WO2010044378A1 - シリコン系薄膜太陽電池およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
シリコン系薄膜太陽電池およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010044378A1 WO2010044378A1 PCT/JP2009/067636 JP2009067636W WO2010044378A1 WO 2010044378 A1 WO2010044378 A1 WO 2010044378A1 JP 2009067636 W JP2009067636 W JP 2009067636W WO 2010044378 A1 WO2010044378 A1 WO 2010044378A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F10/00—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells
- H10F10/10—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells having potential barriers
- H10F10/17—Photovoltaic cells having only PIN junction potential barriers
- H10F10/172—Photovoltaic cells having only PIN junction potential barriers comprising multiple PIN junctions, e.g. tandem cells
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F10/00—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells
- H10F10/10—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells having potential barriers
- H10F10/17—Photovoltaic cells having only PIN junction potential barriers
- H10F10/174—Photovoltaic cells having only PIN junction potential barriers comprising monocrystalline or polycrystalline materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F10/00—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells
- H10F10/10—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells having potential barriers
- H10F10/19—Photovoltaic cells having multiple potential barriers of different types, e.g. tandem cells having both PN and PIN junctions
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/547—Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/548—Amorphous silicon PV cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a silicon-based thin film solar cell and a method for manufacturing the same, and more particularly to a hybrid silicon-based thin film solar cell including an amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit and a crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit in order from the light incident side and a method for manufacturing the same.
- Crystal silicon thin-film solar cells have now been developed, and a stacked solar cell called a hybrid solar cell in which these are stacked has been put into practical use.
- Crystal silicon or “microcrystalline silicon” is a mixed crystal system of crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon, and is a material whose crystal fraction changes depending on the film forming conditions.
- Thin film solar cells generally have a photoelectric conversion unit in which a p-type layer (p-type semiconductor layer), an i-type layer (i-type semiconductor layer), and an n-type layer (n-type semiconductor layer) are stacked.
- a pin-type or nip-type photoelectric conversion unit has an amorphous i-type layer that occupies the main part regardless of whether the p-type layer or the n-type layer included therein is amorphous or microcrystalline.
- One is called an amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit, and one having an i-type layer made of a mixed crystal of crystalline silicon and amorphous silicon is called a crystalline photoelectric conversion unit.
- the i-type layer is a substantially intrinsic semiconductor layer and occupies most of the thickness of the photoelectric conversion unit, and the photoelectric conversion action mainly occurs in the i-type layer. Therefore, this i-type layer is called an i-type photoelectric conversion layer or simply a photoelectric conversion layer.
- the photoelectric conversion layer is not limited to the intrinsic semiconductor layer, and may be a layer doped in a small amount of p-type or n-type within a range where loss of light absorbed by the doped impurities does not matter.
- One of the major problems in the mass production of thin film solar cells is to uniformly and rapidly form a crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer of a crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit in a plane by a CVD method. That is, since crystalline silicon has a smaller absorption coefficient than amorphous silicon, the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer of the crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit has a film thickness that is the same as that of the amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit.
- the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer needs to be about 10 times as large as the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer, and the production of the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer is rate-limiting in the production of a solar cell including the crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit.
- the film thickness of the photoelectric conversion layer is large, but if the film thickness of the i-type layer is increased more than necessary.
- the cost and time for the film formation will increase.
- the manufacturing conditions have been selected so that the film forming speed and the film quality of the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer are balanced. That is, in order to form a crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer having a high film quality, it is necessary to reduce the film-forming speed. If priority is given to the film-forming speed, the film quality deteriorates. Therefore, the film-forming conditions and film thickness of the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer are adjusted in the trade-off relationship between the film-forming speed and the film quality. Attempts have been made to optimize the properties and mass productivity of the product.
- Patent Document 2 an n-type amorphous silicon layer containing a P element having a crystallization promoting action acts as an underlayer for the crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion layer. Therefore, a high-quality crystalline photoelectric conversion layer in which the generation of crystal nuclei in the initial growth process is suppressed is obtained, and the photoelectric conversion characteristics are improved.
- Patent Document 2 a photoelectric conversion layer is formed by plasma CVD under a low output condition in order to suppress generation of crystal nuclei in an initial growth process.
- the doped impurities diffuse from the n-type amorphous silicon layer, which is the underlayer, or the incubation layer (where the crystal fraction is extremely high and low)
- the photoelectric conversion characteristics are deteriorated. That is, when an amorphous silicon layer is formed as a base layer of a crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion layer, the upper limit of the film formation speed for obtaining a crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion layer with a good initial film state is limited.
- the present invention aims to provide a silicon-based thin-film solar cell with improved conversion efficiency and a method for manufacturing the same, which suppresses a decrease in open-circuit voltage and fill factor.
- the present invention when the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer is formed at a high speed, the crystallinity of the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer is relatively high, and includes many defects near the interface on the back electrode side. Even if it is a case, the fall of the open circuit voltage and fill factor resulting from these defects is suppressed, and it aims at provision of the manufacturing method for manufacturing a silicon-type thin film solar cell with high mass productivity.
- the above-described problem can be solved by forming an n-type silicon-based thin film layer on the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer of the crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit in contact with the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer.
- the present invention provides a silicon thin film solar comprising a crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit including a p-type layer 4p, a crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic, and an n-type layer 4nc from the light-transmitting substrate 1 side that is the light incident side.
- a crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit including a p-type layer 4p, a crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic, and an n-type layer 4nc from the light-transmitting substrate 1 side that is the light incident side.
- an n-type silicon-based thin film layer 4na is formed on a crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic in contact with the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic, and an n-type layer is formed thereon.
- a type microcrystalline silicon layer 4nc is formed.
- the n-type silicon thin film layer 4na has an n-type silicon alloy layer in contact with the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic.
- the film thickness of the n-type silicon alloy layer is preferably 1 to 12 nm.
- the n-type silicon thin film layer 4na is preferably formed by depositing an n-type amorphous silicon layer 4n2 on the n-type silicon alloy layer 4n1.
- the n-type amorphous silicon layer 4n2 is preferably formed so that its film thickness is 60% or more of the entire film thickness of the n-type silicon thin film layer 4na.
- the n-type silicon alloy layer 4n1 is preferably substantially composed of one or more elements selected from oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen, a hydrogen element, and a silicon element.
- the n-type silicon alloy layer 4n1 is particularly preferably an n-type amorphous silicon carbide layer.
- the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer has an average film forming rate of 0.5 nm / second or more, more preferably 0.8 nm / second or more, and further preferably 1.2 nm. In the case of being formed at a rate of at least / sec, it is possible to more effectively suppress the reduction of the open circuit voltage and the fill factor due to the generation of crystal grain boundaries.
- the silicon-based thin film solar cell includes an amorphous structure including a p-type layer 3p, an amorphous i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 3ia, and an n-type layer 3n from the translucent substrate 1 side.
- This is a hybrid silicon thin film solar cell in which the crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit is formed on the silicon photoelectric conversion unit 3.
- the n-type silicon alloy layer in the n-type silicon-based thin film layer 4na formed on the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic has a wide gap for collecting electrons on the valence band side. Since it is excellent, a solar cell having a high open circuit voltage can be obtained. Further, since the n-type silicon alloy layer is doped n-type, recombination of carriers due to entering of holes can be suppressed (hole repulsion effect).
- the n-type silicon alloy layer 4n1 is used as an underlayer for the n-type amorphous silicon layer 4n2.
- the layer 4n2 can be deposited as an amorphous silicon layer due to the function of inhibiting crystallization of different elements such as oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen in the silicon alloy layer.
- the n-type silicon alloy layer 4n1 having a large resistance is thinned to suppress the increase in series resistance, while collecting electrons on the valence band side as described above and the carrier concentration. The effect of improving the open circuit voltage by suppressing recombination can also be maintained. Therefore, as a result, a thin film solar cell having higher conversion efficiency can be obtained.
- FIG. 1 shows a hybrid silicon thin-film solar cell in which a transparent conductive film 2, an amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 3, a crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit 4, and a back electrode 5 are formed in this order on a translucent substrate 1. To express.
- Translucent substrate As the translucent board
- the transparent conductive film 2 a conductive metal oxide is preferably used, and specifically, SnO2, ZnO and the like are preferable examples.
- the transparent conductive film 2 is preferably formed using a method such as CVD, sputtering, or vapor deposition.
- Transparent conductive film As the transparent conductive film 2, one having an effect of increasing the scattering of incident light on the surface thereof is preferably used. Specifically, a material that can exhibit the effect of increasing the scattering of incident light by forming fine irregularities is desirable.
- An amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 3 is formed on the transparent conductive film 2.
- the amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 3 includes a first p-type layer 3p, an amorphous i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 3ia, and a first n-type layer 3n formed in this order from the translucent substrate side. It is.
- Each layer of the amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 3 can be formed by various known methods, among which the high-frequency plasma CVD method is suitable.
- conditions for forming each layer of the amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit for example, a substrate temperature of 100 to 300 ° C., a pressure of 20 to 2600 Pa, and a plasma output of 0.003 to 0.6 W / cm 2 are preferably used.
- the source gas used for forming each layer of the photoelectric conversion unit include silicon-containing gases such as SiH 4 and Si 2 H 6 , or a mixture of these gases and H 2 .
- As a dopant gas for forming the first p-type layer 3p and the first n-type layer 3n, B 2 H 6 or the like, PH 3 or the like is preferably used, respectively.
- amorphous silicon which is the same material as the amorphous i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 3ia may be used. It is also preferable to use a material having a wider band than that. By using a material having a wide band, a new electric field is formed at the interface between the conductive layer and the photoelectric conversion layer, and recombination at the carrier interface generated due to light absorption is suppressed.
- the first p-type layer 3p disposed on the light incident side of the amorphous i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 3ia a material having a wide band such as p-type amorphous silicon carbide is used, so that the photoelectric conversion is performed. Light absorption outside the layer can be reduced, and the photoelectric conversion characteristics can be improved.
- a crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit 4 is formed on the amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 3.
- the crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit 4 is formed by sequentially forming a second p-type layer 4p, a crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic, an n-type silicon-based thin film layer 4na, and a second n-type layer 4nc. is there.
- the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic is formed by various known methods by the plasma CVD method. From the viewpoint of enhancing mass productivity, the average film formation rate is preferably 0.5 nm / second or more, more preferably 0.8 nm / second or more, and further preferably 1.2 nm / second or more.
- Patent Document 1 Non-Patent Document 1
- Non-Patent Document mentioned above it is preferable to discharge at a high pressure, a high hydrogen dilution, and a high output condition with the distance between the electrodes narrowed.
- the distance between the substrate deposition surface and the electrode is preferably 10 mm or less, more preferably 8 mm or less, and even more preferably 7.7 mm or less.
- the distance between the substrate deposition surface and the electrode is preferably 5.5 mm or more, and more preferably 6.5 mm or more. If the distance between the electrodes is excessively large, the film forming speed tends to decrease. If the distance between the electrodes is excessively small, it is difficult to generate plasma between the electrodes.
- the pressure during film formation is preferably 600 pa or more, more preferably 1500 Pa or more, and further preferably 1800 Pa or more.
- the pressure is preferably 2600 Pa or less, more preferably 2400 Pa or less, and further preferably 2200 Pa or less. If the pressure is excessively low, the film forming speed tends to decrease. If the pressure is excessively high, the silicon film tends to be porous.
- the plasma output during film formation is preferably 0.1 W / cm 2 or more, more preferably 0.2 W / cm 2 or more, and further preferably 0.25 W / cm 2 or more.
- the plasma output is preferably at 0.7 W / cm 2 or less, more preferably 0.5wW / cm 2 or less, and more preferably 0.45 W / cm 2 or less. If the plasma output is excessively low, the deposition rate tends to decrease, and if the plasma output is excessively high, the underlayer tends to be etched.
- the dilution ratio (H 2 / SiH 4 ) of hydrogen gas with respect to silane gas is preferably 200 times or less, more preferably 100 times or less, and further preferably 80 times or less.
- the dilution rate is preferably 55 times or more, more preferably 60 times or more, and further preferably 65 times or more.
- the crystal fraction tends to increase.
- the short-circuit current density increases, but on the other hand, the number of defects due to crystal grain boundaries increases, so the open-circuit voltage and the fill factor tend to decrease and the photoelectric conversion efficiency tends to decrease.
- the dilution rate of hydrogen gas with respect to silane gas H 2 / SiH 4
- the pressure is increased to increase the film formation speed by increasing the silane partial pressure
- the crystal fraction decreases and the crystal grains Since the distribution of the current becomes nonuniform, the short circuit current density tends to decrease.
- the n-type silicon thin film layer 4na on the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic, the reduction of the open circuit voltage and the fill factor are suppressed. Therefore, even when the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic is formed at a high speed, high photoelectric conversion efficiency can be maintained, and it is not necessary to excessively increase the film thickness of the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic. Therefore, it becomes possible to improve the mass productivity of the solar cell.
- the present invention depends on the case where the film formation rate of the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic is high or the case where it is applied to the manufacture of a solar cell having a high crystal fraction of the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic. It is effective.
- the Raman spectrum spectrum intensity ratio I 1 / I 2 is preferably 4.8 or more, more preferably 5 or more. More preferably, it is 3 or more.
- the upper limit of the intensity ratio I 1 / I 2 is not particularly limited, but is generally 6.2 or less, and preferably 5.8 or less.
- n-type silicon thin film layer 4na is formed on the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic.
- the n-type silicon thin film layer 4na includes an n-type silicon alloy layer in contact with the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic.
- the n-type silicon alloy layer is substantially composed of a silicon alloy composed of one or more elements (heterogeneous elements) selected from oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen, a hydrogen element, and a silicon element. Is preferred.
- the phrase “consisting essentially of these elements” means that these elements are composed of a small amount of doped impurities and unavoidable mixed impurities.
- Preferred examples of such an n-type silicon alloy include n-type amorphous silicon carbide, n-type microcrystalline silicon oxide, n-type amorphous silicon nitride, and n-type amorphous silicon oxynitride.
- an n-type amorphous silicon carbide layer or an n-type microcrystalline silicon oxide is preferably used as the n-type silicon alloy layer.
- n-type amorphous silicon carbide can be formed with low power, damage to the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic, which is the base layer when the silicon alloy layer is formed, is reduced, and crystalline This is preferable because the diffusion of doped impurities into the i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer can be suppressed.
- the silicon alloy layer contains different elements other than silicon and hydrogen
- the different elements released from the chamber wall are mixed into the film. It tends to act as a defect and may require frequent maintenance of the chamber.
- carbon used for silicon carbide film formation has a weaker bonding force with silicon as compared with other dissimilar elements such as oxygen, and does not act as a defect even when incorporated in the film. Therefore, if an n-type amorphous silicon carbide layer is used as the silicon alloy layer, the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic and other layers and the silicon alloy layer are formed continuously in the same chamber. However, the maintenance cycle of the chamber can be extended, and as a result, the mass productivity can be improved.
- the method for forming the n-type silicon alloy layer is not particularly limited.
- H 2 0 to 10
- PH 3 1 to 4
- plasma CVD conditions during the formation of n-type amorphous silicon carbide a substrate deposition surface-electrode distance of 15 to 20 mm, a pressure of 30 to 200 Pa, and a plasma output of 0.005 to 0.02 W / cm 2 are suitable. Adopted.
- a substrate deposition surface-electrode distance of 6 to 13 mm, a pressure of 800 to 1800 Pa, and a plasma output of 0.12 to 0.27 W / cm 2 are preferable. Adopted.
- the n-type silicon thin film layer 4na having the n-type silicon alloy layer is formed on the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic. Therefore, film formation damage to the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer as compared with the case where the n-type microcrystalline silicon layer 4nc is formed directly on the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic as shown in FIG. There is little, and it leads to the improvement of the photoelectric conversion characteristic of a solar cell.
- the n-type silicon alloy layer passivates defects in the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic, so that the fill factor of the solar cell is improved. Furthermore, since the silicon alloy is a wide gap material, an internal potential can be generated by the n-type silicon alloy layer to improve the open circuit voltage of the solar cell. Further, since the band gap of the n-type silicon alloy layer is larger than that of the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic, the gradient of the valence band side band near the interface becomes large. Therefore, by inserting the n-type silicon thin film layer 4na, the effect of repelling holes is improved and the open circuit voltage of the solar cell is improved.
- the film thickness of the n-type silicon alloy layer is preferably 1 nm or more, and more preferably 2 nm or more. If the film thickness of the n-type silicon alloy layer is excessively small, the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4 ic cannot be uniformly covered, and the defect passivation effect may not be sufficiently obtained.
- the film thickness of the n-type silicon alloy layer is preferably 12 nm or less, more preferably 10 nm or less, further preferably 6 nm, and particularly preferably 4 nm or less. Since the n-type silicon alloy has a high resistance, when the film thickness is excessively large, the series resistance tends to increase and the curve factor of the solar cell tends to decrease.
- an n-type silicon thin film layer 4na is formed by depositing an n-type amorphous silicon layer 4n2 on an n-type silicon alloy layer 4n1. Since different elements such as oxygen, carbon and nitrogen in the silicon alloy inhibit crystallization, the layer 4n2 formed thereon is not affected by the crystallinity of the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic. It is formed as an n-type amorphous silicon layer.
- the n-type silicon alloy layer 4n1 functions as a base layer for forming the n-type amorphous silicon layer 4n2, and the n-type amorphous silicon layer 4n2 is an n-type. It plays a role as a base layer of the microcrystalline silicon layer 4nc.
- the n-type silicon alloy layer 4n1 and the n-type amorphous silicon layer 4n2 both pass through the role of generating an internal potential in the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer and the defects in the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer. To play a role.
- the thickness of the n-type silicon alloy layer 4n1 is reduced, and the thickness of the n-type amorphous silicon layer 4n2 in the n-type silicon thin film layer is reduced. It is preferable to increase the ratio.
- the film thickness of the n-type amorphous silicon layer 4n2 is preferably formed to be 60% or more of the film thickness of the entire n-type silicon thin film layer 4na.
- the film thickness of the n-type amorphous silicon layer 4n2 is preferably 2 nm or more, preferably 3 nm or more, and more preferably 4 nm or more.
- the film thickness of the n-type amorphous silicon layer 4n2 is preferably 19 nm or less, more preferably 12 nm or less, and even more preferably 10 nm or less.
- the distance between the substrate forming surface and the electrode is 10 to 19 mm
- the pressure is 30 to 100 Pa
- the plasma output is 0.005.
- ⁇ 0.02 W / cm 2 is employed.
- the conduction band side band is also widened, so that the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer is changed to the n-type layer. Electrons are less likely to be collected, and on the contrary, promotion of carrier recombination is promoted. Further, the i-type amorphous silicon layer is not suitable for generating an internal potential in the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer, and may be used as a base for the microcrystalline conductive layer 4nc formed thereon. Not suitable.
- the i-type amorphous silicon layer has a higher series resistance than the n-type amorphous silicon layer, the short-circuit current density and the fill factor of the solar cell are reduced, and the photoelectric conversion characteristics However, it tends to decline.
- the concentration of the n-type doped impurity in the n-type silicon alloy layer is preferably 3000 ppm or more, and more preferably 5000 ppm or more.
- n-type microcrystalline silicon layer 4nc On the n-type silicon thin film layer 4na, an n-type microcrystalline silicon layer 4nc is formed as a second n-type layer.
- the n-type microcrystalline silicon layer 4nc may contain one or more elements of oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen to the extent that the contact resistance with the back electrode 5 is not increased.
- the distance between the substrate forming surface and the electrode is 10 to 13 mm
- the pressure is 500 to 1000 Pa
- the plasma output is 0.03 to 0.13 W / cm 2 is adopted.
- the film thickness of the n-type microcrystalline silicon layer 4nc is preferably 17 nm or more, and more preferably 19 nm or more. When the film thickness of the n-type microcrystalline silicon layer is excessively small, the contact with the back electrode becomes insufficient, and the photoelectric conversion characteristics may not be exhibited. Further, the film thickness of the n-type microcrystalline silicon layer 4nc is preferably 27 nm or less, and more preferably 25 nm or less. If the thickness of the n-type microcrystalline silicon layer is excessively large, the light absorption loss increases, so that even when a textured back electrode is employed, the light confinement effect tends not to be sufficiently exhibited.
- a back electrode 5 is formed on n-type microcrystalline silicon layer 4nc.
- the back electrode 5 is preferably formed in the order of a transparent oxide layer 51 and a back reflective electrode layer 52 as shown in FIGS. ZnO, ITO or the like is preferably used as the material of the transparent oxide layer 51, and Ag, Al or an alloy thereof is preferably used as the material of the back surface reflective electrode layer 52.
- the transparent oxide layer 51 and the back reflective electrode layer 52 can be formed by various known methods, and methods such as sputtering and vapor deposition are preferably used.
- the silicon-based thin film solar cell according to the manufacturing method of the present invention has a so-called p-type layer, i-type layer, and n-type layer formed in this order from the light-transmitting substrate side that is the light incident side. It has a “forward type” pin-type crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit.
- a nip type photoelectric conversion unit having an n-type layer, an i-type layer, and a p-type layer in this order from the light incident side, and the side opposite to the light incident side
- a so-called “reverse type” crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit in which each layer of the crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit is formed in this order from the back electrode side will be described.
- nip type crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit 4 ′ in which the semiconductor layers are formed in the order of n, i, and p from the light transmitting substrate 1 side schematically shown in FIG.
- the p-type silicon thin film layer 4pa is formed between the conversion layer 4ic and the p-type layer 4pc, it can be expected that the photoelectric conversion characteristics of the solar cell are improved due to the passivation of defects and the effect of repelling holes.
- nip type solar cells generally tend to be inferior in photoelectric conversion characteristics as compared with pin type solar cells.
- the p-type doped impurity in the p-type silicon alloy layer 4p1 diffuses into the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic, thereby deteriorating the photoelectric conversion characteristics of the solar cell.
- the n-type doped impurity in the n-type silicon alloy layer 4n1 is converted into the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion. There is a possibility of diffusion into the layer 4ic.
- the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer has a very slight n-type conductivity characteristic due to the influence of impurities such as oxygen contained in the raw material gas and the environment during film formation.
- the effect when a small amount of n-type doped impurity diffuses into the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer is much smaller than the effect when the p-type doped impurity diffuses.
- the electrical characteristics of the conversion layer 4ic tend to be good.
- the band gap of these layers is p-type silicon. Since the alloy is the largest, followed by p-type amorphous silicon and crystalline i-type silicon, the conduction band side band changes discontinuously. For this reason, the internal potential is not formed well, and the hole recovery efficiency tends to decrease.
- the crystalline i-type silicon is formed. Since the photoelectric conversion layer 4ic has an n-type characteristic very slightly, the fluctuation of the valence band side band is smaller than that of the conduction band side, and the internal potential can be formed well.
- the light absorption amount per unit film thickness of the photoelectric conversion layer is larger on the light incident side, light absorption by the photoelectric conversion layer is mainly generated on the light incident side. Therefore, the interface characteristics between the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4 ic and the conductive layer on the light incident side are to suppress the generation of dangling bonds as compared with the interface with the conductive layer on the back electrode side. Therefore, more precise control is required.
- the reverse type solar cell of FIG. 5 since the p-type silicon thin film layer 4pa is formed on the light incident side of the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic, it becomes difficult to improve the interface characteristics. The conversion characteristics are degraded.
- the n-type silicon thin film layer 4na is formed on the back electrode side of the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic that contributes little to the amount of light absorption. Therefore, strict control of the interface characteristics is not required, but rather the contribution of improvement in photoelectric conversion characteristics due to the above-described defect passivation and hole repelling effect is large.
- FIG. 5 shows the reverse type solar cells stacked in the order of pin from the light incident side, but in the case of a nip type reverse type solar cell, the light incidence of the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer An n-type silicon thin film layer is formed on the side. In this case as well, it is difficult to improve the interface characteristics as in the case of the pin-type reverse type solar cell, and the photoelectric conversion characteristics are deteriorated.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate thin-film silicon solar cells each having one amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 3 and one crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit 4.
- the present invention is not limited to a configuration including one each of 4 and can be applied to a stacked solar cell including three or more photoelectric conversion units.
- the present invention is also applicable to a single-cell silicon-based thin film solar cell including only a crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit as shown in FIG. It is more preferable to apply to a hybrid silicon-based thin film solar cell including a crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit.
- the amorphous i type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 3 ia and the n type of the crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit 4 are used.
- the band gaps of the n-type silicon alloy layer 4n1 and the n-type amorphous silicon layer 4n2 in the silicon-based thin film layer 4na are substantially the same. Therefore, light having a wavelength that can be absorbed by the n-type silicon thin film layer 4na is transmitted by the amorphous i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 3ia disposed on the light incident side before reaching the n-type silicon thin film layer 4na. Absorbed.
- the present invention when the present invention is applied to a hybrid silicon thin film solar cell, a light absorption loss due to the n-type silicon thin film layer 4na hardly occurs, and a single cell having only a crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit as shown in FIG. As compared with the case of applying to the thin film solar cell, there is an advantage that the photoelectric conversion characteristics improvement according to the present invention can be exhibited more effectively.
- Example 1-1 a hybrid silicon-based thin-film solar cell schematically shown in FIG. 2 was produced by the following procedure.
- a transparent conductive film 2 made of SnO 2 and having a fine concavo-convex structure was formed on one main surface of a translucent substrate 1 made of white glass having a thickness of 1.1 mm by a thermal CVD method.
- the translucent substrate 1 on which the transparent conductive film 2 is formed is introduced into a high-frequency plasma CVD apparatus, heated to 160 ° C., and then has a thickness of 15 nm.
- the amorphous p-type silicon carbide layer 3p, the non-doped amorphous i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 3ia having a thickness of 300 nm, and the n-type silicon layer 3n having a thickness of 30 nm were sequentially stacked.
- a plasma CVD apparatus is used to form a p-type microcrystalline silicon layer 4p having a thickness of 15 nm, a crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic having a thickness of 1.5 ⁇ m, An n-type amorphous silicon carbide layer 4n1 having a thickness of 13 nm, an n-type amorphous silicon layer 4n2 having a thickness of 5 nm, and an n-type microcrystalline silicon layer 4nc having a thickness of 20 nm were sequentially stacked.
- the film forming conditions of the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4ic at that time are as follows: the distance between the substrate forming surface and the electrode is 7 mm, the pressure is 2200 Pa, the plasma output is 0.4 W / cm 2 , and the SiH 4 / H 2 flow rate ratio is 1/72 It was. The average film forming speed under these film forming conditions was 0.79 nm / second.
- the film forming conditions of the n-type amorphous silicon carbide layer 4n1 are as follows: the substrate forming surface-electrode distance is 17 mm, the pressure is 120 Pa, the plasma output is 0.008 W / cm 2 , and the SiH 4 / PH 3 / CH 4 flow rate ratio is 1/2. / 1.
- the PH 3 flow rate is shown as the flow rate of a PH 3 / H 2 mixed gas that has been diluted to 5000 ppm with H 2 in advance.
- the film forming conditions for the n-type amorphous silicon layer 4n2 were as follows: the distance between the substrate forming surface and the electrode was 18 mm, the pressure was 60 Pa, the plasma output was 0.011 W / cm 2 , and the SiH 4 / PH 3 flow ratio was 1/2.
- the film forming conditions for the n-type microcrystalline silicon layer 4nc are as follows: the distance between the substrate forming surface and the electrode is 10 mm, the pressure is 800 Pa, the plasma output is 0.11 W / cm 2 , and the SiH 4 / PH 3 / H 2 flow rate ratio is 1 / 4/200.
- a transparent oxide layer 51 made of ZnO having a thickness of 80 nm was formed by a sputtering method, and a back reflective electrode layer 52 made of Ag having a thickness of 250 nm was formed by an EB vapor deposition method.
- the transparent conductive film 2 in order to leave the transparent conductive film 2 and separate the amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit 3, the crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit 4, the transparent oxide layer 51, and the back reflective electrode layer 52 into island shapes, RIE etching is performed. The island-shaped isolation region was formed. Thereafter, solder was infiltrated 2 mm outside from the island-shaped separation region to form a contact region with the transparent conductive film 2 to produce a hybrid silicon thin film solar cell.
- This hybrid silicon-based thin film solar cell has an effective area of 1 cm 2 , and in Example 1, a total of 36 of the above solar cells were produced on one substrate.
- the fabricated hybrid silicon-based thin film solar cell is irradiated with pseudo-sunlight having a spectral distribution AM1.5 and an energy density of 100 mW / cm 2 under a measurement atmosphere temperature and a solar cell temperature of 25 ⁇ 1 ° C.
- the output characteristics of the thin-film solar cell were measured by measuring the current.
- Example 1-2 A hybrid silicon-based thin film solar cell was prepared according to Example 1-1. However, in Example 1-2, the n-type amorphous silicon carbide layer 4n1 was not formed without forming the n-type amorphous silicon layer 4n2. The film was formed with a film thickness of 8 nm, which was different from Example 1-1.
- Example 1-3 Although a hybrid silicon-based thin film solar cell was prepared according to Example 1-1, in Example 1-3, instead of forming the n-type amorphous silicon carbide layer 4n1 with a film thickness of 3 nm, n-type silicon was used. An n-type microcrystalline silicon oxide layer 4n1 having a film thickness of 3 nm was formed as an alloy layer, which was different from Example 1-1.
- the film forming conditions of the n-type microcrystalline silicon oxide layer 4n1 in Example 1-3 are as follows: the distance between the substrate film forming surface and the electrode is 8 mm, the pressure is 1100 Pa, the plasma output is 0.16 W / cm 2 , and SiH 4 / PH 3 / H 2. / CO 2 flow rate ratio was 1/6/200/4.
- Comparative Example 1-1 Although a hybrid silicon-based thin film solar cell was prepared according to Example 1-1, in Comparative Example 1-1, the n-type amorphous silicon carbide layer 4n1 was not formed without forming the n-type amorphous silicon layer 4n2. The film was formed with a thickness of 14 nm, which was different from Example 1-1.
- Comparative Example 1-2 A hybrid silicon-based thin film solar cell was prepared according to Example 1-1. However, in Comparative Example 1-2, the n-type amorphous silicon carbide layer 4n2 was not formed and the n-type amorphous silicon layer 4n2 was not formed. The film was formed with a film thickness of 8 nm, which was different from Example 1-1.
- Comparative Example 1-3 A hybrid silicon-based thin film solar cell was prepared according to Example 1-1. However, in Comparative Example 1-3, the n-type amorphous silicon carbide layer 4n1 and the n-type amorphous silicon layer 4n2 were not formed. In contrast to Example 1-1, the n-type microcrystalline silicon layer 4nc was formed with a film thickness of 28 nm.
- Comparative Example 1-4 Although a hybrid silicon-based thin film solar cell was prepared according to Example 1-1, in Comparative Example 1-4, instead of forming the n-type amorphous silicon carbide layer 4n1 with a film thickness of 3 nm, non-doped Instead of forming the i-type amorphous silicon carbide layer with a thickness of 3 nm and the n-type amorphous silicon layer 4n2 with a thickness of 5 nm, a non-doped i-type amorphous silicon layer is formed. The film formation at 5 nm was different from Example 1-1.
- Comparative Example 1-5 Although a hybrid silicon-based thin film solar cell was prepared according to Example 1-2, in Comparative Example 1-5, instead of forming the n-type amorphous silicon layer 4n2 with a film thickness of 8 nm, a non-doped i The type amorphous silicon layer was formed with a film thickness of 8 nm, which was different from Example 1-2.
- Comparative Example 1-6 A hybrid silicon-based thin film solar cell was prepared according to Example 1-2. In Comparative Example 1-5, an n-type amorphous silicon carbide layer 4n1 was formed to a thickness of 15 nm, and an n-type amorphous silicon solar cell was formed. The difference from Example 1-1 was that the silicon layer 4n2 and the n-type microcrystalline silicon layer 4nc were not formed.
- Table 1 shows the hybrid silicon-based thin film solar as well as the laminated structure between the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer and the back electrode of each hybrid silicon-based thin-film solar cell fabricated in Examples and Comparative Examples and the film thickness of each layer.
- the short circuit current (Isc), the open circuit voltage (Voc), the fill factor (FF), and the photoelectric conversion efficiency (Eff) of the battery (average of 36 cells) are shown.
- “Change rate” in the table represents the amount of change in photoelectric conversion efficiency when Comparative Example 1-3 is used as a reference (0%).
- n: a-SiC”, “n: uc-SiO”, “n: a-Si”, “i: a-SiC”, “i: a-Si”, “n: “uc-Si” means “n-type amorphous silicon carbide”, “n-type microcrystalline silicon oxide”, “n-type amorphous silicon”, “i-type amorphous silicon carbide”, “i-type non-crystalline”, respectively. “Crystalline silicon” and “n-type microcrystalline silicon” (the same applies to Tables 2 and 3).
- Examples 1-1 and 1-2 and Comparative Example 1-3 all have an n-layer having a thickness of 28 nm between the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer and the back electrode.
- Example 1-1 and Example 1-2 which are partly formed of an n-type silicon thin film layer, a high open circuit voltage is obtained.
- Example 1-1 in which the n-type amorphous silicon layer 4n2 is formed behind the n-type amorphous silicon carbide layer 4n1 as the n-type silicon-based thin film layer an opening equivalent to that in Example 1-2 is provided. The curve factor is further improved while improving the voltage.
- Comparative Example 1-1 in which an n-type amorphous silicon carbide layer having a thickness of 14 nm was formed, the open-circuit voltage was improved as compared with Comparative Example 1-3, but the n-type amorphous silicon carbide layer Since the film thickness is large, the series resistance is increased, the fill factor and the short circuit current are decreased, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is also decreased.
- Comparative Examples 1-4 and 1-5 in which an i-type silicon-based thin film layer is formed between the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4 ic and the n-type microcrystalline silicon layer 4 nc, compared with Comparative Example 1-3.
- the open-circuit voltage slightly increased, but the open-circuit voltage did not increase as much as in Examples 1-2 and 1-2.
- the short circuit current density and the fill factor are lower than those of Comparative Example 1-3, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is also reduced.
- Comparative Example 1-5 in which the n-type microcrystalline silicon layer 4nc was not formed, electrical contact with the transparent oxide layer 51 was not obtained, and the photoelectric conversion characteristics could not be measured.
- Examples 2-1 to 2-3 and Comparative Examples 2-1 to 2-5 In Examples 2-1, 2-2, 2-3 and Comparative Examples 2-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-5, Examples 1-1, 1-2, 1- 3 and Comparative Examples 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, and 1-5, hybrid silicon-based thin-film solar cells having the same structures and film thicknesses were fabricated. Examples 1-1, 1-2, 1-3 and Comparative Example 1-1 were changed in that the film formation conditions of the conversion layer 4ic were changed to increase the crystal fraction of the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer. It was different from 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, and 1-5.
- the film forming conditions of the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4 ic in these examples and comparative examples are as follows: the distance between the substrate forming surface and the electrode is 6.6 mm, the pressure is 2200 Pa, the plasma output is 0.4 W / cm 2 , SiH 4 / The H 2 flow rate ratio was 1/78, and the average film formation rate was 0.73 nm / second.
- Table 2 shows each hybrid silicon as well as the laminated structure between the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer and the back electrode and the film thickness of each layer of each hybrid silicon-based thin film solar cell fabricated in these examples and comparative examples.
- the short circuit current (Isc), the open circuit voltage (Voc), the fill factor (FF), and the photoelectric conversion efficiency (Eff) of the system thin film solar cell (average of 36 cells) are shown.
- “Change rate” in the table represents the amount of change in photoelectric conversion efficiency when Comparative Example 2-3 is used as a reference (0%).
- Examples 3-1 to 3-3 and Comparative Examples 3-1 to 3-5 In Examples 3-1, 3-2, 3-3 and Comparative Examples 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, Examples 1-1, 1-2, 1- 3 and Comparative Examples 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, and 1-5, hybrid silicon-based thin-film solar cells having the same structures and film thicknesses were fabricated. Examples 1-1, 1-2, 1-3 and Comparative Examples 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, were changed in that the film forming conditions of the conversion layer 4ic were changed to increase the average film forming speed. It was different from 1-4 and 1-5.
- the film forming conditions of the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 4 ic in these examples and comparative examples are as follows: the distance between the substrate forming surface and the electrode is 7 mm, the pressure is 2400 Pa, the plasma output is 0.53 W / cm 2 , and SiH 4 / H 2. The flow rate ratio was 1/71, and the average film formation rate was 1.06 nm / sec.
- Table 3 shows each hybrid silicon, together with the laminated structure between the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer and the back electrode and the film thickness of each layer of each hybrid silicon-based thin film solar cell produced in these examples and comparative examples.
- the short circuit current (Isc), the open circuit voltage (Voc), the fill factor (FF), and the photoelectric conversion efficiency (Eff) of the system thin film solar cell (average of 36 cells) are shown.
- “Change rate” in the table represents the amount of change in photoelectric conversion efficiency when Comparative Example 3-3 is used as a reference (0%).
- the average intensity I 2 at 480 ⁇ 490 cm -1 in the Raman spectrum, the ratio I 1 / I 2 of the peak intensity I 1 of the peak present in the 520 cm -1, the embodiment 1-1 is 4.9, Example 1-2 was 5.7, and Example 3-1 was 4.9.
- Example 2-1 According to the measurement result of the Raman spectroscopic spectrum, the crystal fraction of the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer in Example 2-1 is higher than that in Example 1-1. -Possibly because the distance between the electrodes was reduced. In Example 2-1, since the crystalline fraction of the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer was high, the short-circuit current of the solar cell was improved as compared with Example 1-1, but it was attributed to the grain boundaries. It is estimated that the number of defects is large and the open circuit voltage and fill factor are getting worse.
- Example 3-1 when Example 3-1 is compared with Example 1-1, the crystalline fraction of the crystalline i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer is almost the same, but in Example 3-1, the film-forming speed is increased under high-pressure CVD conditions. Therefore, it is considered that the number of defects increases, and the short-circuit current, the open-circuit voltage, and the fill factor all decrease.
- the improvement rate is higher in Example 3-1. The same applies to the comparison between Examples 1-2 and 3-2. From this, it can be seen that even when the defect density is high due to high-speed film formation, the effect of improving the photoelectric conversion characteristics according to the present invention is high.
- Reference Example 1 and Reference Example 2 thin film solar cells were prepared according to Example 1-1 and Comparative Example 1-3, respectively.
- Reference Example 1 and Reference Example 2 as shown in FIG. It was different from Example 1-1 and Comparative Example 1-3 that the crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit 4 was formed directly on the transparent conductive film 2 without forming the amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit. . That is, in Reference Example 1 and Reference Example 2, thin film solar cells having only one crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit were produced.
- Table 4 shows the integrated current values (average value of 36 cells) of spectral sensitivity of the hybrid silicon thin-film solar cells produced in Example 1-1, Comparative Example 1-3, Reference Example 1 and Reference Example 2.
- “I: a-Si” and “i: uc-Si” in the table represent the integrated current values of the amorphous silicon photoelectric conversion unit and the crystalline silicon photoelectric conversion unit, respectively, and “total” indicates the solar cell Represents the total integrated current value.
- the “change rate” is the change in each integrated current value when Example 1-1 is based on Comparative Example 1-3, and Reference Example 1 is based on Reference Example 2 (0%). Represents the rate.
- Example 1-1 When comparing Example 1-1 and Comparative Example 1-3, there is almost no change in the integrated current value of spectral sensitivity due to the insertion of the n-type silicon alloy layer 4n1 and the n-type amorphous silicon layer 4n2. .
- Reference Example 1 and Reference Example 2 when Reference Example 1 and Reference Example 2 are compared, the integrated current value in Reference Example 1 is reduced by about 4%.
- Example 1-1 most of the light that can be absorbed by the n-type silicon thin film layer 4n is absorbed when the light incident on the solar cell passes through the amorphous i-type silicon photoelectric conversion layer 3ia. This is because no absorption loss occurs due to the n-type silicon thin film layer 4n.
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Abstract
Description
透光性基板1としては、ガラス、透明樹脂等からなる板状部材やシート状部材が用いられる。透明導電膜2としては、導電性金属酸化物が好適に用いられ、具体的にはSnO2、ZnO等が好ましい例として挙げられる。透明導電膜2はCVD、スパッタ、蒸着等の方法を用いて形成されることが好ましい。
透明導電膜2はその表面に入射光の散乱を増大させる効果を有するものが好適に用いられる。具体的には、微細な凹凸が形成されることにより、入射光の散乱を増大させる効果を発揮し得るものが望ましい。
透明導電膜2の上には非晶質シリコン光電変換ユニット3が形成される。非晶質シリコン光電変換ユニット3は、透光性基板側から、第1のp型層3p,非晶質i型シリコン光電変換層3ia,および第1のn型層3nが順に形成されたものである。
非晶質シリコン光電変換ユニット3の上に、結晶質シリコン光電変換ユニット4が形成される。結晶質シリコン光電変換ユニット4は、第2のp型層4p、結晶質i型シリコン光電変換層4ic、n型シリコン系薄膜層4na、および第2のn型層4ncが順に形成されたものである。
結晶質i型シリコン光電変換層4icは、プラズマCVD法により、各種公知の方法により形成される。量産性を高める観点から、その平均製膜速度は、0.5nm/秒以上が好ましく、0.8nm/秒以上がより好ましく、1.2nm/秒以上がさらに好ましい。
結晶質i型シリコン光電変換層4ic上には、n型シリコン系薄膜層4naが形成される。n型シリコン系薄膜層4naは結晶質i型シリコン光電変換層4icに接するn型シリコン合金層を含む。
n型シリコン合金層は、実質的に、酸素,炭素,窒素の中から選ばれた1種類以上の元素(異種元素)と、水素元素と、シリコン元素とからなるシリコン合金で構成されていることが好ましい。なお、実質的にこれらの元素からなるとは、これらの元素と微量のドープ不純物および不可避的混入不純物から構成されることを意味する。このようなn型シリコン合金としては、n型非晶質シリコンカーバイト、n型微結晶シリコンオキサイド、n型非晶質シリコンナイトライド、n型非晶質シリコンオキシナイトライド等が好ましく挙げられる。中でも、直列抵抗を小さく抑制する観点から、n型シリコン合金層としては、n型非晶質シリコンカーバイド層、あるいはn型微結晶シリコンオキサイドが好ましく用いられる。特にn型非晶質シリコンカーバイトは低パワーでの製膜が可能であるため、シリコン合金層形成時の下地層である結晶質i型シリコン光電変換層4icへのダメージが低減され、結晶質i型シリコン光電変換層へのドープ不純物の拡散を抑制できるため好ましい。
本発明の好ましい形態においては、図2に示すように、n型シリコン合金層4n1上にn型非晶質シリコン層4n2を堆積することによりn型シリコン系薄膜層4naが形成される。シリコン合金中の酸素,炭素,窒素等の異種元素が結晶化を阻害するため、その上に形成される層4n2は、結晶質i型シリコン光電変換層4icの結晶性の影響を受けることなく、n型非晶質シリコン層として形成される。
i型のシリコン合金やi型の非晶質シリコンを結晶質i型シリコン光電変換層上に形成することによっても、n型シリコン合金層を形成した場合と同様の欠陥のパッシベート効果は得られうる。また、i型層を用いた場合は、ドープ不純物が結晶質i型シリコン光電変換層へ流入することも抑止し得る。
n型シリコン系薄膜層4na上に、第2のn型層としてn型微結晶シリコン層4ncが形成される。n型シリコン系薄膜層4naと裏面電極5との間にn型微結晶シリコン層4ncが形成されることによって、裏面電極5の透明酸化物層51との電気的コンタクトが向上する。n型微結晶シリコン層4ncには酸素、炭素、窒素のいずれか一つ以上の元素が、裏面電極5との接触抵抗を増大させない程度に含まれていてもよい。このようなn型微結晶シリコン層4ncの製膜時のプラズマCVD条件の一例としては、基板製膜面-電極間距離10~13mm、圧力500~1000Pa、プラズマ出力0.03~0.13W/cm2が採用される。
n型微結晶シリコン層4ncの上には裏面電極5が形成される。裏面電極5は、好ましくは、図1,2に示すように、透明酸化物層51、裏面反射電極層52の順に形成される。透明酸化物層51の材料としてはZnO、ITO等が好適に用いられ、裏面反射電極層52の材料としてはAg、Alまたはそれらの合金が好適に用いられる。透明酸化物層51および裏面反射電極層52は各種公知の方法により形成可能であり、スパッタ、蒸着等の方法が好適に用いられる。
以上説明してきたように、本発明の製造方法によるシリコン系薄膜太陽電池は、光入射側である透光性基板側からp型層、i型層、n型層が順に形成されている、いわゆる「順タイプ」のpin型結晶質シリコン光電変換ユニットを有する。以下、本発明の技術思想の理解をより容易とするために、光入射側からn型層、i型層、p型層を順に有するnip型の光電変換ユニット、および光入射側とは反対側の裏面電極側から順に結晶質シリコン光電変換ユニットの各層が形成される、いわゆる「逆タイプ」の結晶質シリコン光電変換ユニットと、本発明との対比について説明する。
図4に模式的に示される、透光性基板1側からn,i,pの順に半導体層が形成されたnip型の結晶質シリコン光電変換ユニット4’の形成において、結晶質i型シリコン光電変換層4icとp型層4pcとの間にp型シリコン系薄膜層4paを形成する場合にも、欠陥のパッシベートやホールの追い返し効果による太陽電池の光電変換特性が向上するとも予測され得る。しかしながら、このようなnip型の太陽電池は、一般にpin型の太陽電池に比して光電変換特性に劣る傾向がある。さらには、p型シリコン合金層4p1中のp型ドープ不純物が結晶質i型シリコン光電変換層4icに拡散することにより、太陽電池の光電変換特性の低下を招く。
図5に模式的に示される、光入射側とは反対側の裏面電極5側から光電変換ユニットの各層が形成される、いわゆる「逆タイプ」の太陽電池においても、結晶質i型シリコン光電変換層4ic上の光入射側にp型シリコン系薄膜層4paを形成することが考えられる。しかしながら、このような逆タイプの構成においては、結晶質i型シリコン光電変換層4icの光入射側に配置されたp型シリコン系薄膜層4paによる光吸収が生じる。特に、n型シリコン系薄膜層が吸収係数の大きな非晶質シリコン層4p2を有する場合は、光電変換には寄与しない吸収ロスが増大するとの問題が生じる。
図1、図2には非晶質シリコン光電変換ユニット3と結晶質シリコン光電変換ユニット4とをそれぞれ1つ備える薄膜シリコン系太陽電池を図示しているが、本発明は、光電変換ユニット3および4をそれぞれ1つ備える構成に限定されず、3以上の光電変換ユニットを備える積層型太陽電池に適用することもできる。また、本発明は、図3に示すような結晶質シリコン光電変換ユニットのみを備えるシングルセルのシリコン系薄膜太陽電池にも適用可能であるが、下記の理由により、非晶質シリコン光電変換ユニットと結晶質シリコン光電変換ユニットとを備えるハイブリッドシリコン系薄膜太陽電池に適用することがより好ましい。
実施例1-1においては、以下の手順により、図2に模式的に示されるハイブリッドシリコン系薄膜太陽電池を作製した。
実施例1-1に準じてハイブリッドシリコン系薄膜太陽電池を作成したが、実施例1-2においては、n型非晶質シリコン層4n2を製膜せず、n型非晶質シリコンカーバイド層4n1を膜厚8nmで製膜したことが、実施例1-1とは異なっていた。
実施例1-1に準じてハイブリッドシリコン系薄膜太陽電池を作成したが、実施例1-3においては、n型非晶質シリコンカーバイド層4n1を膜厚3nmで製膜する代わりに、n型シリコン合金層としてn型微結晶シリコンオキサイド層4n1を膜厚3nmで製膜したことが、実施例1-1とは異なっていた。実施例1-3におけるn型微結晶シリコンオキサイド層4n1の製膜条件は、基板製膜面-電極間距離8mm、圧力1100Pa、 プラズマ出力 0.16W/cm 2 、SiH4/PH3/H2/CO2流量比1/6/200/4とした。
実施例1-1に準じてハイブリッドシリコン系薄膜太陽電池を作成したが、比較例1-1においては、n型非晶質シリコン層4n2を製膜せず、n型非晶質シリコンカーバイド層4n1を膜厚14nmで製膜したことが、実施例1-1とは異なっていた。
実施例1-1に準じてハイブリッドシリコン系薄膜太陽電池を作成したが、比較例1-2においては、n型非晶質シリコンカーバイド層4n1を製膜せず、n型非晶質シリコン層4n2を膜厚8nmで製膜したことが、実施例1-1とは異なっていた。
実施例1-1に準じてハイブリッドシリコン系薄膜太陽電池を作成したが、比較例1-3においては、n型非晶質シリコンカーバイド層4n1およびn型非晶質シリコン層4n2を製膜せず、n型微結晶シリコン層4ncを膜厚28nmで製膜したことが、実施例1-1とは異なっていた。
実施例1-1に準じてハイブリッドシリコン系薄膜太陽電池を作成したが、比較例1-4においては、n型非晶質シリコンカーバイド層4n1を膜厚3nmで製膜する代わりに、ノン・ドープのi型非晶質シリコンカーバイド層を膜厚3nmで製膜し、n型非晶質シリコン層4n2を膜厚5nmで製膜する代わりにノン・ドープのi型非晶質シリコン層を膜厚5nmで製膜したことが、実施例1-1とは異なっていた。
実施例1-2に準じてハイブリッドシリコン系薄膜太陽電池を作成したが、比較例1-5においては、n型非晶質シリコン層4n2を膜厚8nmで製膜する代わりにノン・ドープのi型非晶質シリコン層を膜厚8nmで製膜したことが、実施例1-2とは異なっていた。
実施例1-2に準じてハイブリッドシリコン系薄膜太陽電池を作成したが、比較例1-5においては、n型非晶質シリコンカーバイド層4n1を膜厚15nmで製膜し、n型非晶質シリコン層4n2、n型微結晶シリコン層4ncを製膜しなかったことが、実施例1-1とは異なっていた。
実施例2-1,2-2,2-3および比較例2-1,2-2,2-3,2-4,2-5では、それぞれ実施例1-1,1-2,1-3および比較例1-1,1-2,1-3,1-4,1-5と同様の構造および各膜厚を有するハイブリッドシリコン系薄膜太陽電池を作製したが、結晶質i型シリコン光電変換層4icの製膜条件を変更して、結晶質i型シリコン光電変換層の結晶分率を大きくした点において、実施例1-1,1-2,1-3および比較例1-1,1-2,1-3,1-4,1-5とは異なっていた。
実施例3-1,3-2,3-3および比較例3-1,3-2,3-3,3-4,3-5では、それぞれ実施例1-1,1-2,1-3および比較例1-1,1-2,1-3,1-4,1-5と同様の構造および各膜厚を有するハイブリッドシリコン系薄膜太陽電池を作製したが、結晶質i型シリコン光電変換層4icの製膜条件を変更して、平均製膜速度を大きくした点において、実施例1-1,1-2,1-3および比較例1-1,1-2,1-3,1-4,1-5とは異なっていた。
実施例1-1、2-1および3-1で得られたそれぞれのハイブリッドシリコン系薄膜太陽電池を、約1wt%の酢酸水溶液に浸漬し、裏面電極のZnO層を除去した。各ハイブリッドシリコン系薄膜太陽電池のZnO層を除去した側から波長633nmのレーザーを照射して結晶質i型シリコン光電変換層のラマン分光スペクトルを測定した。ラマン分光スペクトルにおける480~490cm-1における平均強度I2と、520cm-1に存在するピークのピーク強度I1との比I1/I2は、実施例1-1が4.9、実施例1-2が5.7、実施例3-1が4.9であった。
参考例1および参考例2として、それぞれ、実施例1-1および比較例1-3に準じて薄膜太陽電池を作成したが、参考例1および参考例2においては、図3に示すように、非晶質シリコン光電変換ユニットを形成せず、透明導電膜2上に、直接結晶質シリコン光電変換ユニット4を形成したことが、実施例1-1および比較例1-3とはそれぞれ異なっていた。すなわち、参考例1および参考例2においては、1つの結晶質シリコン光電変換ユニットのみを有する薄膜太陽電池が作製された。
2 透明導電膜
3 非晶質シリコン光電変換ユニット
3p p型層
3i 非晶質i型シリコン光電変換層
3n n型層
4 結晶質シリコン光電変換ユニット
4p p型層
4ic 結晶質i型シリコン光電変換層
4na n型シリコン系薄膜層
4n1 n型シリコン合金層
4n2 n型非晶質シリコン層
4nc n型(微結晶シリコン)層
5 裏面電極
51 透明酸化物層
52 裏面反射電極層
Claims (8)
- 透光性基板側から順に積層される第1のp型層,非晶質i型シリコン光電変換層,および第1のn型層を含む非晶質シリコン光電変換ユニットと、第2のp型層,結晶質i型シリコン光電変換層,および第2のn型層を含む結晶質シリコン光電変換ユニットとを備えるハイブリッドシリコン系薄膜太陽電池の製造方法であって、
前記結晶質i型シリコン光電変換層上に、前記結晶質i型シリコン光電変換層に接し膜厚が1~12nmのn型シリコン合金層を有するn型シリコン系薄膜層が形成され、
前記n型シリコン系薄膜層上に、前記第2のn型層としてn型微結晶シリコン層が形成される、ハイブリッドシリコン系薄膜太陽電池の製造方法。 - 前記n型シリコン系薄膜層は、前記n型シリコン合金層上に、n型非晶質シリコン層を堆積することにより形成される、請求項1に記載のシリコン系薄膜太陽電池の製造方法。
- 前記n型非晶質シリコン層は、その膜厚が前記n型シリコン系薄膜層全体の膜厚の60%以上となるように形成される、請求項2に記載のシリコン系薄膜太陽電池の製造方法。
- 前記n型シリコン合金層は、実質的に、酸素,炭素,窒素の中から選ばれる1種類以上の元素、水素元素、およびシリコン元素からなる、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のシリコン系薄膜太陽電池の製造方法。
- 前記n型シリコン合金層は、n型非晶質シリコンカーバイド層である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載のシリコン系薄膜太陽電池の製造方法。
- 前記結晶質i型シリコン光電変換層が、0.5nm/秒以上の平均製膜速度で形成される、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載のシリコン系薄膜太陽電池の製造方法。
- 請求項1~6のいずれか1項記載の製造方法により得られうる、シリコン系薄膜太陽電池。
- 前記結晶質i型シリコン光電変換層に、透光性基板とは反対側から波長633nmのレーザーを照射して測定したラマン分光スペクトルの520cm-1に存在するピークのピーク強度が、480~490cm-1における平均強度の4.8倍以上である、請求項7に記載のシリコン系薄膜太陽電池。
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| JP2010533885A JP5314697B2 (ja) | 2008-10-14 | 2009-10-09 | シリコン系薄膜太陽電池およびその製造方法 |
| CN2009801409380A CN102187471B (zh) | 2008-10-14 | 2009-10-09 | 混合硅系薄膜太阳能电池及其制造方法 |
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| JP2012216640A (ja) * | 2011-03-31 | 2012-11-08 | Kaneka Corp | 薄膜太陽電池及びその製造方法 |
| WO2013031906A1 (ja) * | 2011-09-01 | 2013-03-07 | シャープ株式会社 | 光電変換装置およびその製造方法 |
| WO2012089685A3 (en) * | 2010-12-29 | 2013-04-04 | Oerlikon Solar Ag, Truebbach | Siox n-layer for microcrystalline pin junction |
| JP2013533620A (ja) * | 2010-06-25 | 2013-08-22 | テル・ソーラー・アクチェンゲゼルシャフト | 微結晶吸収層とパシベーション層とを有する薄膜太陽電池およびその太陽電池の製造方法 |
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| TWI373851B (en) * | 2008-11-25 | 2012-10-01 | Nexpower Technology Corp | Stacked-layered thin film solar cell and manufacturing method thereof |
| KR101989155B1 (ko) * | 2012-08-01 | 2019-06-17 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 초음파 변환기, 이를 포함하는 초음파 발생 장치 및 시스템 |
| CN103337549A (zh) * | 2013-07-03 | 2013-10-02 | 黑龙江汉能薄膜太阳能有限公司 | 新型四叠层非微晶锗硅薄膜太阳能电池及其制备方法 |
| EP3457448B1 (en) * | 2016-05-09 | 2022-06-15 | Kaneka Corporation | Stacked photoelectric conversion device and method for producing same |
| CN110809827A (zh) * | 2017-06-28 | 2020-02-18 | 株式会社钟化 | 光电转换装置的制造方法 |
| CN117613117B (zh) * | 2024-01-19 | 2024-04-16 | 金阳(泉州)新能源科技有限公司 | 一种背接触电池及其制备方法和电池组件 |
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| US20110197957A1 (en) | 2011-08-18 |
| US8530267B2 (en) | 2013-09-10 |
| EP2352174A4 (en) | 2017-11-22 |
| CN102187471A (zh) | 2011-09-14 |
| JP5314697B2 (ja) | 2013-10-16 |
| JPWO2010044378A1 (ja) | 2012-03-15 |
| CN102187471B (zh) | 2013-07-31 |
| EP2352174A1 (en) | 2011-08-03 |
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