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WO2006067728A1 - Device for electromagnetic induction heating - Google Patents

Device for electromagnetic induction heating Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2006067728A1
WO2006067728A1 PCT/IB2005/054313 IB2005054313W WO2006067728A1 WO 2006067728 A1 WO2006067728 A1 WO 2006067728A1 IB 2005054313 W IB2005054313 W IB 2005054313W WO 2006067728 A1 WO2006067728 A1 WO 2006067728A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
collar
electromagnetic induction
induction heating
opening
sheath
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/IB2005/054313
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
René CHUAT
Yoland Grosjean
Pierre Strubin
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BINDRING SA
Original Assignee
BINDRING SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by BINDRING SA filed Critical BINDRING SA
Publication of WO2006067728A1 publication Critical patent/WO2006067728A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B6/00—Heating by electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields
    • H05B6/02—Induction heating
    • H05B6/10—Induction heating apparatus, other than furnaces, for specific applications
    • H05B6/101—Induction heating apparatus, other than furnaces, for specific applications for local heating of metal pieces
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/36—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction
    • B29C65/3668—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction characterised by the means for supplying heat to said heated elements which remain in the join, e.g. special induction coils
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/36—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction
    • B29C65/3672—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction characterised by the composition of the elements heated by induction which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/3676—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" heated by induction characterised by the composition of the elements heated by induction which remain in the joint being metallic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/52—Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/81—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/812—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the composition, by the structure, by the intensive physical properties or by the optical properties of the material constituting the pressing elements, e.g. constituting the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/8122—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the composition, by the structure, by the intensive physical properties or by the optical properties of the material constituting the pressing elements, e.g. constituting the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the composition of the material constituting the pressing elements, e.g. constituting the welding jaws or clamps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/81—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/814—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/8145—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the constructional aspects of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps
    • B29C66/81471—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the constructional aspects of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps being a wrap-around tape or band
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/84—Specific machine types or machines suitable for specific applications
    • B29C66/861—Hand-held tools

Definitions

  • the invention is in the field of heating, by high frequency electromagnetic induction, metal inserts incorporated in or between the surfaces of non-conductive tubular profiles made of a material that can melt under the effect of heat, the fusion of material near the inserts resulting in a fixing of the parts in contact.
  • the problem that the present invention proposes to solve lies in the possibility of providing a simple and effective system for heating the metal inserts.
  • the solution of the aforementioned problem consists of an electromagnetic induction heating device comprising a collar formed of a conductive element, means for circulating an electric current in the collar and means for opening and closing the collar. in order to allow the positioning of the collar around a tubular element.
  • Stable base containing electronic elements of regulation, control and remote control.
  • the device illustrated in FIG. 1 is designed to be hand-held by an operator without the need for special protection and for remotely heating, by high-frequency electromagnetic induction, metal inserts incorporated in or between the surfaces. of non-conductive and thermally fusible tubular profiles for the purpose of fusing them together.
  • the innovative design of this device comprises a transmitter collar comprising a multi-turn winding 1 contained in a sheath or a flexible sleeve and opening, consisting of articulated elements, which is supplied via a multiconductor electric cable connected to a connector 7 and connected to an ad hoc generator.
  • the sheath may be made of a flexible material such as elastomer.
  • the multi-turn winding of the transmitter collar 1, whose circuit is open or closed by a system of multiple contacts 2 guided 3, is calculated for operate without liquid circulation cooling system while delivering sufficient power to obtain adequate heating.
  • the possibility of opening the transmitter collar 1 allows easy and precise longitudinal positioning at any point of a pipeline network, open or closed, without having to resort to an introduction by the end of said network and without blocking by any fasteners or other growths.
  • the flexible sheath containing the winding is of a limited thickness thus allowing a convenient introduction between the assembly connections and the wall carrying the fixing brackets of the pipe.
  • This transmitter collar 1 can be mounted on an ergonomic handle 5 and a stable base 6 which contain and isolate all the elements necessary for the remote control 4 of the generator and the sensors essential for safety, control of various functions and to the thermal and electrical regulation of the entire melting operation that leads to the assembly.
  • a variant of the impedance matching circuit allows the power supply of the multi-turn transmitter winding with a low voltage which guarantees an increased safety for the operator.

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • General Induction Heating (AREA)

Abstract

The invention concerns a device for electromagnetic induction heating comprising a band (1) consisting of a conductive element, means for circulating an electric current in the band and a system for opening/closing the band (2, 3) adapted to enable the band to be positioned around a tubular element.

Description

Dispositif de chauffage par induction électromagnétique Electromagnetic induction heating device

Domaine de l'inventionField of the invention

L'invention se situe dans le domaine du chauffage, par induction électromagnétique à haute fréquence, d'inserts métalliques incorporés dans ou entre les surfaces de profils tubulaires non conducteurs constitués en un matériau pouvant fondre sous l'effet de la chaleur, la fusion du matériau à proximité des inserts résultant en une fixation des parties en contact.The invention is in the field of heating, by high frequency electromagnetic induction, metal inserts incorporated in or between the surfaces of non-conductive tubular profiles made of a material that can melt under the effect of heat, the fusion of material near the inserts resulting in a fixing of the parts in contact.

Etat de la techniqueState of the art

L'utilisation de chauffage par induction électromagnétique pour fixer des éléments tubulaires est décrite dans la demande de brevet internationale WO 2004/005789 A1.The use of electromagnetic induction heating for fixing tubular elements is described in the international patent application WO 2004/005789 A1.

Exposé général de l'inventionGeneral presentation of the invention

Le problème que la présente invention se propose de résoudre réside dans la possibilité de fournir un système simple et efficace pour assurer le chauffage des inserts métalliques.The problem that the present invention proposes to solve lies in the possibility of providing a simple and effective system for heating the metal inserts.

Dans l'invention, la solution du problème précité consiste en un dispositif de chauffage par induction électromagnétique comprenant un collier formé d'un élément conducteur, des moyens pour faire circuler un courant électrique dans le collier et des moyens pour ouvrir et fermer le collier de manière à permettre le positionnement du collier autour d'un élément tubulaire.In the invention, the solution of the aforementioned problem consists of an electromagnetic induction heating device comprising a collar formed of a conductive element, means for circulating an electric current in the collar and means for opening and closing the collar. in order to allow the positioning of the collar around a tubular element.

Des modes de réalisation particuliers sont décrits dans les revendications dépendantes.Particular embodiments are described in the dependent claims.

Exposé détaillé de l'invention L'invention est décrite plus en détail ci-après au moyen d'un exemple illustré par une figure. Les références numériques suivantes sont utilisées avec la figure :DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The invention is described in more detail below by means of an example illustrated by a figure. The following numerals are used with the figure:

1. Gaine, fourreau, flexible articulé ou en élastomère souple contenant un bobinage formé de plusieurs spires.1. Sheath, sheath, flexible hinge or flexible elastomer containing a coil formed of several turns.

2. Dispositif de contacts multiples permettant l'ouverture/fermeture du circuit.2. Multiple contact device for opening / closing the circuit.

3. Guide détrompeur assurant l'alignement des contacts mâles et femelles.3. Keying guide ensuring the alignment of the male and female contacts.

4. Bouton déclencheur, commande à distance du générateur.4. Trigger button, remote control of the generator.

5. Poignée ergonomique.5. Ergonomic handle.

6. Socle stable contenant des éléments électroniques de régulation, de contrôle et de commande à distance.6. Stable base containing electronic elements of regulation, control and remote control.

7. Connecteur pour raccordement au générateur via un câble rallonge multiconducteur.7. Connector for connection to the generator via a multicore extension cable.

8. Emplacement pour dispositifs de sécurité d'ouverture fermeture, de surveillance de la température et autres facteurs.8. Location for closing safety devices, temperature monitoring and other factors.

Le dispositif illustré sur la figure 1 est conçu pour être tenu à la main par un opérateur sans qu'une protection particulière ne soit nécessaire et destiné à chauffer à distance, par induction électromagnétique à haute fréquence, des inserts métalliques incorporés dans ou entre les surfaces de profils tubulaires non conducteurs et thermo fusibles, dans le but de les unir par fusion des parties en contact.The device illustrated in FIG. 1 is designed to be hand-held by an operator without the need for special protection and for remotely heating, by high-frequency electromagnetic induction, metal inserts incorporated in or between the surfaces. of non-conductive and thermally fusible tubular profiles for the purpose of fusing them together.

• La conception innovante de ce dispositif comprend un collier transmetteur comprenant un bobinage multi spires 1 contenu dans une gaine ou un fourreau flexible et ouvrant, constitué d'éléments articulés, qui est alimenté par l'intermédiaire d'un câble électrique multiconducteur branché à un connecteur 7 et raccordé à un générateur ad hoc. Dans une variante non- illustrée, la gaine peut être faite d'un matériau souple tel qu'élastomère.• The innovative design of this device comprises a transmitter collar comprising a multi-turn winding 1 contained in a sheath or a flexible sleeve and opening, consisting of articulated elements, which is supplied via a multiconductor electric cable connected to a connector 7 and connected to an ad hoc generator. In a non-illustrated variant, the sheath may be made of a flexible material such as elastomer.

• Le bobinage multi spires du collier transmetteur 1 , dont le circuit est ouvert ou fermé par un système de contacts multiples 2 guidés 3, est calculé pour fonctionner sans système de refroidissement par circulation de liquide tout en délivrant une puissance suffisante pour obtenir un chauffage adéquat.• The multi-turn winding of the transmitter collar 1, whose circuit is open or closed by a system of multiple contacts 2 guided 3, is calculated for operate without liquid circulation cooling system while delivering sufficient power to obtain adequate heating.

• La possibilité d'ouverture du collier transmetteur 1 permet un positionnement longitudinal aisé et précis à n'importe quel point d'un réseau de canalisation, ouvert ou fermé, sans avoir besoin de recourir à une introduction par l'extrémité du dit réseau et sans blocage par d'éventuels éléments de fixation ou autres excroissances. En outre, la gaine souple contenant le bobinage est d'une épaisseur limitée permettant ainsi une introduction commode entre les raccords d'assemblage et la paroi portant les supports de fixation de la tuyauterie.• The possibility of opening the transmitter collar 1 allows easy and precise longitudinal positioning at any point of a pipeline network, open or closed, without having to resort to an introduction by the end of said network and without blocking by any fasteners or other growths. In addition, the flexible sheath containing the winding is of a limited thickness thus allowing a convenient introduction between the assembly connections and the wall carrying the fixing brackets of the pipe.

• D'autre part, l'adaptation parfaitement régulière du collier transmetteur souple et flexible au pourtour et à la géométrie de l'élément tubulaire, du raccord et de l'insert annulaire permet un couplage électromagnétique idéal assurant ainsi un échauffement symétrique et régulier.• On the other hand, the perfectly uniform adaptation of the flexible and flexible transmitter collar to the circumference and to the geometry of the tubular element, the fitting and the annular insert allows an ideal electromagnetic coupling thus ensuring a symmetrical and regular heating.

• Ce collier transmetteur 1 peut être monté sur une poignée ergonomique 5 et un socle stable 6 qui renferment et isolent tous les éléments nécessaires à la commande à distance 4 du générateur ainsi que les capteurs indispensables à la sécurité, au contrôle des différentes fonctions et à la régulation thermique et électrique de toute l'opération de fusion qui conduit à l'assemblage.• This transmitter collar 1 can be mounted on an ergonomic handle 5 and a stable base 6 which contain and isolate all the elements necessary for the remote control 4 of the generator and the sensors essential for safety, control of various functions and to the thermal and electrical regulation of the entire melting operation that leads to the assembly.

• Une variante du circuit d'accord d'impédance permet l'alimentation du bobinage transmetteur multi spires avec une basse tension ce qui garantit une sécurité accrue pour l'opérateur.• A variant of the impedance matching circuit allows the power supply of the multi-turn transmitter winding with a low voltage which guarantees an increased safety for the operator.

I va de soi que l'invention ne se limite pas à l'exemple illustré sur la figure 1. It goes without saying that the invention is not limited to the example illustrated in FIG.

Claims

Revendications claims 1. Dispositif de chauffage par induction électromagnétique comprenant un collier (1 ) formé d'un élément conducteur, des moyens pour faire circuler un courant électrique dans le collier et un système d'ouverture/fermeture du collier (2,3) adapté de manière à permettre le positionnement du collier autour d'un élément tubulaire.An electromagnetic induction heating device comprising a collar (1) formed of a conductive element, means for circulating an electric current in the collar and a system for opening / closing the collar (2,3) to allow the positioning of the collar around a tubular element. 2. Dispositif selon la revendication 1 caractérisé par le fait que le collier (1 ) est flexible.2. Device according to claim 1 characterized in that the collar (1) is flexible. 3. Dispositif selon la revendication 1 ou 2 comprenant une poignée non- conductrice (5) qui est fixée au collier.3. Device according to claim 1 or 2 comprising a non-conductive handle (5) which is attached to the collar. 4. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes caractérisé par le fait que l'élément conducteur est contenu à l'intérieur d'une gaine.4. Device according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the conductive element is contained within a sheath. 5. Dispositif selon la revendication précédente caractérisé par le fait que la gaine est constituée d'éléments articulés.5. Device according to the preceding claim characterized in that the sheath consists of articulated elements. 6. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes caractérisé par le fait que le système d'ouverture/fermeture (2,3) est constitué d'un connecteur comprenant plusieurs contacts.6. Device according to any one of the preceding claims characterized in that the opening / closing system (2,3) consists of a connector comprising a plurality of contacts. 7. Dispositif selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes caractérisé par le fait que le collier (1 ) est adapté pour se conformer à la géométrie de l'élément tubulaire qu'il entoure. 7. Device according to any one of the preceding claims characterized in that the collar (1) is adapted to conform to the geometry of the tubular element that surrounds.
PCT/IB2005/054313 2004-12-22 2005-12-19 Device for electromagnetic induction heating Ceased WO2006067728A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH02148/04 2004-12-22
CH21482004 2004-12-22

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2006067728A1 true WO2006067728A1 (en) 2006-06-29

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2465666A3 (en) * 2010-12-14 2013-01-16 KE-KELIT Kunststoffwerk Gesellschaft m.b.H. Device for inductive welding of the thermoplastic jacket pipe of an area heating line with a sleeve made of thermoplastic
WO2018217859A1 (en) * 2017-05-26 2018-11-29 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Induction heating methods and apparatus
US10917946B2 (en) 2017-05-26 2021-02-09 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Induction heating methods and apparatus

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3365563A (en) * 1965-04-13 1968-01-23 Aeroquip Corp Brazing tool
US4595607A (en) * 1985-08-05 1986-06-17 Resource Engineering And Manufacturing Corp. Combined induction heating and coating system for pipe weld joints
EP0566317A2 (en) * 1992-04-16 1993-10-20 Raychem Corporation Induction heating tool

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3365563A (en) * 1965-04-13 1968-01-23 Aeroquip Corp Brazing tool
US4595607A (en) * 1985-08-05 1986-06-17 Resource Engineering And Manufacturing Corp. Combined induction heating and coating system for pipe weld joints
EP0566317A2 (en) * 1992-04-16 1993-10-20 Raychem Corporation Induction heating tool

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2465666A3 (en) * 2010-12-14 2013-01-16 KE-KELIT Kunststoffwerk Gesellschaft m.b.H. Device for inductive welding of the thermoplastic jacket pipe of an area heating line with a sleeve made of thermoplastic
WO2018217859A1 (en) * 2017-05-26 2018-11-29 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Induction heating methods and apparatus
CN110663287A (en) * 2017-05-26 2020-01-07 伊利诺斯工具制品有限公司 Induction heating method and apparatus
US10912156B2 (en) 2017-05-26 2021-02-02 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Induction heating methods and apparatus
US10917946B2 (en) 2017-05-26 2021-02-09 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Induction heating methods and apparatus

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