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WO2007082089A2 - Systèmes et procédés de conversion de combustible - Google Patents

Systèmes et procédés de conversion de combustible Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2007082089A2
WO2007082089A2 PCT/US2007/000956 US2007000956W WO2007082089A2 WO 2007082089 A2 WO2007082089 A2 WO 2007082089A2 US 2007000956 W US2007000956 W US 2007000956W WO 2007082089 A2 WO2007082089 A2 WO 2007082089A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
reactor
metal oxide
fuel
ceramic composite
steam
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2007/000956
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English (en)
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WO2007082089A3 (fr
Inventor
Liang-Shih Fan
Puneet Gupta
Luis Gilberto Velazquez Vargas
Fanxing Li
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Ohio State University
Original Assignee
Ohio State University
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Publication date
Application filed by Ohio State University filed Critical Ohio State University
Priority to EP07716591A priority Critical patent/EP1973992A4/fr
Priority to CA2636325A priority patent/CA2636325C/fr
Priority to US12/160,803 priority patent/US20090000194A1/en
Publication of WO2007082089A2 publication Critical patent/WO2007082089A2/fr
Publication of WO2007082089A3 publication Critical patent/WO2007082089A3/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to US14/091,654 priority patent/US20140144082A1/en
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/46—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
    • C10J3/48—Apparatus; Plants
    • C10J3/482—Gasifiers with stationary fluidised bed
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/06—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents
    • C01B3/12—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
    • C01B3/16—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide using catalysts
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/72—Other features
    • C10J3/82—Gas withdrawal means
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/50—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/50—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification
    • C01B3/56—Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification by contacting with solids; Regeneration of used solids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/46—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
    • C10J3/54—Gasification of granular or pulverulent fuels by the Winkler technique, i.e. by fluidisation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
    • C10J3/72—Other features
    • C10J3/725—Redox processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/042—Purification by adsorption on solids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/042—Purification by adsorption on solids
    • C01B2203/043—Regenerative adsorption process in two or more beds, one for adsorption, the other for regeneration
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0465—Composition of the impurity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0465—Composition of the impurity
    • C01B2203/0485—Composition of the impurity the impurity being a sulfur compound
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/80—Aspect of integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas not covered by groups C01B2203/02 - C01B2203/1695
    • C01B2203/86—Carbon dioxide sequestration
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2200/00—Details of gasification apparatus
    • C10J2200/09—Mechanical details of gasifiers not otherwise provided for, e.g. sealing means
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
    • C10J2300/093—Coal
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
    • C10J2300/0969—Carbon dioxide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0953—Gasifying agents
    • C10J2300/0973—Water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
    • C10J2300/0983—Additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
    • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
    • C10J2300/16—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant
    • C10J2300/164—Integration of gasification processes with another plant or parts within the plant with conversion of synthesis gas
    • C10J2300/1643—Conversion of synthesis gas to energy
    • C10J2300/165—Conversion of synthesis gas to energy integrated with a gas turbine or gas motor
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/34—Indirect CO2mitigation, i.e. by acting on non CO2directly related matters of the process, e.g. pre-heating or heat recovery
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry

Definitions

  • the present invention is generally directed to systems and methods of converting fuel, and is generally directed to oxidation-reduction reactor systems used in fuel conversion.
  • a system for converting fuel comprises a first reactor comprising a plurality of ceramic composite particles, wherein the ceramic composite particles comprise at least one metal oxide disposed on a support.
  • the first reactor is configured to reduce at least one metal oxide with a fuel to produce a reduced metal or a reduced metal oxide.
  • the system also comprises a second reactor configured to oxidize the reduced metal or reduced metal oxide to produce a metal oxide intermediate, and a third reactor configured to regenerate at least one metal oxide by oxidizing the metal oxide intermediate.
  • a method of converting fuel to hydrogen, CO, or syngas comprises the steps of: reducing a metal oxide in a reduction reaction between a fuel and a metal oxide to a reduced metal or a reduced metal oxide; oxidizing the reduced metal or reduced metal oxide with an oxidant to a metal oxide intermediate, while also producing hydrogen, CO, or syngas; and regenerating the at least one metal oxide by oxidizing the metal oxide intermediate.
  • a system comprising a Fischer-Tropsch reactor.
  • the Fischer-Tropsch reactor is configured to produce hydrocarbon fuel from a feed mixture comprising gaseous fuel.
  • the system also comprises a first reactor comprising a plurality of ceramic composite particles, wherein the ceramic composite particles comprise at least one metal oxide disposed on a support.
  • the first reactor is configured to reduce the metal oxides with a gaseous fuel to a reduced metal or a reduced metal oxide, wherein the gaseous fuel comprises at least partially the hydrocarbon fuel produced by the Fischer-Tropsch reactor.
  • the system also comprises a second reactor configured to oxidize the reduced metal or reduced metal oxide with steam to produce metal oxide intermediates.
  • a method of preparing ceramic composite particles comprises reacting a metal oxide with a support material; heat treating the mixture of metal oxide and support material at temperatures of between about 200 to about 1500 0 C to produce ceramic composite powders; converting the ceramic composite powders into ceramic composite particles; and reducing and oxidizing the ceramic composite particles prior to use in a reactor.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic illustration of a system for producing hydrogen from coal according to one or more embodiments of the present invention
  • Fig. 2 is a schematic illustration of another system for producing hydrogen from coal according to one or more embodiments of the present invention
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic illustration of another system for producing hydrogen from coal using direct chemical looping and sieves for ash separation according to one or more embodiments of the present invention
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic illustration of another system for producing hydrogen from coal using direct chemical looping and cyclones for ash separation according to one or more embodiments of the present invention
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic illustration of another system for producing hydrogen from coal, wherein the system utilizes a third reactor for heat recovery according to one or more embodiments of the present invention
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic illustration of another system for producing hydrogen from coal, wherein the system utilizes a sorbe ⁇ t in the first reactor for sulfur removal according to one or more embodiments of the present invention
  • Fig. 7 is a schematic illustration of system for producing hydrogen from syngas according to one or more embodiments of the present invention.
  • Fig. 8 is a schematic illustration of another system for producing hydrogen from coal, wherein carbon dioxide produced in the first reactor is recycled back to the second reactor according to one or more embodiments of the present invention
  • Fig. 9 is a schematic illustration of another system for producing steam from coal according to one or more embodiments of the present invention.
  • Fig. 10 is a schematic illustration of yet another system for producing hydrogen from syngas according to one or more embodiments of the present invention.
  • Fig. 1 1 is a schematic illustration of another system for producing hydrogen from syngas, wherein the system comprises pollutant control components according to one or more embodiments of the present invention
  • Fig. 12 is a schematic illustration of a system of chemical looping in conjunction with Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) synthesis according to one or more embodiments of the present invention
  • Fig. 13 is a schematic illustration of another system of chemical looping in conjunction with Fischer-Tropsch synthesis accordin igg ttoo oonnee oorr mmoorree eemmbbooddiimments of the present invention
  • Fig. 14 is a schematic illustration of another system of chemical looping in conjunction with Fischer-Tropsch synthesis according to one or more embodiments of the present invention
  • Fig. 15 is a schematic illustration of yet another system of chemical looping in conjunction with Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, wherein the system comprises pollutant control components according to one or more embodiments of the present invention
  • Fig. 16 is a schematic illustration of another system of chemical looping in conjunction with Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, wherein the system operates without the use of a gasifier according to one or more embodiments of the present invention
  • Fig. 17 is a schematic illustration of a system of chemical looping for onboard H2 storage on a vehicle according to one or more embodiments of the present invention.
  • Fig. 18(a) is a schematic illustration of a reactor cassette used in the onboard H 2 storage system of Fig. 17, wherein the reactor cassette comprises Fe containing media and a packed bed of small pellets according to one or more embodiments of the present invention
  • Fig. 18(b) is a schematic illustration of another reactor cassette used in the onboard H2 storage system of Fig. 17, wherein the reactor cassette comprises Fe containing media and a monolithic bed with straight channels for steam flow according to one or more embodiments of the present invention;
  • Fig. 18(c) is a schematic illustration of yet another reactor module used in the onboard H 2 storage system of Fig. 17, wherein the reactor cassette comprises Fe containing media and a monolithic bed with channels for steam and air flow according to one or more embodiments of the present invention;
  • Fig. 19 is a schematic illustration of a reactor cassette used in the onboard H 2 storage system of Fig. 17, wherein the reactor cassette utilizes a series of monolithic bed reactors with air injection to provide heat for steam formation according to one or more embodiments of the present invention
  • Fig. 20 is a schematic illustration of a system of chemical looping in conjunction with a solid oxide fuel cell according to one or more embodiments of the present invention
  • Fig. 21 is a schematic illustration of a reactor utilized in the system of the present invention, wherein the reactor is a moving bed reactor comprising an annular region disposed near a fuel feed location according to one or more embodiments of the present invention;
  • Fig. 22 is a schematic illustration of a reactor utilized in the system of the present invention, wherein the reactor is a moving bed comprising a annular region as well as a cone inserted into the moving bed according to one or more embodiments of the present invention.
  • Fig. 23 is a schematic illustration of another reactor utilized in the system of the present invention, wherein the reactor is a moving bed reactor comprising an annular region according to one or more embodiments of the present invention.
  • the present invention is directed to systems and methods for converting fuel by redox reactions of ceramic composite particles.
  • the system comprises two primary reactors, as well as additional reactors and components, which will be described in detail below.
  • the first reactor 1 which is configured to conduct a reduction reaction, comprises a plurality of ceramic composite particles having at least one metal oxide disposed on a support.
  • the ceramic composite particles may be fed to the reactor via any suitable solids delivery device/mechanism. These solids delivery devices may include, but are not limited to, pneumatic devices, conveyors, lock hoppers, or the like. Ceramic composite particles are described in Thomas et al. U.S. Published App. No.
  • the third alternative method includes the step of physically mixing a metal oxide with a ceramic support material.
  • a promoter material may be added to the mixture of metal oxides and support material.
  • the mixture is heat treated at temperatures of between about 200 to about 1500 0 C to produce ceramic composite powders. Heat treating may occur in the presence of inert gas, steam, oxygen, air, H ⁇ , and combinations thereof at a pressure of between vacuum pressure and about 10 atm.
  • the method may also include a chemical treatment step, wherein the mixture of metal oxides and support material are treated with an acid, base, or both to activate the ceramic composite powder.
  • the ceramic composite powders may be converted into ceramic composite particles by methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art. These methods may include, but are not limited to, extrusion, granulation, and, pressurization methods such as pelletization.
  • the particle may comprise various shapes and forms, for example, pellets, monoliths, or blocks.
  • the method then includes the step of reducing and oxidizing the ceramic composite particles prior to use in a reactor.
  • This cycle is important for the ceramic composite particles because this mixing process may produce a particle with increased activity, strength and stability.
  • This cycle is important for the ceramic composite particles to increase their activity, strength and stability.
  • This treatment also leads to a reduced porosity (0.1 -50 m 2 /g) as well as crystal structure changes that make the particle readily reducible and oxidizable without loosing its activity for multiple such reaction cycles.
  • the porosity in Thomas patent is not reported but it is stated that the particle was porous and had mesopores.
  • the metal oxide of the ceramic composite comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of Fe, Cu, Ni, Sn, Co, Mn, and combinations thereof. Although various compositions are contemplated herein, the ceramic composite typically comprises at least 40% by weight of the metal oxide.
  • the support material comprises at least one component selected from the group consisting of SiC, oxides of Al, Zr, Ti, Y, Si, La, Sr, Ba, and combinations thereof.
  • the ceramic composite comprises at least 5% by weight of the support material.
  • the particle comprises a promoter material.
  • the promoter comprises a pure metal, a metal oxide, a metal sulfide, or combinations thereof.
  • metal based compounds comprise one or more elements from the group consisting of Fe, Ni, Sn, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, , B, P, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Ga, Mo, Rh, Pt, Pd, Ag, and Ru.
  • the ceramic composite comprises up to 40% by weight of the promoter material.
  • the metal oxide comprises Fe 2 O 3 supported on a TiO 2 support, and specifically a support comprising a mixture OfTiO 2 and AI 2 O3.
  • the ceramic composite may also comprise Fe 2 O 3 supported on an YSZ (Yittria stabilized Zirconia) support.
  • the first reactor 1 receives a fuel, which is utilized to reduce the at least one metal oxide of the ceramic composite to produce a reduced metal or a reduced metal oxide.
  • fuel may include: a solid carbonaceous composition such as coal, tars, oil shales, oil sands, tar sand, biomass, wax, coke etc; a liquid carbonaceous composition such as gasoline, oil, petroleum, diesel, jet fuel, ethanol etc; and a gaseous composition such as syngas, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, gaseous hydrocarbon gases (Cl -C6), hydrocarbon vapors, etc.
  • a solid carbonaceous composition such as coal, tars, oil shales, oil sands, tar sand, biomass, wax, coke etc
  • liquid carbonaceous composition such as gasoline, oil, petroleum, diesel, jet fuel, ethanol etc
  • a gaseous composition such as syngas, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, gaseous hydrocarbon gases (Cl -C6), hydro
  • the metal oxide of the ceramic composite, Fe 2 O 3 is reduced by a fuel, for example, CO, to produce a reduced metal oxide, Fe.
  • a fuel for example, CO
  • Fe is the predominant reduced composition produced in the reduction reaction of the first reactor 1
  • FeO or other reduced metal oxides with a higher oxidation state are also contemplated herein.
  • the first reactor 1 and second reactor 2 may include various suitable reactors to allow an overall countercurrent contacting between gas and solids. Such may be achieved using a moving bed reactor, a series of fluidized bed reactors, a rotatory kiln, a fixed bed reactor, combinations thereof, or others known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the first reactor 1 may comprise a moving bed reactor with an annular region 8 created around the moving bed.
  • the annulus 8 is typically located at a region where a reducing fuel is being introduced.
  • the moving bed reactor may also include a mixing device, e.g. a cone 9, inserted in the moving bed to radially distribute the ceramic composite particles and mix unconverted fuel with the ceramic composite particles.
  • a mixing device e.g. a cone 9
  • Fig. 22 illustrates the cone 9 in conjunction with the annulus 8, it is contemplated that the moving bed reactor may incorporate a cone 8, but not an annulus in some embodiments.
  • the annular region 8 allows the first reactor 1 to introduce solid and liquid fuels into the middle of a moving bed of solids ceramic composites.
  • the fuel may be introduced pneumatically and then partially combusted in the annulus 8.
  • the unburnt fuel drops down onto the heap of ceramic composites in the annulus 8 and is mixed with them for further reactions.
  • Figures 21, 22 and 23 show some of the different methods to form the annular region 8.
  • Fig 21 uses an internal hopper to create the annular region.
  • Fig. 23 uses an internal hopper along with a rotary valve to create an even larger annular region with better control over the flow of ceramic composite particles.
  • Fig 22 creates an external annular region for the flow of the moving bed and uses a mixing device, e.g. a cone 9 to disperse the solids axially so that unconverted fuel may be distributed uniformly over the entire cross section of the moving bed.
  • the first reactor 1 may be constructed with various durable materials suitable to withstand temperatures of up at least 1200 0 C.
  • the reactor may comprises carbon steel with a layer of refractory on the inside to minimize heat loss. This construction also allows the surface temperature of the reactor to be fairly low, thereby improving the creep resistance of the carbon steel.
  • Other alloys suitable for the environments existing in various reactors may also be employed, especially if they are used as internal components configured to aid in solids flow or to enhance heat transfer within a moving bed embodiment.
  • the interconnects for the various reactors can be of lock hopper design or rotary /star valve design to provide for a good seal. Other interconnects as can be determined easily by a person skilled in the art may also be used.
  • the second reactor 2 which may comprise the same reactor type or a different reactor type than the first reactor 1, is configured to oxidize the reduced metal or reduced metal oxide to produce a metal oxide intermediate.
  • metal oxide intermediate refers to a metal oxide having a higher oxidation state than the reduced metal or metal oxide, and a lower oxidation state than the metal oxide of the ceramic composite.
  • oxidation in the second reactor using steam will produce a resultant mixture that includes metal oxide intermediates comprising predominantly Fe 3 O 4 .
  • Fe 2 O 3 and FeO may also present.
  • H 2 O specifically steam, is the oxidant in this example, numerous other oxidants are contemplated, for example, CO, O 2 , air, and other compositions familiar to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the system comprises two moving bed reactors 1 and 2.
  • the first reactor 1 which defines a moving bed, operates by having the solids (Fe 2 O 3 and coal) moving downwards in a densely packed mode, while the gases, for example, H 2 , steam, CO, CO 2 , or combinations thereof move upwards. This movement of solids and gases is defined as a countercurrent contacting pattern.
  • the FeiO ⁇ containing ceramic composite particles are introduced from the top via a gravitational feeder while solid fuel, e.g. coal is introduced at a region of the first reactor 1 lower than the feed location of the ceramic composite particles.
  • the reactors operate at a temperature in the range of about 400 to about 1200 0 C and a pressure in the range of about 1 to about 150 atm; however, one of ordinary skill in the art would realize that temperatures and pressures outside these ranges may be desirable depending on the reaction mechanism and the components of the reaction mechanism.
  • coal is introduced in pulverized form by pneumatically conveying with oxygen or carbon dioxide or steam. After the coal is delivered to the first reactor 1 , coal will devolatilize and form char. The volatiles may also react with Fe 2 O 3 to form COi and water.
  • the outlet gas composition of the first reactor 1 may contain predominantly CO 2 and steam.
  • the CO 2 and steam may be fed to a condenser 4 to separate the steam and the CO 2 .
  • the CO 2 obtained after condensation of water will be relatively pure and may be sequestered under the ocean or in geological formations or enhanced oil recovery without emitting to the atmosphere and contributing to green house warming of the earth.
  • the char formed on devolatilization of coal will then react with partially reduced iron oxide as it flows downwardly in the first reactor 1.
  • a small amount of hydrogen is introduced at the bottom of the moving bed to result in the formation Of H 2 O on its reaction with partially reduced iron oxide.
  • the H 2 O produced will react with downwardly flowing char leading to its gasification into H 2 and CO.
  • the hydrogen formed will then react with the partially reduced iron oxide in order to further reduce the reduced iron oxide, thereby enhancing the char-iron oxide reaction rates.
  • the hydrogen introduced at the bottom of the reactor will also ensure that the iron oxide particles are greatly reduced to Fe as they exit the first reactor 1. In some cases, some carbon is intentionally left unconverted in the particle to generate CO using steam in the second reactor.
  • an excess of ceramic composite particles comprising Fe 2 ⁇ 3 may be inserted into the first reactor 1 in order to enhance reaction rates.
  • the exiting reduced Fe containing particles may then be introduced into the second reactor 1.
  • the second reactor 2 may also comprise a moving bed with a countercurrent contacting pattern of gas and solids. Steam is introduced at the bottom of the reactor and it oxidizes the reduced Fe containing particles as the particles move downwardly inside the second reactor 2.
  • the product formed is hydrogen, which is subsequently discharged from the top of the second reactor 2. It will be shown in further embodiments that products such as CO and syngas are possible in addition to hydrogen.
  • the solid product from this reactor is expected to be mainly metal oxide intermediate, Fe 3 O 4 .
  • the amount of Fe 2 O 3 produced in the second reactor 2 depends on the oxidant used, as well as the amount of oxidant fed to the second reactor 2.
  • the steam present in the hydrogen product of reactor 2 may then be condensed in order to provide for a hydrogen rich stream. At least part of this hydrogen rich stream may be recycled back to the first reactor 1 as described above.
  • the second reactor 2 may similarly operate at a temperature between about 400 to about 1200 0 C and pressure of about 1 to about 150 atm.
  • the system utilizes a third reactor 3, which is configured to oxidize the metal oxide intermediate to the metal oxide of the composite.
  • the third reactor 3 may comprise an air filled line or tube used to oxidize the metal oxide intermediate.
  • the oxidation of the metal oxide intermediate may be conducted a heat recovery unit 3. The following equation lists one possible mechanism for the oxidation in the third reactor 3:
  • the Fe 3 O 4 product may be oxidized to F ⁇ 2 ⁇ 3 in solid conveying system 6.
  • Different mechanisms can be used for solid transportation.
  • Figure 1 shows it as a transport system using pneumatic conveyor driven by air.
  • Belt conveyors, bucket elevators, screw conveyors, moving beds and fluidized bed reactors may also be used to transport the solids.
  • the resultant depleted air stream is separated from the particles and its high-grade-heat content recovered for steam production.
  • the ceramic composite particle is not degraded and maintains full particle functionality and activity.
  • the particle may undergo numerous regeneration cycles, for example, 10 or more regeneration cycles, and even greater than 100 regeneration cycles, without losing its functionality.
  • This system can be used with existing systems involving minimal design change, thus making it economical.
  • the iron particles exiting the first reactor 1 may also contain ash and other unwanted byproducts. If the ash is not removed after the first 1 or second reactor 2 stages, the ash may keep building up in the system. Numerous devices and mechanisms for ash removal would be familiar to one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, ash may be removed based on the size of ash with respect to the iron oxide particles from any of the solid streams in the system. If pulverized coal is used as the fuel source, it will yield fine ash particles, typically lower than 100 ⁇ m in size. The size of the ceramic composite particles may vary based on the metal components used and the oxidation-reduction reaction in which the ceramic composite is utilized.
  • the particle comprises a size between about 0.5 to about 50 mm
  • simple sieving for example, simple sieving at high temperatures
  • Simple sieving uses the size and density differences between the wanted and unwanted solid particles in the separation process.
  • Other methods for example, mechanical methods, and methods based on weight, or magnetic properties, may be used to separate ash and unwanted materials. Separation devices, such as cyclones, will be further discussed in later embodiments.
  • Heat integration and heat recovery within the system and all system components is highly desirable. Heat integration in the system is specifically focused on generating the steam for the steam requirements of the second reactor 2. This steam can easily be generated using the high grade heat available in the hydrogen, CO 2 and depleted air streams exiting reactors 1, 2, 3, respectively. In the process described above, there is also a desire to generate pure oxygen. To generate this pure oxygen, at least part of the hydrogen may be utilized.
  • the residence time in each reactor is dependent upon the size and composition of individual ceramic composite particles, as would be familiar to one or ordinary skill in the art. For example, the residence time for a reactor comprising Fe based metal oxides may range from about 0.1 to about 20 hours.
  • Trace elements like Hg, As, Se are not expected to react with Fe2U3 at the high temperatures of the process. As a result they are expected to be present in the CO 2 stream produced. If COi is to be used as a marketable product, these trace elements must be removed from the stream. Various cleanup units, such as mercury removal units are contemplated herein. Similar options will need to be exercised in case the CO 2 stream is let out into the atmosphere, depending upon the rules and regulations existing at that time. If it is decided to sequester the CO 2 for long term benign storage, e.g. in a deep geological formation, there may not be a need to remove these unwanted elements. Moreover, CO 2 may be sequestered via mineral sequestration, which may be more desirable than geological storage, because it is safer and more manageable. Additionally sequestering CO2 has an economic advantage for global CO2 credit trading, which may be highly lucrative.
  • sulfur may constitute another unwanted element, which must be accounted for in the system.
  • sulfur which is present in coal, is expected to react with Fe ⁇ Cb and form FeS. This will be liberated on reaction with steam in reactor 2 as H 2 S and will contaminate the hydrogen stream. During the condensation of water from this steam, most of this H 2 S will condense out.
  • the remaining H2S can be removed using conventional techniques like amine scrubbing or high temperature removal using a Zn, Fe or a Cu based sorbent. Another method for removing sulfur would include the introduction of sorbents, for example, CaO, MgO, etc. Additionally, as shown in the embodiment of Fig.
  • sorbents may be introduced into the first reactor 1 in order to remove the sulfur and to prevent its association with Fe.
  • the sorbents may be removed from the system using ash separation device.
  • some carbon or its derivatives may carry over from reactor 1 to 2 and contaminate the hydrogen stream.
  • a pressure swing adsorption (PSA) unit for hydrogen to achieve ultra high purities.
  • the off gas from the PSA unit may comprise value as a fuel and may be recycled into the first reactor 1 along with coal, in solid fuel conversion embodiments, in order to improve the efficiency of hydrogen production in the system.
  • the hydrogen produced in the second reactor 2 may provide additional benefits to the system.
  • the hydrogen may be fed a power generation section 10 configured to produce electricity from a hydrogen product of the second reactor 2.
  • the power generation section 10 may comprise air compressors 12, gas turbines 14, steam turbines, electric generators 16, fuel cells, etc.
  • unconverted H 2 from fuel cell can be recycled to the middle region of reactor 2, this helps to increase fuel cell efficiencies while reducing the fuel cell size. Thus improve the overall system efficiency.
  • FIG. 3 another coal conversion system similar to Fig. 1 is provided. Part of the CO 2 is recycled back as carrier gas for the injection of coal. Both of the reactors operate under 400-1200 0 C and the reduced metal particles would be transported to the second reactor 2 by an inert gas such as N 2 from the air separation unit.
  • the hydrogen produced in second reactor 2 may also be used for transportation of reduced metal oxide particles.
  • the reduced metal will be separated out from the nitrogen gas and fed into the second reactor 2 to react with steam to generate H2.
  • the H2 generated would contain H 2 S due to the sulfur inside the coal, and would attach to the particle to form MeS.
  • a traditional sulfur scrubbing unit 22 may be used to remove H 2 S and generate pure H 2 .
  • the oxidized particles from the outlet of the second reactor 2 would go through an ash separation system using a sieve.
  • most of the ash and metal oxide particles, as a result of attrition, would be separated out for regeneration, while the rest of the metal oxide particles would be introduced back into the inlet of the first reactor 1 using a feed device, for example, a pneumatic conveyor by air, where the makeup ceramic composite would also be fed.
  • makeup ceramic composite particles refer to fresh particle used to replace the fines or ceramic composite particles rendered too small or ineffective due to attrition and deactivation.
  • the typical makeup ceramic composite rate would be less than 2% of the particle flow rate in the system.
  • a different solid conveying system as well as a different ash separation unit, may be used for coal direct reactor system.
  • the reduced metal particles are transferred to the second reactor 2 using a bucket elevator in an N 2 environment.
  • the metal oxide intermediates are sent to a cyclone 3 using a pneumatic conveyor with air so that the particle is already oxidized by the time it reaches the cyclone.
  • the fines due to attrition and the coal ash may be removed along with air while the particles will be separated out with the cyclone and fed into the first reactor along with the makeup metal oxide particles.
  • the makeup rate is again less than 2% of the particle flow rate in the system.
  • Other devices like a particle classifier or other devices commonly known to one of ordinary skill in the art may also be used for ash separation.
  • a third reactor 3 in form of a fluidized bed is utilized to recover the heat for further oxidation of the particles exiting the second reactor / i.e. the metal oxide intermediates, such as Fe 3 O,).
  • this reactor was shown as the transport line from the second reactor 2 to first reactor 1 where air or oxygen is introduced, it will be a transport reactor, a fast fluidized bed, a fluidized bed, a riser or pneumatic conveying system.
  • the metal oxide intermediates, e.g. Fe 3 O,) from the outlet of the second reactor 2 are injected into a heat recovery unit 3 where oxygen or air is introduced to oxidize the particles back into their highest oxidation state i.e.
  • the metal oxide of the ceramic composite e.g. Fe 2 O 3 .
  • heat is generated in this process, and the particles' temperature may also increase drastically.
  • the particles with significantly higher temperature may be introduced back into the first reactor 2 and the heat stored in the particle would provide, at least in part, the heat required for reduction reactions.
  • it may desirable, in one exemplary embodiment, to utilize a support such as SiC, which has high thermal conductivity.
  • sorbent materials such as modified calcium carbonate or calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide, may be injected into the first reactor 1 to remove the sulfur from the coal.
  • the CaCO ⁇ injection rate will range from about 1% to about 15% of the metal oxide flow rate in the system; however, the injection rate varies depending on the composition of the coal used.
  • Magnesium oxide may also be used as a sorbent.
  • the size of the sorbent particle is smaller than the ceramic composite particles, and may in some exemplar ⁇ ' embodiment, comprises a particle size ranging from about 100 ⁇ m to about 1 mm depending on the size of the ceramic composite particle in the system.
  • the spent sorbent, after sulfur capture, would be separated out with ash and regenerated afterwards for further use in the first reactor 1.
  • pure H 2 may be produced without the need of a scrubber.
  • Figs. 7-9 system embodiments for converting gaseous fuels are provided.
  • part of the CO 2 produced in the first reactor 1 may be split and introduced into second reactor 2 along with steam.
  • syngas having a different H 2 and CO ratio can be obtained.
  • the syngas can be introduced to a gas turbine to generate electricity or it can be used for chemical/liquid fuel synthesis.
  • a typical steam and CO 2 feed rate ratio should be around 2:1.
  • the output ratio of H 2 /CO may also be varied by recycling part of the output after condensation of water to a middle section of the second reactor 2. This will allow more water gas shift reaction to convert unconverted CO 2 into CO.
  • reduced metal particles are burnt with air in the second reactor 2.
  • the heat generated may be extracted using water to generate high temperature steam.
  • the steam can then be either used for electricity generation or it can be used to extract heavy oil from oil shale.
  • the system must account for the fact that H 2 S in raw syngas would react with metal to form metal sulfide.
  • Reduced metal and metal sulfide would be introduced to the second reactor 2 to react with steam.
  • the product stream in this system would contain H 2 and H 2 S.
  • H 2 S may be taken out using traditional scrubber technology and a H2 rich stream would be achieved.
  • gaseous fuel e.g. syngas
  • the ash separation process may be avoided.
  • a hot gas sulfur removal unit using sorbents such as CaO is utilized to remove bulk quantities OfH 2 S in raw syngas to below 100 ppm.
  • the pretreated syngas is then mixed with steam and CO 2 of appropriate quantity, typically ⁇ 15% and introduced to the bottom of the first reactor 1. Due to the equilibrium between H 2 S and steam/CC>2, H 2 S as well as Hg will not react with the particles inside the first reactor 1. As a result, the pollutant will come out of the first reactor 1 along with CO 2 and can be sequestrated together. Only pure metal particles will enter the second reactor 2 and therefore, H 2 rich streams may be generated without using low temperature sulfur and mercury removal units. Additionally, ceramic composite particles with degraded activity or size, which are no longer effective in the processes of the first and second reactor, may be used instead of CaO to remove the H 2 S, for example, to a level below 30 ppm.
  • the chemical looping system as a hydrogen generator, may be coupled with Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) synthesis system, directed to producing chemicals or liquid fuels.
  • F-T Fischer-Tropsch
  • the feedstock for the first reactor 1 is part of the byproduct from the F-T reactor 100 and unconverted syngas.
  • the feedstock may include part of the product from the refining system.
  • the rest of the byproduct and unconverted syngas is recycled to the F-T reactor 100 to enhance the conversion, or, it can also be recycled to the gasifier to make more syngas.
  • steam for the second reactor can be obtained from both the gasifier and the F-T reactor 100, as F-T reactions are usually highly exothermic.
  • the H 2 product of the second reactor 1 which may contain some CO and which is generated from chemical looping reactors is recycled back, to adjust the H2/CO ratio of the F-T feed to about 2:1. This adjustment may occur, in some embodiments, after the clean syngas exits the gasifier 30 and is delivered to gas cleanup units 22. In this case, a stoichiometric amount of byproducts and unconverted syngas are used to generate H2 for gas tune up i.e., adjustment of the ratio to about 2: 1, while the rest of the gas stream is recycled back into the F-T reactor 100.
  • Fig. 12 and 14 are similar to the one described in figure 13; with one major difference being that all the byproducts are used to generate H 2 .
  • the excessive amount OfH 2 can be used for hydrocracking of the wax product from the F-T reactor 100. If an excessive amount OfH 2 remains after hydrocracking, a combustion turbine or a fuel cell can be utilized to generate electricity for plant use or for the energy market in general.
  • hot gas cleanup is used before the first reactor 1 and the rest of the pollutants would come out from the first reactor 1 without attachment to the particles.
  • part of the CO 2 generated from the first reactor 1 is introduced to a product cleanup unit or a CO 2 separation unit to extract substantially pure CO 2 from the exhaust gas stream of the first reactor 1.
  • the substantially pure CO 2 is then introduced into second reactor 2 along with steam to form clean syngas with a H 2 /CO ratio of about 2: 1.
  • the syngas is then used in F-T reactor 100 to produce liquid fuels or chemicals.
  • the byproduct stream from the F-T reactor 100 would also be recycled back to first reactor to further increase the syngas production rate of the chemical looping system. Referring to Fig.
  • the F-T system may be combined with a coal converting system instead of syngas.
  • sorbents may be fed into the system to take out sulfur.
  • Byproducts of F-T synthesis may also be fed into the first reactor 1 to make more syngas.
  • a gasifier is not needed; consequently, the system may comprise less equipment, thereby lowering costs and capital investment while improving system efficiency.
  • part of the steam generated in the F-T reactor may be superheated by high temperature streams from the chemical looping system of the present invention or gasifiers.
  • the superheated steam may comprise various uses, for example, driving a steam turbine for parasitic energy or as a feed stock in reactor 2.
  • metal oxide particles such as F ⁇ 2 ⁇ 3 are processed into a packed bed or monolith in a module or cartridge for onboard H 2 storage in a vehicle 230.
  • the modules are processed in a central facility 210 to get reduced to its metal form using carbonaceous fuel such as syngas.
  • the reduced modules are then distributed to fuel stations 200 and installed into a car 230 to replace the spent modules.
  • Steam would be obtained from the PEM fuel cell or Hydrogen Internal Combustion Engine and would be introduced into the model to react with the reduced particles to generate H 2 to drive the car.
  • the typical temperature for the reaction would be around 250-700 0 C, as the reaction is exothermic.
  • the temperature in the module can either be maintained by well designed insulations or the heat recovery in other areas of the system.
  • the modules would consist of different individual enclosures and each enclosure can either be a packed bed of pellets or it can be monolith.
  • the monolith may comprises small channels with diameter of 0.5-10 mm while the thickness of the wall that is made of particles are kept below 10 mm.
  • Figs. 18(a)-(c), and Figs 18 illustrates some examples of the modules, i.e. reactors with Fe containing media having: (a) a packed bed of small pellets; (b) a monolithic bed with straight channels for steam; and (c) a monolithic bed with channels for steam and air
  • FIGs 18c and Fig. 18b show that air will flow through some of the channels while steam flows through the rest of the channels.
  • the channels with air going through would generate heat for the adjacent channels keeping them at desirable temperature (250-700 0 C) for hydrogen production.
  • Figure 19 shows one possible arrangement using the enclosure design shown in figure 18(c).
  • different enclosures are packed into a module and connected with one another to consistently generate H 2 for a fuel cell or an internal combustion engine in the car 230.
  • the air and steam channels may be strictly separated from one another using the special monolith design and connection scheme.
  • the present system may also be utilized in fuel cell technologies.
  • reduced metal particles are directly fed into a solid oxide fuel cell that can process solid fuels directly.
  • the solid oxide fuel cell acts the second reactor 2 in the oxidation reduction system. Particles are reduced in the fuel reactor and then introduced to the fuel cell to react with oxygen or air under 500-1000 0 C to produce electricity. The oxidized particle is recycled back to the fuel reactor to be reduced again. Because of the applicability of the present system, it is contemplated that the present invention may be incorporated in numerous other industrial processes.
  • the term “substantially” is utilized herein to represent the inherent degree of uncertainty that may be attributed to any quantitative comparison, value, measurement, or other representation.
  • the term “substantially” is also utilized herein to represent the degree by which a quantitative representation may vary from a stated reference without resulting in a change in the basic function of the subject matter at issue.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des systèmes et des procédés de conversion de combustible. Un système selon l'invention comprend au moins des réacteurs conçus pour la réalisation de réactions d'oxydoréduction. Le premier réacteur comprend une pluralité de particules composites de céramique, ces particules comprenant au moins un oxyde métallique disposé sur un support. Le premier réacteur est conçu pour réduire le ou les oxydes métalliques avec un combustible pour produire un métal réduit ou un oxyde métallique réduit. Le deuxième réacteur est conçu pour oxyder le métal réduit ou l'oxyde métallique réduit pour produire un intermédiaire d'oxyde métallique. Ce système peut comprendre également un troisième réacteur conçu pour oxyder l'intermédiaire d'oxyde métallique pour régénérer l'oxyde métallique des particules composites de céramique.
PCT/US2007/000956 2006-01-12 2007-01-12 Systèmes et procédés de conversion de combustible Ceased WO2007082089A2 (fr)

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US12/160,803 US20090000194A1 (en) 2006-01-12 2007-01-12 Systems and Methods of Converting Fuel
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