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WO2005055998A1 - Methodes de traitement utilisant des agonistes du lxr - Google Patents

Methodes de traitement utilisant des agonistes du lxr Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005055998A1
WO2005055998A1 PCT/US2004/040440 US2004040440W WO2005055998A1 WO 2005055998 A1 WO2005055998 A1 WO 2005055998A1 US 2004040440 W US2004040440 W US 2004040440W WO 2005055998 A1 WO2005055998 A1 WO 2005055998A1
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alkyl
group
aryl
compound
formula
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Hideo Kikkawa
Mine Kinoshita
Osamu Kurusu
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SmithKline Beecham Corp
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SmithKline Beecham Corp
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/205—Amine addition salts of organic acids; Inner quaternary ammonium salts, e.g. betaine, carnitine
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to the use of LXR agonists in the prevention and/or treatment of eosinophilia or IL-13 overproduction, or diseases arising from eosinophilia or IL-13 production.
  • LXR ⁇ and LXR ⁇ are nuclear hormone receptors that regulate the metabolism of several important lipids, including cholesterol (1).
  • the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of LXR ⁇ are shown in Tables 1 and 2 (SEQ ID NOs:l and 2), respectively.
  • the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of LXR ⁇ are shown in Tables 3 and 4 (SEQ ID NOs:3 and 4), respectively.
  • the LXRs regulate the expression of target genes by binding to short stretches of DNA, termed LXR response elements (LXREs), as heterodimers with the retinoid X receptors (RXR)(2-5).
  • LXR response elements LXR response elements
  • RXR retinoid X receptors
  • LXREs have been identified in the regulatory regions of a number of genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis including CYP7A1 (6), which catalyses the first and rate-limiting step in bile acid biosynthesis, the cholesterol ester transport protein (7), the transcription factor SREBP-IC (8,9), and apolipoprotein E (apoE)(10). LXREs have also been identified in the genes encoding the ATP binding cassette transporters (ABC) Al and Gl(l 1- 15), which mediate the efflux of phospholipids and cholesterol from macrophages, intestinal enterocytes and other cell types. Currently, patients with elevated levels of cholesterol are treated using the compounds that inhibit the body's endogenous cholesterol synthesis.
  • Eosinophils are only a small minority of peripheral blood leucocytes and, in ' normal subjects, most are found in the tissues of the lung and gastro-intestinal tract. Eosinophils leave the circulation when adhesion molecules on the cell surface are activated. Eosinophil production, maturation and survival are under the control of various cytokines and growth factors, including the interleukins and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor.
  • Moderate to severe eosinophilia may be caused by the iodopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES), but the commonest cause of eosinophilia worldwide is helminthic infection and, in industrialized countries, atopic disease. Whatever the cause of the eosinophilia, in certain circumstances the eosinophils produce damage to various organs by activation of eosinophils, thrombotic events, release of eosinophilic granule contents and deposition of eosinophil proteins.
  • HES hypereosinophilic syndrome
  • There are three categories of blood eosinophilia which are: 1.
  • eosinophilia Reactive (non-clonal) eosinophilia (asthma and allergies, respiratory diseases, cytokine infusions, vasculitides, non-haematological malignant diseases, drug reactions and connective tissue diseases.) 2.
  • eosinophilia acute and chronic eosinophilic leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, polycythaemia rubra vera, essential thrombocythaemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chromosome 16 variants, the 8pl 1 myeloproliferative syndrome and T lymphoblastic lymphoma with eosinophilia, acute lymphoblasticleukaemia, myelodysplastic disorders with eosinophilia, systemic mastocytosis, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia).
  • Hypereosinophilic syndrome (after exclusion of the above two categories, patients with persistent, unexplained eosinophila fall into the category of hypereosinophilic syndrome).
  • eosinophils accumulate in specific organs (eosinophilic cellulitis, eosinophilic pneumonias, eosinophilic fasciitis, eosinophilic pancreatitis, eosinophilic synovitis, eosinophilic oesophagitis, eosinophilic ascites and eosinophilic gastroenteritis).
  • interleukin (IL)-13 is a T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine family.
  • IL- 13 shares a number of structural characteristics with IL-4, and appears to have certain overlapping biological activities. IL-4 and IL-13 production is restricted to activated T lymphocytes, especially Th2 cells, mast cells and basophils. IL-13 productin has also been demonstrated in dendritic cells and natural killer cells. IL-13 induces up- regulation of MHC class II antigens in monocytes and macrophages. IL-13 also up- regulates several members of the integrin superfamily (e.g. adhesion molecules), which probably contributes to enhanced extravasation, mobility and trafficking of these cells.
  • integrin superfamily e.g. adhesion molecules
  • IL-13 has been shown to support Th2 cell development, to induce human B-cells to undergo Ig isotype switching to IgE and to regulate inflammatory responses by suppressing tumour necrosis factor-a and IL-1 expression from monocytes and macrophages.
  • Neutralization of IL-13 in experimental asthma attenuated airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophil recruitment, and mucus overproduction.
  • IL- 13 deficient mice exhibited diminished accumulation of eosinophils and chronic inflammatory cells, as well as reduced subepithelial fibrosis, epithelial hypertrophy and mucous cell hyperplasia in a mouse model of chronic asthma.
  • the present invention relates to the new use of LXR agonists for treating or preventing eosinophilia or IL-13 overproduction, or diseases caused by eosinophilia or overproduction of IL-13, such as asthma or allergy (for example, allergic rhinitis).
  • the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing in a mammal eosinophilia or IL-13 overproduction, or diseases caused by eosinophilia or overproduction of IL-13, such as asthma or allergy (for example allergic rhinitis); comprising, administering a therapeutically effective amount of LXR agonist, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or physiologically functional derivative thereof.
  • asthma or allergy for example allergic rhinitis
  • the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing asthma or allergy (for example allergic rhinitis); comprising, administering a therapeutically effective amount of LXR agonist, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or physiologically functional derivative thereof.
  • the invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition for treating or preventing in a mammal eosinophilia or IL-13 overproduction, or diseases caused by eosinophilia or overproduction of IL-13, such as asthma or allergy (for example allergic rhinitis); comprising a therapeutically effective amount of LXR agonist, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate, or physiologically functional derivative thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the present invention relates to the use of a LXR agonist in the preparation of a medicament for treating or preventing in a mammal eosinophilia or IL-13 overproduction, or diseases caused by eosinophilia or overproduction of IL-13, such as asthma or allergy (for example allergic rhinitis).
  • a LXR agonist in the preparation of a medicament for treating or preventing in a mammal eosinophilia or IL-13 overproduction, or diseases caused by eosinophilia or overproduction of IL-13, such as asthma or allergy (for example allergic rhinitis).
  • Table 1 shows the nucleotide sequence of human LXR ⁇ (SEQ ID NO:l) from Genebank, accession NM_005693.
  • Table 2 shows the deduced amino acid sequence of human LXR ⁇ (SEQ ID NO:2) from Genebank accession NP 005684.
  • Table 3 shows the nucleotide sequence of human LXR ⁇ from Genebank accession (SEQ ID NO:3) from Genbank accession XM 046419.
  • Table 4 shows the deduced amino acid sequence of human LXR ⁇ (SEQ ID NO:4) from Genebank accession XP_046419.
  • LXR agonist means any compound that enhances the biological activities of LXR ⁇ and/or LXR ⁇ . LXR agonists are well known.
  • LXR agonists of the present invention are selected from compounds of formulas (I), (II), (III), (TV), and (V).
  • the compounds of formulas (I), (II), (III), (TV), and (V) are described in more detail below.
  • Other examples of LXR agonists which form part of instant invention are described in:
  • WO2002090375 published November 14, 2002; WO2002058532 published August 1, 2002; WO200211708 published February 14, 2002; WO200160818 published August 23, 2001; WO200115676 published March 8, 2001 ; WO200103705 published January 18, 2001; and WO2000666111 published November 9, 2000.
  • the term "effective amount” means that amount of a drug or pharmaceutical agent that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought, for instance, by a researcher or clinician.
  • therapeutically effective amount means any amount which, as compared to a corresponding subject who has not received such amount, results in improved treatment, healing, prevention, or amelioration of a disease, disorder, or side effect, or a decrease in the rate of advancement of a disease or disorder.
  • the term also includes within its scope amounts effective to enhance normal physiological function.
  • physiologically functional derivative refers to any pharmaceutically acceptable derivative of a compound of the present invention, for example, an ester or an amide, which upon administration to a mammal is capable of providing (directly or indirectly) a compound of the present invention or an active metabolite thereof.
  • physiologically functional derivatives are clear to those skilled in the art, without undue experimentation, and with reference to the teaching of Burger's Medicinal Chemistry And Drug Discovery, 5th Edition, Vol 1 : Principles and Practice, which is incorporated herein by reference to the extent that it teaches physiologically functional derivatives.
  • solvate refers to a complex of variable stoichiometry formed by a solute and a solvent.
  • Such solvents for the purpose of the invention may not interfere with the biological activity of the solute.
  • suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, water, methanol, ethanol and acetic acid.
  • the solvent used is a pharmaceutically acceptable solvent.
  • suitable pharmaceutically acceptable solvents include, without limitation, water, ethanol and acetic acid. Most preferably the solvent used is water.
  • International Patent Application WO 00/54759 discloses compounds of formula (I):
  • Ar represents an aryl group
  • R ⁇ is - OH, -O-(C ⁇ -C 7 )alkyl, -OC(O)-(C 1 -C 7 )alkyl, -O-(C ⁇ -C 7 )heteroalkyl, -OC(O)- (C1 -O7 )heteroalkyl, -C0 2 H, -NH 2 , -NH(C ⁇ -C 7 )alkyl, -N((C 1 -C 7 )alkyl) 2 or- NH-S(O) 2 -(C 1 -C 5 )alkyl;
  • R 2 is (C 1 -C 7 )alkyl, (C 1 -C 7 )heteroalkyl, aryl and aryl(C ⁇ -C 7 )alkyl;
  • X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , X 5 and X 6 are each independently H, (C ⁇ -C 5 )alkyl, F or Cl, with the proviso that no more than three of ⁇ l through X > are H, (C ⁇ -C5)alkyl or (C ⁇ -C5)heteroalkyl; and Y is -N(Rl2) S (0) m -, -N(R 12 )S(O) m N(Rl3)., -N(R 1 )C(O)-, - N(R 12 )C(O)N(R 13 )-, -N(R 12 )C(S)- or -N(R 12 )C(O)O-, wherein R12 and R13 are each independently hydrogen, (C ⁇ -C 7 )aryl, (C ⁇ -C 7 )heteroalkyl, aryl and aryl(C ⁇ -C 7 )alkyl, and
  • m is an integer of from 1 to 2, as being useful as agonists of LXR and their use in pharmaceutical formulations to reverse cholesterol transport and treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and related diseases.
  • alkyl by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a straight or branched chain, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, or combination thereof, which may be fully saturated, mono- or polyunsaturated and can include di- and multi-radicals, having the number of carbons designated (i.e., C ⁇ _ ⁇ Q means one to ten carbons).
  • saturated hydrocarbon radicals include groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, sec-butyl, cyclohexyl, (cyclohexyl)methyl, cyclopropylmethyl, homologs and isomers of, for example, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, and the like.
  • An unsaturated alkyl group is one having one or more double bonds or triple bonds. Examples of unsaturated alkyl groups include vinyl,
  • alkyl unless otherwise noted, is also meant to include those derivatives of alkyl defined in more detail below as “cycloalkyl” and “alkylene".
  • alkylene by itself or as part of another substituent means a divalent radical derived from alkane, as exemplified by -CH2CH2CH2CH2-.
  • an alkyl group will have from 1 to 24 carbon atoms, with those having 10 or fewer carbon atoms being preferred.
  • a “lower alkyl” or “lower alkylene” is a shorter chain alkyl or alkylene group, generally having eight or fewer carbon atoms, preferably four or fewer carbon atoms.
  • alkoxy employed alone or in combination with other terms means, unless otherwise stated, an alkyl group, as defined above, connected to the remainder of the molecule via an oxygen atom, such as, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, 1-propoxy, 2-propoxy, and the higher homologs and isomers.
  • heteroalkyl by itself or in combination with another term, means, unless otherwise stated, a stable straight or branched chain, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, or combinations thereof, consisting of the stated number of carbon atoms and from one to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, Si, S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quartemized.
  • the heteroatom(s) O, N and S may be placed at any position of the heteroalkyl group except for the position at which the alkyl group is attached to the remainder of the molecule. Examples include -CH 2 -CH 2 -O-CH 3 , -CH 2 -CH 2 -NH-CH 3 , -CH 2 -CH 2 -N(CH 3 ), -
  • CH 2 -CH N-OCH 3
  • -CH CH-N(CH 3 )-CH 3
  • Up to two heteroatoms may be consecutive, such as, for example, -CH2-NH-OCH3 and -CH2-O-Si(CH 3 ) 3 . Also included in the term
  • heteroalkyl are those radicals described in more detail below as “heteroalkylene” and “heterocycloalkyl.”
  • heteroalkylene by itself or as part of another substituent means a divalent radical derived from heteroalkyl, as exemplified by - CH 2 -CH 2 -S-CH 2 -CH2- and -CH2-S-CH2-CH2-NH-CH2-.
  • heteroalkylene groups heteroatoms can also occupy either or both of the chain termini. Still further, for alkylene and heteroalkylene linking groups, as well as all other linking groups described herein, no specific orientation of the linking group is implied.
  • cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl represent, unless otherwise stated, cyclic versions of “alkyl” and “heteroalky” respectively.
  • cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl are also meant to include bicyclic, tricyclic and polycyclic versions thereof. Additionally, for heterocycloalkyl, a heteroatom may occupy the position at which the heterocyclyl is attached to the remainder of the molecule.
  • cycloalkyl examples include cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 1 -cyclohexyl, 3- cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl, bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl, adamantyl, and the like.
  • heterocycloalkyl examples include l-(l,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridyl), 1-piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, 4-morpholinyl, 3-morpholinyl, l,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-2-yl, tetrahydrofuran-3-yl, tetrahydrothien-2-yl, tetrahydrothien-3-yl, 1-piperazinyl, 2-piperazinyl, and the like.
  • halo or halogen by themselves or as part of another substituent, mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atom. Additionally, terms such as “fluoroalkyl”, are meant to include monofluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl.
  • aryl employed alone or in combination with other terms (e.g., aryloxy, arylthioxy, arylalkyl) means, unless otherwise stated, an aromatic substituent which can be a single ring or multiple rings (up to three rings) which are fused together or linked covalently.
  • the rings may each contain from zero to four heteroatoms selected from N, O and S, wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen atom(s) are optionally quaternized.
  • the aryl groups that contain heteroatoms may be referred to as "heteroaryl" and can be attached to the remainder of the molecule through a carbon atom or a heteroatom.
  • Non-limiting examples of aryl groups include phenyl, 1 -naphthyl, 2-naphthyl, 4-biphenyl, 1-pynolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pynolyl, 3-pyrazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, pyrazinyl, 2-oxazolyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, 2-furyl, 3-furyl, 2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 4-pyrimidinyl, 5-benzothiazolyl, purinyl, 2-benzimidazolyl, 5-indolyl, 1-isoquinolinyl, 5-isoquinolinyl, 2-quinoxalinyl, 5-quinoxalinyl, 3-quinolinyl, and 6-quinolinyl.
  • arylalkyl and “arylheteroalkyl” are meant to include those radicals in which an aryl group is attached to an aryl group (e.g., benzyl, phenethyl, pyridylmethyl and the like ) or a heteroalkyl group (e.g. phenoxymethyl, 2-pyridyloxymethyl, l-napthyloxy-3-propyl, and the like).
  • arylaklyl and arylheteroalkyl groups will typically contain from 1 to 3 aryl moieties attached to the alkyl or heteroalkyl portion by a covalent bond or by fusing the ring to, for example, a cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl group.
  • a heteroatom can occupy the position at which the group is attached to the remainder of the molecule.
  • arylheteroalkyl is meant to include benzyloxy, 2-phenylethoxy, phenethylamine, and the like.
  • alkyl alkyl
  • heteroalkyl alkyl
  • aryl aryl
  • substituents for each type of radical are provided below.
  • substituted alkyl groups will have from one to six independently selected substituents, more preferably from one to four independently selected substituents, most preferably from one to three independently selected substituents.
  • R', R" and R"' each independently refer to hydrogen, unsubstituted (C ⁇ _8)alkyl and heteroalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, aryl substituted with
  • R' and R" When R' and R" are attached to the same nitrogen atom, they can be combined with the nitrogen atom to form a 5-, 6-, or 7-membered ring.
  • -NR'R is meant to include 1 -pyrrolidinyl and 4-morpholinyl.
  • substituents for the aryl groups are varied and selected from: -halogen, -OR', -OC(O)R', -NR'R", -SR', -R', -CN, -NO 2 , -CO 2 R', -CONR'R", -OC(O)N
  • H-C(NH 2 ) NR' > -SOR', -S(O) 2 R', -S(O) 2 NR'R", -N 3 , -CH(Ph) 2 , perfluor(C 1 . 4 )alkoxy, and perfluoro(C ⁇ _4)alkyl, in a number ranging from zero to the total number of open valences on the aromatic ring system; and where R' and R" are independently selected from hydrogen, (C ⁇ _3)alkyl and heteroalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, (unsubstituted aryl)-(C ⁇ _4)alkyl, and
  • substituted aryl groups will have from one to four independently selected substituents, more preferably from one to three independently selected substituents, most preferably from one to two independently selected substituents.
  • Two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula -T-C(O)-(CH2)q-U-, wherein T and U are independently -
  • q is an integer of from 0 to 2.
  • two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of formula -A-(CH2)r-B-, wherein A and B are independently -CH2-, -O-, -NH-,
  • two of the substituents on adjacent atoms of the aryl ring may optionally be replaced with a substituent of the formula -(CH2) s -X-(CH2) -, where s and t are integers of from 0 to 3, and X is -O-, -NR'-, -S-, -S(O)-, -S(O)2-, or -S(O) NR'-.
  • the substituent R' in - NR'- and S(O)2NR'- selected from hydrogen or unsubstituted (C ⁇ _6)alkyl.
  • heteroatom is meant to include oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), sulfur (S) and silicon (Si).
  • One particularly preferred LXR agonist of the present invention is Compound A within the scope of compounds of formula (I).
  • Compound A is described as Example 12 of WO 00/54759.
  • Compounds of formula (I) can be prepared using readily available starting materials or known intermediates.
  • WO 00/54759 describes a number of possible synthetic routes for the production of such compounds, such as those depicted in scheme 1.
  • aniline (i) (as representative of substituted anilines and other arylamines) can be alkylated, acylated or arylated (general addition of R group) to form (ii), or the aromatic ring can be derivatized with, for example, hexafluoroacetone to form (iii).
  • Treatment of (iii) with an appropriate alkylating group, acylating group or arylating group provides (iv), which can be sulfonylated with, for example, an appropriate sulfonyl halide to form (vi).
  • the aniline derivative can be sufonylated to form (v), which can then be alkylated or acylated to form compounds of formula (vi).
  • Other compounds of formula (I) can be formed by treating the substituted aniline (iv) (or iii), with reagents suitable for the formation of amides (vii), carbamates (viii) and ureas (ix).
  • reagents are useful in the above scheme and can be found in, for example March, Advanced Organic Chemistry 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York NY (1992) International Patent Application PCT/USO 1/27622 (SmithKline Beecham pic) discloses compounds of
  • X is OH or L; p is 0-6; each R 1 and R 2 are the same or different and are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C ⁇ -8 alkyl, C ⁇ -8 alkoxy and C ⁇ -8 thioalkyl;
  • Z is CH orN; when Z is CH, k is 0-4; when Z is N, k is 0-3; each R 3 is the same or different and is independently selected from the group consisting of halo, -OH, C 1-8 alkyl, C 2-8 alkenyl, C 1-8 alkoxy, C 2-8 alkenyloxy, -S(O) a R 6 , -NR 7 R 8 , -COR 6 , COOR 6 , R 10 COOR 6 , OR 10 COOR 6 , CONR 7 R 8 , -OC(O)R 9 , -R 10 NR 7 R 8 , -OR 10 NR 7 R 8 , 5-6 membered heterocycle, nitro, and cyano; a is 0, 1 or 2; R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H, C ⁇ _ 8 alkyl, C ⁇ -8 alkoxy and C 2-8 alkenyl; each R 7 and R 8 are the same or different and are each independently selected from the group consisting of
  • R 4 is selected from the group consisting of H, C ⁇ -8 alkyl, C ⁇ -8 alkenyl, and alkenyloxy;
  • Ring A is selected from the group consisting of C 3-8 cycloalkyl, aryl, 4-8 membered heterocycle, and 5-6 membered heteroaryl;
  • each ring B is the same or different and is independently selected from the group consisting of C 3-8 cycloalkyl and aryl, as being useful as agonists of LXR and their use in pharmaceutical fonnulations to reverse cholesterol transport and treat atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and related diseases.
  • alkyl refers to aliphatic straight or branched saturated hydrocarbon chains containing the specified number of carbon atoms.
  • alkyl groups as used herein include but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl and the like.
  • alkyl also refers to substituted alkyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of halo, -OR 7 and -SR 7 , where R 7 is H or C ⁇ _ 8 alkyl.
  • alkyl is also applicable to terms such as “thioalkyl” which incorporate the “alkyl” term.
  • a “thioalkyl” as used herein refers to the group S-Ra where Ra is “alkyl” as defined.
  • halo refers to any halogen atom ie., fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
  • alkenyl refers to an aliphatic straight or branched unsaturated hydrocarbon chain containing at least one and up to three carbon-carbon double bonds. Examples of “alkenyl” groups as used herein include, but are not limited to, ethenyl and propenyl.
  • alkenyl also refers to substituted alkenyl wherein the substituents are selected from the group consisting of halo, -OR 7 and -SR 7 , where R 7 is H or C ⁇ -8 alkyl.
  • alkoxy refers to a group O-Ra where Ra is “alkyl” as defined above.
  • alkenyloxy refers to a group O-Rb where Rb is “alkenyl” as defined above.
  • cycloalkyl refers to a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring having the specified number of carbon atoms and up to three carbon-carbon double bonds.
  • Cycloalkyl includes by way of example cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl and bicyclic cycloalkyl groups such as bicycloheptane and bicyclo(2.2.1)heptene.
  • the term "cycloalkyl” also refers to substituted cycloalkyl wherein the ring bears one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, -OH, C 1-8 alkyl, C 2 .
  • R 9 is selected from the group consisting of H, C ⁇ -8 alkyl and -NR 7 R 8 ; and R 10 is C] -8 alkyl.
  • the number of possible substituents on the cycloalkyl ring will depend upon the size of ring.
  • the cycloalkyl is a cyclohexyl which may be substituted as described above.
  • aryl refers to aromatic groups selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 1 -naphthyl and 2-naphthyl.
  • aryl also refers to substituted aryl wherein the phenyl or naphthyl ring bears one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, - OH, C 1-8 alkyl, C 2-8 alkenyl, C 1-8 alkoxy, C 2-8 alkenyloxy, S(O) a R 6 , -NR 7 R 8 , -COR 6 , -COOR 6 , - R 10 COOR 6 , -OR 10 COOR 6 , -CONR 7 R 8 , -OC(O)R 9 , -R 10 NR 7 R 8 , -OR 10 NR 7 R 8 , nitro, and cyano, wherein a is 0, 1 or 2; R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H, C ⁇ -8 alkyl, C ⁇ -8 alkoxy and C 2-8 alkenyl; each R 7 and R 8 is the same or different and is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C ⁇ —
  • the number of possible substituents on the aryl ring will depend upon the size of ring.
  • the aryl ring is phenyl
  • the aryl ring may have up to 5 substituents selected from the foregoing list.
  • One skilled in the art will readily be able to determine the maximum number of possible substituents for a 1 -naphthyl or 2-naphthyl ring.
  • a prefened aryl ring according to formula (II) is phenyl, which may be substituted as described above.
  • heterocycle refers to a monocyclic saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic carbocyclic rings and fused bicyclic non-aromatic carbocyclic rings, having the specified number of members in the ring and containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.
  • heterocyclic groups include but are not limited to tetrahydrofuran, dihydropyran, tetrahydropyran, pyran, oxetane, thietane, 1,4-dioxane, 1,3-dioxane, 1,3- dioxalane, piperidine, piperazine, tetrahydropyrimidine, pyrrolidine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, thiazolidine, oxazolidine, tetrahydrothiopyran, tetrahydrothiophene, and the like.
  • heterocycle also refers to substituted heterocycles wherein the heterocyclic ring bears one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, -OH, C ⁇ -8 alkyl, C 2-8 alkenyl, C 1-8 alkoxy, C 2-8 alkenyloxy, S(O) a R 6 , -NR 7 R 8 , -COR 6 , -COOR 6 , -R 10 COOR 6 , - OR 10 COOR 6 , -CONR 7 R 8 , -OC(O)R 9 , -R 10 NR 7 R 8 , -OR 10 NR 7 R 8 , nitro, and cyano, wherein a is 0, 1 or 2; R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H, C ⁇ .
  • each R 7 and R 8 is the same or different and is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-8 alkyl, C -8 alkenyl and C 3-8 alkynyl; and R 9 is selected from the group consisting of H, C ⁇ 8 alkyl and -NR 7 R 8 ; and R 10 is C 1-8 alkyl.
  • R 9 is selected from the group consisting of H, C ⁇ 8 alkyl and -NR 7 R 8
  • R 10 is C 1-8 alkyl.
  • heterocycles there are no restrictions on the positions of the optional substituents in the heterocycles.
  • the term encompasses rings having a substituent attached to the ring through a heteroatom.
  • a preferred heterocycle according to the invention is piperidine, which may be substituted as described above.
  • heteroaryl refers to aromatic monocyclic heterocyclic rings and aromatic fused bicyclic rings having the specified number of members in the ring, having at least one aromatic ring and containing 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.
  • heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, furan, thiophene, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, tetrazole, thiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, isothiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, quinoline, isoquinoline, benzofuran, benzothiophene, indole, and indazole.
  • heteroaryl also refers to substituted heteroaryls wherein the heteroaryl ring bears one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halo, -OH, C ⁇ -8 alkyl, C 2-8 alkenyl, C ⁇ -8 alkoxy, C 2-8 alkenyloxy, S(O) a R 6 , -NR 7 R 8 , - COR 6 , -COOR 6 , -R 10 COOR 6 , -OR 10 COOR 6 , -CONR 7 R 8 , -OC(O)R 9 , -R 10 NR 7 R 8 , -OR 10 NR 7 R 8 , nitro, and cyano, wherein a is 0, 1 or 2; R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H, C 1-8 alkyl, C ⁇ -8 alkoxy and C 2-8 alkenyl; each R 7 and R 8 is the same or different and is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C ⁇ -8 alkenyl; each
  • heteroaryl ring will depend upon the size of ring. There are no restrictions on the positions of the optional substituents in heteroaryls. Thus, the term encompasses rings having a substituent attached to the ring through a heteroatom. One skilled in the art will readily be able to determine the maximum number and locations of possible substituents for any given heteroaryl.
  • a prefened heteroaryl according to the invention is pyridine, which may be substituted as described above.
  • protecting group refers to suitable protecting groups useful for the synthesis of compounds of formula (II) wherein X is OH.
  • Suitable protecting groups are known to those skilled in the art and are described in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3 rd Edition, Greene, T. W.; Wuts, P. G. M. Eds.; John Wiley & Sons: NY, 1999.
  • Examples of prefened protecting groups include but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, benzyl, substituted benzyl, and tert-butyl. In one embodiment the protecting group is methyl.
  • reaction proceeds by a) reacting a solid phase-bound amine (where X in the compound of formula (II) is NH 2 ) or alcohol (where X in the compound of formula (II) is OH) with a compound of formula (x) and a coupling agent to produce a solid phase-bound compound of formula (xi); b) in the embodiment wherein R 15 is a protecting group, deprotecting the solid phase bound compound to prepare the compound of formula (xi); c) alkylating the solid phase-bound compound of formula (xi) with an alcohol of formula (xii) to produce a solid phase-bound compound of formula (xiii); d) reacting the solid-phase-bound compound of formula (xiii) with a compound of formula (xiv) to produce
  • the process may optionally further comprise the step of cleaving the solid phase-bound compound of formula (II) from the solid phase using conventional techniques such as treatment with mild acid.
  • conventional techniques such as treatment with mild acid.
  • Compounds of formula (II) are commercially available or can be prepared using conventional techniques such as those described in European Patent No. 303,742.
  • Compounds of formula (III) are described in U.S. Provisional Application Nos.
  • X is selected from Cj-C 8 alkyl, halo, -OR 10 , -NR 14 R 15 , nitro, cyano, -COOR 10 , -COR 13 ,
  • X and an adjacent R 3 taken together with the atoms to which they are bonded, form an alkylenedioxy moiety;
  • Z is CH, CR 3 or N, wherein when Z is CH or CR 3 , k is 0-4 and t is 0 or 1 , and when Z is N, k is 0-3 and t is 0;
  • Y is selected from -O-, -S-, -N(R 10 )-, and -C(R 4 )(R 5 )-;
  • W 1 is selected from
  • -Co-C 6 alkyl-C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl are optionally unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups independently selected from halo, cyano, nitro, C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 alkenyl, C 3 -C 6 alkynyl, -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-CO 2 R 10 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-C(O)SR 10 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-CONR ⁇ R 12 , -Co-C 6 alkyl-COR 13 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-NR ⁇ R 12 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-SR 10 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-OR 10 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-SO 3 H, -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-SO 2 NR n R 12
  • R 8 and R 9 are each independently selected from H, halo, -C ⁇ alkyl, -Co-C ⁇ alkyl-Het, -C 0 -C ⁇ alkyl-Ar and -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl;
  • R 10 is selected from H, -C ⁇ alkyl, C 3 -C 6 alkenyl, C 3 -C 6 alkynyl, -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-Ar, -Co-C ⁇ alkyl-Het and -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl;
  • each R 11 and each R 12 are independently selected from H, C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C ⁇ alkenyl, C 3 -C 6 alkynyl
  • R 14 and R 15 are each independently selected from H, C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 alkenyl, C 3 -C 6 alkynyl, -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-Ar, -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-Het, -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, -Co-C ⁇ alkyl-O-Ar, -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-O-Het, -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-O-C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, -Co-C ⁇ alkyl-S(O) x -d-C 6 alkyl, -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-S(O) x -Ar, -C
  • R 12 -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-COR 13 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-OCOR 13 , -Co-C ⁇ alkyl-OCONR ⁇ R 12 , -C 0 -C ⁇ alkyl-NR ⁇ CONR ⁇ R 12 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-NR ⁇ COR 13 , -Co-C ⁇ alkyl-Het, -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-Ar and -Co-C 6 alkyl-C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, wherein said CrC ⁇ alkyl is optionally unsubstituted or substituted by one or more halo substituents, and wherein the C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl, Ar and Het moieties of said -Co-C ⁇ alkyl-Het, -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-Ar and -Co-C ⁇ alkyl-C 3
  • R 12 -Co-C ⁇ alkyl-COR 13 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-NR ⁇ R 12 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-SR 10 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-OR 10 , -Co-C ⁇ alkyl-SO 3 H, -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-SO 2 NR n R 12 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-SO 2 R 10 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-SOR 13 , -Co-C ⁇ alkyl-OCOR 13 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-OC(O)NR ⁇ R 12 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-OC(O)OR 13 ,
  • Ci-C ⁇ alkyl is optionally unsubstituted or substituted by one or more halo substituents;
  • W 3 is selected from the group consisting of: H, halo, C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl, -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-NR n R 12 , -Co-C ⁇ alkyl-SR 10 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-OR 10 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-CO 2 R 10 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-C(O)SR 10 , -Co-C ⁇ alkyl-CONR 11 ⁇ 2 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-COR 13
  • Het are optionally unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups independently selected from halo, cyano, nitro, Cj-C ⁇ alkyl, C 3 -C 6 alkenyl, C 3 -C 6 alkynyl, -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-CO 2 R 10 , -Co-C ⁇ alkyl-C(O)SR 10 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-CONR 1 !
  • R 12 -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-COR 13 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-NR n R 12 , -Co-C ⁇ alkyl-SR 10 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-OR 10 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-SO 3 H, -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-SO 2 NR n R 12 , -Co-C 6 alkyl-SO 2 R 10 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-SOR 13 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-OCOR 13 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-OC(O)NR n R 12 , -Co-C ⁇ alkyl-OC(O)OR 13 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-NR u C(O)OR 13 , -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-NR ⁇ C(O)NR n R
  • R 11 and R 12 together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a 4-7 membered heterocyclic ring which optionally contains one or more additional heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S;
  • R 13 is selected from C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl, C 3 -C 6 alkenyl, C 3 -C 6 alkynyl, -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-Ar, -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-Het and -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-C 3 -C 7 cycloalkyl;
  • R 14 and R 15 are each independently selected from H, CrC ⁇ alkyl, C 3 -C 6 alkenyl, C 3 -C 6 alkynyl,
  • each alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or Het is independently unsubstituted or substituted with one ore more substituents defined hereinbelow.
  • group A is defined as a phenyl or a pyridyl fused ring moiety and is exemplified by the following: , Group A fused ring moiety: phenyl: pyridyl:
  • alkyl represents a straight-or branched-chain saturated hydrocarbon, containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, unless otherwise provided, which may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more of the substituents described below.
  • exemplary alkyls include, but are not limited to methyl (Me), ethyl (Et), n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, neopentyl and hexyl and structural isomers thereof.
  • alkyl herein may be optionally substituted by one or more of the substituents independently selected from the group halo, -OH, -SH, -NH , -NH(unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl), -N(unsubstituted -Ce alkyl)(unsubstituted C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl), unsubstituted -O -Ce alkyl, and -CO 2 H.
  • alkyl refers to an alkylene moiety, that is, an unsubstituted divalent straight-or branched-chain saturated hydrocarbon moiety, containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms, unless otherwise provided.
  • C 0 -C 6 alkyl-Ar where C is 1-6 is intended to mean the radical -alkyl-aryl (e.g., -CH 2 -aryl or -CH(CH 3 )-aryl) and is represented by the bonding arrangement present in a benzyl group.
  • C 0 alkyl in a moiety, such as -Co-C ⁇ alkyl-Ar or -O-(C 0 -C 6 alkyl)-Ar, provides for no alkyl/alkylene group being present in the moiety.
  • alkenyl represents a straight-or branched-chain hydrocarbon, containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms, unless otherwise provided, and one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. Alkenyl groups may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more of the substituents described below.
  • alkenyls include, but are not limited ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, isobutenyl, butadienyl, pentenyl and hexenyl and structural isomers thereof.
  • cis (Z) and trans (E) isomers of each double bond that may be present in the compounds of formula (III) or (IV) are included within the scope of this definition.
  • alkenyl herein may be optionally substituted by one or more of the substituents independently selected from the group halo, -OH, -SH, -NH 2 , -NH(unsubstituted -Ce alkyl), -N(unsubstituted CrC ⁇ alkyl)(unsubstituted Ci-C ⁇ alkyl), unsubstituted -OC ⁇ -C 6 alkyl, and -CO 2 H.
  • alkynyl represents a straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbon, containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms, unless otherwise provided, and one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds and, optionally, one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.
  • cis (Z) and trans (E) isomers of each double bond that may be present in the compounds of formula (III) or (TV) are included within the scope of this definition.
  • alkynyls include, but are not limited ethynyl, propynyl (propargyl, isopropynyl), 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, pentynyl and hexynyl and structural isomers thereof.
  • alkynyl herein may be optionally substituted by one or more of the substituents independently selected from the group halo, -OH, -SH, -NH 2 , -NH(unsubstituted CrC ⁇ alkyl), -N(unsubstituted Ci-C ⁇ alkyl)(unsubstituted Ci-C ⁇ alkyl), unsubstituted -OCi-C ⁇ alkyl, and-CO 2 H.
  • alkenyl or alkynyl group when an alkenyl or alkynyl group is a substituent on an oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atom (e.g., as in oxy (-OR), thio (-SR), ester (-CO 2 R or -C(O)SR), amino (-NRR) or amido (-CONRR) moieties and the like), it is understood that a double or triple bond of the alkenyl or alkynyl group is not located on carbons that are ⁇ , ⁇ to the oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atom.
  • cycloalkyl represents a non-aromatic monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic hydrocarbon containing from 3 to 10 carbon atoms which may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more of the substituents described below and may be saturated or partially unsaturated.
  • Exemplary cycloalkyls include monocyclic rings having from 3-7, preferably 3-6, carbon atoms, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexenyl and ( cycloheptyl.
  • any "cycloalkyl” herein may be optionally substituted by one or more of the substituents independently selected from the group halo, cyano, Ci-C ⁇ alkyl (which specifically includes Cj-C 6 haloalkyl, -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-OH, -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-SH and -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-NR'R”), C 3 -C 6 alkenyl, oxo, -OCrC 6 alkyl, -OCrC 6 alkenyl, -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-COR', -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-CO 2 R', -Co-Cg alkyl-CONR'R", -OC 0 -C 6 alkyl-CO 2 H, -OC 2 -C 6 alkyl-NR'R", and -Co-C ⁇ alkyl-SO 2 NR'R", wherein each R' and R
  • the terms "Ar” or “aryl” is used interchangeably at all occurrences mean a substituted or unsubstituted carbocyclic aromatic group, which may be optionally fused to another carbocyclic aromatic group moiety or to a cycloalkyl group moiety, which may be optionally substituted or unsubstituted.
  • Ar or aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl indenyl, 1-oxo-lH-indenyl and tetrahydronaphthyl.
  • Any "Ar”, “aryl” or “phenyl” herein may be optionally unsubstituted or substituted by one or more of the substituents independently selected from the group halo, cyano, C ⁇ -C 6 alkyl (which specifically includes C ⁇ -C 6 haloalkyl, -Co-C ⁇ alkyl-OH, -Co-C ⁇ alkyl-SH and -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-NR'R"), C 3 -C 6 alkenyl, -OC ⁇ -C 6 alkyl, -OCrC 6 alkenyl, -Co-C ⁇ alkyl-COR', -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-CO 2 R', -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-CONR'R", -OC
  • Het means a stable 5- to 7-membered monocyclic, a stable 7- to 10-membered bicyclic, or a stable 11- to 18- membered tricyclic heterocyclic ring group, all of which are saturated, unsaturated or aromatic, and consist of carbon atoms and from one to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O and S, and which includes bicyclic and tricyclic rings containing one or more fused cycloalkyl, aryl (e.g., phenyl) or heteroaryl (aromatic Het) ring moieties.
  • aryl e.g., phenyl
  • heteroaryl aromatic Het
  • Het is also intended to encompass heterocyclic groups containing nitrogen and/or sulfur where the nitrogen or sulfur heteroatoms are optionally oxidized or the nitrogen heteroatom is optionally quaternized.
  • the heterocyclic group may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in the creation of a stable structure.
  • heterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolodinyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, azepanyl, pyrrolyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, thiazolinyl, thiazolyl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl (e.g., methylenedioxy-substituted phenyl), 1,4-benzodioxolyl, quinuclidinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl,
  • (III) or (IV) include, but are not limited to azetidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2- oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolodinyl, azepanyl, pyrrolyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, thiazolinyl, thiazolyl, furyl, pyranyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydropyranyl, thienyl, tetrazolyl, thiamorpholinyl sulfoxide, thiamorpholinyl sulfone
  • Examples of 5 or 6 membered heterocyclic groups include, but are not limited to piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolodinyl, pyrrolyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, oxazolidinyl, oxazolinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, thiazolinyl, thiazolyl, furyl, pyranyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydropyranyl, thienyl, tetrazolyl, thiamorpholinyl sulfoxide, thiamorpholinyl sulfone, and oxadiazolyl, as well
  • the 5-6 membered heterocyclic group may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in the creation of a stable structure.
  • the 5-6 membered heterocyclic group may be optionally unsubstituted or substituted by one or more of the substituents independently selected from the group halo, cyano, Ci-C ⁇ alkyl (which specifically includes C ⁇ -C 6 haloalkyl, -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-OH, -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-SH and -Co-C ⁇ alkyl-NR'R"), C 3 -C 6 alkenyl, oxo, -OC ⁇ -C 6 alkyl, -OC ⁇ -C 6 alkenyl, -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-COR', -Co-C 6 alkyl-C0 2 R', -C 0 -C 6 alkyl-CONR'R", -OC 0 -C 6 alkyl-CO 2
  • halogen and halo represent chloro, fluoro, bromo or iodo substituents
  • alkoxy is intended to mean the radical -OR a , where R a is an alkyl group, wherein alkyl is as defined above, provided that -O-C ! alkyl may be optionally substituted by one or more of the substituents independently selected from the group halo and -CO 2 H.
  • a method for the preparation of compounds of formula (III), comprises the steps of: (a) reacting an alcohol having the formula: HY'-(CR 4 R 5 ) n -L, where Y' is -O-, -S-,
  • L is a leaving group, such as a halogen (iodide, bromide or chloride), sulfonate (tosylate, mesylate, triflate, etc.) or is a group that is converted to a leaving group, such as a halogen (iodide, bromide or chloride), sulfonate (tosylate, mesylate, triflate, etc.) or is a group that is converted to a leaving group, such as a halogen (iodide, bromide or chloride), sulfonate (tosylate, mesylate, triflate, etc.) or is a group that is converted to a leaving group, such as a halogen (iodide, bromide or chloride), sulfonate (tosylate, mesylate, triflate, etc.) or is a group that is converted to a leaving group, such as a halogen (iodide, bromid
  • Another method for the preparation of compounds of formula (III), comprises the steps of: (a) reacting an acetylene having the formula: R'O-(CR 4 R 5 ) n- i-C C-H, where R' is a halogen-containing aromatic compound having the formula
  • step (b) reducing the compound fo ⁇ ned in step (a) and converting the protected hydroxyl group into a leaving group, L, such as a halogen (iodide, bromide or chloride), sulfonate (tosylate, mesylate, triflate, etc.) or is a group that is converted to a leaving group (e.g., an alcohol), to form a compound having the formula:
  • L such as a halogen (iodide, bromide or chloride), sulfonate (tosylate, mesylate, triflate, etc.) or is a group that is converted to a leaving group (e.g., an alcohol), to form a compound having the formula:
  • Another method for the preparation of compounds of formula (III), comprises the steps of: (a) reacting an alcohol having the formula: L'-(CR )4 ⁇ R>5 ) ⁇ n -L, where L' and L are leaving groups, which may be the same or different, such as a halogen (iodide, bromide or chloride), sulfonate (tosylate, mesylate, triflate, etc.) or is a aving
  • Y' is -O-, -S-, or -NH- and X is defined as above or a protected form to form a
  • step (b) reacting the compound formed in step (a) with a secondary amine having the 1 -(CR B RS) — (CR6R ) shadow formula to form a compound having the formula:
  • Another method for the preparation of compounds of formula (III), comprises the steps of: formula:
  • _o_ is _o_ ; _s-, or -NH- and R* is a suitable protecting group for -OH, -SH, or -NH 2 , with a hydrazide or azide to form a heterocyclic- containing compound having the formula:
  • step (b) optionally protecting the NH moiety of the heterocyclic group with a protecting group, and removing the R' protecting group; (c) reacting the compound formed in step (b) with a compound having the formula: L'-(CR 4 R 5 ) n -L, , where L' and L are leaving groups, which may be the same or different, such as a halogen (iodide, bromide or chloride), sulfonate (tosylate, mesylate, triflate, etc.) or is a group that is converted to a leaving group (e.g., an alcohol), to form a compound having the formula:
  • Another method for the preparation of compounds of formula (III), comprises the steps of: (a) reacting an acetylene having the formula: where R' is a hydroxyl protecting group, with a halogen-containing aromatic compound having the formula
  • Halo is bromo or iodo, in the presence of a catalyst
  • a compound having the (b) reducing the compound formed in step (a) and converting the protected hydroxyl group into a leaving group, L such as a halogen (iodide, bromide or chloride), sulfonate (tosylate, mesylate, triflate, etc.) or is a group that is converted to a leaving group
  • step (c) reacting the compound formed in step (b) with an amine having the formula: pound having the formula:
  • Another method for the preparation of compounds of formula (III), comprises the steps of: (a) reacting an alcohol having the formula: HO-(CR 4 R 5 ) n -L, where L is a leaving group, such as a halogen (iodide, bromide or chloride), sulfonate (tosylate, mesylate, triflate, etc.) or is a (e.g., an alcohol) with a phenol having the formula (a) reacting an alcohol having the formula: HO-(CR 4 R 5 ) n -L, where L is a leaving group, such as a halogen (iodide, bromide or chloride), sulfonate (tosylate, mesylate, triflate, etc.) or is a (e.g., an alcohol) with a phenol having
  • step (b) reacting an amine having the formula with and an aldehyde having the formula Q-CHO or a ketone to form a secondary amine having the formula: (c) reacting the ether formed in step (a) with the secondary amine formed in step (b) to form a compound of this invention having the formula: (d) when R 10 is other than H, optionally converting the compound, formed in step (c) to the compound of this invention, wherein R 10 is H.
  • Another method for the preparation of compounds of formula (III), comprises the steps of: (a) reacting an alcohol having the formula: HO-(CR 4 R 5 ) n -L, where L is a leaving group, such as a halogen (iodide, bromide or chloride), sulfonate (tosylate, mesylate, triflate, (e.g., an alcohol), with an amine having the formula: HO-(CR 4 R 5 ) n -L, where L is a leaving group, such as a halogen (iodide, bromide or chloride), sulfonate (tosylate, mesylate, triflate, (e.g., an alcohol), with an amine having the amine having the formula (a) reacting an alcohol having the formula: HO-(CR 4 R 5 ) n -L, where L is a leaving group, such as a halogen (iodide, bromide or chloride), sulf
  • Another method for the preparation of compounds of formula (III), comprises the steps of:: (a) reacting an alcohol having the formula: HO-(CR 4 R 5 ) ⁇ -L, where L is a leaving group, such as a halogen (iodide, bromide or chloride) or sulfonate (tosylate, mesylate, triflate,
  • step (b) converting alcohol moiety of the ether-alcohol formed in step (a) into L', where
  • L' is a leaving group such as a halogen (iodide, bromide or chloride), sulfonate (tosylate, mesylate, triflate, etc.) or is a group that is converted to a leaving group (e.g., an alcohol) and treating the resulting compound with an amine having the formula:
  • the method for the preparation of compounds of formula (IV), comprises the steps of: coupling an acetylene having the formula: with a phenol having the formula:
  • aryl-alcohol having the formula: (b) converting alcohol moiety of the aryl-alcohol formed in step (a) into L', where
  • L' is a leaving group such as a halogen (iodide, bromide or chloride), sulfonate (tosylate, mesylate, triflate, etc.) or is a group that is converted to a leaving group (e.g., an alcohol), and treating the resulting compound with an amine having the formula: to form the compound of formula (IV); (c) optionally converting the compound of formula (IV)from step (b) into another compound of formula (IV); and (d) optionally oxidizing the compound, formed in step (c) to the N-oxide thereof.
  • the compounds of formula (IV) may be prepared by an acetylene having the formula: with a phenol having the formula:
  • Halo is a halogen selected from iodo or bromo, in the presence of a metal catalyst to form an aryl-alcohol having formula:
  • step (b) converting alcohol moiety of the aryl-alcohol formed in step (a) into L', where
  • L' is a leaving group such as a halogen (iodide, bromide or chloride) or a sulfonate (tosylate, mesylate, triflate, etc.) and treating the resulting compound with sodium azide, followed by hydrogenation in the presence of a palladium catalyst to form a primary amine having the formula:
  • LXR agonists may be identified by assays such as those described in the above referenced patent applications, for example, the assays described in Examples 1 and 2 of
  • Biotinylated LXR ⁇ protein was incubated for 20-25 minutes at a concentration of 25nM in assay buffer (50mM KCl, 50mM Tris-pH8, O.lmg ml FAF-BSA, lOmM DTT) with equimolar amounts of streptavidin-AlloPhycoCyanin (APC, Molecular Probes).
  • assay buffer 50mM KCl, 50mM Tris-pH8, O.lmg ml FAF-BSA, lOmM DTT
  • the biotinylated peptide comprising amino acids 675-699 of SRC-1 (CPSSHSSLTERHKILHRLLQEGSPS-CONH2) (SEQ TO NO: 5) at a concentration of 25nM was incubated in assay buffer with a l molar amount of streptavidin-labelled Europium (Wallac) for 20-25 minutes. After the initial incubations are completed, a 10 molar excess (250nM) of cold biotin was added to each of the solutions to block the unattached streptavidin reagents. After 20 min at room temp, the solutions were mixed yielding a concentration of 12.5nM for the dye-labelled LXR ⁇ protein and SRC-1 peptide.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts include salts of salts derived from appropriate acids, such as acid addition salts, or bases.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts include metal salts, such as for example aluminium, alkali metal salts such as lithium, sodium or potassium, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium or magnesium and ammonium or substituted ammonium salts, for example those with lower alkylamines such as triethylamine, hydroxy alkylamines such as 2-hydroxyethylamine, bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-amine or tri-(2-hydroxyethyl)-amine, cycloalkylamines such as bicyclohexylamine, or with procaine, dibenzylpiperidine, N-benzyl-b-phenethylamine, dehydroabietylamine, N,N'-bisdehydroabietylamine, glucamine, N-methylglucamine or bases of the pyridine type such as pyridine, collidine, quinine
  • Suitable acid addition salts include pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic salts such as the sulphate, nitrate, phosphate, borate, hydrochloride and hydrobromide and pharmaceutically acceptable organic acid addition salts such as acetate, tartrate, maleate, citrate, succinate, benzoate, ascorbate, methane-sulphonate, a-keto glutarate and a-glycerophosphate.
  • the LXR agonists referred to herein are conveniently prepared according to the methods disclosed in the above mentioned patent publications in which they are disclosed.
  • the salts and/or solvates of the LXR agonists may be prepared and isolated according to conventional procedures for example those disclosed in the, above mentioned, patent publications.
  • the LXR agonist may be administered per se or, preferably, as a pharmaceutical composition/formulation also comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the LXR agonist mentioned herein is formulated and administered in accordance with the methods disclosed in the above mentioned patent applications and patents.
  • the term 'pharmaceutically acceptable' embraces compounds, compositions and ingredients for both human and veterinary use: for example the term 'pharmaceutically acceptable salt' also embraces a veterinarily acceptable salt.
  • Preferred "mammal" of the present invention is a human being.
  • the composition may, if desired, be in the form of a pack accompanied by written or printed instructions for use.
  • compositions of the present invention will be adapted for oral administration, although compositions for administration by other routes, such as by injection, enema, colonoscopic infusion, infusion into the small bowel via an endoscope or intubation, and percutaneous absorption are also envisaged.
  • Particularly suitable compositions for oral administration are unit dosage forms such as tablets and capsules.
  • Other fixed unit dosage forms, such as powders presented in sachets, may also be used.
  • the carrier may comprise a diluent, filler, disintegrant, wetting agent, lubricant, colourant, flavourant or other conventional adjuvant.
  • Typical carriers include, for example, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, sodium starch glycollate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, magnesium stearate, sodium lauryl sulphate or sucrose.
  • the solid oral compositions may be prepared by conventional methods of blending, filling or tabletting. Repeated blending operations may be used to distribute the active agent throughout those compositions employing large quantities of fillers. Such operations are of course conventional in the art.
  • the tablets may be coated according to methods well known in normal pharmaceutical practice, in particular with an enteric coating.
  • Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of, for example, emulsions, syrups, or elixirs, or may be presented as a dry product for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use.
  • Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives such as suspending agents, for example sorbitol, syrup, methyl cellulose, gelatin, hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, aluminium stearate gel, hydrogenated edible fats; emulsifying agents, for example lecithin, sorbitan monooleate, or acacia; non-aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils), for example almond oil, fractionated coconut oil, oily esters such as esters of glycerine, propylene glycol, or ethyl alcohol; preservatives, for example methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate or sorbic acid; and if desired conventional flavouring or colouring agents.
  • suspending agents for example sorbitol, syrup, methyl cellulose,
  • fluid unit dosage forms are prepared utilizing the compound and a sterile vehicle, and, depending on the concentration used, can be either suspended or dissolved in the vehicle.
  • the compound can be dissolved in water for injection and filter sterilized before filling into a suitable vial or ampoule and sealing.
  • adjuvants such as a local anaesthetic, a preservative and buffering agents can be dissolved in the vehicle.
  • the composition can be frozen after filling into the vial and the water removed under vacuum.
  • Parenteral suspensions are prepared in substantially the same manner, except that the compound is suspended in the vehicle instead of being dissolved, and sterilization cannot be accomplished by filtration.
  • compositions may contain from 0.1% to 99% by weight, preferably from 10-60% by weight, of the active material, depending upon the method of administration.
  • the compositions are formulated according to conventional methods, such as those disclosed in standard reference texts, for example the British and US Pharmacopoeias, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Mack Publishing Co.), Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia (London, The Pharmaceutical Press) and Harry's Cosmeticology (Leonard Hill Books).
  • a therapeutically effective amount of LXR agonist of the present invention for preventing or treating eosinophilia or EL- 13 overproduction, or diseases arising from eosinophilia or IL-13 production, such as asthma or allergy (for example allergic rhinitis), will depend upon a number of factors including, for example, the age and weight of the mammal, the precise condition requiring treatment, the severity of the condition, the nature of the formulation, and the route of administration. Ultimately, the therapeutically effective amount will be at the discretion of the attendant physician or veterinarian.
  • the LXR agonist agent will be given in the range of 0.1 to 100 mg/kg body weight of recipient (mammal) per day and more usually in the range of 1 to 30 mg/kg body weight per day.
  • Acceptable daily dosages of the LXR agonist for preventing/treating eosinophilia or IL-13 overproduction, or diseases arising from eosinophilia or IL-13 production, such as asthma or allergy (for example allergic rhinitis), may be from about 0.1 to about 1000 mg/day, and preferably from about 0.2 to about 100 mg/day.
  • Argogel-MB-OH (6.0g, 2.40mmol, Argonaut Technologies) was treated with a solution of (3- ⁇ [tert-butyl(dimethyl)silyl]oxy ⁇ phenyl)acetic acid (5.40g, 19.2 mmol, Eur. Pat. Appl. (1987) Application: EP 87-303742 19870428) in 50 mL of anhydrous dichloromethane followed by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (4.16g, 19.2 mmol) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (2.50 g, 19.2 mmol).
  • the resin was filtered, washed sequentially with dichloromethane (2 x 25 mL), dimethylformamide (2 x 25mL), dichloromethane (3 x 25 mL), methanol (3 x 25 mL), dichloromethane (3 x 25 mL) and diethyl ether (2 x 25 mL). After drying under house vacuum overnight at 40°C, the resin was treated with 1.0 M tetrabutylammonium fluoride (24 mL, 23.4 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran, and the mixture was rotated for 4 hours.
  • the resin was filtered, washed sequentially with dichloromethane (2 x 25 mL), dimethylformamide (2 x 25 mL), dichloromethane (3 x 25 mL), methanol (3 x 25 mL), and dichloromethane (3 x 25 mL) to give the deprotected phenol.
  • the dry resin was treated with 90 mL of anhydrous toluene followed by triphenylphosphine (15.8 g, 60.0 mmol) and 3-bromo-l-propanol (8.4 g, 60.0 mmol).
  • diisopropyl azodicarboxylate (12.1 g, 60.0 mmol) in 20 mL of anhydrous toluene was added in a dropwise fashion. The reaction was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 15 hours. The resin was filtered, washed sequentially with dichloromethane (2 x 50 mL), dimethylformamide (2 x 50 mL), dichloromethane (3 x 50 mL), methanol (2 x 50 mL) and dichloromethane (3 x 50 mL), and dried under house vacuum.
  • the bromide functionalized resin was treated with a solution of diphenethylamine (25.0 g, 127 mmol) in 60 mL of anhydrous dimethylsulfoxide, and the reaction was rotated for 15 hours.
  • the resin was filtered, washed sequentially with dichloromethane (2 x 50 mL), dimethylformamide (2 x 50 mL), dichloromethane (3 x 50 mL), methanol (3 x 50 mL) and dichloromethane (3 x 50 mL), and dried under house vacuum at 40°C.
  • the secondary amine resin (5.75 g, 2.0 mmol) was treated with a solution of 2-chloro-3- trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde (8.32 g, 40.0 mmol) in 80 mL of 8% acetic acid in dimethylformamide.
  • Solid sodium triacetoxyborohydride (8.5 g, 40.0 minol) was added, and the reaction was rotated for 15 hours.
  • the resin was filtered, washed sequentially with dichloromethane (2 x 50 mL), dimethylformamide (2 x 50 mL), dichloromethane (3 x 50 mL), methanol (3 x 50 mL) and dichloromethane (3 x 50mL), and dried under house vacuum overnight at 50°C.
  • the resin-bound product was treated with 30 mL of trifluoroacetic acid/dichloromethane (15/85) for 15 minutes, and the filtrate was collected. The cleavage procedure was repeated again, and the combined filtrates were concentrated under reduced pressure.
  • the crude product was purified by preparative thin layer chromatography (silica gel, 1 mm plates, Merck 20 x 20 cm silica gel 60 F 254 ) eluting with methanohdichloromethane (3 :97) to give 7.0 mg of the title compound (5% yield based on theoretical loading of secondary amine resin) of a viscous oil: !
  • Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed with 10 ml (2 ml x 5) of PBS warmed at 37°C 24 hr after ONA or saline challenge. The number of total cells in BALF was counted with a microcell-counter. Cytospin slides were prepared and stained with Diff-Quik. Differential cell counting of at least 300 cells was performed according to the standard morphologic criteria under light microscopy. Determination of IL-13 in the BALF IL-13 concentration in the BALF was determined with ELISA kit (Biosource, USA). Experimental design Compound B (hereinafter used as monohydrochloride salt in this BIOLOGICAL SECTION) and Compound A (free base) were suspended in 0.5% methylcellulose solution.
  • Compound B (10 and 30 mg/kg, b.i.d.), Compound A (100 mg/kg, q.d.) or vehicle was orally administered for three days until the day of antigen challenge.
  • the experimental groups were set up as follows: Saline challenge - vehicle ONA challenge - vehicle ONA challenge - Compound B lOmg/kg ONA challenge - Compound B 30mg/kg ONA challenge - Compound A lOOmg/kg Results Effects of Compound B on cell number and IL-13 concentration in BALF. The effects of Compound B and Compound A on cell number and IL-13 concentration in BALF were shown in Tables A and B.
  • Compound B (10 and 30 mg/kg, p.o., b.i.d) and Compound A (100 mg/kg, p.o., q.d.) significantly inhibited the increases in eosinophils and IL-13 concentration in BALF, and Compound B at a dose of 30 mg/kg and Compound A inhibited the increases in total cells in BALF 24 hr after the ONA challenge.
  • Table B Effects of Compound B and Compound A on IL-13 concentration in BALF.
  • Dose Route n IL-13 concentration (pg/ml) (mg/kg) Mean+SE % inhibition Saline - vehicle - p.o. 8 21.8 ⁇ 3.6 - ** OVA - vehicle - p.o. 8 95.6+ 21.5 - Compound B 10, bid p.o. 8 38.3+5.9 + 78 Compound B 30, bid p.o. 8 35.9+7.2 + 81 Compound A 100,qd p.o. 9 26.8+3.0 + 93

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne de manière générale l'utilisation d'agonistes du LXR pour prévenir et/ou traiter l'éosinophilie ou la surproduction d'IL-13, ou des maladies dues à l'éosinophilie ou à la production d'IL-13, telles que l'allergie ou l'asthme.
PCT/US2004/040440 2003-12-04 2004-12-03 Methodes de traitement utilisant des agonistes du lxr Ceased WO2005055998A1 (fr)

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7247748B2 (en) 2002-03-27 2007-07-24 Smithkline Corporation Amide compounds and methods of using the same
US7323494B2 (en) 2002-03-27 2008-01-29 Smithkline Beecham Corporation Compounds and methods
US7365085B2 (en) 2002-03-27 2008-04-29 Smithkline Beecham Corporation Compounds and methods
US7560586B2 (en) 2002-03-27 2009-07-14 Smithkline Beecham Corporation Acid and ester compounds and methods of using the same
US10011566B2 (en) 2015-12-15 2018-07-03 Astrazeneca Ab Compounds
US11034654B2 (en) 2017-06-14 2021-06-15 Astrazeneca Ab 2,3-dihydroisoindole-1-carboxamides useful as ROR-gamma modulators

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
FOWLER ET AL: "Liver X receptor Activators Display Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Irritant and Allergic Contact Dermatitis Models: Liver-X-Receptor_ Specific Inhibition of Inflammation and primary Cytokine Production", THE SOCIETY FOR INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY INC, 8 October 2002 (2002-10-08), pages 246 - 255, XP002987205 *

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7247748B2 (en) 2002-03-27 2007-07-24 Smithkline Corporation Amide compounds and methods of using the same
US7323494B2 (en) 2002-03-27 2008-01-29 Smithkline Beecham Corporation Compounds and methods
US7365085B2 (en) 2002-03-27 2008-04-29 Smithkline Beecham Corporation Compounds and methods
US7560586B2 (en) 2002-03-27 2009-07-14 Smithkline Beecham Corporation Acid and ester compounds and methods of using the same
US10011566B2 (en) 2015-12-15 2018-07-03 Astrazeneca Ab Compounds
US10526286B2 (en) 2015-12-15 2020-01-07 Astrazeneca Ab Compounds
US10988445B2 (en) 2015-12-15 2021-04-27 Astrazeneca Ab Compounds
US11453644B1 (en) 2015-12-15 2022-09-27 Astrazeneca, Ab Compounds
US11034654B2 (en) 2017-06-14 2021-06-15 Astrazeneca Ab 2,3-dihydroisoindole-1-carboxamides useful as ROR-gamma modulators

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