加电场的生成装置 |
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| US4046664A (en) | 1974-08-07 | 1977-09-06 | 308489 Ontario Limited | Metallic filament electrode |
| US4108755A (en) | 1974-08-07 | 1978-08-22 | Ontario Limited | Metallic filament electrode |
| US4108757A (en) | 1974-08-07 | 1978-08-22 | 308489 Ontario Limited | Carbon fiber electrode |
| GB2018826A (en) | 1978-04-14 | 1979-10-24 | Kuhn A T | Electrode |
| US4331523A (en) * | 1980-03-31 | 1982-05-25 | Showa Denko Kk | Method for electrolyzing water or aqueous solutions |
| US4337138A (en) | 1978-08-21 | 1982-06-29 | Research Corporation | Electrolysis electrode |
| US4369104A (en) | 1979-10-22 | 1983-01-18 | Hitco | Continuous filament graphite composite electrodes |
| US4737257A (en) * | 1985-04-18 | 1988-04-12 | Imperial Chemical Industries Plc | Electrode for electrochemical cell |
| US5294319A (en) | 1989-12-26 | 1994-03-15 | Olin Corporation | High surface area electrode structures for electrochemical processes |
| US6004691A (en) * | 1995-10-30 | 1999-12-21 | Eshraghi; Ray R. | Fibrous battery cells |
| US20040003993A1 (en) * | 2001-05-14 | 2004-01-08 | Oleh Weres | Large surface area electrode and method to produce same |
| FR2901641A1 (fr) * | 2006-05-24 | 2007-11-30 | Electricite De France | Electrode textile et accumulateur contenant une telle electrode |
| US20080027787A1 (en) | 2006-07-27 | 2008-01-31 | Malsbenden Francis A | Method And System For Indicating Customer Information |
| WO2008012403A2 (fr) | 2006-07-25 | 2008-01-31 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique - Cea | Dispositif d'electrolyse de l'eau |
| US20080158778A1 (en) * | 1999-06-11 | 2008-07-03 | Lipka Stephen M | Asymmetric electrochemical supercapacitor and method of manufacture thereof |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100459279C (zh) * | 2006-05-26 | 2009-02-04 | 南开大学 | 镁负极电极材料及制备方法和应用 |
| EP2159846A1 (fr) * | 2008-08-29 | 2010-03-03 | ODERSUN Aktiengesellschaft | Cellule solaire à couche mince et ensemble de chaîne photovoltaïque |
-
2009
- 2009-07-08 FR FR0954726A patent/FR2947841B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2010
- 2010-06-25 KR KR1020127003213A patent/KR20120085717A/ko not_active Withdrawn
- 2010-06-25 US US13/382,539 patent/US20120115071A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-06-25 CN CN2010800400216A patent/CN102482788A/zh active Pending
- 2010-06-25 AU AU2010270061A patent/AU2010270061A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2010-06-25 IN IN1102DEN2012 patent/IN2012DN01102A/en unknown
- 2010-06-25 RU RU2012103741/04A patent/RU2012103741A/ru unknown
- 2010-06-25 JP JP2012519032A patent/JP2012532986A/ja active Pending
- 2010-06-25 EP EP10745342A patent/EP2483450A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2010-06-25 WO PCT/FR2010/051325 patent/WO2011004099A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2010-06-25 CA CA2767482A patent/CA2767482A1/fr not_active Abandoned
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| US4046664A (en) | 1974-08-07 | 1977-09-06 | 308489 Ontario Limited | Metallic filament electrode |
| US4108755A (en) | 1974-08-07 | 1978-08-22 | Ontario Limited | Metallic filament electrode |
| US4108757A (en) | 1974-08-07 | 1978-08-22 | 308489 Ontario Limited | Carbon fiber electrode |
| US4108754A (en) | 1974-08-07 | 1978-08-22 | Ontario Limited | Carbon fiber electrode |
| GB2018826A (en) | 1978-04-14 | 1979-10-24 | Kuhn A T | Electrode |
| US4337138A (en) | 1978-08-21 | 1982-06-29 | Research Corporation | Electrolysis electrode |
| US4369104A (en) | 1979-10-22 | 1983-01-18 | Hitco | Continuous filament graphite composite electrodes |
| US4331523A (en) * | 1980-03-31 | 1982-05-25 | Showa Denko Kk | Method for electrolyzing water or aqueous solutions |
| US4737257A (en) * | 1985-04-18 | 1988-04-12 | Imperial Chemical Industries Plc | Electrode for electrochemical cell |
| US5294319A (en) | 1989-12-26 | 1994-03-15 | Olin Corporation | High surface area electrode structures for electrochemical processes |
| US6004691A (en) * | 1995-10-30 | 1999-12-21 | Eshraghi; Ray R. | Fibrous battery cells |
| US20080158778A1 (en) * | 1999-06-11 | 2008-07-03 | Lipka Stephen M | Asymmetric electrochemical supercapacitor and method of manufacture thereof |
| US20040003993A1 (en) * | 2001-05-14 | 2004-01-08 | Oleh Weres | Large surface area electrode and method to produce same |
| FR2901641A1 (fr) * | 2006-05-24 | 2007-11-30 | Electricite De France | Electrode textile et accumulateur contenant une telle electrode |
| WO2008012403A2 (fr) | 2006-07-25 | 2008-01-31 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique - Cea | Dispositif d'electrolyse de l'eau |
| US20080027787A1 (en) | 2006-07-27 | 2008-01-31 | Malsbenden Francis A | Method And System For Indicating Customer Information |
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Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2011161375A1 (fr) * | 2010-06-25 | 2011-12-29 | Chantal Chapel | Dispositif d'electrolyse ou d'electrolyse inverse comportant un electrolyte compose d'une base alcaline et de silicate alcalin. |
| FR2961958A1 (fr) * | 2010-06-25 | 2011-12-30 | Jean-Marc Fleury | Systeme de conversion d'energie comportant un electrolyte compose d'une base alcaline et de silicate alcalin. |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2947841A1 (fr) | 2011-01-14 |
| IN2012DN01102A (fr) | 2015-04-10 |
| AU2010270061A1 (en) | 2012-02-16 |
| EP2483450A1 (fr) | 2012-08-08 |
| CN102482788A (zh) | 2012-05-30 |
| KR20120085717A (ko) | 2012-08-01 |
| US20120115071A1 (en) | 2012-05-10 |
| JP2012532986A (ja) | 2012-12-20 |
| FR2947841B1 (fr) | 2012-01-06 |
| RU2012103741A (ru) | 2013-08-20 |
| CA2767482A1 (fr) | 2011-01-13 |
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