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WO2011088132A1 - Interface de transfert de chaleur - Google Patents

Interface de transfert de chaleur Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2011088132A1
WO2011088132A1 PCT/US2011/021007 US2011021007W WO2011088132A1 WO 2011088132 A1 WO2011088132 A1 WO 2011088132A1 US 2011021007 W US2011021007 W US 2011021007W WO 2011088132 A1 WO2011088132 A1 WO 2011088132A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
heat
heat transfer
transfer medium
temperature
reactive
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2011/021007
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Eugene Thiers
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Sylvan Source Inc
Original Assignee
Sylvan Source Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to SG2012050951A priority Critical patent/SG182455A1/en
Priority to EP11733325.2A priority patent/EP2523752A4/fr
Priority to US13/521,879 priority patent/US20130056193A1/en
Priority to AU2011205326A priority patent/AU2011205326B2/en
Priority to CN201180010786XA priority patent/CN102844104A/zh
Priority to JP2012549050A priority patent/JP2013517451A/ja
Application filed by Sylvan Source Inc filed Critical Sylvan Source Inc
Priority to CA2787219A priority patent/CA2787219A1/fr
Priority to MX2012008118A priority patent/MX339872B/es
Publication of WO2011088132A1 publication Critical patent/WO2011088132A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to IN6402DEN2012 priority patent/IN2012DN06402A/en
Priority to ZA2012/05975A priority patent/ZA201205975B/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D20/02—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat
    • F28D20/023—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat the latent heat storage material being enclosed in granular particles or dispersed in a porous, fibrous or cellular structure
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/06—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to solid or vice versa
    • C09K5/063—Materials absorbing or liberating heat during crystallisation; Heat storage materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/16—Materials undergoing chemical reactions when used
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
    • F28D20/003—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using thermochemical reactions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D21/0001—Recuperative heat exchangers
    • F28D21/0003—Recuperative heat exchangers the heat being recuperated from exhaust gases
    • F28D21/001—Recuperative heat exchangers the heat being recuperated from exhaust gases for thermal power plants or industrial processes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D21/00—Heat-exchange apparatus not covered by any of the groups F28D1/00 - F28D20/00
    • F28D2021/0019—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for
    • F28D2021/0059—Other heat exchangers for particular applications; Heat exchange systems not otherwise provided for for petrochemical plants
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/14—Thermal energy storage

Definitions

  • This invention relates to the field of heat management.
  • embodiments of the invention relate to systems and methods of storing heat from industrial operations, and recovering such heat at constant temperature over long periods of time.
  • Molten salt systems have been developed to store heat at high temperatures, and are used primarily with solar concentrators. Such systems rely on the heat of melting which is typically much larger than the specific heat per unit of mass, and are able to release that heat continuously upon solidification or freezing. Sodium metal is also used for heat storage at higher temperatures, although in the case of sodium heat storage occurs mainly by heating the liquid sodium to higher temperature.
  • Conventional molten salt systems and molten sodium systems suffer from two major problems: what to do when there is a system failure and the salt or sodium freezes, and the need for pumping a semi-viscous media at high temperatures.
  • phase change materials that are primarily salts, and many employ eutectic compositions of various salts, but they are seldom encapsulated, and thus they share the problem of freezing upon solidification.
  • phase change materials relate to energy storage systems based on phase change materials, and employ heat pipes in connection with such heat storage systems that include heat exchangers.
  • Others employ phase change materials that are compacted in powder form and encapsulated by a rolling process.
  • the normal problems encountered with the use of heat exchangers using molten salts are exacerbated, and the encapsulation methods employed involve expensive manufacturing and are restricted to simple shapes.
  • phase change salt materials relate to methods of storing heat within a broad range of temperatures by using various phase change salt materials and a porous support structure.
  • phase change systems a common difficulty in all such phase change systems is the lack of flowability, that is, the fact that as the phase change material freezes, it stops flowing.
  • Embodiments of the present invention provide an improved method for heat management, one that allows for the rapid capture of heat at temperatures in the range of 120° C to 1,300° C from a variety of heat sources, and the subsequent release of such heat at constant temperature for a long period of time.
  • the system can include an inner heat transfer medium encapsulated in an outer container that can cylindrical, spherical, or other shape, and that is inert with respect to the heat source.
  • the heat transfer medium can include salts, metals, or ceramic compositions and is capable of removing heat by absorbing the heat of fusion from a heat source.
  • the encapsulating container can include a metal, plastic, or ceramic composition that is non- reactive with respect to the heat source and non-reactive with respect to the heat transfer medium.
  • the size and shape of the encapsulating container is determined by the nature and chemical characteristics of the heat source, and by the heat transfer requirements in terms of heat removal or release per unit volume and per unit of time.
  • FIGS, la and lb are elevation views of two embodiments of encapsulated heat transfer devices.
  • FIGS. 2a and 2b are embodiments of heat transfer devices with inner coatings.
  • FIGS. 3a and 3B are elevation views of heat transfer devices with inner and outer coatings.
  • FIGS. 4a and 4b show two possible embodiments of heat transfer devices inside different heat transfer reactor configurations.
  • FIG. 5a is a schematic diagram of a double-walled petrochemical reactor chamber.
  • FIG. 5b is a simplified petrochemical reactor with randomly dispersed heat transfer devices.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a steel basic oxygen converter with a heat recovery chamber.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a two-pass boiler system with a heat recovery chamber.
  • FIGS. 8a and 8b are elevation and plant views of a coaxial heat recovery double chamber with heat transfer devices.
  • Embodiments of the invention include systems, methods, and apparatus for heat management, recovery and recycling from a variety of industrial operations.
  • Preferred embodiments provide a broad spectrum of heat absorption chambers that operate within the temperature range of 120° C and 1,300° C, and that provide for fully automated heat recovery at temperatures similar to that range over several hours, days or months without user intervention.
  • systems disclosed herein can run without user control or intervention for 2, 4, 6, 8, months, or longer.
  • the systems can run automatically for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 years, or more.
  • Embodiments of the invention provide for encapsulated heat transfer devices of various shapes and sizes to enter and exit heat transfer chambers at a rate commensurate with the amount of waste heat available and its temperature.
  • the encapsulation of heat transfer devices into rigid, impervious enclosures allows such devices to flow either propelled by gravity of mechanical systems regardless of the state of the enclosed material, which typically is a salt or mixture of salts, thus providing for flowability.
  • the phase change material being encapsulated When heat is available, it is readily absorbed by the phase change material being encapsulated, which first heats until reaching it melting point, and then continues to absorb the heat of fusion until all of the encapsulated material becomes molten.
  • the encapsulated material is transferred to another heat transfer chamber where the molten phase change material begins to solidify, thus releasing the same heat of fusion that was previously absorbed.
  • Heat transfer chambers can be of any shape and size that is compatible with the amount of heat available, the length of time such heat is available, and its temperature. Those three variables determine the size and shape of the heat transfer devices being used, so that they will have a residence time in the transfer chamber equal to that of heat being available, and their mass of phase change material will be adequate to the amount of heat and temperature available.
  • heat transfer chambers Important characteristics of the heat transfer chambers is that they allow the movement of heat transfer devices in and out of such chamber, such as by gravity flow, although other forms of mechanical transport may be employed.
  • Important characteristics of the heat transfer devices are that they be durable, inexpensive to fabricate, and thermally effective. Durability requires lack of chemical interaction between the enclosure material of the device and the inner phase change material. Inexpensive manufacture requires that the enclosed phase change material be encapsulated in impervious containers that are easy to fabricate, such as crimped metal cylinders, metallic or ceramic spheres, and the like. Thermal effectiveness requires that the thickness of the enclosing material be small and thermally conductive, and that it will not react chemically to either the external environment providing the heat, or the internal environment of the phase change material.
  • the heat transfer device (1) consists of a cylinder or sphere comprising enclosing material (2) or similar shape that is filled with phase change material (3) that may be an inorganic salt or a mixture of salts.
  • the cylinder or sphere is made of a metal, such as copper or aluminum, or similar inexpensive metal.
  • the enclosing material (2) may be a thin ceramic or polymer material that is made thermally conducting by incorporating metallic powders or shavings.
  • the enclosing material (2) consists of a crimped aluminum, copper or similar metal tube, a welded tube, or a tube or similar shape fitted with a screw cap.
  • FIGs 2a and 2b illustrate an alternative embodiment of a heat transfer device (1) in which the inner surface of the enclosing material is coated with an inert substance (21) that is chemically non-reactive with the enclosing materials (2) or with the phase change material (3).
  • “non-reactive” encompasses both completely non- reactive materials and materials that do react chemically, but in which the reaction is so slow or slight that it has no appreciable affect on the chemical properties of the materials or the structure of the heat transfer device.
  • Suitable coatings include electrodeposited metals and alloys, paints, ceramic compositions, or polymers. Examples of inexpensive coatings on copper, aluminum and similar materials include carbides, nitrides, oxides. Examples of coating methods include chemical vapor deposition, electrostatic deposition, anodizing, electrolysis, and painting. Useful information relating to corrosion and coatings is provided in Handbook of Corrosion Engineering, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • FIGS 3 a and 3b illustrate alternative embodiments of a heat transfer device (1) in which both the inner and outer surfaces of the enclosing material (2) are coated with inert substances (21) and (31) that are chemically non-reactive with either the enclosing material (2), the phase change material (3), or the external environment in which the heat transfer device is operating.
  • Suitable coatings include electrodeposited metals and alloys, paints, ceramic compositions, or polymers. Examples of inexpensive coatings on copper, aluminum and similar materials include carbides, nitrides, oxides. Examples of coating methods include chemical vapor deposition, electrostatic deposition, anodizing, electrolysis, and painting.
  • Figures 4a illustrates one possible embodiment of a heat transfer chamber (4) that consists of a cylindrical configuration containing a plurality of heat transfer devices (1) that are arranged randomly so as to provide for sufficient porosity to the flow of a fluid media containing heat.
  • Figure 4b illustrates another embodiment of a heat transfer chamber (4) that consists of a rectangular configuration containing a plurality of heat transfer devices (1) that are arranged randomly so as to provide for sufficient porosity to the flow of a fluid media containing heat.
  • Other geometrical shapes used to contain the heat transfer devices are also possible. Those skilled in the art will recognize that cylindrical or rectangular shapes are exemplary only, and that other shapes may be utilized to fit space restrictions imposed by the type of heat source in different industrial applications.
  • FIG. 5 a is a simplified diagram of a double-walled petrochemical reactor, typical of catalytic processes involving exothermic reactions.
  • the reactor (6) consists of two concentric cylindrical tanks that allow cooling water to enter through ports (62) and exit through ports (63), so as to provide cooling for the exothermic heat generated in the reactor volume (61).
  • Such reactors are used extensively to control reaction temperatures in the chemical industry, and are notorious for requiring large volumes of cooling water and extensive use of pumps.
  • Figure 5b illustrates a simplified reactor configuration that consists of a reactor (6) comprising a single tank and a plurality of heat transfer devices (1) that provide for more efficient cooling of exothermic reactions.
  • Figure 6 illustrates heat recovery from a basic oxygen furnace (7) in a steel plant.
  • those furnaces are lined with special refractories (71) and are initially charged with molten iron (72) from a blast furnace, some fluxes and some steel scrap (73) that serves to cool the molten iron.
  • an oxygen lance (74) blows oxygen into the molten iron so as to oxidize the excessive amount of carbon in the molten iron, and create steel.
  • the reaction of oxygen with the dissolved carbon in the molten iron is a highly exothermic reaction that raises the temperature of the molten charge and creates large volumes of very hot gases at temperatures that normally exceed 1,500° C.
  • the hot gases which consist largely of C0 2 exit the furnace at the top and are collected in a hood (75).
  • the hot gases carry an enormous amount of heat that is largely captured by the heat transfer devices (1) that are flowing inside a heat transfer chamber (5) such that the residence time inside the chamber precisely balances the amount of heat being produced by the hot gases.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates heat recovery from an industrial boiler (8).
  • a burner (81) provides the necessary heat by burning a fuel in the fire box.
  • the hot combustion gases initially transfer heat to a plurality of high-pressure steam tubes (82), and subsequently to a plurality of water boiling tubes (83), and a pre-heater chamber (84), and exit through chimney (85).
  • a heat transfer chamber (5), connected to chimney (85), recovers the heat contained in the hot flue gases by transferring the heat to a plurality of heat transfer devices (1) that move through the chamber (5) at a rate commensurate with the required residence time to capture the heat contained in the flue gases.
  • Figure 8a and 8b illustrate an elevation and a plant view of a system (9) for recovering useful heat from the heat transfer devices (1).
  • two concentric chambers (91) and (92) allow high temperature heat transfer devices (11) at very high temperature to transfer heat to lower temperature heat transfer devices (12), so as to prolong the period of heat recovery at lower temperatures.
  • heat that has been captured at very high temperature but for limited amounts of time becomes available on a continuous basis at lower temperature.
  • different configurations can be used for transferring heat from high to low temperatures, and other shapes than cylindrical or rectangular chambers may be used.
  • the heat transfer devices can be made of any suitable material.
  • Exemplary materials for enclosing the phase change media include but are not limited to metal, glass, composites, ceramics, plastics, stone, cellulosic materials, fibrous materials and the like. A mixture of materials can be used if desired.
  • One of skill in the art will be able to determine a suitable material for each specific purpose. The chosen material will preferable be capable of standing up to long term high temperature use without significant cracking, breaking, other damage, or leaching toxic materials into the environment. If desired, the differently sized devices can be made of different materials.
  • the enclosures for high-temperature heat transfer devices can be made of metals such as steel, titanium, or various alloys, and the phase change media can consist of salts that have high melting points.
  • the chosen material can preferably be resistant to breakage, rust, or cracking due to the heating process. Table 1 lists several metals with their melting points and their heat of fusion to facilitate selection of suitable enclosure materials.
  • Table 2 lists several salts and provides melting points arranged in ascending order, as well as the corresponding heat of fusion. The information in Table 2 serves to select suitable phase change media for different industrial applications and heat recoveries at various temperatures.
  • phase-change materials in addition to phase-change materials, chemical reactions involving reduction/oxidation (REDOX) can also provide heat storage and controlled heat release and, thus, can be used as media for heat transfer applications.
  • the carbonate/bicarbonate reaction typically involves a chemical change that can be reversed upon minor changes in temperature.
  • ammonium bicarbonate decomposes into ammonium carbonate when temperature changes a few degrees centigrade, and the heat of this reaction can either be absorbed or released, thereby providing a functionality similar to that of phase change materials.
  • REDOX reactions include those in which one or more electrons are exchanged, and thus encompass a broader group of chemical reactions than simply those involving oxygen as an oxidant.
  • the chemical reactions of interest in this application include those in which one of the reactants is an organic material.
  • Such chemical reactions are characterized by heats of reaction that are sharply dependant on the temperature of the system

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Joints Allowing Movement (AREA)
  • Waste-Gas Treatment And Other Accessory Devices For Furnaces (AREA)
  • Carbon Steel Or Casting Steel Manufacturing (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention, selon des modes de réalisation, porte sur des systèmes et sur des procédés pour des systèmes de gestion de chaleur à des températures dans la plage de 120°C à 1300°C. Les systèmes sont constitués par diverses chambres de transfert de chaleur configurées de telle sorte qu'elles contiennent des dispositifs de transfert de chaleur qui sont sphériques, cylindriques ou qui ont d'autres formes, et qui absorbent de la chaleur à l'intérieur d'une large plage de températures, et qui restituent cette chaleur à une température constante sur de longues périodes de temps.
PCT/US2011/021007 2010-01-12 2011-01-12 Interface de transfert de chaleur Ceased WO2011088132A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (10)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CA2787219A CA2787219A1 (fr) 2010-01-12 2011-01-12 Interface de transfert de chaleur
EP11733325.2A EP2523752A4 (fr) 2010-01-12 2011-01-12 Interface de transfert de chaleur
US13/521,879 US20130056193A1 (en) 2010-01-12 2011-01-12 Heat transfer interface
AU2011205326A AU2011205326B2 (en) 2010-01-12 2011-01-12 Heat transfer interface
CN201180010786XA CN102844104A (zh) 2010-01-12 2011-01-12 导热接口
SG2012050951A SG182455A1 (en) 2010-01-12 2011-01-12 Heat transfer interface
MX2012008118A MX339872B (es) 2010-01-12 2011-01-12 Interfaz de transferencia termica.
JP2012549050A JP2013517451A (ja) 2010-01-12 2011-01-12 熱伝達インターフェース
IN6402DEN2012 IN2012DN06402A (fr) 2010-01-12 2012-07-19
ZA2012/05975A ZA201205975B (en) 2010-01-12 2012-08-08 Heat transfer interface

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US29439210P 2010-01-12 2010-01-12
US61/294,392 2010-01-12

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2011088132A1 true WO2011088132A1 (fr) 2011-07-21

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2011/021007 Ceased WO2011088132A1 (fr) 2010-01-12 2011-01-12 Interface de transfert de chaleur

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US20130056193A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2523752A4 (fr)
JP (2) JP2013517451A (fr)
CN (1) CN102844104A (fr)
AU (1) AU2011205326B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2787219A1 (fr)
IN (1) IN2012DN06402A (fr)
MX (1) MX339872B (fr)
SG (1) SG182455A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2011088132A1 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA201205975B (fr)

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US20130192792A1 (en) * 2012-01-31 2013-08-01 Burton Krakow Thermal Energy Storage Systems and Methods
US10030186B2 (en) 2016-08-29 2018-07-24 Quantum Technology Group Limited Heat transfer medium
US10036574B2 (en) 2013-06-28 2018-07-31 British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited Devices comprising a heat source material and activation chambers for the same
US10542777B2 (en) 2014-06-27 2020-01-28 British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited Apparatus for heating or cooling a material contained therein
US10618808B2 (en) 2014-12-17 2020-04-14 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Catalyst support, recycle reactor and method for releasing hydrogen
US11064725B2 (en) 2015-08-31 2021-07-20 British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited Material for use with apparatus for heating smokable material
US11241042B2 (en) 2012-09-25 2022-02-08 Nicoventures Trading Limited Heating smokeable material
US11452313B2 (en) 2015-10-30 2022-09-27 Nicoventures Trading Limited Apparatus for heating smokable material
US11659863B2 (en) 2015-08-31 2023-05-30 Nicoventures Trading Limited Article for use with apparatus for heating smokable material
US11672279B2 (en) 2011-09-06 2023-06-13 Nicoventures Trading Limited Heating smokeable material
US11825870B2 (en) 2015-10-30 2023-11-28 Nicoventures Trading Limited Article for use with apparatus for heating smokable material
US11924930B2 (en) 2015-08-31 2024-03-05 Nicoventures Trading Limited Article for use with apparatus for heating smokable material

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CN105683093B (zh) 2013-08-05 2019-07-09 格雷迪安特公司 水处理系统及相关方法
CN105683095B (zh) 2013-09-23 2019-09-17 格雷迪安特公司 脱盐系统及相关方法
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WO2017019944A1 (fr) 2015-07-29 2017-02-02 Gradiant Corporation Procédés de dessalement osmotique et systèmes associés
WO2017030937A1 (fr) 2015-08-14 2017-02-23 Gradiant Corporation Production de flux de procédés riches en ions multivalents par séparation osmotique multi-étage
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US10689264B2 (en) 2016-02-22 2020-06-23 Gradiant Corporation Hybrid desalination systems and associated methods
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WO2019215534A1 (fr) 2018-05-11 2019-11-14 Sabic Global Technologies B.V. Procédé relatif au transfert de chaleur pour des réactions exothermiques
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CN109060495B (zh) * 2018-09-11 2024-03-15 四川省机械研究设计院(集团)有限公司 可调节热阻的装置
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ZA201205975B (en) 2013-05-29
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US20130056193A1 (en) 2013-03-07
AU2011205326B2 (en) 2015-08-20

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