WO2005014171A1 - 炭化珪素質触媒体及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
炭化珪素質触媒体及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005014171A1 WO2005014171A1 PCT/JP2004/011591 JP2004011591W WO2005014171A1 WO 2005014171 A1 WO2005014171 A1 WO 2005014171A1 JP 2004011591 W JP2004011591 W JP 2004011591W WO 2005014171 A1 WO2005014171 A1 WO 2005014171A1
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- silicon carbide
- honeycomb structure
- porous honeycomb
- based catalyst
- heat treatment
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- C04B38/0006—Honeycomb structures
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- B01J35/50—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their shape or configuration
- B01J35/56—Foraminous structures having flow-through passages or channels, e.g. grids or three-dimensional monoliths
- B01J35/57—Honeycombs
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- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
- B01D53/9454—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC] characterised by a specific device
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- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
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Definitions
- Silicon carbide based catalyst body and method for producing the same
- the present invention relates to a silicon carbide-based catalyst and a method for producing the same. More specifically, it is a silicon carbide-based catalyst body in which a catalyst containing alumina and ceria typified by an oxidation catalyst for purifying automobile exhaust gas is supported on a silicon carbide-based porous honeycomb structure. It is useful as a catalyst for purifying exhaust gas containing discharged particulates, and does not whiten or damage even when exposed to high temperatures during regeneration, etc.
- the present invention relates to a medium and a method for manufacturing the medium.
- Cordierite has been used as an aggregate of a porous honeycomb structure constituting the above-mentioned exhaust gas purifying catalyst (for example, an exhaust gas purifying filter).
- the above-mentioned exhaust gas purifying catalyst for example, an exhaust gas purifying filter.
- non-oxide ceramics such as silicon carbide (SiC) have recently been used.
- a contact medium using a porous honeycomb structure made of silicon carbide eg, a filter for purifying exhaust gas containing particulates discharged from a diesel engine
- a porous honeycomb structure made of silicon carbide eg, a filter for purifying exhaust gas containing particulates discharged from a diesel engine
- FIGS. 1 and 2 show a general porous honeycomb structure 1 used for a DPF (diesel particulate filter) that collects particulates in exhaust gas of a diesel engine.
- the DPF is manufactured by joining a plurality of the porous honeycomb structures 1 in a stacked state in the vertical and horizontal directions, and then cutting the entire outer shape into a circle, an ellipse, or another shape.
- a porous honeycomb structure (a two-cam segment) 1 has a large number of flow holes 3 formed by being partitioned by a porous partition wall 2.
- the flow holes 3 penetrate the honeycomb structure 1 in the axial direction, and one ends of the adjacent flow holes 3 are alternately plugged with the filler 4. That is, in one circulation hole 3, the left end is open.
- the right end is plugged with the filler 4, and in the other flow hole 3 adjacent thereto, the left end is a force S plugged by the filler 4, and the right end is open.
- the porous honeycomb structure 1 shown in Fig. 1 may have an appropriate cross-sectional shape, such as a triangular cross-section or a hexagonal cross-section, in which the whole shape has a square cross section. ,.
- the flow hole 3 shown in FIG. 1 has a square cross-sectional shape, it may have a triangular, hexagonal, circular, oval, or other shape.
- the oxidation catalyst used in this method includes noble metal particles such as platinum as a catalyst, alumina, zirconia, rare earth and alkaline earth powders as a base material for dispersing and arranging these noble metal particles, and as a cocatalyst. Oxide powder such as ceria is used.
- a porous silicon carbide sintered body (structure) having a honeycomb structure is provided with a silica film for increasing strength formed on the inner surface of a pore portion and a porous silicon carbide sintered body including the silica film. It is also known that the (structure) has an oxygen concentration of 1% by mass to 10% by mass (see Patent Document 2).
- Patent Document 1 Patent No. 2731562
- Patent Document 2 JP-A-2000-218165
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-154882
- a conventional catalyst body for example, a filter, etc.
- soot is regenerated in an excessive amount deposited on the porous honeycomb structure, it is exposed to an excessively high temperature during the regeneration. This causes a problem that the catalyst body (for example, a filter or the like) is discolored or damaged.
- the present inventors have found that the above-described problem occurs specifically only when the porous honeycomb structure is made of a non-oxide ceramic such as silicon carbide or metallic silicon. Further, in the case where a catalyst containing alumina and seria as main components is supported on a porous honeycomb structure made of silicon carbide or metallic silicon, an excessive amount of By burning the soot in a deposited state, the surface of the porous honeycomb structure made of silicon carbide and metallic silicon is protected when the oxygen concentration falls to about 1% or less due to temperature rise and reduction by soot combustion. It has been found that a rapid oxidation reaction occurs without forming a silica film functioning as a film, and the surface of the porous honeycomb structure is rapidly oxidized.
- the temperature inside the porous honeycomb structure may rise to a high temperature of 1700 ° C or more due to the heat of the oxidation reaction. In some cases, the porous honeycomb structure may be damaged.
- the oxidation reaction described above is not a reaction in which SiC is oxidized to form a solid SiO film on the surface.
- Si (solid) +0 (gas) SiO (gas) + 1Z2 ⁇ (gas)... (2)
- the generated Si ⁇ ⁇ gas is combined with oxygen in the atmosphere to generate Si ⁇ fibers and precipitate on the surface. For this reason, the portion where such an oxidation reaction has occurred is discolored to white by the formed SiO fiber.
- the present invention has been made to solve such a conventional problem, and is a silicon carbide-based catalytic medium in which a catalyst containing alumina and ceria is supported on a silicon carbide-based honeycomb structure. It is an object of the present invention to provide a silicon carbide catalyst excellent in heat resistance, which does not cause whitening or breakage even when exposed to a high temperature during regeneration or the like, and a method for producing the same.
- a porous honeycomb-shaped porous honeycomb structure formed by bonding silicon carbide particles as aggregates while holding pores therebetween, and the porous honeycomb structure
- the porous film is supported with an oxide-containing film interposed therebetween, and the film contains 2 to 10% by mass of oxygen of all elements constituting the porous honeycomb structure.
- a silicon carbide-based catalyst body characterized by the above-mentioned.
- metallic silicon as a binder that binds silicon carbide particles as an aggregate undergoes an oxidation reaction during regeneration and the like in the same manner as silicon carbide, resulting in a porous honeycomb structure. Suppresses vigorous oxidation on the body surface, so it does not whiten or break.
- a raw material containing silicon carbide particles is extruded to obtain a honeycomb-shaped honeycomb structure.
- the obtained honeycomb structure is fully fired, and then heat-treated in an oxygen-containing atmosphere to obtain a porous structure.
- a method for producing a silicon carbide-based catalyst comprising: obtaining a porous honeycomb structure; and supporting a catalyst containing aluminum and ceria as main components on a surface of the obtained porous honeycomb structure.
- the heat treatment is performed by burner combustion heating using natural gas as a fuel [5] or
- a raw material containing silicon carbide particles is extruded to obtain a honeycomb-shaped honeycomb structure.
- the obtained honeycomb structure is subjected to heat treatment after removing a binder in an oxygen-containing atmosphere, and then Main firing to obtain a porous honeycomb structure, and a catalyst containing alumina and ceria as main components is supported on the surface of the obtained porous honeycomb structure. Manufacturing method.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view schematically showing one embodiment of a porous honeycomb structure used in the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line AA of one embodiment of the porous honeycomb structure shown in FIG. 1.
- the silicon carbide-based catalyst of the present invention includes a porous honeycomb structure and a catalyst supported on the surface of the porous honeycomb structure.
- the porous honeycomb structure is formed by bonding a large number of silicon carbide particles as aggregates while holding a large number of pores therebetween.
- the catalyst contains alumina and ceria as main components. Other components such as noble metal components and alkaline earth metals may be contained in addition to alumina and cerium.
- the catalyst is supported on the surface of the porous honeycomb structure with a film containing an oxide containing silicon interposed therebetween, and the film constitutes the porous honeycomb structure. Contains 2-10% oxygen by weight of all elements.
- the porous honeycomb structure may have silicon carbide particles directly bonded to each other or may be bonded to each other with a bonding material other than silicon carbide interposed between the silicon carbide particles.
- a binder examples include glass, silicon oxide, metal silicon, silicon nitride, clay and the like.
- metallic silicon is preferable because it is a substance that causes an oxidation reaction like silicon carbide.
- the amount of oxygen (oxygen content) contained in the film is 210% by mass of all elements constituting the porous honeycomb structure, and is preferably 3.5 to 8% by mass. If the oxygen content is less than 2% by mass, a sufficient amount of an oxide film to function as a protective film is not formed. If the oxygen content exceeds 10% by mass, the amount of the oxide film becomes too large, the porosity is reduced, and the pressure loss, which is an important property in DPF applications, is increased.
- the above-mentioned film contains alumina and Z or dinoreconia as elements.
- the film preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of cristobalite, dinolecon, and mullite as a crystal phase.
- the heat resistance of the film can be further improved.
- silica has a melting point of about 1730 ° C
- mullite, a reaction product of silica and alumina has a melting point of about 1850 ° C
- zircon, a reaction product of silica and zirconia has a melting point of about 2550 ° C. Therefore, heat resistance can be further increased.
- a raw material containing silicon carbide particles is extruded to obtain a honeycomb-shaped honeycomb structure, and the obtained honeycomb structure is subjected to main firing.
- a heat treatment is performed in an oxygen-containing atmosphere to obtain a porous honeycomb structure, and a catalyst containing alumina and ceria as main components is supported on the surface of the obtained porous honeycomb structure.
- the heat treatment may be performed continuously in the same furnace in the process of lowering the temperature after the main firing, or the fired body (porous honeycomb structure) removed from the furnace after the main firing has been completed once. This may be performed using another furnace.
- the heat treatment after the main baking is preferably performed at a temperature of 800 1400 ° C. If the temperature is lower than 800 ° C, an oxide film may not be formed in a sufficient amount to function as a protective film. If the temperature exceeds 1400 ° C, the amount of oxide film becomes too large, and the porosity decreases. However, it may increase pressure loss, which is an important characteristic in DPF applications.
- the heat treatment when the heat treatment is performed, the heat treatment is performed in an atmosphere containing a certain amount of oxygen and water vapor (for example, about 2 to 20 vol% of oxygen and about 5 to 30 vol% of water vapor), which promotes formation of an oxide film. It is preferable to advance.
- a certain amount of oxygen and water vapor for example, about 2 to 20 vol% of oxygen and about 5 to 30 vol% of water vapor
- the main firing may be performed by switching from an inert gas atmosphere to an oxygen atmosphere in the process of lowering the temperature from the maximum temperature.
- a honeycomb-shaped honeycomb structure is obtained by extruding a raw material containing silicon carbide particles, and the obtained honeycomb structure is subjected to an oxygen-containing atmosphere. After removing the binder, heat treatment is performed, and then main firing is performed to obtain a porous honeycomb structure.
- a catalyst containing alumina and ceria as main components is supported on the surface of the obtained porous honeycomb structure. It may be a feature.
- the heat treatment in this method is preferably performed at a temperature of 400 to 1000 ° C. If the temperature of the heat treatment is lower than 400 ° C, an oxide film sufficient to function as a protective film may not be formed. On the other hand, if the temperature exceeds 1000 ° C, the amount of film on the surface of the particles may increase before the main firing, which may hinder sintering.
- the honeycomb structure was dried by microwaves and hot air, and the thickness of the partition (partition 2 in FIG. 2) was 310 ⁇ 310 ⁇ , and the cell density was 46
- a honeycomb molded body having a cell shape of 5 cells / cm 2 (300 cells / square inch), a cross section of 35 mm on a side, and a length of 152 mm was obtained.
- the formed body was degreased at 400 ° C. in an air atmosphere, and thereafter, main-baked at about 1450 ° C. in an inert atmosphere of Ar to obtain a Si-bonded SiC porous honeycomb structure (honeycomb segment). .
- the average pore diameter of the honeycomb segments was measured by a mercury intrusion method, and the porosity was measured by an Archimedes method. As a result, the support had a porosity of 52% and an average pore diameter of 20 zm. This is designated as substrate A.
- SiC powder having an average particle diameter of 12 xm, iron oxide and yttrium oxide as sintering aids, methylcellulose as an organic binder, starch as a pore-forming agent, surfactant, and water were used.
- methylcellulose as an organic binder
- starch as a pore-forming agent
- surfactant and water
- the honeycomb structure was dried with microwaves and hot air, and the partition wall thickness was 310 xm and the cell density was 46.5 cells Zcm 2 (300 (Cell / square inch), a honeycomb formed body with a cross section of 35 mm square and a length of 152 mm. Then, the formed body is degreased at 550 ° C. in the air atmosphere, and thereafter, main-baked at 2300 ° C. in an inert atmosphere of Ar to form a porous honeycomb structure of recrystallized SiC (C).
- the average pore diameter of the honeycomb segments was measured by a mercury intrusion method, and the porosity was measured by an Archimedes method. As a result, the support had a porosity of 42% and an average pore diameter of 10 / m. This is designated as substrate B.
- Method of performing heat treatment after main baking A method of performing degreasing (binder removal), performing main baking in an Ar atmosphere, and then performing a heat treatment (Examples 16 to 18, 18 and 19 correspond to this method). ).
- Example 15 the heat treatment was performed by bubbling air using a wetter so as to impregnate H ⁇ and send the mixture into the furnace (see “Heat treatment conditions in Table 1”). , Temperature and time "are indicated as” steam injection and indication "). The heater temperature of the heater at this time is 40. C.
- heat treatment was performed by burner combustion heating using LNG (liquefied natural gas) as a fuel ("Heat treatment conditions, temperature, and time” in Table 1 indicate “Burner”). Combustion "). The ratio of air to fuel was about 1.2 in the highest temperature range.
- LNG liquefied natural gas
- Example 7-9 heat treatment was performed after the sol was precoated ("Zr ⁇ " or "A1 ⁇ ” in the column of "Precoat” in Table 1). That is, in Examples 6-8, the alumina sol and the zirconazole sol (and, if necessary, the silica sol) of the nitric acid solution were subjected to wet coating by diving. The coating amount was 30 g / L. Then, it was baked by heat treatment at the temperature shown in Table 1. After this baking, heat treatment was performed at the temperatures shown in Table 1. After calcination, the crystal phase was identified by X-ray diffraction. As a result, it was confirmed that zircon was produced in Examples 7 and 8, and mullite was produced in Example 9. That is, in Example 7-9, the processing was performed according to the following procedure. That is, after degreasing (binder removal), main baking was performed in an Ar atmosphere, followed by sol pre-coating, and then heat treatment.
- Example 10 the precursor was added to the raw material and heat treatment was performed ("Zr ⁇ " or "A1 ⁇ ” is shown in the column "Addition of raw material” in Table 1). That is, at the stage of preparing the base material A, zirconia and alumina were added to the raw materials in an amount of 5% by mass, and the main calcination was performed. After calcination, the crystal phase was identified by X-ray diffraction. As a result, it was confirmed that zircon was produced in Examples 10 and 11, and that mullite was produced in Example 12.
- Comparative Example 1 only the main firing was performed on the substrate A, and the heat was applied without performing the heat treatment.
- Comparative Example 2-4 Table 1 was used for the method in which the heat treatment was performed after main firing (applicable in Comparative Examples 2 and 3) and the method in which the heat treatment was performed after degreasing and before main firing (applicable in Comparative Example 4). Heat treatment was performed at the indicated temperature.
- Comparative Example 5 only the main firing step was performed on the base material B, and the heat treatment was performed. Did not do.
- alumina and ceria were supported on the surface of the honeycomb segment. This loading was performed in the following procedure.
- a commercially available ⁇ -alumina powder (specific surface area: 200 m 2 / g), an aqueous solution of (NH 2) Pt (NO 2) and a ceria powder were stirred and mixed in a pot mill for 2 hours, and then obtained (platinum + ceria)
- a commercially available alumina zonole and water were added to the T / -alumina powder, and the mixture was wet-ground in a pot mill for 10 hours to prepare a catalyst solution (push coat slurry). Then, the catalyst solution was coated by dip coating on the catalyst solution so as to have a carrying amount of 50 gZL.
- the oxygen content in the "Oxygen content analysis” column shown in Table 1 is based on JIS R1616 "Chemical analysis method of fine silicon carbide powder for fine ceramics". It was measured by the absorption method. The measurement was carried out using an oxygen analyzer (trade name: “EGAW-650W”, manufactured by Horiba, Ltd.).
- the “oxidation test” shown in Table 1 was performed by an oxidation test under a low oxygen partial pressure. That is, the obtained silicon carbide-based catalyst was kept in an electric furnace at 1200 ° C and 10 min under an atmosphere of low oxygen partial pressure of 1% by volume of oxygen + 8: 1 gas, and its appearance change and mass change ( %) (Increase in oxidation).
- the silicon carbide-based catalyst of the present invention is excellent in heat resistance, durability and the like, the pachinkini discharged from a purification device in various industries, for example, a diesel engine such as a DPF.
- a diesel engine such as a DPF.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP04771566A EP1666146A4 (en) | 2003-08-12 | 2004-08-12 | SILICONCARBID BASED CATALYST MATERIAL AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THEREOF |
| JP2005513018A JP4437785B2 (ja) | 2003-08-12 | 2004-08-12 | 炭化珪素質触媒体の製造方法 |
| US10/567,653 US20060234858A1 (en) | 2003-08-12 | 2004-08-12 | Silicon carbide based catalyst material and method for preparation thereof |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003292235 | 2003-08-12 | ||
| JP2003-292235 | 2003-08-12 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2005014171A1 true WO2005014171A1 (ja) | 2005-02-17 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2004/011591 Ceased WO2005014171A1 (ja) | 2003-08-12 | 2004-08-12 | 炭化珪素質触媒体及びその製造方法 |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20060234858A1 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP1666146A4 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP4437785B2 (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR100666430B1 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2005014171A1 (ja) |
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| JP2007055851A (ja) * | 2005-08-25 | 2007-03-08 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | 高耐熱衝撃性セラミックス複合材及びその製造方法 |
| WO2008139581A1 (ja) * | 2007-05-09 | 2008-11-20 | Ibiden Co., Ltd. | 炭化ケイ素焼成用原料の製造方法、及び、ハニカム構造体の製造方法 |
| JP2010099557A (ja) * | 2008-10-21 | 2010-05-06 | Sumitomo Osaka Cement Co Ltd | 金属触媒担持粒子とその製造方法及び金属触媒担持粒子分散液並びに触媒 |
| JP2010155873A (ja) * | 2008-12-26 | 2010-07-15 | Sumitomo Osaka Cement Co Ltd | 多孔質膜形成用塗料及び多孔質膜 |
| WO2012105478A1 (ja) | 2011-02-04 | 2012-08-09 | 日本碍子株式会社 | 炭化珪素質材料、ハニカム構造体及び電気加熱式触媒担体 |
| JP2013545710A (ja) * | 2010-11-30 | 2013-12-26 | コーニング インコーポレイテッド | セラミック焼成加工 |
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| US7759276B2 (en) | 2004-07-23 | 2010-07-20 | Helsa-Automotive Gmbh & Co. Kg | Adsorptive formed body having an inorganic amorphous supporting structure, and process for the production thereof |
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| KR101133097B1 (ko) | 2009-11-04 | 2012-07-09 | 한국에너지기술연구원 | 고온가스필터용 뮬라이트-지르코니아 결합 탄화규소질 세라믹 조성물 및 이를 이용한 고온가스필터 제조방법 |
| EP2441741A1 (en) * | 2010-10-13 | 2012-04-18 | Ibiden Co., Ltd. | Honeycomb structured body and exhaust gas purifying apparatus |
| EP2441513B1 (en) * | 2010-10-13 | 2013-08-07 | Ibiden Co., Ltd. | Honeycomb catalyst body and method for manufacturing honeycomb catalyst body |
| CN103517885B (zh) * | 2012-01-06 | 2016-09-28 | 康宁股份有限公司 | 陶瓷加工烧制 |
| JP6025822B2 (ja) * | 2012-03-28 | 2016-11-16 | 日本碍子株式会社 | 炭化珪素質多孔体、ハニカム構造体及び電気加熱式触媒担体 |
| JP5922629B2 (ja) | 2013-09-27 | 2016-05-24 | 日本碍子株式会社 | 多孔質材料及びその製造方法、並びにハニカム構造体 |
| JP6407180B2 (ja) * | 2016-02-25 | 2018-10-17 | 東京窯業株式会社 | ハニカム構造体及びハニカム構造体の製造方法 |
| CN115106129A (zh) * | 2021-03-19 | 2022-09-27 | 日本碍子株式会社 | 蜂窝结构体及采用了该蜂窝结构体的电加热型载体 |
| CN117680174A (zh) * | 2023-12-28 | 2024-03-12 | 大连理工大学 | 一种以改性碳化硅为载体的催化剂、其制备方法及在丙烷脱氢制丙烯中的应用 |
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Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2007055851A (ja) * | 2005-08-25 | 2007-03-08 | Ngk Insulators Ltd | 高耐熱衝撃性セラミックス複合材及びその製造方法 |
| WO2008139581A1 (ja) * | 2007-05-09 | 2008-11-20 | Ibiden Co., Ltd. | 炭化ケイ素焼成用原料の製造方法、及び、ハニカム構造体の製造方法 |
| JP2010099557A (ja) * | 2008-10-21 | 2010-05-06 | Sumitomo Osaka Cement Co Ltd | 金属触媒担持粒子とその製造方法及び金属触媒担持粒子分散液並びに触媒 |
| JP2010155873A (ja) * | 2008-12-26 | 2010-07-15 | Sumitomo Osaka Cement Co Ltd | 多孔質膜形成用塗料及び多孔質膜 |
| JP2013545710A (ja) * | 2010-11-30 | 2013-12-26 | コーニング インコーポレイテッド | セラミック焼成加工 |
| WO2012105478A1 (ja) | 2011-02-04 | 2012-08-09 | 日本碍子株式会社 | 炭化珪素質材料、ハニカム構造体及び電気加熱式触媒担体 |
| JP2017178721A (ja) * | 2016-03-31 | 2017-10-05 | 日本碍子株式会社 | 多孔質材料、及び多孔質材料の製造方法並びにハニカム構造体 |
| JP2018154546A (ja) * | 2016-10-24 | 2018-10-04 | 日本碍子株式会社 | 多孔質材料、ハニカム構造体および多孔質材料の製造方法 |
| JP2017137238A (ja) * | 2017-02-28 | 2017-08-10 | 日本碍子株式会社 | 多孔質材料の製造方法 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20060234858A1 (en) | 2006-10-19 |
| EP1666146A4 (en) | 2009-07-01 |
| KR20060038467A (ko) | 2006-05-03 |
| JPWO2005014171A1 (ja) | 2007-11-22 |
| KR100666430B1 (ko) | 2007-01-11 |
| EP1666146A1 (en) | 2006-06-07 |
| JP4437785B2 (ja) | 2010-03-24 |
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