WO2010069711A1 - Method for producing liquid metals - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a method and to a device for creating liquid metals, particularly pig iron or liquid steel pre-products. Fine particle-shaped carbon carriers are introduced into a melting assembly (1) in which a solid bed (2) is formed using pre-reduced metal carriers and carbon and a generative gas is created that is used in a reduction assembly (12) for at least partial reduction of metal carriers. The fine particle-shaped carbon carriers are introduced to the melting assembly (1) in a so-called gas collection space (3) over the solid bed and at least partially degassed and, in a further step, reintroduced into the melting assembly (1) in the region of the solid bed (2) after separation of the generative gas.

Description

 Process for the preparation of liquid metals

The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for producing liquid metals, in particular pig iron or liquid steel precursors, wherein carbon carriers are introduced into a smelting unit, in particular in a melter gasifier, in which using at least partially pre-reduced metal carriers and the carbon carriers in the smelting unit Fixed bed formed and a generator gas is generated, which is used in at least one reduction unit for the at least partial reduction of metal carriers.

It is known from the prior art that feinteilchenförmige carbon carriers are performed as part of carbonaceous dusts in a smelting unit. Fine particle carbon carriers have particle size distributions, e.g. 20 to 80% of the particles are smaller than 75μm and 95 to 100% are smaller than 2mm. This can e.g. be carried out by means of blowing, which open above the fixed bed in the so-called gas collection chamber of the smelting unit. In parallel to the carbonaceous dust, a gasification agent can be injected. The fine particulate carbon is gasified in the gas collection chamber and the heat released thereby is absorbed by the generator gas. The disadvantage, however, is that the heat released during the combustion of the carbon in the gas collection chamber of the melting unit is largely taken up by the generator gas and discharged therefrom out of the melting unit. Thus, the contribution to the energy balance of the smelting unit is low.

Furthermore, WO 2006/01 1774 discloses a process in which finely particulate carbon carriers containing volatile constituents are injected into the fixed bed of a melter gasifier. The process is limited to carbonaceous, not degassed feedstocks and offers no solution for the recirculation and gasification of carbon-containing dusts arising during dedusting of the generator gas.

It is an object of the invention to overcome these limitations and, above all, to develop a solution for utilizing the chemically bound energy as well as the sensible heat of fine particulate carbon carriers.

This object is achieved by the method according to claim 1 and the device according to the invention according to claim 10.

Chunky carbon carriers usually have considerable finely divided particles. These are also caused by thermal or mechanical stresses from the lumpy carbon carriers themselves, but especially in the smelting unit. Furthermore, finely particulate carbon carriers can also be discharged from the fixed bed into the overlying gas collection chamber. In addition, it is often necessary to be able to process finely particulate carbon carriers which are produced in metallurgical processes.

Due to the high gas velocities usually present in the smelting unit, a considerable portion of the fine-particle carbon carriers present above the fixed bed in the smelting unit are discharged from the smelting unit together with fine-particle fractions of other starting materials by the generator gas. Outside the melter, the particulate matter is separated from the generator gas in solids separation equipment.

Due to the thermal conditions in the gas collection chamber of the melting unit, the fine-particulate carbon carriers are at least partially, but mostly completely degassed, above the fixed bed, with volatiles being expelled from the carbon carriers. The separated during the deposition fine-particulate carbon carrier and optionally the other solid particles are introduced into the fixed bed of the melter, where they are gasified. Optionally, it is also possible to additionally introduce further, in particular non-caking and / or at least partially degassed, finely divided carbon carriers together with the separated fine-particle carbon carriers and optionally the further solid particles into the fixed bed. It is advantageous that it comes through the direct contact with the hot carbon carriers deposited or the solid particles to an at least partial degassing of the further fine carbon carrier before entry into the fixed bed. However, it is also possible to add finely particulate carbon carriers already degassed beforehand.

Thus, additional fine particulate carbon carriers can be processed if required and the energy requirement or carbon demand can be covered even more flexibly.

By means of the method according to the invention, the chemical energy contained in the fine-particle-shaped carbon carriers, as well as the sensible heat, can be transferred almost completely to the fixed bed. Due to the usability of all carbon carriers, including fine particulate carbon carrier, a significant additional energy content of the energy sources used for the process can be used, so that e.g. Coal can be saved and overall a more efficient process is achieved.

In accordance with the method according to the invention, the top gas withdrawn from the reduction unit is dedusted and the dust and / or further oxidic, in particular partially reduced, iron dust introduced thereby are introduced into the fixed bed of the melting unit. Such iron dusts are, for example, foundries dusts, dusts from partially reduced iron carriers, from briquetting or compaction plants, from ore drying plants, cooling gas dust, or also ore concentrates or dried sludges from wet dedusting. Thus, such recyclables can be processed in the smelting unit. -A-

A suitable embodiment of the method according to the invention provides that the entry of the separated solids and / or the further finely particulate carbon carrier and / or the dusts separated from the top gas and / or the other oxidic, in particular partially reduced, iron dust in the fixed bed by means of a carrier gas, in particular cooled generator gas, reducing gas, cooled top gas, natural gas, Kokereigas, blast furnace gas, nitrogen or mixtures thereof, takes place. By means of the carrier gas, the fine-particle-shaped carbon carriers can be introduced in a controlled manner into the fixed bed. The filtering action of the fixed bed prevents the fine-particle carbon carriers and solids introduced into the fixed bed from penetrating the fixed bed and being discharged again from the fixed bed with the generator gas.

According to an advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention at least a portion of the generator gas is used after its treatment in the device for the separation of solids from the generator gas to transport the separated solids and returned to the smelting unit. Due to the permanent withdrawal of a portion of the generator gas via the means for deposition, in particular in the case of using a hot gas cyclone, the Abd- tion effect, ie the proportion of solids, which is separated from the solids-laden generator gas, improved. In addition, the sighting thus achieved prevents any coarse particles deposited in the dust collecting container of the hot gas cyclone from causing technical problems in the return of the fixed bed of the melting unit. Such particles are discharged.

The extracted from the dust collection chamber of the cyclone portion of the generator gas is in turn introduced into the smelting unit in the region of Gassammeiraumes. To return the extracted gas in the gas collection chamber of the melting unit, the prevailing pressure gradient is overcome, for example, using an injector. According to a suitable embodiment of the method according to the invention, the part of the generator gas used for transport is separated from the transported separated solids immediately before it is returned to the smelting unit. A separation of the generator gas ensures that fine particle-shaped particles can not be entrained by the generator gas in the gas collection chamber of the smelting unit.

An advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention provides that the separated solids and / or the further finely particulate carbon carrier and / or the dusts separated from the top gas and / or the other oxidic, in particular partially reduced, iron dust after pressure adjustment by means of a lock in the fixed bed in Melting unit are introduced. In particular, when entering the fixed bed, an overpressure must be set so that the particles can be introduced into the fixed bed. Due to the high pressure gradient between the means for separating solids from the generator gas and optionally from the top gas and the point for introducing the dust into the fixed bed of a melting unit, locks are particularly suitable for this purpose. By switching the lock alternately, a simple charging of the melting unit is possible. Due to the part of the generator gas, which is sucked out of the dust collecting container of the cyclone and passed through the device for separation, unwanted effects of the sluice on the device for separation can be avoided, so that the separation can operate efficiently regardless of Schleusenschaltzyk-.

According to the invention, the finely particulate carbon carriers, optionally together with lumpy coal, are introduced into the gas collection chamber of the melting unit. Such finely particulate carbon carriers are, for example, unavoidable accompanying finely particulate carbon particles, for example adhesive grain, in the lumpy coals. In addition, it is also possible to specifically process additional fine-particle carbon carriers. According to this special variant, it is possible to avoid additional entry devices or an additional charging process. In this case, the existing coal line, which serves to feed the smelting unit with coal, can be adapted in such a way that finely particulate carbon carriers can also be introduced.

According to a particular embodiment of the method according to the invention, the entry of the separated solids and / or the further finely particulate carbon carrier and / or separated from the top gas dusts and / or other oxidic, especially partially reduced, iron dust in the fixed bed at the same level or, in particular directly , above the point at which gasification agents, preferably oxygen or oxygen-containing gases, are introduced into the fixed bed. By the entry in the immediate vicinity of the gasification agent deposition of finely particulate carbon support in a fixed bed and thus a reduced Durchgasung the fixed bed can be avoided, since the finely particulate carbon support are directly gasified.

According to an advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention non-baking finely particulate carbon carrier together with the deposited from the generator gas and / or from the top gas solids and / or other oxidic, especially partially reduced, iron dust in the smelting unit, in particular in the fixed bed introduced. Due to the mixing with hot dusts, the non-baking coals are degassed. The use of non-baking carbon carriers ensures that contact with hot dust or hot walls of the devices described does not result in the formation of agglomerates and caking that could impair the operation of said devices. Non-baking carbon carriers are, for example, degassed carbon carriers, Coals with a high natural rank of coal (high rank) and coals, which have lost their baking capacity, eg due to an oxidation treatment. By virtue of this measure, such carbon carriers can be processed directly, with no need for elaborate processing.

The device for the production of liquid metals has at least one entry device, which is provided for the entry of carbon carriers in the melting unit in a Gassammeiraum over the fixed bed. In a device for separating solids, in particular a hot gas cyclone, finely particulate carbon carriers and, if appropriate, further solids discharged with the generator gas are separated off from the generator gas discharged from the melting unit. In this case, the device for separating the solids via a lock for pressure adjustment with a blowing device, for the entry of finely particulate carbon carrier by means of a carrier gas in the fixed bed of the melting unit, connected. For the device for the separation of solids, dry dedusting devices, in particular hot gas cyclones, have proven to be advantageous, since a reliable separation is made possible here, even at high temperatures. As a reduction unit, a reduction shaft or a fluidized bed reactor can be used, with series-connected fluidized bed reactors forming a series are possible. Likewise, two such rows can be connected in parallel.

An advantageous embodiment of the device according to the invention provides that the means for separating solids to improve the deposition effect has a derivative for the separated solids, which is designed such that a portion of the generator gas can be recycled into the gas collection chamber of the melting unit. Due to the continuous gas flow, which is formed by the part of the generator gas in the device for deposition, in particular in the dust collection chamber of a cyclone, the effect of the separator can be significantly improved. In particular, the deposition effect is less sensitive to disturbances that come eg from shut-off devices or from locks, which can lead to pressure fluctuations.

According to a suitable embodiment of the device according to the invention, the discharge for the separated solids discharges into a deflection separator for the separation of dust and / or solids from the part of the generator gas which is returned to the gas collection room of the melting unit. Instead of Umlenkabscheiders can also find a cyclone use.

Due to the additional deflection separator or the additional cyclone, the part of the generator gas, which is again introduced into the melting unit, can be separated from the separated solids so that they do not inadvertently get back into the gas collection space of the melting unit. In particular, very fine-grained solids such as e.g. Dusts are separated from the generator gas.

According to a preferred embodiment of the device according to the invention, a propellant gas injector is provided for introducing the part of the generator gas which is returned to the gas collection chamber of the smelting unit. By Treibgasinjektor the pressure difference can be overcome to Gassammeiraum in a simple manner and so a simple entry into the melting unit can be ensured.

According to a preferred embodiment of the device according to the invention, non-baking fine-particle carbon carriers can be introduced into the fixed bed in the melting unit via the device for separating solids from the generator gas discharged from the smelting unit. The device has for this purpose openings that allow easy loading.

According to the invention the lock is formed in two or more stages and has at least two shut-off devices, which can be operated alternately. According to a particular embodiment of the invention, a device for separating solids from the top gas, which is withdrawn from the reduction unit, is provided, wherein the solid deposited thereby fed via lines of the injection device for entry of finely particulate carbon carrier in the fixed bed of the melter or directly into the Gas collection chamber of the melting unit can be introduced. By this additional means for depositing and the solids, dusts or carbon support can be guided from the top gas in the smelting unit and thus used in this. By entering the fixed bed, the filter effect of the fixed bed can be used.

The devices for the separation of solids from the generator gas and from the top gas each have discharges for the removal of the separated fine particulate carbon carriers or solids, which are connected via locks with the injection device for entry of the finely particulate carbon carrier in the fixed bed. By coupling the discharges, the respective separated solids can be brought together via a first stage of the lock in a second stage of the lock and introduced together into the smelting unit, whereby through the lock also pressure levels, such as e.g. a higher operating pressure can be compensated for smelting unit.

According to a special embodiment of the device according to the invention, the entry device for introducing carbon carriers into the gas collection chamber comprises a feed container and a lock and is suitable for introducing finely particulate and / or coarse-grained carbon carriers, in particular chunky coal, onto the surface of the fixed bed. By the combined entry of fine particulate and coarse-grained carbon carriers a particularly simple entry device is achieved. If necessary, only fine-particulate, only coarse-grained and both carbon carriers can be registered together. According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the entry device is arranged centrally in the dome of the melting unit above the gas collection chamber. Thus, the carbon carriers can be centrally placed in the melter, so that a uniform feed is possible.

A possible embodiment of the device according to the invention provides that the injection device for introducing the finely particulate carbon carrier in the fixed bed at the same level or, in particular directly above a means for introducing gasification agents, preferably oxygen or oxygen-containing gases, is arranged in the fixed bed. Due to this special arrangement, almost direct gasification of the carbon carriers upon entry into the fixed bed is possible, so that deposits of the finely particulate carbon carriers in the fixed bed can be avoided.

According to another possible embodiment of the device according to the invention, the device for separating solids has a discharge device for discharging coarse-grained particles. This is a discharge of particles, which are too coarse-grained for the injection device for entry feinteilchenförmiger carbon support in the fixed bed, possible. Such particles are either discharged from the process or fed back to the smelting unit in a separate way. Such a device may preferably be installed above the sluice between the means for depositing solids or the deflection separator and the injection device for introducing finely particulate carbon carriers into the fixed bed. Alternatively, the lock between the means for separation of solids or the Umlenkabscheider and the injection device for entry feinteilchenförmiger carbon support in the fixed bed can be used as means for discharging or returning coarse particles, if appropriate alternately to be operated discharges or switches are present. The invention will be described hereinafter by way of example by way of non-limiting example.

Fig. 1: Appendix with special entry device for fine particulate carbon carrier

Fig. 2: system with means for separating solids for generator gas and top gas

Fig. 3: System with means for separating solids from the generator gas and additional deflection.

Figure 1 shows a melting unit 1, which is designed as a melter gasifier and a fixed bed 2 and an overlying gas collection chamber 3 has. Chunky carbon SK and finely particulate carbon carriers are introduced into the smelting unit 1 via a centrally arranged entry device 4. In addition, a further entry device 4 for finely particulate carbon carriers can be provided, via which finely particulate carbon carriers can be introduced into the smelting unit 1. The finely particulate carbon carriers in the smelting unit are at least partially, in particular almost completely, degassed. The entry device 4 consists next to the feed container 5 from a lock 6, which comprises two storage devices 6 a and 6 b and locking devices, not shown, and is coupled to the melting unit 1. Preferably, the entry device may also include a blowing device downstream of the lock 6. In addition, the entry device 4 can be carried out in further known embodiments and suitable both for fine-particle carbon carriers FK and for lumped coals SK.

Via a generator gas line, the generator gas, which is laden solids and entrains finely particulate carbon carrier from the melting unit, enters the device for the separation of solids 7, in particular as a hot gas cyclone can be trained. The solids separated off in the device 7, in particular the fine-particle carbon carriers, are fed via a lock 8, which comprises two storage devices 8a and 8b and blocking devices, not shown, to a blowing device 9, which is arranged on the melting aggregate 1 in such a way that the solids introduced directly into the enter the fixed bed 2. Thus, the chemical but also the sensible heat of the introduced solids can be almost completely used, also has a positive effect of the fixed bed by its filtering effect, so that the dust content in the generator gas can be reduced.

The blowing device 9 is designed in such a way that even degassed fine-particulate carbon supports EK and / or oxidic, in particular partially reduced, iron dust can be introduced into the blowing device 9 and likewise charged into the melting aggregate 1. The blowing device 9 is operated by means of a propellant gas.

Optionally, in addition to the device 7, a further device for the separation of solids 10 may be provided, in particular wet scrubbers are used to achieve a particularly high purity in the purified gas generator or to cool this too. After an increase in pressure in a compressor 11, the washed and cooled generator gas can in turn be mixed with the generator gas, while its temperature is adjusted and introduced as a reducing gas in a reduction unit 12. In the reduction unit, oxidic metal supports OM, such as e.g. Ores, iron ores and aggregates Z introduced. The reducing gas used in the reduction unit and thereby converted is withdrawn as top gas TG.

FIG. 2 shows a possible variant which has an additional device for separating solids 13 from a top gas TG withdrawn from a reduction unit 12. The in the reduction unit at least partially reduced oxidic Metal supports OM are introduced into the smelting unit via lines 12a and 12b.

The discharges 14 and 15 from the devices 7 and 13 each have a storage device 16 and 17, which form the first stage of a lock and cooperates with a storage device 18, which represents the second stage of the lock. Together or also in succession, the solids separated in the devices 7 and 13 can be introduced via the blowing device 9 into the melting unit 1 or into the fixed bed 2. The carbon carriers are introduced via the entry device 4, regardless of their grain size. Fine particle shaped carbon carriers FK are introduced via the same feeding device 4 as the lumpy carbon SK, this being possible to be done together or separately from one another. Via a line 15 a, the purified top gas can also be supplied to the reduction unit 12 again.

FIG. 3 shows a further variant, wherein the device for separation 7 has a discharge line 19, which opens into a deflection separator 20. The discharge assumes the function of a dust collection container. The thereby separated solids, finely particulate solids and dusts can be introduced via a lock 21, consisting of the storage devices 22 and 23 and shut-off devices 24 and 25 by means of a blowing device 9 in the smelting unit 1.

In order to improve the deposition effect in the device 7, that is, to almost completely separate all the gas or the dust present in the generator gas from the generator gas, part of the generator gas can be conducted via the outlet 19 of the device 7. The resulting gas vent causes the solids to be separated to an even greater extent from the generator gas. The part of the generator gas, which is passed through the discharge line 19, first enters the Umlenkabscheider 20 and can then, for example by means of a Treibgasinjektors 26 in the gas collection chamber 3 of the Melting units are initiated. Instead of Umlenkabscheiders can also find a cyclone use. It is also possible via the propellant gas injector 26 to introduce finely particulate carbon carriers FK into the smelting unit. Alternatively, this can also be done via a separate entry device 27. The fine particulate carbon carriers FK are respectively introduced into the gas collection chamber 3 of the melting unit. For non-baking fine-particle carbon carriers NFK, it is also possible to introduce these into the discharge 19 or into the deflection separator 20 or into the injection device 9. Non-baking fine-particle carbon carriers NFK are characterized by the fact that they are not prone to caking, ie solidifying and caking, even when introduced into the hot separated solids. Via a line 28, cooling gas can be introduced into the generator gas, wherein the gas temperature can be adjusted. About an entry device 4 lumpy coal SK can be introduced into the gas collection chamber 3 of the melting unit 1. In particular, oxygen or oxygen-containing gases or mixtures of such gases can be introduced into the fixed bed 2 via means for introducing gasification means 29.

Claims

1. A process for the production of liquid metals, in particular pig iron or liquid steel precursors, wherein carbon carriers are introduced into a melting unit, in particular in a melter gasifier, in which formed by using at least partially pre-reduced metal carriers and the carbon carriers in the melting unit, a fixed bed and a generator gas is generated, which is used in at least one reduction unit for the at least partial reduction of metal carriers, characterized in that The carbon carriers are introduced above the fixed bed into a so-called gas collecting space in the melting unit and are at least partially degassed, That finely particulate carbon carriers and optionally further solid particles are at least partially discharged together with the generator gas from the smelting unit, In a device for separating solids from the generator gas, the fine-particle-shaped carbon carriers and optionally further solid particles are separated from the generator gas, • And these separated solids and optionally further, in particular non-baking and / or at least partially degassed, finely particulate carbon carriers are introduced into the fixed bed in the melting unit. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that deducted from the reduction unit top gas and the thereby separated dust and / or other oxidic, in particular partially reduced, iron dust are introduced into the fixed bed of the melting unit. 3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the entry of the separated solids and / or the further finely particulate carbon carrier and / or separated from the top gas dusts and / or other oxidic, in particular partially reduced, iron dust in the fixed bed by means of a carrier gas, in particular cooled generator gas, reducing gas, cooled top gas, natural gas, Kokereigas, blast furnace gas, nitrogen or mixtures thereof, takes place. 4. The method according to any one of the above claims, characterized in that at least a portion of the generator gas, after its treatment in the device for the separation of solids from the generator gas, used to transport the separated solids and returned to the smelting unit. 5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that the part of the generator gas, which was used for transport, is separated immediately before its return to the melting unit of the transported, separated solids. 6. The method according to any one of the above claims, characterized in that the separated solids and / or the further finely particulate carbon carrier and / or separated from the top gas dusts and / or other oxidic, in particular partially reduced, iron dust after pressure adjustment by means of a lock in the fixed bed are introduced in the smelting unit. 7. The method according to any one of the above claims, characterized in that fine particulate carbon carriers, optionally together with lumpy coal, are introduced into the gas collection chamber of the melting unit. 8. The method according to any one of the above claims, characterized in that the entry of the deposited solids and / or the further fine-particulate Carbon support and / or separated from the top gas dusts and / or other oxidic, especially partially reduced, iron dust in the fixed bed at the same level or, in particular directly above the point on the gasification agent, preferably oxygen or oxygen-containing gases introduced into the fixed bed be done. 9. The method according to any one of claims 2 to 8, characterized in that non-baking fine-particulate carbon carrier together with the separated from the generator gas and / or from the top gas solids and / or other oxidic, in particular partially reduced, iron dust in the melting unit, in particular in the Fixed bed, be introduced. 10. An apparatus for producing liquid metals, in particular pig iron or liquid steel precursors, with a melting unit (1), in particular a melter gasifier, in which formed by using at least partially pre-reduced metal carriers, carbon carriers in the melting unit (1) a fixed bed (2) and a generator gas is generated, and with a reduction unit (12) for the at least partial reduction of metal carriers by the generator gas, characterized in that further comprises at least one entry device (4) for entry of carbon carriers in the smelting unit (1) in a Gassammeiraum (3) via the fixed bed (2) is provided and means for separating solids (7) from the generator gas discharged from the melting unit (1), in particular a hot gas cyclone, for separating the finely particulate carbon carrier from the generator gas, wherein the means for separating the solids (7) a lock (8, 8a, 8b, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23) for pressure adjustment with a blowing device (9) for introducing the finely particulate carbon carrier by means of a carrier gas in the fixed bed (2) of the melting unit (1) is connected. 11. The device according to claim 10, characterized in that the means for separating solids (7) to improve the Abscheidewirkung a derivative (19) for the separated solids, which is designed such that a portion of the generator gas into the Gassammeiraum (3 ) of the melting unit (1) can be recycled. 12. The device according to claim 11, characterized in that the discharge (19) for the separated solids in a Umlenkabscheider (20) for the separation of dust and / or solids from the part of the generator gas in the gas collecting space (3) of the Melting unit (2) is recycled, discharges. 13. The apparatus of claim 1 1 or 12, characterized in that a propellant gas injector (26) for entry of the part of the generator gas which is recirculated into the gas collecting space (3) of the melting unit (2), is provided. 14. The device according to one of claims 10 to 13, characterized in that via the means for separating solids (7) from the generator gas discharged from the melt generator and non-baking finely particulate carbon carrier in the fixed bed (2) in the melting unit (1) can be introduced. 15. Device according to one of claims 10 to 14, characterized in that a device for separating solids (13) from the top gas, which is withdrawn from the reduction unit (12), is provided, wherein the thereby deposited solid and / or oxidic , in particular partially reduced, iron dust via lines of the injection device (9) for entry of feinteilchenförmi- carbon carriers in the fixed bed (2) of the melting unit (1) supplied or directly into the gas collection chamber (3) of the melting unit (1) can be introduced. 16. The apparatus according to claim 15, characterized in that the means for separating solids (7, 13) from the generator gas and from the top gas respectively discharges (14, 15) for removing the separated fine particulate carbon carrier or solids, said these over Locks (16, 18) are connected to the injection device (9) for introducing the finely particulate carbon carrier in the fixed bed (2). 17. The device according to one of claims 10 to 16, characterized in that the entry device (4) for entry of carbon carriers in the gas collection chamber (3) comprises a feed container (5) and a lock (6, 6a, 6b) and suitable is for the entry of fine particulate and / or coarse-grained carbon support, in particular chunk coal, on the surface of the fixed bed (2). 18. Device according to one of claims 10 to 17, characterized in that the entry device (4) for the entry of carbon carriers in the gas collection chamber (3) is arranged centrally in the dome of the melting unit (1) above the gas collection chamber (3). 19. The device according to one of claims 10 to 18, characterized in that the injection device (9) for entry of the finely particulate carbon carrier in the fixed bed (2) at the same height or, in particular directly, above a device for introducing gasification means (29), preferably oxygen or oxygen-containing gases, in the fixed bed (2) is arranged. 20. Device according to one of claims 10 to 19, characterized in that the means for separating solids (7, 13) comprises a discharge device for discharging coarse-grained particles.