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WO2005008819A2 - Fluides de refroidissement a evaporation possedant une faible constante dielectrique, destines a etre utilises dans des piles a combustible et dans d'autres reacteurs electrochimiques a empilement - Google Patents

Fluides de refroidissement a evaporation possedant une faible constante dielectrique, destines a etre utilises dans des piles a combustible et dans d'autres reacteurs electrochimiques a empilement Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005008819A2
WO2005008819A2 PCT/CA2004/001086 CA2004001086W WO2005008819A2 WO 2005008819 A2 WO2005008819 A2 WO 2005008819A2 CA 2004001086 W CA2004001086 W CA 2004001086W WO 2005008819 A2 WO2005008819 A2 WO 2005008819A2
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
coolant
reactor
pressure
less
cps
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/CA2004/001086
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English (en)
Other versions
WO2005008819A3 (fr
Inventor
Neil Fagan
K. Michael Flaherty
Kenneth W. Kratschmar
Eddy J. Peters
Adrian Corless
David Leboe
Rasvan Mihai
Peter J. Andrin
Eric W. Teather
Dennie T. Mah
Mike A. Hooper
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
DuPont Canada Inc
Cellex Power Products Inc
Original Assignee
DuPont Canada Inc
Cellex Power Products Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by DuPont Canada Inc, Cellex Power Products Inc filed Critical DuPont Canada Inc
Publication of WO2005008819A2 publication Critical patent/WO2005008819A2/fr
Publication of WO2005008819A3 publication Critical patent/WO2005008819A3/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
    • H01M8/04029—Heat exchange using liquids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
    • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to coolants and cooling systems for electrochemical reactor stacks, such as fuel cells, electrolysers and chemical reactors.
  • the present invention relates to the use of coolants that absorb heat from the reactor stacks via latent heat transfer and that have low dielectric constants and high resistivity.
  • an electrochemical reactor stack which includes but is not limited to fuel cells (devices that are chemical reactors that generate electrical power from chemical feeds) or electrolysers (devices that generate chemical products from electrical power) or other electrical systems wherein heat is generated as a result of operation, there is a need to remove excess heat energy generated within the reactor to maintain a stable operating temperature.
  • fuel cells devices that are chemical reactors that generate electrical power from chemical feeds
  • electrolysers devices that generate chemical products from electrical power
  • other electrical systems wherein heat is generated as a result of operation
  • a liquid coolant in particular deionised water with a high dielectric constant (80.1 at STP), is utilized to remove the excess heat energy by passing the coolant through the stack.
  • the excess heat energy increases the liquid coolant temperature as it passes through the stack, resulting in thermal gradients within the stack.
  • multiple electrochemical cells may be contained within the fuel cell stack in series. This arrangement gives rise to significant electrical potential differences within the stack that can result in an electric current being driven through a conductive coolant. This transfer of electric current from the stack components to the coolant liquid can result in a corrosive attack of the stack components or in the generation of hazardous gases. Under certain conditions of fuel cell stack size, as typically seen in transportation and stationary power plants, there may exist sufficient conducted electrical voltage and current as to present a hazardous and a possibly lethal condition.
  • water If water is used as the coolant, it can easily dissolve substances into ions due to its polarity and high dielectric constant, thus becoming a conductive coolant; therefore, it is necessary for the water to be periodically or continuously deionised to avoid these stray currents.
  • Deionisation resins are used to deionise the water, however operation of commercial deionisation resins are limited to an upper temperature limit of about 50 to 60°C; therefore, the water coolant temperature entering the deionizer should not exceed the maximum operating temperature for the deionizing material and must be sub-cooled well below this temperature.
  • the water coolant temperature exiting the stack doesn't necessarily need to be below 60 °C because the entire stream may be cooled to below 60 °C after leaving the stack and before entering the deionization filter. This involves a large amount of heat exchange capacity simply to manage the low temperature needs of the deionisation resin. Also, the temperature difference between the cooling fluid exit temperature from the radiator and the ambient environment is quite small, thereby necessitating a larger radiator to remove the excess heat energy. The large radiator is costly and takes up space.
  • the fuel cell stack can also be exposed to very cold environments, often in the neighbourhood of -40 °C; therefore, the coolant liquid should also be able to withstand freezing at these cold temperatures.
  • U.S. patent no. 4,824,740 issued to International Fuel Cell Corporation for an invention called “Fuel Cell Stack Cooling System”.
  • Disclosed as the coolant is a two- phase stack coolant water where water vapour & liquid are separated in a heat exchanger operating at a temperature lower than the fuel cell stack temperature.
  • U.S. patent no. 4,769,297 issued to International Fuel Cell Corporation on Sept. 6, 1988 for an invention entitled "Solid Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Stack Water Management System”.
  • the fuel cell is cooled from the anode side. Excess water is fed in the hydrogen reactant stream sufficient to hydrate the membrane, as well as provide water to the porous anode flow field plate for evaporative cooling.
  • water is used as the coolant and it is in direct contact within the fuel cell.
  • U.S. patent no. 4,824,741 also issued to International Fuel Cell Corporation.
  • the invention entitled “Solid Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell System With Porous Plate Evaporative Cooling” relates to the cooling of a fuel cell from the anode side. Water is pumped into the flat side of porous anode flow field plate (side not adjacent to the membrane electrode assembly). The water migrates through the plate to the lands to be absorbed by the membrane and to provide a moist surface from which water will evaporate to cool the fuel cell.
  • This patent therefore, teaches the use of water as the coolant, which is in direct contact within the fuel cell.
  • U.S. patent no. 5,206,094 relates to an invention called "Fuel Cell Evaporative Cooler”.
  • the fuel cell stack is cooled by evaporation of water into either the fuel or oxidant stream in a cooler adjacent to the stack. This system avoids two-phase flow separation by:
  • [0011] 1 separately supplying the coolant and carrier gas so they are mixed within the cooler.
  • the water is fed from a manifold to a spray bar at the inlet of every cooler;
  • Disclosed is a means of cooling a fuel cell unit using a hermetically sealed casing featuring heat transfer substances of the type that evaporate at temperatures below those reached by the central zone of the casing and that condense at temperatures above those prevailing at a peripheral zone of the casing.
  • This patent does not identify potential coolant fluids other than water.
  • the disclosed invention keeps the heat transfer medium sealed in a closed casing while coolant fluid (i.e., water) is circulated in contact with the casing to remove the latent heat of vaporization absorbed by the heat transfer fluid.
  • coolant fluid i.e., water
  • the patent makes no mention of shunt currents generated by a conductive coolant such as water and even states that it is unlikely that the cooling medium will be contaminated by circulation through the fuel cell environment.
  • the liquid should have an electrical resistivity greater than 250 kOhm-cm, a boiling point greater than 90 °C, a freezing point less than - -0 °C, a thermal conductivity greater than 0.4 W/m-k, a viscosity less than 1 cPs at 80 °C and less than 6 cPs at 0 °C, a heat capacity greater than 3 kJ/kg-K, and a durability greater than 5,000 hours of operation/3 years total time.
  • the liquid should also be compatible with current cooling system materials.
  • the combustible nature of 1,3 propanediol may be of concern for a closed-loop operating system such as within a fuel cell cooling loop.
  • compositions of a Hydrofluoroether and a Hydrofluorocarbon Disclosed are compositions of at least one fluoroether and at least one fluorocarbon that may be used as, among other applications, refrigerants, heat transfer media and gaseous dielectrics.
  • This patent discloses compositions of such hydrofluoroethers and hydrofluorocarbons that reduce the halocarbon global warming potential of the hydrofluorocarbon.
  • compositions of a fluoroether and a fluorocarbon that are azeotropic or azeotrope-like.
  • This invention discloses compositions featuring boiling points well below typical fuel cell operating temperatures of 55-90 °C and generally below ambient temperature.
  • the present invention solves the problems of prior art systems by employing a coolant that vaporizes while cooling the electrochemical reactor by absorbing and removing heat via latent heat transfer.
  • the coolant preferably conducts very little electrical current and has a very low capacity for the dissolution of ions (i.e., very low tendency to act as a solvent for potentially conductive ions) so that it may therefore remain non-conductive for extended periods.
  • a coolant that withstands freezing in cold environments while minimizing balance of plant and extending stack component durability.
  • the present invention enables the elimination of a deioniser from the cooling system, and the elimination of customized, expensive corrosion-resistant heat transfer equipment for use in cooling the reactor.
  • the present invention simplifies the temperature control system required by the reactor through the self-regulation of the reactor temperature provided by the coolant that evaporates at the desired stack operating temperature. Thermal gradients within the reactor are thus avoided via the use of the coolant latent heat of vaporization as opposed to more traditional sensible heat transfer whereby coolant fluid temperature changes as heat energy is transferred.
  • a cooling system for an electrochemical reactor that generates electrical energy and heat energy, wherein the reactor operates at a reactor temperature
  • the cooling system comprising a coolant circulating in direct or indirect thermal contact with the reactor at a coolant pressure, wherein the coolant has:
  • the coolant is in its liquid phase as it first comes into said thermal contact with the reactor and a portion of the coolant is vaporized to a vapor by absorbing and removing excess heat energy from the reactor via sensible heat transfer and latent heat transfer to the coolant.
  • the coolant comprises at least one hydrofluoroether, at least one hydrofluorocarbon, or an azeotrope or azeotrope-like mixture of hydrofluoroethers and/or hydrofluorocarbons.
  • a method of cooling an electrochemical reactor that generates electrical energy and heat energy comprising the steps of:
  • the coolant has a dielectric constant, at the reactor temperature and coolant pressure, of less than about 10; a resistivity while circulated in said thermal contact with the reactor of greater than 10 3 Ohm-cm; and a boiling point below the reactor temperature at the coolant pressure.
  • the electrochemical reactor is an electrochemical fuel cell such as a proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
  • a method is provided of operating a fuel cell stack at a desired operating temperature, wherein the fuel cell stack generates electrical energy and excess heat energy, the method comprising the steps of:
  • the coolant has a dielectric constant, at the operating temperature and pressure, of less than about 10; a resistivity while circulated in said thermal contact with the reactor of greater than 10 3 Ohm-cm; and a boiling point below the reactor temperature at the reactor pressure.
  • Fig. 1 is schematic representation of one embodiment of the cooling system of the present invention.
  • the present invention consists of a cooling system for cooling an electrochemical reactor that generates electrical and heat energy.
  • the electrochemical reactor 10 may be a fuel cell, an electrolyser or a chemical reactor.
  • Reactor 10 generates excess heat that must be removed from the recator 10.
  • Within reactor 10 are cooling channels 11 through which a coolant is circulated in direct or indirect thermal contact with reactor 10.
  • the coolant enters cooling channels 11 as a liquid via inlet pipe 14.
  • the liquid coolant is caused to circulate through the cooling channels 11 by use of a pump 12.
  • the coolant liquid while in cooling channels 11, absorbs and removes excess heat energy generated by the reactor 10 via sensible heat transfer and latent heat transfer.
  • a portion, or in some cases all, of the coolant liquid entering cooling channels 11 exits the cooling channels 11 as a vapor because a portion or all of the coolant is vaporized.
  • the partially or wholly vaporized coolant exits recator 10 via outlet 16 and is directed to heat exchanger/condenser 18 where the vaporized coolant is condensed back into a liquid and the coolant may optionally be further cooled.
  • the cooled coolant exits heat exchanger/condenser 18 through conduit 20 and is directed to pump 12 where it is caused to circulate again through the cooling channels 11 in reactor 10.
  • An accumulator 22 may be present in line 20 to allow for coolant volume expansion.
  • the present invention consists of the use of a coolant in an electrochemical reactor stack, such as a fuel cell, to remove excess heat energy generated by the reactor stack via latent heat transfer to the coolant or via a combination of latent and sensible heat transfer to the coolant depending on the physical state of the coolant at any given point in the coolant channels.
  • an electrochemical reactor stack such as a fuel cell
  • the coolant used in the present invention preferably has the following properties:
  • this operating temperature is in the range from about 50°C to about 95°C.
  • this operating temperature is from about room temperature to about 50°C.
  • the operating temperature will be in excess of about 95°C, extending up to about 125°C in the short term and about 200°C in the longer term; .
  • a liquid viscosity, at -40 °C of less than about 5 cPs, preferably less than about 2 cPs, most preferably less than about 1 cPs; and a liquid viscosity, at 80 °Chanded of less than about 1.0 cPs, preferably less than about 0.5 cPs, most preferably less than about 0.3 cPs;
  • the dielectric constant of a material is the ratio of the permittivity of a substance to the permittivity of free space. It represents the extent to which a material concentrates electric flux. As the dielectric constant increases, the electric flux density increases, if all other factors remain unchanged. This enables the material to hold its electric charge for long periods of time, and/or to hold large quantities of charge without surrendering said charge to surrounding media. .
  • the term 'extended periods' in reference to fluid resistivity refers to periods of time of practical use for electrochemical reactor operations, such that the deterioration of coolant resistivity over this time period, and the consequent removal, deionization or replacement of the coolant does not present a significant increase in system or component cost or complexity.
  • the resistance to dissolution of ions of the coolant will permit a maintained resistivity greater than 10 3 Ohm-cm for more than 1000 hours, more preferably greater than 3000 hours, most preferably greater than 5000 hours of operation.
  • the coolant cools the reactor stack by absorbing excess stack heat via latent heat transfer to the coolant, and optionally by a combination of latent heat transfer and sensible heat transfer, so that a portion or all of the coolant is vaporized after absorbing the excess heat energy.
  • latent heat transfer it is meant that the coolant absorbs heat from the reactor by vaporizing from the liquid phase to the vapor phase.
  • sensible heat transfer it is meant that the coolant remains in the liquid phase throughout the cooling cycle.
  • the coolant is ciculated within a fuel cell by passing it through a cooling plate or cooling cell interspersed between the reactor plates of adjacent fuel cells within a fuel cell stack.
  • the coolant is circulated in sufficient quantity to remove excess heat generated by the reactor via latent heat transfer, or a combination of latent and sensible heat transfer.
  • the coolant is circulated in a system such as that depicted in either US Patent No. 6,355,368 Bl or 6,146,779 in which the phase change of the coolant is used to provide the motive force for circulation.
  • the 'thermal siphon' and 'heat pipe' concepts of these two patents, respectively, are particularly attractive for coolants such as those disclosed herein, as they allow for yet further reduction of parasitic losses associated with a fuel cell application via elimination of pumping equipment.
  • Neither of the specified patents touches upon the electrical compatibility of the employed fluid and consequently does not benefit from elimination of deionizers within the system or from the control and minimization of shunt currents.
  • the coolant is selected so that changes in the cooling system operating pressure result in a predictable and useful change in the coolant boiling point with respect to coolant pressure. That is, varying the operating pressure of the cooling system can alter the boiling point of the coolant within the cooling system. This ability to vary the coolant boiling point ensures that a portion or all of the coolant is vaporized while absorbing excess heat from the reactor. This variation of boiling point temperature can be achieved over a relatively modest pressure range (i.e., up to about 15 psig system pressure such as is commonly found in automotive coolant systems). Increasing cooling system pressure generally allows for the elevation of the coolant boiling point to ensure that it is maintained at the desired level below the operating temperature of the reactor stack.
  • a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) coolant fluid such as Vertrel®, available from E.I. du Pont, can be used in the cooling system of the present invention.
  • Vertrel® HFC boils at 54.6°C at a pressure of 14.7 psia (1 atm); by elevating the cooling system pressure by only 19.3 psi, the same Vertrel® coolant liquid now boils at about 80°C.
  • the optimal reactor operating temperature and the control thereof may be achieved through manipulation of the properties of the coolant.
  • the reactor temperature may be controlled by varying the pressure of the coolant.
  • the coolant is selected so as to have a relatively low rate of mass transfer with respect to the electrochemical reactor, cooling plate and cooling cell components with which it is in contact.
  • Low mass transfer (i.e., low permeability or diffusivity) of the coolant through the reactor components corresponds to a low loss rate of coolant, thus allowing for longer coolant cell lifetime, less frequent charging of cooling liquid, and minimization or eleimination elimination of reactant/coolant crossover.
  • the coolant preferably has a low viscosity at reactor operating temperatures and coolant pressures.
  • a lower coolant viscosity allows for a reduction in required pumping power, leading to increased efficiency of the reactor system.
  • a lower coolant viscosity also corresponds to a reduced flow velocity required for turbulent flow for a given operating temperature and coolant pressure. Turbulent flow of the coolant when in direct or indirect thermal contact with the reactor is desirable because heat transfer occurs much more readily between surfaces exposed to a turbulent medium, unlike in a laminar flow scenario where a stagnant film can act as an insulator to heat transfer.
  • the present invention provides one or more of the following benefits:
  • the coolant has an inherently high electrical resistivity coupled with a low dielectric constant, a low capacity for the attraction and dissolution of ions and compatibility with current fuel cell component materials to ensure that low conductivity is not compromised by the presence of conductive ions. Therefore, the coolant will not dissolve ions from the cooling loop and will not become conductive while in- use in the reactor stack for extended periods of time.
  • a coolant with permanently low conductivity eliminates the need for expensive non-corroding materials in the cooling loop and eliminates the need for a deioniser.
  • the low conductivity coolant is compatible with commercial heat transfer materials and equipment in use in general automotive, refrigeration and HVAC applications.
  • the present invention enables a lower cost cooling system, significantly reduces the size (volume) required by the cooling system components, and extends the operating temperature range which was previously constrained by the limited operating temperature range for deioniser resins.
  • the coolants of the present invention can withstand freezing in cold environments.
  • the coolant is not a strong poison to the fuel cell active area and therefore greatly reduces the risk of contamination of the stack through cooling fluid leaks.
  • the coolant is not flammable, is non-toxic and has a relatively short atmospheric lifetime and low Global Warming Potential (GWP).
  • GWP Global Warming Potential
  • the present invention allows for control over key coolant fluid characteristics such as: Global Warming Potential (addition of HFEs to HFCs generally leads to a lower, more favourable Global Warming Potential for the resulting mixture), boiling point, electrical and thermal conductivity, heat capacity and atmospheric lifetime, among other properties.
  • Materials that can be used as coolants in the present invention include compositions of one or more of the hydrofluoroethers (HFEs) listed in Table 1 and/or one or more of the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) listed in Table 2, where the composition is preferably, but not necessarily, azeotropic or azeotrope-like.
  • HFEs hydrofluoroethers
  • HFCs hydrofluorocarbons
  • the specific composition of the mixture, azeotropic or azeotrope-like coolant is determined by the operating temperature of the electrochemical reactor.
  • the boiling point of the coolant should be below the operating temperature of the reactor and preferably be at least 1 to 5°C less than the operating temperature at the coolant pressure.
  • HFEs hydrofluoroethers
  • Table 1 Hydrofluoroethers (HFEs) Suitable For Use As Coolants In The Present Invention, In Descending Order With Respect To Boiling Point At Atmospheric Pressure.
  • HFCs hydrofluorocarbons
  • Table 2 The chemical formulas and boiling points of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) suitable for use as coolants in the present invention are provided in Table 2. These compounds are believed to be non-flammable and non-toxic. In instances where listed compounds have relatively high global warming potentials, it is believed that mixing with hydrofluoroethers from Table 1 will significantly reduce the global warming potential of the mixture. It should be noted that the relatively high GWPs of some of the listed HFCs are still only a fraction of the GWPs associated with many CFCs and HCFCs which they were designed to replace. Of these listed in Table 2, the preferred HFC is Vertrel®.
  • HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons
  • mixtures of refrigerants are also useful as coolant liquids in the present invention.
  • mixtures of refrigerants are given in U.S. patent nos. 5,185,094; 5,232,618; 5,234,613; 5,236,611; 5,248,433; 5,277,834; 5,290,466; 5,387,357; 5,447,646; 5,589,098; 5,616,276; 5,635,099; 5,643,492; 5,700,388; 5,788,877; 5,800,730; and 6,416,683 Bl. All of these patents are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • Table3 Binary Azeotropes Of HFEs And HFCs listed In Tables 1 And 2 Suitable For Use As Coolants In The Present Invention, In Descending Order With Respect To Boiling Point At Atmospheric Pressure.
  • a coolant is used to cool an electrochemical reactor stack that possesses a low dielectric constant (less than about 10), a boiling point at or less than the reactor operating temperature and a low freeze point temperature (less than about -40 °C), in contrast to typical deionised water coolant that has a very high dielectric constant (about 80), a boiling point above most stack operating temperatures and a freeze point temperature of only 0 °C (lower if an antifreeze is added).
  • the present invention provides one or more of the following advantages:
  • the coolants of the present invention extend the useful ambient operating temperature range of the fuel cell stack.
  • the optimal stack operating temperature may be controlled through manipulation of the coolant system (i.e., coolant plate, loop or cell) pressure. This allows for greater control over stack operating temperature, resulting in optimized performance and extended component lifetime.
  • the coolant system i.e., coolant plate, loop or cell

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un système de refroidissement destiné à un réacteur électrochimique qui génère de l'énergie électrique et de l'énergie thermique, ce réacteur fonctionnant à une température de réacteur et à une pression de réacteur. Ledit système de refroidissement comprend un fluide de refroidissement qui circule en contact thermique direct ou indirect avec le réacteur. Ce fluide de refroidissement possède les propriétés suivantes : une constante diélectrique, à la température de réacteur et à la pression de fluide de refroidissement, inférieure à 10 approximativement ; une résistivité lorsqu'il circule en contact thermique supérieure à 103 Ohm-cm ; un point d'ébullition inférieur à la température de réacteur à la pression de fluide de refroidissement. La nature diélectrique du fluide de refroidissement l'empêche de se dissoudre et d'attirer des ions du système parent, ce qui lui permet de conserver sa résistivité sur une durée d'utilisation prolongée. Ce fluide de refroidissement est dans sa phase liquide lorsqu'il entre pour la première fois en contact thermique avec le réacteur et une partie du fluide de refroidissement passe à l'état de vapeur par absorption et élimination de l'excédant d'énergie thermique du réacteur par l'intermédiaire d'un transfert de chaleur sensible et d'un transfert de chaleur latente au fluide de refroidissement. De préférence, la totalité du fluide de refroidissement passe à l'état de vapeur et le fluide de refroidissement comprend au moins un hydrofluoroéther, au moins un hydrofluorocarbone, ou un azéotrope ou un mélange de type azéotrope d'hydrofluoroéthers et/ou d'hydrofluorocarbones.
PCT/CA2004/001086 2003-07-23 2004-07-22 Fluides de refroidissement a evaporation possedant une faible constante dielectrique, destines a etre utilises dans des piles a combustible et dans d'autres reacteurs electrochimiques a empilement Ceased WO2005008819A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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US48959503P 2003-07-23 2003-07-23
US60/489,595 2003-07-23

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WO2005008819A3 WO2005008819A3 (fr) 2005-12-08

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Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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WO2006086683A3 (fr) * 2005-02-09 2007-05-18 Du Pont Compositions a base de 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoroheptane et leurs utilisations
US7252780B2 (en) * 2004-05-26 2007-08-07 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company 1,1,1,2,2,4,5,5,5-nonafluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pentanone refrigerant and heat transfer compositions comprising a fluoroether
US7264745B2 (en) * 2005-04-26 2007-09-04 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Heat transfer and refrigerant compositions comprising 3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-nonafluoro-1-hexene and a hydrofluorocarbon
US7276177B2 (en) * 2004-01-14 2007-10-02 E.I. Dupont De Nemours And Company Hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant compositions and uses thereof
WO2008105410A1 (fr) * 2007-02-26 2008-09-04 Asahi Glass Company, Limited Fluide moteur pour un cycle thermique
US20090020267A1 (en) * 2006-04-06 2009-01-22 Asahi Glass Company, Limited Working liquid for latent heat transport apparatus and method for operating latent heat transport apparatus
US8003271B2 (en) * 2006-06-02 2011-08-23 Samsung Sdi Co., Ltd. Heat exchanger for fuel cell
WO2013063706A2 (fr) 2011-11-01 2013-05-10 Medmix Systems Ag Dispositif distributeur pour matériaux semi-solides
EP2336264A3 (fr) * 2005-06-24 2013-11-06 Honeywell International Inc. Compositions contenant des oléfines substituées de fluorine
CN105753661A (zh) * 2015-12-29 2016-07-13 天津市长芦化工新材料有限公司 一种聚醚型氢氟醚及其制备方法
AU2015202652B2 (en) * 2005-11-01 2016-11-24 The Chemours Company Fc, Llc. Compositions comprising fluoroolefins and uses thereof
CN106374161A (zh) * 2016-11-01 2017-02-01 厦门兆氟科技有限公司 氟碳介质在动力锂离子电池领域中的应用
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WO2021144678A1 (fr) * 2020-01-15 2021-07-22 3M Innovative Properties Company Hydrofluoréthers et leurs procédés d'utilisation
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US7476331B2 (en) 2005-02-09 2009-01-13 E I Du Pont Nemours And Company Compositions comprising 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,7-tetradecafluoroheptane and uses thereof
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US8236193B2 (en) 2007-02-26 2012-08-07 Asahi Glass Company, Limited Working medium for heat cycle
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US9981283B2 (en) 2011-11-01 2018-05-29 Medmix Systems Ag Discharge device for paste-like materials with separately formed adapter for connecting a container to a base body
US9566102B2 (en) 2011-11-01 2017-02-14 Medmix Systems Ag Discharge device for semi-solid materials
EP3175929A2 (fr) 2011-11-01 2017-06-07 Medmix Systems AG Dispositif de distribution de matériaux semi-solides
WO2013063706A2 (fr) 2011-11-01 2013-05-10 Medmix Systems Ag Dispositif distributeur pour matériaux semi-solides
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CN106569566A (zh) * 2016-11-01 2017-04-19 厦门兆氟科技有限公司 氟碳介质在超级计算机和数据中心处理器冷却系统中的应用
CN107629761A (zh) * 2017-10-26 2018-01-26 厦门兆氟科技有限公司 一种蒸发冷却混合工质及其用途
JP2023510374A (ja) * 2020-01-15 2023-03-13 スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー ハイドロフルオロエーテル及びその使用方法
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CN114981236A (zh) * 2020-01-15 2022-08-30 3M创新有限公司 氢氟醚及其使用方法
JP7689661B2 (ja) 2020-01-15 2025-06-09 スリーエム イノベイティブ プロパティズ カンパニー ハイドロフルオロエーテル及びその使用方法
WO2022058713A1 (fr) * 2020-09-17 2022-03-24 Mexichem Fluor S.A. De C.V. Composition
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