WO2003012108A2 - Utilisations d'un polypeptide thyx d'un acide nucleique codant un tel polypeptide, notamment pour le criblage de composes anti-bacteriens ou anti-viraux. - Google Patents
Utilisations d'un polypeptide thyx d'un acide nucleique codant un tel polypeptide, notamment pour le criblage de composes anti-bacteriens ou anti-viraux. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2003012108A2 WO2003012108A2 PCT/FR2002/002795 FR0202795W WO03012108A2 WO 2003012108 A2 WO2003012108 A2 WO 2003012108A2 FR 0202795 W FR0202795 W FR 0202795W WO 03012108 A2 WO03012108 A2 WO 03012108A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- thyx
- polypeptide
- nucleic acid
- thymidylate synthase
- screening
- Prior art date
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-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
- C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
- C12Q1/48—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving transferase
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2333/00—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature
- G01N2333/90—Enzymes; Proenzymes
- G01N2333/91—Transferases (2.)
- G01N2333/91005—Transferases (2.) transferring one-carbon groups (2.1)
- G01N2333/91011—Methyltransferases (general) (2.1.1.)
Definitions
- THYX polypeptide or of a nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide, in particular for the screening of anti-bacterial or anti-viral compounds
- the present invention relates to the field of enzymes involved in DNA synthesis, and more specifically in the synthesis of an intermediate compound, thymidine 5'-monophosphate (dTMP), required for the production of thymidine 5'- triphosphate (dTTP) constituting the DNA molecule.
- dTMP thymidine 5'-monophosphate
- dTTP thymidine 5'- triphosphate
- THYX a new family of enzymes, designated THYX, capable of catalyzing the synthesis of thymidine 5'-monophosphate in the absence of an active thymidylate synthase enzyme (ThyA).
- the invention also relates to reaction media for the thymidylate synthase activity of a THYX polypeptide as well as screening methods using said reaction media, as well as kits for carrying out these methods.
- Thymidine 5'-monophosphate is described in the prior art as being the end product of the methylation of uridine 5'-monophosphate (dUMP), methylation which is catalyzed by a thymidylate synthase of the THYA type, both in eucar otes and in bacteria (Carreras and Santi, 1995).
- Thymidylate synthase THYA which is also expressed in mammals, has been considered as a potential target for inhibitors of DNA synthesis, which can be used in particular in the treatment of colorectal cancer (Papamichael, 2000).
- Diagram 1 A simplified illustration of the production of dTMP in the cell by methylation of dUMP is represented in diagram 1 below.
- Diagram 1 A simplified illustration of the production of dTMP in the cell by methylation of dUMP is represented in diagram 1 below.
- DHFR dihydrofolate reductase
- thymidylate synthase inhibitors for the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer specifies that “an important characteristic of nucleotide metabolism is the duplication of metabolic pathways; inhibition of any enzyme can be bypassed by one or more alternative routes.
- thymidylate synthase thyA which is an essential enzyme constituting the only means of adding a methyl group in position 5 of the pyrimidine cycle in the de novo synthesis of thymidine (Papamichael, 1999).
- THYX a family of polypeptides, designated THYX, which are of a structure completely distinct from the polypeptides coded by the thyA genes, possess the capacity to synthesize dTMP in cells.
- the thyX genes are found in the genome of many bacteria, bacteriophages and bacterial or eukaryotic viruses, while they are absent in the mammalian genome, in particular in the human genome.
- the characterization, according to the invention, of a new synthesis pathway for dTMP, thanks to the THYX family of proteins, has made accessible for the first time to those skilled in the art the numerous applications which result directly therefrom and which are exposed in this description.
- the different uses of a THYX polypeptide or of a nucleic acid encoding a THYX polypeptide described in the present patent application are technically linked due to the common functional and structural characteristics of the THYX polypeptides defined below.
- THYX polypeptide comprising the following amino acid sequence: X 1 HR (X) 7 S, in which:
- Xi represents the amino acid R (Arginine or Arg) or K (Lysine or Lys), and - (X) 7 is a chain of seven consecutive amino acids in which each X represents, independently of one another, any of the 20 natural amino acids, in a process for the in vitro synthesis of thymidine 5 ' -monophosphate (dTMP).
- dTMP thymidine 5 ' -monophosphate
- - S represents the amino acid Serine or Ser, according to the letter code conforming to the international nomenclature.
- Xi represents the amino acid R.
- THYX polypeptide is chosen from polypeptides comprising the amino acid sequences SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 37.
- the invention also relates to the use of a nucleic acid coding for a THYX polypeptide as defined above for the production of said THYX polypeptide.
- the nucleic acid is chosen from nucleic acids comprising the nucleotide sequences SEQ ID No. 44 to SEQ ID No. 64.
- the invention also relates to the use of a THYX polypeptide as defined above in a method for screening for thymidylate synthase inhibitor compounds, in particular antibacterial or antiviral compounds.
- a nucleic acid coding for a THYX polypeptide as defined above in a method for screening for thymidylate synthase inhibitor compounds, in particular for anti-bacterial or anti-viral compounds.
- RNA coding for a THYX polypeptide it also relates to the use of an antisense oligonucleotide specifically hybridizing with the messenger RNA coding for a THYX polypeptide to inhibit in vitro the synthesis of DNA in a bacterium or a virus. It also relates to the use of a nucleic acid coding for a THYX polypeptide as defined above as a marker for the selection of a genetic recombination event.
- a probe or of a nucleotide primer specific for a nucleic acid coding for a THYX polypeptide for detecting a bacterium or a virus, particularly a bacteria or a virus pathogenic for mammals, and more specifically for humans, as well as a kit or kit for detecting this bacteria or this virus, comprising a probe or a nucleotide primer specific for a nucleic acid coding for a THYX polypeptide .
- the work of the inventors on the activity of ThyX made it possible to identify the enzymatic mechanism and thus to optimize the conditions of the reaction by highlighting the importance of the addition of certain compounds in the reaction medium.
- the object of the invention is therefore the use of such media and their application.
- Figure 1 illustrates an alignment of the amino acid sequences of various THYX polypeptides.
- the left column shows the names of the organisms from which each of the amino acid sequences originates.
- the numbers identify the serial number of the amino acid at the start of the corresponding line, in the body's THYX polypeptide sequence.
- FIG. 2A represents immuno-fingerprint gels produced on cell extracts obtained from E.co// X2913 bacteria ( ⁇ fhyA) transfected with the ThyX gene of P.abyssi (tracks number 1 and number
- the transforming E. coli bacteria were cultivated in the absence of Araj / nose (tracks number 1 and 3) or in the presence of 0.2% in'Arabinose (tracks number 2 and 4).
- the bands visible on the immunoblotting gel (3Westem blot ") correspond respectively to the THYX polypeptide from P.abyssi (lane number 2) and to the THYX polypeptide from H. pylori (lane number 4).
- FIG. 2B illustrates photographic photographs of Petri dishes which have been sown:
- the photo on the left shows the growth results of the transformed E. coli bacterium cultivated on agar (agar) in minimum M9 medium supplemented with 0.2%. Only the E. coli bacteria transformed with the thyX gene of H. pylori multiply.
- the picture on the right represents the same bacteria cultivated in the agar in the presence of minimal medium M9 in the absence of Arabinose. No bacterial growth is observed, regardless of the transfected bacteria.
- Figure 3 Migration on SDS PAGE gel stained with Comassie Blue.
- the first well corresponds to the PROMEGA Mid-Range marker.
- the arrows show the molecular weights which correspond to the bands of the marker.
- the second well contains the sample of our protein, after having purified it on a Ni-NTA column, its band is around 28 kDa.
- FIG. 4 Western blotting fractions after protein purification on a Ni-NTA column demonstrate purification of THYX.
- Figure 6 illustrates the dTMP formation activity of the ThyX protein of H. pylori.
- THYX a family of polypeptides, designated THYX, distinct from the family of polypeptides encoded by the thyA genes, possesses catalytic activity of the thymidylate synthase type.
- the applicant has cloned the thyX gene from H. Pylori into a functional expression vector in Escherichia coli. This expression vector was used to transform a strain of Escherichia coli auxotrophic for thymidine, more specifically the strain of E. coli X2913 (MhyA572), whose genetic background is precisely characterized and in which the thyA gene is deleted.
- results presented in the examples show that the expression of the thyX gene which was artificially introduced into the strain X2913 ( ⁇ fhyA) made it possible to restore the capacity of E.coli to synthesize de novo dTMP. Due to the great knowledge accumulated on the characteristics of the E. coli genome as well as on the normal synthesis route of dTMP via the expression of thymidylate synthase THYA, the results obtained show that the expression product of the myX gene of H. Pylori directly remedies the defect in the production of the THYA polypeptide in this bacterial organism.
- polypeptides having sequences homologous to the THYX polypeptides of Helicobacter pylori were also encoded by the genome of numerous bacteria, bacteriophage Archaebacteria as well as in some viruses.
- thyA and thyX genes in the genome of the organisms mentioned above clearly shows that thyX supplements the thymidylate synthase function which is no longer ensured in the absence of thyA.
- thyA gene is systematically absent from the genome of bacteria with the thyX gene, while other genes involved in nucleotide metabolism are either present or absent in the genome of these organisms.
- the bacteria deficient in thyA and in which the thyX gene is present are, for the most part, bacteria pathogenic for mammals.
- Campylobacter jejuni which causes food poisoning
- Helicobacter pylori which is a causative agent of ulcers
- Rickettsia prowazekii which is a causative agent of typhus
- Borrelia burgdorferi which is implicated in Lyme disease
- Treponema pallidum which is the agent causative of syphilis
- bacteria of the genus Chlamydiae which are obligate intracellular pathogens as well as eukaryotic DNA viruses such as Chorella virus.
- bacteria in which the thyX gene has been inactivated become auxotrophs for thymidine, that is to say that they multiply only if exogenous thymidine is added to the medium. culture..
- Xi represents the amino acid R (Arginine or Arg) or K (Lysine or Lys), and
- - (X) is a chain of seven consecutive amino acids in which each X represents, independently of one another, any of the 20 natural amino acids.
- Xi represents the amino acid R.
- Xi represents K, in particular for the THYX polypeptide encoded by the genome of Roseophage S101.
- THYX polypeptides do not have conserved cysteine amino acid residues in their sequences, unlike polypeptides encoded by the thyA genes, in which the conserved cysteine residue has an essential nucleophilic role in the methylation reaction catalyzed by the THYA polypeptides .
- a THYX polypeptide according to the invention is capable of catalyzing the oxidation of methylene tetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate, which is a characteristic of the catalytic activity of the thymidylate synthase type, and shows that the THYX polypeptides belong to the class of thymidylate synthase enzymes.
- a thyX gene can be inhibited by a high concentration of trimethoprim, which is a specific inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase; the fact that only high concentrations of trimethoprim inhibit THYX suggests that there are functional differences between the metabolic pathways of formation thymidylate in which thyA and thyX are involved respectively.
- trimethoprim which is a specific inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase
- polypeptides coded by the thyA genes are active without requiring the presence of flavin;
- THYX polypeptides belonging to the family of THYX polypeptides having structural and functional characteristics defined above are the THYX polypeptides comprising the amino acid sequences SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 37.
- THYX polypeptides of sequences SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 37 have been made accessible to the public in particular by their publication in the amino acid sequence databases.
- THYX polypeptide comprising the following amino acid sequence: Xi HR (X) 7 S, in which - Xi represents the amino acid R (Arginine or Arg) or K (Lysine or
- - (X) 7 is a chain of seven consecutive amino acids in which each X represents, independently of one another, any of the 20 natural amino acids, in a process for the in vitro synthesis of thymidine 5 ' -monophosphate (dTMP).
- the amino acid Xi represents the amino acid R.
- a person skilled in the art can in particular refer to the examples of the present patent application, in which the thymidylate synthase activity of the THYX polypeptide of Helicobacter pylori (SEQ ID No. 21) is demonstrated in cellular extracts by the detection of the oxidation reaction of the methylene tetrahydrofolate compound.
- the above use is characterized in that the THYX polypeptide is chosen from polypeptides comprising the amino acid sequences SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 37.
- the above use is characterized in that the THYX polypeptide is chosen from the polypeptides consisting of the amino acid sequences SEQ ID No. 1 to seq id No. 37.
- amino acid sequence THYX polypeptide SEQ ID No. 5 is encoded by a gene from the organism Dictyostelium discodideum which was described in 1989 by Dynes and Firtel, and designated "Thy1" by these authors.
- Thy1 gene from Dictyostelium discoideum could code for a thymidylate synthase.
- the pathway for the biosynthesis of thymidine by Oictyostelium discoideum was a fortiori unknown in 1989, as were also the molecular bases causative of the autotrophy of thymidine.
- the organism Oictyostelium discoideum has not yet been the subject of systematic sequencing of its genome.
- the invention also relates to the use of a nucleic acid encoding a THYX polypeptide as defined above in order to produce said THYX polypeptide for its use in different uses of a THYX polypeptide described in the present description.
- nucleotide sequences SEQ ID N ° 44 to SEQ ID N ° 64 From the amino acid sequences SEQ ID N ° 1, to SEQ ID N ° 37 and / or the nucleotide sequences SEQ ID N ° 44 to SEQ ID N ° 64, the person skilled in the art is capable of detecting, isolating, cloning and characterize any nucleic acid coding for a THYX polypeptide as defined above, for example by synthesizing nucleotide probes specific for a nucleic acid coding for the peptide X ⁇ HR (X) 7 S or RHR (X) 7 S. To construct such probes, those skilled in the art can adapt their sequence according to the use of the codon for a given organism. The detection of a thyX gene can be carried out by hybridization on a DNA gel (“Southern Bot”) or else by PCR amplification, for example using the probe defined above as a nucleotide primer.
- the thyX gene of H. Pylori can be isolated using the nucleotide primers of sequences SEQ ID No. 38 and SEQ ID No. 39 and the thyX gene of P.abyssi can be isolated using the primers nucleotides of sequences SEQ ID No. 40 and SEQ ID No. 41.
- the thyX gene of Campylobacter jejuni can be isolated using the nucleotide primers of sequences SEQ ID No. 42 and SEQ ID No. 43.
- the nucleic acid coding for a THYX polypeptide is chosen from nucleic acids coding for a THYX polypeptide comprising one of the amino acid sequences SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 37.
- the nucleic acid is chosen from the nucleic acids coding for a THYX polypeptide consisting of one of the amino acid sequences SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 37.
- the nucleic acid is chosen from nucleic acids comprising the nucleotide sequences SEQ ID No. 44 to SEQ ID No. 64.
- THYX polypeptides which can be used according to the invention include THYX polypeptides having at least 95% identity in amino acids with a THYX polypeptide chosen from the sequences SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 37.
- THYX capable of being used according to the invention a nucleic acid having at least 95% nucleotide identity with a nucleic acid chosen from the nucleotide sequences SEQ ID No. 44 to SEQ ID No. 64.
- nucleotide sequence is used to denote either a polynucleotide or a nucleic acid.
- nucleotide sequence encompasses the genetic material itself and is therefore not limited to information regarding its sequence.
- a first nucleic acid having at least 95% identity with a second reference nucleic acid will have at least 95%, preferably at least 96%, 97%, 98%, 98.5%, 99 %, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8% or 99.9% identity nucleotides with this second reference polynucleotide, the percentage of identity between two sequences being determined as described below.
- a first polypeptide having at least 95% identity with a second reference polypeptide will have at least 95%, preferably at least 96%, 97%, 98%, 98.5%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8% or 99.9% amino acid identity with this second reference polypeptide, the percentage of identity between two sequences being determined as described below.
- the "percentage of identity" between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences within the meaning of the present invention, can be determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences, through a comparison window.
- the part of the nucleotide or polypeptide sequence in the comparison window can thus include additions or deletions (for example "gaps") with respect to the reference sequence (which does not include these additions or these deletions) so as to obtain an optimal alignment of the two sequences.
- the percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which an identical nucleic base or amino acid residue is observed for the two sequences (nucleic or peptide) compared, then by dividing the number of positions at which there is identity between the two bases or amino acid residues compared, by the total number of positions in the comparison window, then multiplying the result by one hundred to obtain the percentage of sequence identity.
- the optimal alignment of the sequences for the comparison can be carried out by computer using known algorithms.
- the percentage of sequence identity is determined using the BLAST software (BLAST version 2.06 of September 1998), using exclusively the default parameters.
- a nucleic acid having at least 95% nucleotide identity with a nucleic acid according to the invention includes the "variants" of a nucleic acid according to the invention.
- variant of a nucleic acid according to the invention is meant a nucleic acid which differs from the reference nucleic acid by one or more substitutions, additions or deletions of a nucleotide, relative to the nucleic acid of reference.
- a variant of a nucleic acid according to the invention can be of natural origin, such as an allelic variant which exists naturally. Such a variant nucleic acid can also be an unnatural nucleic acid obtained, for example, by mutagenesis techniques.
- the differences between the reference nucleic acid and the "variant" nucleic acid are reduced so that the reference nucleic acid and the variant nucleic acid have very similar nucleotide sequences and, in many regions , identical.
- the nucleotide modifications present in a variant nucleic acid can be silent, which means that they do not affect the amino acid sequence which can be encoded by this variant nucleic acid.
- Changes in nucleotides in the variant nucleic acid can also result in substitutions, additions or deletions of one or more amino acids in the sequence of the polypeptide which can be encoded by this variant nucleic acid.
- a variant nucleic acid according to the invention comprising an open reading phase, code for a polypeptide which retains the same function or the same biological activity as the polypeptide coded by the reference nucleic acid.
- a variant nucleic acid according to the invention and which comprises an open reading phase codes for a THYX polypeptide which retains the catalytic activity of a thymidylate synthase, which can in particular be detected by the capacity of the THYX polypeptide to oxidize methylene-tetradihydrofolate in vitro or to restore the capacity of a bacteria or a eukaryotic cell deficient in thymidylate synthase THYA to synthesize DNA, as described in the examples.
- a variant THYX polypeptide will not include any amino acid modification on the X ⁇ HR (X) 7 S motif, and the conserved amino acid Serine is present.
- the THYX polypeptides capable of being used according to the invention, the THYX polypeptides encoded by a nucleic acid as defined above.
- THYX polypeptides comprising one or more amino acid substitutions in one of the sequences SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 37 with an amino acid "equivalent ".
- amino acids D and E
- basic K, R and H
- non-polar A, V, L , I, P, M, F and W
- uncharged polar G, S, T, C, Y, N and Q.
- homologous polypeptides have amino acid sequences having one or more substitutions of an amino acid with an equivalent amino acid, relative to the reference polypeptides.
- the equivalent amino acid according to the present invention will be understood, for example replacement of a residue in the L form with a residue in the D form or alternatively the replacement of a glutamic acid (E) by a pyro-glutamic acid according to techniques well known to those skilled in the art.
- E glutamic acid
- a pyro-glutamic acid a pyro-glutamic acid according to techniques well known to those skilled in the art.
- the synthesis of peptide containing at least one residue in the D form is described by KOCH (1977).
- two amino acids belonging to the same class are also considered to be equivalent amino acids, that is to say two amino acids, basic, non-polar or even uncharged polar.
- polypeptides according to the invention comprising one or more additions, deletions, substitutions of at least one amino acid will retain their capacity to be recognized by antibodies directed against the unmodified polypeptides.
- polypeptides will also retain their catalytic activity thymidylate synthase.
- a THYX polypeptide or a nucleic acid coding for a THYX polypeptide capable of being used according to the invention is in isolated or purified form.
- isolated in the sense of the present invention designates a biological material which has been removed from its original environment (the environment in which it is naturally located).
- a polypeptide or a polynucleotide present in the natural state in an animal or a plant is not isolated.
- the same polypeptide separated from its natural environment or the same polynucleotide separated from adjacent nucleic acids within which it is naturally inserted into the genome of the animal or plant is isolated.
- Such a polynucleotide may be included in a vector and / or such a polynucleotide may be included in a composition and nevertheless remain in an isolated state, since the vector or the composition does not constitute its natural environment.
- purified does not require that the material be present in a form of absolute purity, exclusive of the presence of others compounds. Rather, it is a relative definition.
- a polypeptide or a polynucleotide is in the purified state after purification of the starting material of at least one order of magnitude, preferably 2 or 3 and preferably 4 or 5 orders of magnitude.
- THYX polypeptides of sequence SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No.
- a THYX polypeptide capable of being used according to the invention retains the catalytic activity of a thymidylate synthase, which can in particular be detected by the capacity of the THYX polypeptide to oxidize methylene-tetradihydrofolate in vitro or still to restore the capacity of a bacteria or of a eukaryotic cell deficient in thymidylate synthase THYA to synthesize DNA, as described in the examples.
- the invention also relates to a process for the production of one of the THYX polypeptides as defined above, in particular of a polypeptide chosen from the THYX polypeptides of amino acid sequences SEQ ID N ° 1 to SEQ ID No. 37 or a variant thereof, said method comprising the steps of: a) inserting a nucleic acid encoding said polypeptide into an appropriate vector; b) cultivating, in an appropriate culture medium, a host cell previously transformed or transfected with the recombinant vector of step a); c) recovering the conditioned culture medium or lysing the host cell, for example by sonication or by osmotic shock; d) separating and purifying from said culture medium or also from the cell lysates obtained in step c), said polypeptide; e) where appropriate, characterize the recombinant polypeptide produced.
- THYX polypeptides according to the invention can be characterized by attachment to an immunoaffinity chromatography column on which the antibodies directed against this polypeptide or against a fragment or a variant of the latter have been immobilized beforehand.
- a recombinant THYX polypeptide according to the invention can be purified by passage through an appropriate series of chromatography columns, according to methods known to those skilled in the art.
- a THYX polypeptide according to the invention can also be prepared by conventional techniques of chemical synthesis either in homogeneous solution or solid phase.
- a THYX polypeptide according to the invention may be prepared by the technique or in a homogeneous solution described by HOUBEN WEYL (1974) or also the solid phase synthesis technique described by MERRIFIELD (1965a; 1965b).
- the thyX genes are found in many bacteria pathogenic for mammals, in particular pathogenic for humans and in certain viruses.
- the fhyX genes are not found in the mammalian genome.
- the human genome lacks an fhyX gene.
- the THYX polypeptides and the nucleic acids coding for the THYX polypeptides constitute preferred targets for compounds specifically inhibiting the expression of the thyx genes or specifically inhibiting the thymidylate synthase activity of the THYX polypeptides.
- Such inhibitor compounds are capable of inhibiting the synthesis of DNA in numerous bacteria, bacteriophages and viruses, in particular those which are pathogenic for mammals, including humans, as well as the multiplication of these bacteria, these bacteria and these viruses, while not causing adverse effects in mammals, or at least causing severely reduced side effects in mammals, including humans, whose genome contains no copies of a thyX gene.
- the invention also relates to the use of a THYX polypeptide as defined in the description in a method for screening for antibacterial or anti-viral compounds.
- a THYX polypeptide as defined in the description can be used to screen for molecules which bind to it.
- the binding of the polypeptide with the molecule or substance can either inhibit (antagonistic molecule) the thymidylate synthase activity of said polypeptide.
- Such molecules capable of binding to any one of the polypeptides according to the invention include antibodies, oligonucleotides, other proteins and in general small molecules of any kind.
- a screening test for a candidate molecule capable of binding to a polypeptide according to the invention may advantageously comprise a first step during which the polypeptide of interest or the candidate molecule is immobilized on a support. , a second step during which the second partner (candidate molecule or polypeptide of interest) is placed in the presence of the first compound previously immobilized on the support, a third step during which one or more washes are carried out under appropriate conditions elimination of the compounds which are not specifically linked, and finally a fourth stage during which the any complex formed between the polypeptide of interest and the candidate molecule is detected.
- the detection of the complex formed by the candidate molecule and the polypeptide of interest according to the invention may advantageously be carried out using an antibody as described above.
- the candidate molecule will advantageously be labeled with the aid of a detectable marker prior to its brought into contact with the immobilized polypeptide of interest.
- Such a detectable marker can be radioactive or non-radioactive, for example fluorescent or correspond to a ligand for a third partner used for detection such as a biotin molecule.
- the subject of the invention is also a process for screening a molecule or a candidate substance interacting with a polypeptide according to the invention, said method comprising the steps of: a) bringing into contact a polypeptide in accordance with invention with the candidate substance or molecule to be tested; b) detecting the complexes possibly formed between said polypeptide and said substance or candidate molecule.
- the invention also relates to a kit or kit for screening a molecule or a candidate substance interacting with a polypeptide according to the invention, said kit comprising: a) a polypeptide according to the invention; b) if necessary, means necessary for the detection of the complex formed between said polypeptide and the candidate molecule or substance.
- the test for inhibition of the thymidylate synthase activity of a THYX polypeptide is carried out in an acellular system, for example in a culture lysate of cells expressing the THYX polypeptide and which does not simultaneously express a polypeptide encoded by a thyA gene.
- the cells from which the cell lysate is obtained are preferably cells having the same characteristics as those which are used in the method of screening in an acellular system which has been described in detail above in the description.
- the cells from which the cell lysate is obtained are respectively:
- the cell lysate can be obtained from a culture of the cells described above, for example by sonication or by osmotic shock, according to techniques well known to those skilled in the art.
- the cell debris can be eliminated by a centrifugation step at the end of which these cell debris are found in the pellet, the centrifugation supernatant comprising in particular all of the proteins including the protein THYX, and which is recovered for the implementation of the screening process.
- the thymidylate synthase activity is quantified respectively in control samples containing only the cell lysate and in test samples containing a candidate inhibitor compound, if necessary for a series of increasing concentrations of the compound. candidate inhibitor.
- a series of test samples comprising a given candidate inhibitor compound will be used, at increasing concentrations.
- the thymidylate synthase activity can be quantified in particular by detecting the oxidation of methylene tetrahydrofolate, as described in the examples.
- the subject of the invention is also a method of screening an antibacterial or antiviral compound in vitro in an acellular system, characterized in that said method comprises the following steps: a) preparing a cell lysate from a cell culture expressing a THYX polypeptide in the absence of a polypeptide encoded by a thyA gene. b) add to the cell lysate obtained in step a) the inhibitor compound to be tested; c) compare the thymidylate synthase activity respectively in the cell lysate obtained in step a) and in the cell lysate obtained in step b); and d) selecting the candidate compounds for which inhibition of thymidylate synthase activity has been detected.
- the subject of the invention is also a kit or kit for the screening of a thymidylate synthase inhibitor compound characterized in that it comprises: a) a composition comprising a THYX polypeptide in solution or in lyophilized form; b) optionally, one or more reagents necessary for the quantification of the thymidylate synthase activity.
- the composition containing the THYX polypeptide consists of a cell lysate prepared as described above.
- the composition comprising the THYX polypeptide comprises an amount of the THYX polypeptide in purified form suitable for obtaining a test sample in solution comprising a concentration of the THYX polypeptide between 10 "10 and 10 " 2 M, preferably 10 "8 to 10 " 3M and most preferably between 10 "7 M and 10 " 5 M .. Method of . screening of antibacterial or antiviral compounds in a cellular system
- the invention also relates to the use of a nucleic acid coding for a THYX polypeptide as defined in the description in a method for screening for antibacterial or antiviral compounds.
- nucleic acid codes for a THYX polypeptide chosen from polypeptides comprising the amino acid sequences
- nucleic acid is chosen from nucleic acids comprising the nucleotide sequences SEQ ID N ° 1 to SEQ ID N ° 37.
- nucleic acid is chosen from nucleic acids comprising the nucleotide sequences SEQ ID N ° 1 to SEQ ID N ° 37.
- the invention also relates to a kit or kit for the screening of an antibacterial or antiviral compound, characterized in that it comprises: a) a recombinant expression vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding a THYX polypeptide as defined in the present description, under the control of a functional promoter in a host cell in which its expression is sought or a host cell transfected with such a recombinant vector; b) optionally, one or more reagents necessary for the quantification of the thymidylate synthase activity.
- the activity of the compounds inhibiting the thimydylate synthase activity of THYX can be tested in cultures of cells expressing THYX, by absence of expression of thyA.
- such a screening method can be carried out on cell cultures for the genome having a copy of a THYX gene but not of a thyA gene, such as for example cultures of Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, Rickettsia prowazekii, Borrelia burgdorferi or Chlamydia.
- such a method of screening for antibacterial or antiviral compounds in a cellular system can be carried out using cell cultures in which the thyA gene has been inactivated. and which have been transfected with a nucleic acid or a recombinant vector expressing a thyX gene in these cells, such as for example the strain of E. coli no X 2913 (MhyA) which has been transfected with an expression vector encoding a polypeptide THYX.
- the subject of the invention is also a method for screening an antibacterial or antiviral compound characterized in that it comprises the following steps: a) culturing cells expressing the thyX gene in the absence of expression of the thyA gene in a appropriate culture medium; b) bringing the cells into contact with a candidate compound to be tested; and c) selecting the candidate compounds inhibiting the thimydylate synthase activity of the polypeptide encoded by the thyX gene.
- the compounds selected according to the screening method above are those for which an inhibition of thymidylate synthase activity is observed in cells, compared with the thymidylate synthase activity observed in cultures of control cells which are not used. presence of the candidate compounds to be tested.
- the quantification of the thymidylate synthase activity can be carried out for example by incorporating radiolabelled uracil into the DNA of the cultured cells, according to techniques well known to those skilled in the art, the amount of radiolabelled dTTP in the DNA reflecting the level of thymidylate synthase activity in cell culture.
- the cells cultured in step a) of the method are incubated in the presence of radiolabelled uracil, for example ( 3 H) -uracil or ( 1 C) -uracil.
- radioactivity of dTTP in DNA is measured after hydrolysis of purified DNA using standard techniques (radioactivity counter).
- the cell lysates are filtered on a nitrocellulose membrane retaining the DNA, then the radioactivity contained on the filter is measured using a suitable radioactivity counter.
- the recombinant vector will be chosen so as to allow the expression of the THYX polypeptide in the host cell which is cultured during the process.
- the invention also relates to the use of a recombinant vector comprising a nucleic acid coding for a THYX polypeptide as defined above or a variant of this polypeptide.
- such a recombinant vector will comprise a nucleic acid chosen from the following nucleic acids: a) a nucleic acid coding for a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence chosen from the group of sequences SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 37 or a variant of this polypeptide, optionally fused to a heterologous polypeptide; b) a nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide chosen from the sequences SEQ ID No. 44 to SEQ ID No. 64, or a variant of the latter
- vector within the meaning of the present invention is meant a circular or linear DNA or RNA molecule which is either in the form of single strand or double strand.
- expression vectors comprising, in addition to a nucleic acid encoding a THYX polypeptide according to the invention, regulatory sequences making it possible to direct its transcription and / or its translation.
- a recombinant vector according to the invention will notably comprise the following elements:
- elements for regulating the expression of the nucleic acid to be inserted such as promoters and enhancers;
- the recombinant vectors according to the invention may include one or more origins of replication in the cellular hosts in which their expression is sought, one or more selection markers.
- the bacterial promoters could be the Lacl, LacZ promoters, the RNA polymerase promoters of bacteriophage T3 or T7, the PR or PL promoters of phage lambda.
- Promoters for eukaryotic cells will include the HSV virus thymidine kinase promoter or the mouse metallothionein-L promoter.
- HSV virus thymidine kinase promoter or the mouse metallothionein-L promoter.
- those skilled in the art may advantageously refer to the work by SAMBROOK et al. (1989) cited above or to the techniques described by FULLER et al. (1996).
- Vectors particularly suitable for expression of the nucleic acids according to the invention in bacteria are, for example, the vectors pQE70, pQE60 or pQE-9 (marketed by the company QIAGEN), the vectors pBluescript, Page script, pNH8A; pNH16a, pNH18a, pNH46A (sold by the company Stratagene), the vectors pKK223-3, pKK233-3, pDR540 and pRIT5 (sold by the company Pharmacia).
- Vectors particularly suitable for expression in eukaryotic cells are for example the vectors pWLNEO, pSV2CAT, pOG44, pXT1 and pSG (sold by the company Stratagene), the vectors pSVK3, pBPV, pMSG and pSVL (sold by the company Pharmacia)
- a first vector preferably used in the context of the invention is the vector pcDNA3 sold by the company Invitrogen.
- a second particularly preferred vector is the vector pBluescript SK (-), sold by the company Stratagene.
- the preferred bacterial vectors according to the invention are for example the vectors pBR322 (ATCC37017) or also vectors such as pAA223-3 (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden), and pGEM1 (Promega Biotech, Madison, Wl, USA). Mention may also be made of other commercial vectors such as the psiX174, pBluescript SA, pNH8A, pNH16A, pNH18A, pNH46A, pWLNEO, pSV2CAT, pOG44, pXTI, pSG (Stratagene) vectors.
- baculovirus type vectors such as the vector pVL1392 / 1393 (Pharmingen) used to transfect cells of the Sf9 line (ATCC No. CRL 1711) derived from Spodoptera frugiperda.
- adenoviral vectors such as human adenovirus type 2 or 5.
- a recombinant vector according to the invention can also be a retroviral vector or also an adeno-associated vector (AAV).
- AAV adeno-associated vector
- Such adeno-associated vectors are for example described by FLOTTE et al.
- the vector pBAD TOPO sold by the company Invitrogen is used, which allows expression of the thyX gene in E. coli which is precisely regulated by the presence or absence of arabinose in the medium of culture of cells transfected with such a recombinant vector, since the vector pBAD TOPO comprises the promoter PBAD which is inducible by arabinose. Examples of compounds inhibiting the thymidylate synthase activity of a THYX polypeptide.
- THYX polypeptides inhibiting the thymidylate synthase activity of a THYX polypeptide are potentially anti-bacterial and / or antiviral compounds without undesirable effects or with reduced undesirable effects for mammals, including humans.
- trimethoprim which is a specific inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase. This fact indicates that growth is dependent on folate.
- the invention also relates to the use of an antisense polynucleotide or oligonucleotide, capable of hybridizing specifically with the messenger RNA coding for a THYX polypeptide and capable of inhibiting or blocking its transcription and / or its translation.
- an antisense polynucleotide or oligonucleotide capable of hybridizing specifically with the messenger RNA coding for a THYX polypeptide and capable of inhibiting or blocking its transcription and / or its translation.
- Such a polynucleotide has the general structure which is defined in the present description for the probes and the primers according to the invention.
- an antisense polynucleotide capable of being used according to the invention comprises a sequence corresponding to a sequence located in the region of the 5 ′ end of the messenger RNA, and most preferably near the translation initiation codon (ATG) of the nucleic acid encoding the THYX polypeptide.
- ATG translation initiation codon
- an antisense polynucleotide according to the invention comprises a sequence corresponding to one of the sequences located at the exon / intron junctions of a gene coding for the THYX polypeptide and quite preferably sequences corresponding to a splicing site.
- An antisense polynucleotide according to the invention can be prepared from a nucleic acid encoding a THYX polypeptide chosen from the polypeptides of sequences SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 37.
- An antisense polynucleotide according to the invention can be prepared from a nucleic acid chosen from the nucleotide sequences SEQ ID No. 44 to SEQ ID No. 64.
- the antisense polynucleotides must have a sufficient length and melting temperature to allow the formation of an intracellular duplex hybrid having sufficient stability to inhibit the expression of the mRNA encoding the THYX polypeptide considered.
- Strategies for constructing antisense polynucleotides are notably described by Green et al. (1986) and Izant and Weintraub (1984).
- an antisense polynucleotide according to the invention has a length of 15 to 200 nucleotides.
- a sense polynucleotide of the invention thus has a length ranging from 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50 to 75, 100, 150 or 200 nucleotides.
- each of the antisense polynucleotides hybridizing with a region distinct from the gene or its messenger RNA.
- Other methods of implementing the antisense polynucleotides are for example those described by Sczakiel et al. (1995) or those described in PCT application No. WO 95/24223.
- THYX polypeptides as defined according to the invention in particular the polypeptides of amino acid sequences SEQ ID No. 1 to SEQ ID No. 37, or the variants thereof as well as the homologous peptides, can be used for the preparation antibodies which can be selected for their ability to inhibit or block their thymidylate synthase activity.
- the invention also relates to the use of antibodies directed against a THYX polypeptide to inhibit or block the thymidylate syn thase activity of this polypeptide.
- Such antibodies directed specifically against a THYX polypeptide constitute a new illustrative example of a compound inhibiting the thymidylate synthase activity of a THYX polypeptide according to the invention.
- Such antibodies potentially represent antibacterial or antiviral compounds.
- antibody within the meaning of the present invention, is meant in particular polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies or fragments (for example fragments F (ab) ' 2 , Fab) or any polypeptide comprising a domain of the initial antibody recognizing the polypeptide or the target polypeptide fragment according to the invention.
- Monoclonal antibodies can be prepared from hybridomas using the technique described by KOHLER and M1LSTEIN (1975).
- the present invention also relates to antibodies directed against a polypeptide as described above or a fragment or a variant thereof, as produced in the trioma technique or also the hybridoma technique described by KOZBOR et al. (1983).
- the invention also relates to fragments of single chain Fv antibody (ScFv) as described in US Patent No. 4,946,778 or by MARTINEAU et al. (1998).
- the antibodies according to the invention also include fragments of antibodies obtained using phage banks RIDDER et al., (1995) or even humanized antibodies (REIMANN et al., 1997; LEGER et al., 1997) .
- the invention also relates to an antibacterial or antiviral pharmaceutical composition
- an antibacterial or antiviral pharmaceutical composition comprising, as active principle an antisense oligonucleotide specifically hybridizing with a messenger RNA coding for a THYX polypeptide as defined in the present description, in association with one or more physiologically compatible excipients.
- an antisense oligonucleotide specifically hybridizing with the messenger RNA coding for a THYX polypeptide as defined in the present description for the manufacture of an antibacterial or antiviral drug.
- Such a pharmaceutical composition will preferably comprise concentrations of antisense oligonucleotides which are at least equimolar to those of the corresponding messenger RNA in the cell.
- excipients which can be used in combination with an antisense oligonucleotide as defined above, mention may be made of synthetic cationic molecules which bind to the anionic sites of the antisense oligonucleotide, which facilitates the passage of the antisense oligonucleotide through the cell membrane by non-specific endositosis, such as those described by Schofield in 1995 or those described by BEHR IN 1994.
- excipient which can be used in combination with an antisense oligonucleotide according to the invention is the compound lipofectin TM, which is composed of a 1: 1 formulation DOTMA quaternary ammonium compound and dioleoylphosphatidylethalolamine, sonicated in the form of small unilamellar vesicles in water.
- a subject of the invention is also an antibacterial or antiviral pharmaceutical composition comprising, as active principle, an antibody directed specifically against a THYX polypeptide as defined in the description, in association with one or more physiologically compatible excipients.
- the invention also relates to the use of an antibody directed specifically against a THYX polypeptide as defined in the description for the manufacture of an antibacterial or antiviral drug.
- the invention also relates to a method for the prevention or treatment of a bacterial or viral condition, said method comprising a step of administration of a therapeutically effective amount of an antisense oligonucleotide or of an antibody specific for a THYX polypeptide as described above.
- a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention can be administered by any route, for example by intravenous, intramuscular, oral or mucausal route, in combination with a physiologically compatible vehicle and / or an adjuvant or excipient.
- An antibody directed specifically against a THYX polypeptide is present in a pharmaceutical composition according to the invention in amounts suitable for daily administration of 10 nanograms to 10 mg of antibody, preferably from 100 nanograms to 1 mg and completely preferred from 1 ⁇ g to 100 ⁇ g of antibody.
- the thyX genes have been found according to the invention in various bacteria and viruses pathogens for mammals, especially bacteria pathogens for humans, and viruses.
- probes or primers derived from genomic nucleic acids or from messenger RNA encoding a THYX polypeptide constitute means for detecting the presence of a bacterium or a pathogenic virus in a sample, and more specifically d '' a biological sample taken from humans or animals, for example a sample of saliva, tears, blood, plasma or serum or a biopsy sample or a smear.
- the nucleic acids derived from any of the nucleotide sequences encoding a THYX polypeptide as defined in the description, in particular the nucleic acids of sequences SEQ ID No. 44 to SEQ ID No. 64 are useful for detecting the presence of 'at least one copy of a nucleotide sequence chosen from the sequences SEQ ID No 44 to SEQ ID No 64 or a fragment or a variant thereof in a sample.
- nucleotide probes or primers according to the invention will have a length of 10, 12, 15, 18 or 20 to 25, 35, 40, 50, 70, 80, 100, 200, 500, 10 ⁇ 0, 1500 consecutive nucleotides d 'a nucleic acid encoding a THYX polypeptide or a nucleic acid of complementary sequence.
- a probe or a nucleotide primer according to the invention will consist and / or include fragments with a length of 12, 15, 18, 20, 25, 35, 40, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 1500 nucleotides consecutive of a nucleic acid encoding a THYX polypeptide according to the invention, more particularly of a nucleic acid chosen from the sequences SEQ ID No. 44 to SEQ ID No. 64, or of a nucleic acid of complementary sequence.
- a probe and of a nucleotide primer according to the invention includes oligonucleotides which hybridize, under the conditions of high stringency hybridization defined below, with a nucleic acid coding for a THYX polypeptide, in particular a nucleic acid. chosen from the sequences SEQ ID No. 44 to SEQ ID No. 64 or with a sequence complementary to the latter. Definition of hybridization conditions
- hybridization conditions within the meaning of the invention, is meant the following hybridization conditions:
- Prehybridization same conditions as for hybridization duration: 1 night.
- Tm temperature at which 50% of the paired strands separate
- Tm 81.5 + 0.41 (% G + C) +16.6 Log (cation concentration) - 0.63 (% formamide) - (600 / number of bases) (SAMBROOK et al., (1989) , pages 9.54-9.62).
- Tm 4 (G + C) + 2 (A + T).
- the hybridization temperature is approximately 5 to 30 ° C, preferably 5 to 10 ° C below Tm.
- the hybridization conditions described above are used for the hybridization of a nucleic acid 200 bases in length and can be adapted as a function of the length of the nucleic acid whose hybridization is sought or of the type chosen marking, according to techniques known to those skilled in the art.
- the suitable hybridization conditions can for example be adapted according to the teaching contained in the work of HAMES and HIGGINS (1985) or also in the work of AUSUBEL et al. (1989).
- the level and the specificity of hybridization depends on various parameters, such as: a) the purity of the preparation of the nucleic acid on which the probe or the primer must hybridize; b) the base composition of the probe or of the primer, the base pairs G-C having greater thermal stability than the base pairs A-T or A-U; c) the length of the homologous base sequence between the probe or the primer and the nucleic acid; d) ionic strength: the rate of hybridization increases with increasing ionic strength and the duration of the incubation time; e) the incubation temperature; f) the concentration of the nucleic acid on which the probe or the primer is to hybridize; g) the presence of denaturing agents, such as agents promoting the breaking of hydrogen bonds, such as formamide or urea, which increase the stringency of the hybridization; h) the incubation time, the incubation rate increasing with the duration of the incubation; i) the presence of bulk exclusion agents, such as dex
- a primer or a nucleotide probe according to the invention can be prepared by any suitable method well known to those skilled in the art, including by cloning and action of restriction enzymes or also by direct chemical synthesis according to techniques such as the method at phosphodiester from NARANG et al. (1979) or BROWN et al. (1979), the diethylphosphoramidite method of BEAUCAGE et al. (1980) or the solid support technique described in EU patent N ⁇ P 0 707 592.
- Each of the nucleic acids according to the invention can be labeled, if desired, by incorporating a marker detectable by spectroscopic, photochemical, biochemical, immunochemical or even chemical means.
- markers can consist of radioactive isotopes ( 32 P, 33 P,, 3 H, 35 S,), fluorescent molecules (5-bromodeoxyuridine, fluorescein, acetylaminofluorene, digoxigenin) or also ligands such as biotin .
- the labeling of the probes is preferably done by incorporating labeled molecules within the polynucleotides by extension of primers, or else by adding to the 5 ′ or 3 ′ ends.
- oligonucleotide probes according to the invention can be used in particular in Southern type hybridizations with genomic DNA or also in hybridizations with the corresponding messenger RNA when the expression of the corresponding transcript is sought in a sample.
- the probes according to the invention can also be used for the detection of PCR amplification products or even for the detection of mismatches.
- Nucleotide probes or primers according to the invention can be immobilized on a solid support.
- Such solid supports are well known to those skilled in the art and include surfaces of the wells of microtiter plates, polystyrene beds, magnetic beds, nitrocellulose strips, or even microparticles such as latex particles.
- the subject of the invention is also the use of a sodium hydroxide or a nucleic acid primer hybridizing with a nucleic acid coding for a THYX polypeptide, as defined in the description, in a method for detecting a bacterium or a virus, especially a bacteria or virus pathogenic to mammals, including humans.
- the present invention also relates to a method for detecting the presence of a nucleic acid as described above in a sample, said method comprising the steps of:
- the oligonucleotide probe (s) are immobilized on a support.
- the oligonucleotide probes include a detectable marker.
- the invention further relates to a kit or kit for detecting the presence of a nucleic acid according to the invention in a sample, said kit comprising: a) one or more nucleotide probes as described above; b) where appropriate, the reagents necessary for the hybridization reaction.
- the detection kit or kit is characterized in that the probe or probes are immobilized on a support.
- the detection kit or kit is characterized in that the oligonucleotide probes comprise a detectable marker.
- such a kit will comprise a plurality of oligonucleotide probes in accordance with the invention which can be used to detect target sequences of interest or alternatively to detect mutations in the coding regions or the non-coding regions of the nucleic acids according to the invention, more particularly of the acids nucleic acids of sequences SEQ ID No. 44 to SEQ ID No. 64 or the nucleic acids of complementary sequence.
- the probes according to the invention immobilized on a support can be ordered in matrices such as "DNA chips". Such ordered matrices have been described in particular in the patent.
- nucleotide primers according to the invention can be used to amplify any of the nucleic acids according to the invention, and more particularly all or part of a nucleic acid of sequences SEQ ID No. 44 to SEQ ID No. 64, or again a variant of it.
- Another subject of the invention relates to a method for the amplification of a nucleic acid according to the invention, and more particularly a nucleic acid of sequences SEQ ID No. 44 to SEQ
- ID No. 64 or a fragment or variant thereof contained in a sample, said method comprising the steps of: a) contacting the sample in which the presence of the target nucleic acid is suspected with a pair of 'nucleotide primers whose hybridization position is located respectively on the 5' side and on the 3 'side of the region of the target nucleic acid whose amplification is sought, in the presence of the reagents necessary for the amplification reaction; and b) detection of the amplified nucleic acids.
- the subject of the invention is also a kit or kit for the amplification of a nucleic acid according to the invention, and more particularly all or part of a nucleic acid of sequences SEQ ID N ° 44 to SEQ ID N ° 64 , said kit or kit comprising: a) a pair of nucleotide primers in accordance with the invention, the hybridization position of which is located respectively on the 5 ′ side and on the 3 ′ side of the target nucleic acid, the amplification of which is sought; b) where appropriate, the reagents necessary for the amplification reaction.
- Such an amplification kit or kit will advantageously comprise at least one pair of nucleotide primers as described above.
- the selection marker genes which are carried by the DNA molecule encoding the gene or genes of interest which it is desired to introduce into the host organism or the host cell, and which are consequently introduced into the host cell simultaneously to the genes of interest, make it possible to select the recombinant host cells.
- a nucleic acid encoding a THYX polypeptide when used for the transfection of auxotrophic host cells for the synthesis of thymidine, constitutes an excellent marker for the selection of a transformation, transfection or recombination event of the host cell. Indeed, the introduction of a nucleic acid encoding a THYX polypeptide simultaneously with one or more genes of interest into the host cell restores the autotrophy of the host cell having successfully undergone transfection, transformation or recombination. In this way, one can select host cells having undergone the transfection, transformation or recombination event by pressure of selection of the medium, in particular by culturing the host cells in the absence of thymidine. In this case, only the host cells which have been recombined survive in the absence of thymidine in the culture medium. In addition, a nucleic acid encoding a THYX polypeptide is completely harmless to the environment.
- Vectors comprising a nucleic acid encoding a THYX polypeptide as a selection marker gene can be prepared from conventional vectors according to techniques well known to those skilled in the art, for example from the preferred vectors according to the invention.
- Another subject of the invention is the use of a nucleic acid coding for a THYX polypeptide as defined in the description as a marker for the selection of a transfection, transformation or genetic recombination event of a host cell or of 'a host organism.
- a cloning and / or expression vector comprising a nucleic acid coding for a THYX polypeptide as defined in the description as marker genes for selection of a transfection, transformation or genetic recombination event.
- ThyX The work of the inventors on the activity of ThyX has made it possible to identify the enzymatic mechanism and thus to optimize the reaction conditions by highlighting the importance of the addition of certain compounds in the reaction medium.
- the invention therefore also aims at the use of such media and their application.
- ThyX a reaction medium for the thymidylate synthase activity of ThyX, characterized in that it contains reduced flavins and CH 2 H 4 folate.
- the reduced flavins of this medium are obtained by in situ reduction of oxidized flavins.
- concentration of oxidized flavins is then from 50 ⁇ M to 1 mM, preferably 0.5 mM.
- the oxidized flavins are mononucleotide flavins (FMN) and / or flavin adenine dinucleotides (FAD).
- FMN mononucleotide flavins
- FAD flavin adenine dinucleotides
- the reduction of flavins can be carried out chemically, enzymatically, photochemically or electrochemically and more particularly, with
- the concentration of CH 2 H 4 folate is from 50 ⁇ M to 2 mM, preferably 1 mM.
- the medium can also comprise dUMP (uridine 5'-monophosphate), at a concentration ranging from 1 ⁇ M to
- the concentration of NADH is 0.1 to 1 mM, and that in
- NADPH from 0.5 to 5mM.
- the invention further relates to screening methods.
- it aims to provide a method for screening an antibacterial or antiviral compound in vitro in an acellular system characterized in that said method comprises the following steps: a) preparing a cell lysate from a culture of cells expressing a THYX polypeptide in the absence of a polypeptide encoded by a thyA gene and comprising a medium according to the invention; b) add to the cell lysate obtained in step a) the inhibitor compound to be tested; c) comparing the thymidylate synthase ThyX activity respectively in the cell lysate obtained in step a) and in the cell lysate obtained in step b); and d) selecting the candidate compounds for which an inhibition of ThyX thymidylate synthase activity has been detected.
- dTMP is preferably used and
- kits or kits for the screening of a ThyX thymidylate synthase inhibitor compound characterized in that it comprises: a) a composition comprising a THYX polypeptide and a medium according to the invention, in solution or in lyophilized form; b) optionally, one or more reagents necessary for the quantification of the ThyX thymidylate synthase activity.
- the kit or kit necessary for the screening of an antibacterial or antiviral compound can also comprise: a) a recombinant expression vector comprising a nucleic acid encoding a ThyX polypeptide under the control of a functional promoter in a cell host in which its expression is sought or a host cell transfected with such a recombinant vector; b) a medium according to the invention; c) optionally, one or more reagents necessary for the quantification of ThyX thymidylate synthase activity.
- Figure 5 presents biochemical analyzes of the ThyX of H.
- ThyX spectroscopic analyzes of H. pylori indicate that ThyX is a flavoprotein.
- the window shows the spectrum for the oxidized enzyme and the reduced dithionic protein.
- Figure 6 illustrates the dTMP formation activity of the ThyX protein of H. pylori.
- the enzymatic reactions were carried out as described in Table 1, using dUMP labeled in position 6.
- the reaction products were analyzed using a C 18 reverse phase column by isocratic elution, using 10 mM phosphate buffer. .
- the elution times for dUMP and dTMP were determined using the authentic references.
- EXAMPLE 1 Expression of the THYX polypeptide of Helicobacter pylori in E. coli.
- the DNAs comprising the open reading frame coding for the THYX polypeptide of Helicobacter pylori (strain 26.695) (sequence SEQ ID No. 21) was obtained by PCR amplification using the primers specific for sequences SEQ ID No. 38 and SEQ ID N ° 39 from the clone GHPEH26 publicly accessible from the AMERICAN TYPE CULTURE COLLECTION under the access number n ° 628.507.
- DNA comprising the open reading frame encoding the THYX polypeptide of Pyrococcus. abyssi (ORSAY strain) (SEQ ID No. 12) was prepared by PCR amplification using primers specific for sequences SEQ ID No. 40 and SEQ ID No.
- the DNA comprising the open reading frame coding for the THYX polypeptide of Campylobacter jejuni (strain NCTC 11168) (SEQ ID No. 27) was prepared by PCR amplification using primers specific for sequences SEQ ID No. 42 and SEQ ID No. 43 from genomic DNA publicly available from the ATCC (Aerican Culture Collection) under access number 7008199.
- PCR amplification products were cloned into the vector pBAD TOPO TA activated by topoisomerase-1, marketed by the
- the E. coli clones were characterized by sequencing the DNA inserts contained in the vector pBADTOPOTA.
- FIG. 2A show that the expression of the THYX polypeptide is induced in the presence of 0.2% of> Arafo ⁇ ose in the culture medium, as has been detected using anti-V5 monoclonal antibodies marketed by the
- the growth capacity of the E. coli strains expressing the THYX polypeptides of H. pylori and P. abyssi was determined after culturing the recombinant E. coli cells for 3 to 4 days in the presence or in the absence of a 0.2% concentration of Arabinose on a minimal M9 agar medium devoid of thymidine (Michaels et al., 1990).
- the expression of the thyX gene of H. pylori in the strain of E. coli X2193 which was induced by Arabinosis made it possible to complement this strain of E.coli initially deficient in thymidylate synthase activity and restore the prototrophy of this strain of E.coli for thymidine.
- the two recombinant E. coli strains were nevertheless capable of multiplying in a minimal agar medium in the presence of thymidine at the final concentration of 50 ⁇ g / ml.
- the Helicobacter pylori GHPEH26 clone contains a 1.521 kb DNA insert corresponding to nucleotides 1613133-1611.613 of the ORF reference AE00511, locus 10, HP 1533, referenced in databases as DNA seq. Ace: AE000 511.
- the clone GHPEH26 is marketed by the company TIGR / ATCC
- the H. pylori thyX gene obtained by PCR from this clone represents a DNA fragment with a length of 693 bp.
- the SDS PAGE electrophoresis gel results illustrated in FIG. 3 show that the strain of E. coli transformed with the DNA of Campylobacter jejuni produces a THYX polypeptide of the expected molecular weight.
- ⁇ thyA gene encoding thymidylate synthase necessary for the synthesis of NOVO from dTMP; thyX, a new gene family involved in the biosynthesis of pyrimidines; DHFR, essential dihydrofolate reductase for recycling an essential methyl donor in the synthesis of dTMP; tdki thymidine kinase required for the rescue of exogenous thymidine which is then converted to dTMP; UPP, uracylphosphoribosyl transferase (UPRTase) required for the rescue of uracyl.
- Table 2 the results of the tests for the presence in particular of the thyX and thyA genes are presented in some of the organisms listed in Table 1.
- thyX gene in many bacteria and the eukaryotic DNA virus as well as in many bacteria pathogenic to humans makes it a preferred target for antibacterial or antiviral compounds that do not interfere with the metabolic pathway of the thymidylate synthase THYA present in humans.
- DHFR genes encoding a dihydrofolate reductase, which is required for the recycling of an essential cofactor of thymidylate metabolism, CH 2 H -folate.
- the starting DNA (“Template”) used is the plasmid pBAD TOPO, sold by the company InVitrogen, into which the thyX gene Helicobacter pylori 26695 has been inserted.
- TAC Tyrosine 1 residue 10
- ACT threonine
- TTC phenylalanine
- Glutamate 142 residue (codon “GAA”) was replaced respectively by the Alanine residues (codon “GCT”) and Aspartate (codon “GAT”), using the appropriate mutagenic oligonucleotides.
- Glutamate 205 residue (codon "GAA") was replaced by the Leucine residue (codon "TTA”), using the appropriate mutagenic oligonucleotides.
- a mutation by replacing histidine 71 with Glutamine leads to the production of a polypeptide capable of interacting with co- flavin factor, but which does not complement bacteria for thymidylate synthase activity.
- Rhodobacter capsulatus has been inactivated (by "knock out”).
- the bacteria deficient in THYX protein have expressed a phenotypic character of auxotrophy for thymidine, that is to say that they multiply only in the presence of thymidine.
- These latest results clearly show that the THYX proteins are essential for the metabolism of thymidine.
- These experiments show that the thyX proteins are essential for bacterial growth in the absence of thymidine, which proves the usefulness of the thyX gene or of the THYX polypeptide as a therapeutic target.
- ThYX from H. pylori carrying a histidine marker on its carboxy terminus was purified from acellular extracts of strain ⁇ 2913 of E. coli subjected to arabinose induction by immobilized nickel affinity chromatography.
- the expected molecular weights of PAB0861 and HP1533, comprising an amino-terminal translational activator sequence and a carboxy-terminal V5 region and epitopes of hexahistidine, are 33.7 and 31.5 kDa, respectively.
- Protein expression was induced with 0.2% L-arabinose.
- the proteins expressed were detected using V5-specific monoclonal antibodies (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
- the ThyX protein with an antigenic site marked with H. pylori and biologically active was purified from 200 ml of cultures of pGL2 / E. coli X2913 [MhyA (Table 3)] after 2 hours of induction with 0.2% L-arabinose.
- a QIA expression kit (Qiagen) under standard endogenous conditions was used for the purification as indicated by the manufacturer, comprising 10% (volume / volume) of glycerol in all the buffers.
- the protein samples obtained were dialyzed against 50 mM of phosphate buffer, pH 7.4 and 10% glycerol (volume / volume) after elution to remove the imidazole.
- the protein concentration in pure samples was estimated by reading A 2 8o, justifying the absorbance A 2 8o of the cofactor of flavin with non-covalent bond, at 35560 M "1 cm '1 , calculated with respect to the known sequence of amino acids, and was used for the ThyX apoprotein from H. pylori.
- the protein preparations obtained usually contained 1 to 2 mg / ml of protein, with a molecular mass of approximately 31 kDa on SDS-PAGE gels (the expected molecular mass of ThyX from H. pylori is 31 , 5 kDa) ( Figure 5A), and had a light yellow color.
- Spectroscopic analyzes of the isolated (oxidized) protein showed absorbance characteristics typical of a flavoprotein ( Figure 5B), with large peaks at 447.5 and 375 nm. These absorption peaks were found to be absent in the enzyme reduced to dithionite. Similar absorption characteristics were found for the cofactor after it was released from the protein by heat denaturation at 80 ° C for 5 minutes.
- the cofactor associated with the ThyX of H. pylori was identified as a FAD (flavin-adenine dinucleotide). It has been estimated that the various ThyX enzyme preparations of H. pylori contain 0.4 to 0.5 molecules of FAD per monomer. In all, these spectroscopic properties indicate that H. pylori ThyX is a flavoprotein and or uses flavin cofactors in catalysis.
- the loss of [5-H] dUMP tritium in the solvent is a compulsory intermediate, making it possible to quantify the activity of thymidylate synthetase after elimination of the radioactive nucleotides from the reaction mixtures (ROBERTS, 1966).
- the purified ThyX protein was used to the same extent.
- the N 5 , N 10 -CH 2 H folate was formed in a non-enzymatic manner, by incubation of 2 mM of tetrahydrofolic acid (Sigma®) with 100 mM of ⁇ -mercaptoethanol and 20 mM of formalin for 30 minutes in the dark and at room temperature.
- the tritium release assays with a purified enzyme were carried out in 50 mM Tris-CI, pH 7.9, comprising a preparation of 1 mM CH 2 H 4 folate obtained as described above.
- the control reactions were carried out under analogous conditions, without tetrahydrofolic acid.
- the reactions at 50 ⁇ l were started by adding 6 ⁇ M of [5- 3 H] dUMP, the specific activity at 16.2 Ci / mmol (Amersham) and stopped after 60 minutes at 37 ° C by two extractions with 250 ⁇ l activated carbon [10% (weight / volume) of Norit A] in 2% trichloroacetic acid to remove the nucleotides from the reaction mixtures.
- the residual radioactivity in the supernatant was determined according to MYLLYKALLIO (2000).
- ThyX catalyzes in vitro the release of tritium from (5- 3 H) dUMP as a function of the protein concentration and in a CH 2 H dependent folate manner, which demonstrates the biochemical activity of the proteins ThyX.
- Optimized reaction conditions are reported in Table 3. Table 3. Optimization of the reaction conditions for the ThyX protein from H. pylori
- the complete test contains 50 mM Tris-HCI, pH 7.0, 1 mM CH 2 H 4 folate preparation, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 2 mM NADPH, 1 mM NADH, 0.5 mM FMN and 9 ⁇ M 3H-dUMP (specific activity 1, 7357 Ci / mmol).
- the preparation of CH 2 H folate is obtained by incubation for 30 minutes in the dark of 2 mM of H -folate, of 96 mM of 2-mercaptoethanol and of 42 mM of formaldehyde and of 50 mM of Tris-HCl.
- the FMN can be effectively replaced by FAD (flavin adenine di-nucleotide).
- 20 ⁇ M of dUMP and 100 ⁇ M of CH 2 H folate are sufficient to saturate the tritium release activity of the ThyX protein of H. pylori during an incubation of 60 minutes.
- fluoro-dUMP has also been shown to act as an inhibitor of THYX proteins. These results show that deoxynucleotides monophosphates can be used to identify new THYX inhibitors. For practical application, these results also show that the tests are also useful for targeting the THYX proteins.
- ThyA uses H folate electrons for the formation of the methyl functional group.
- CH 2 H 4 folate functions in the reaction catalyzed by ThyX only as a carbon donor, thereby causing the formation of H 4 folate as a reaction product.
- This reaction mechanism clearly explains why dihydrofolate reductase is not essential for the formation of thymidylate by the ThyX proteins (Table 4).
- Tdk thymidine kinase, necessary for the recovery of. exogenous thymidine.
- DHFR dihydrofolate reductase
- the Serine residue is either absent or located at the amino terminal end of the protein.
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Priority Applications (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US10/485,106 US20040248195A1 (en) | 2001-08-02 | 2002-08-02 | Uses of a thyx polypeptide or a nucleic acid encoding such a polypeptide, in particular for screening anti-bacterial or anti-viral compounds |
| EP02772483A EP1414972A2 (fr) | 2001-08-02 | 2002-08-02 | Utilisations d'un polypeptide thyx et d'un acide nucleique codant un tel polypeptide, notamment pour le criblage de composes anti-bacteriens ou anti-viraux |
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0110401A FR2828211B1 (fr) | 2001-08-02 | 2001-08-02 | Utilisations d'un polypeptide thyx ou d'un acide nucleique codant un tel polypeptide, notamment pour le criblage de composes anti-bacteriens ou anti-viraux |
| FR0110401 | 2001-08-02 | ||
| FR0205585 | 2002-05-03 | ||
| FR0205585A FR2828207B1 (fr) | 2001-08-02 | 2002-05-03 | Milieux de reaction pour l'activite thymidylate synthase de la thyx |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2003012108A2 true WO2003012108A2 (fr) | 2003-02-13 |
| WO2003012108A3 WO2003012108A3 (fr) | 2004-03-04 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2002/002795 WO2003012108A2 (fr) | 2001-08-02 | 2002-08-02 | Utilisations d'un polypeptide thyx d'un acide nucleique codant un tel polypeptide, notamment pour le criblage de composes anti-bacteriens ou anti-viraux. |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20040248195A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1414972A2 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2828207B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2003012108A2 (fr) |
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| KR20050100504A (ko) * | 2004-04-14 | 2005-10-19 | 주식회사 한국한신테크노 | 초과유량을 바이패스하는 유량조절장치 |
| FR2900341B1 (fr) | 2006-04-27 | 2012-09-14 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Utilisation de ligands synthetiques multivalents de la nucleoline de surface pour le traitement du cancer |
| AU2008356840B2 (en) * | 2008-05-22 | 2013-05-16 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (Cnrs) | New optically pure compounds for improved therapeutic efficiency |
| CN103338782A (zh) | 2010-10-04 | 2013-10-02 | 国家科学研究中心 | 包含表面核仁素的多价合成配体和糖胺聚糖的组合物 |
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2002
- 2002-05-03 FR FR0205585A patent/FR2828207B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-08-02 WO PCT/FR2002/002795 patent/WO2003012108A2/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2002-08-02 US US10/485,106 patent/US20040248195A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-08-02 EP EP02772483A patent/EP1414972A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (11)
| Title |
|---|
| CARRERAS C W ET SANTI D V: "The catalytic mechanism and structure of thymidylate synthase" ANNUAL REVIEW OF BIOCHEMISTRY, PALTO ALTO, CA, US, vol. 64, 1995, pages 721-762, XP002093507 ISSN: 0066-4154 * |
| DATABASE EMBL [en ligne] 17 juillet 1998 (1998-07-17) Database accession no. AE001268 XP002200059 * |
| DATABASE EMBL [en ligne] 19 décembre 1997 (1997-12-19) Database accession no. AE000790 XP002200058 * |
| DATABASE EMBL [en ligne] 30 août 2000 (2000-08-30) Database accession no. AF189021 XP002200060 * |
| DATABASE EMBL [en ligne] 4 juin 1999 (1999-06-04) Database accession no. AE001723 XP002200061 * |
| DELK A S ET AL: "METHYLENE TETRA HYDRO FOLATE DEPENDENT BIOSYNTHESIS OF RIBO THYMIDINE IN TRANSFER RNA OF STREPTOCOCCUS-FAECALIS EVIDENCE FOR REDUCTION OF THE 1 CARBON UNIT BY FADH-2" JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, vol. 255, no. 10, 1980, pages 4387-4390, XP002235752 ISSN: 0021-9258 * |
| DYNES J L ET AL: "MOLECULAR COMPLEMENTATION OF A GENETIC MARKER IN DICTYOSTELIUM USING A GENOMIC DNA LIBRARY" PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES, vol. 86, no. 20, 1989, pages 7966-7970, XP002200055 1989 ISSN: 0027-8424 cité dans la demande * |
| GALPERIN MICHAEL Y ET AL: "Who's your neighbor? New computational approaches for functional genomics" NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 18, no. 6, juin 2000 (2000-06), pages 609-613, XP002262588 ISSN: 1087-0156 * |
| IYER LM ET AL: "Quod erat demonstrandum? The mystery of experimental validation of apparently erroneous computational analyses of protein sequences" GENOME BIOLOGY, [en ligne] vol. 2, no. 12, 13 novembre 2001 (2001-11-13), pages research0051.1-research0051.11, XP002200056 ISSN: 1465-6914 Extrait de l'Internet: <URL:http://genomebiology.com/2001/2/12/re search/20051.1> [extrait le 2002-05-23] * |
| MYLLYKALLIO HANNU ET AL: "An alternative flavin-dependent mechanism for thymidylate synthesis" SCIENCE, AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE,, US, vol. 297, no. 5578, 23 mai 2002 (2002-05-23), pages 105-107, XP002235740 ISSN: 0036-8075 * |
| TATUSOV ROMAN L ET AL: "The COG database: New developments in phylogenetic classification of proteins from complete genomes." NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH, vol. 29, no. 1, 1 janvier 2001 (2001-01-01), pages 22-28, XP002200057 ISSN: 0305-1048 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2828207B1 (fr) | 2004-12-24 |
| WO2003012108A3 (fr) | 2004-03-04 |
| US20040248195A1 (en) | 2004-12-09 |
| EP1414972A2 (fr) | 2004-05-06 |
| FR2828207A1 (fr) | 2003-02-07 |
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