WO2003002647A1 - Rubber material that is low in n-nitrosamine - Google Patents
Rubber material that is low in n-nitrosamine Download PDFInfo
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- WO2003002647A1 WO2003002647A1 PCT/DE2002/002113 DE0202113W WO03002647A1 WO 2003002647 A1 WO2003002647 A1 WO 2003002647A1 DE 0202113 W DE0202113 W DE 0202113W WO 03002647 A1 WO03002647 A1 WO 03002647A1
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- molecular sieve
- radical scavenger
- rubber material
- material according
- rubber
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K9/00—Use of pretreated ingredients
- C08K9/04—Ingredients treated with organic substances
Definitions
- the invention relates to a low-N-nitrosamine rubber material, comprising a vulcanized rubber mixture, in particular based on ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM), with the admixture of customary washing ingredients, such as vulcanizing agents (for example sulfur or sulfur donors), accelerators, filler (for example soot). , Zinc oxide and possibly other additives (eg anti-aging agents).
- vulcanizing agents for example sulfur or sulfur donors
- accelerators for example soot
- Zinc oxide for example zinc oxide
- additives eg anti-aging agents
- the low-N-nitrosamine rubber material should also have the following properties:
- a semi-efficient (SEV) or efficient vulcanization (EV) system creates the short-chain sulfur bridges required to achieve good dynamic properties on the one hand and high resistance to compression deformation on the other.
- N-nitrosamines can be formed in the conventional crosslinking reaction of rubber materials. Furthermore, raw materials, fillers and auxiliary substances allow the introduction of N-nitrosamines or the reactants required for their formation (especially nitrogen oxides). In addition, the nitrogen oxides in the ambient air can react with the secondary amines in the rubber material and form N-nitrosamines.
- the task now is to provide a material in which the mentioned material properties are guaranteed, in which a diffusion of nitrogen oxides and / or secondary amines and / or N-nitrosamines is prevented during manufacture, storage and use, and this is additionally from the point of view of economy.
- the rubber mixture is additionally admixed with a molecular sieve with or without water of crystallization, which is loaded with a radical scavenger, to form a molecular sieve / radical scavenger adduct, the radical scavenger being nitrogen oxides and / or secondary amines and / or N - Nitrosamine binds.
- the molecular sieve is a metal-aluminum-silicate of the following formula:
- the rubber material is characterized in that the molecular sieve / radical scavenger adduct additionally contains water of crystallization, such that the molecular sieve is partially dehydrated with respect to a sufficient basic molar amount (m) of water of crystallization, the molecular sieve being loaded with the reduced molar amount (m 1 ) of water of crystallization with the radical scavenger, so that when adsorbing Water while increasing the crystal water content of the molecular sieve, a desorption of the radical scavenger takes place, the radical scavenger binding nitrogen oxides and / or secondary amines and / or N-nitrosamines.
- m basic molar amount
- m 1 reduced molar amount
- the molecular sieve is again a metal-aluminum-silicate of the following formula:
- the basic molar amount (m) of water of crystallization is at least 100, in particular at least 200.
- the partially dehydrated molecular sieve has a degree of dehydration of at least 20%, preferably 40 to 70%.
- the radical scavenger is preferably a sterically hindered organic compound, in particular a quinoline derivative, again 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (TMQ) being mentioned in particular.
- TMQ 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline
- a benzoate, in particular benzylidene phthalide (structural formula, claim 17), is also an effective radical scavenger.
- the quantitative ratio of molecular sieve to radical scavenger is 90:10 to 40:60, in particular 50:50.
- the rubber mixture has the following proportions:
- the object of the invention is to provide a method for producing the rubber material according to the invention. This additional task is solved by the following procedural steps:
- the molecular sieve is loaded with the radical scavenger to form the molecular sieve / radial scavenger adduct;
- the loading takes place in particular under normal pressure by means of a Mteilrmühle or a ball mill.
- the molecular sieve with a sufficient basic molar amount (m) of water of crystallization is partially dehydrated at a temperature of 100 to 500 ° C, preferably at 350 to 450 ° C, for several hours, preferably 2 to 6 hours;
- the partially dehydrated molecular sieve is loaded with the reduced molar amount (m ') to form the molecular sieve / radical scavenger adduct.
- the dehydration also takes place here in particular under normal pressure.
- the rubber article 1 with the properties mentioned at the outset comprises a rubber material 2 which is shaped in accordance with the specific area of application (for example engine mount, metal rubber layer spring).
- the molecular sieve / radical scavenger adduct 3 is now in powder form and mixed into the rubber material 2 with an essentially uniform distribution.
- a sodium-aluminum-silicate of the formula is used as the molecular sieve
- the molecular sieve / radical scavenger adduct 3 now, when water (moisture) is adsorbed while increasing the crystal water content of the molecular sieve, desorptively releases the radical scavenger Z, which binds nitrogen oxides X-] and / or secondary amines X 2 and / or N-nitrosamines X 3 .
- the rate of release of the radical scavenger can also be controlled by means of the degree of dehydration.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
N-nitrosaminarmer Gummiwerkstoff Low-N-nitrosamine rubber material
Beschreibungdescription
Die Erfindung betrifft einen N-nitrosaminarmen Gummiwerkstoff, umfassend eine vulkanisierte Kautschukmischung, insbesondere auf Basis von Ethylen-Propylen-Dien- Terpolymer (EPDM), unter Beimischung üblicher ischungsingredienzien, wie Vulkanisationsmittel (z.B. Schwefel oder Schwefelspender), Beschleuniger, Füllstoff (z.B. Ruß), Zinkoxid sowie gegebenenfalls weitere Zusatzstoffe (z.B. Alterungsschutzmittel).The invention relates to a low-N-nitrosamine rubber material, comprising a vulcanized rubber mixture, in particular based on ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM), with the admixture of customary washing ingredients, such as vulcanizing agents (for example sulfur or sulfur donors), accelerators, filler (for example soot). , Zinc oxide and possibly other additives (eg anti-aging agents).
Der N-nitrosaminarme Gummiwerkstoff soll sich darüber hinaus durch folgende Eigenschaften auszeichnen:The low-N-nitrosamine rubber material should also have the following properties:
- thermische Beständigkeit > 120°C;- thermal resistance> 120 ° C;
- hohe dynamische Belastbarkeit;- high dynamic resilience;
- hohe Beständigkeit gegen Druckverformung;- high resistance to compression deformation;
- niedrige Ausgasung flüchtiger Substanzen.- low outgassing of volatile substances.
Nach dem heutigen Stand der Technik (DE 37 09 311 A1 , DE 37 09 312 A1 , DE 40 27 114 A1 , DE 40 36 420 A1 , DE 40 37 756 A1 , DE 40 38 946 A1 , DE 41 29 023 A1, DE 42 07028 A1 ) ist es nicht möglich, die genannten Eigenschaften durch ein kanzerogen unbedenkliches Vulkanisationssystem zu erreichen, da es für einige Vulkanisationsbeschleuniger und Schwefelspender keine alternativen Ersatzstoffe gibt. Das Eigenschaftsprofil der Gummierzeugnisse für den technischen Einsatz (z.B. Gummiwerkstoffe für dynamisch hoch beanspruchte Gummiartikel) wird ungenügend erfüllt. Die Wirtschaftlichkeit der in den oben genannten Offenlegungsschriften aufgezeigten N-nitrosaminarmen Gummiwerkstoffe konnte nicht zufriedenstellend gelöst werden. Um dynamisch-mechanisch hoch beanspruchte Gummiwerkstoffe herstellen zu können, muss das Elastomer konventionell über polysulfidische Brücken vernetzt werden. Durch ein Semi-Efficient- (SEV) oder Efficient-Vulkanisationssystem (EV) werden die erforderlichen kurzkettigen Schwefelbrücken erzeugt, um einerseits gute dynamische Eigenschaften und andererseits eine hohe Beständigkeit gegen Druckverformung zu erreichen. Durch Reduzierung des elementaren Schwefelgehaltes und Erhöhung des Gehaltes an Schwefelspendern steigt zugleich das Risiko der N-Nitrosaminbildung.According to the current state of the art (DE 37 09 311 A1, DE 37 09 312 A1, DE 40 27 114 A1, DE 40 36 420 A1, DE 40 37 756 A1, DE 40 38 946 A1, DE 41 29 023 A1, DE 42 07028 A1) it is not possible to achieve the properties mentioned with a carcinogen-free vulcanization system, since there are no alternative substitutes for some vulcanization accelerators and sulfur donors. The property profile of rubber products for technical use (e.g. rubber materials for dynamically highly stressed rubber articles) is insufficiently fulfilled. The cost-effectiveness of the low-N-nitrosamine rubber materials shown in the above-mentioned published documents could not be satisfactorily resolved. In order to be able to produce rubber materials that are subject to high mechanical and mechanical loads, the elastomer must be cross-linked conventionally using polysulfide bridges. A semi-efficient (SEV) or efficient vulcanization (EV) system creates the short-chain sulfur bridges required to achieve good dynamic properties on the one hand and high resistance to compression deformation on the other. By reducing the elemental sulfur content and increasing the content of sulfur donors, the risk of N-nitrosamine formation increases at the same time.
N-Nitrosamine können bei der konventionellen Vernetzungsreaktion von Gummiwerkstoffen gebildet werden. Weiterhin besteht durch Roh-, Füll- und Hilfsstoffe die Möglichkeit des Einschleppens von N-Nitrosaminen oder der zur Bildung benötigten Reaktionspartner (insbesondere Stickoxide). Außerdem können die Stickoxide der Umgebungsluft mit den sekundären Aminen im Gummiwerkstoff reagieren und N-Nitrosamine bilden.N-nitrosamines can be formed in the conventional crosslinking reaction of rubber materials. Furthermore, raw materials, fillers and auxiliary substances allow the introduction of N-nitrosamines or the reactants required for their formation (especially nitrogen oxides). In addition, the nitrogen oxides in the ambient air can react with the secondary amines in the rubber material and form N-nitrosamines.
Die Aufgabe besteht nun darin, bei Gewährleistung der genannten Werkstoffeigenschaften einen Werkstoff bereit zu stellen, bei dem bei der Herstellung, Lagerung und Anwendung ein Herausdiffundieren von Stickoxiden und/oder sekundären Aminen und/oder N-Nitrosaminen verhindert wird, und zwar zusätzlich unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Wirtschaftlichkeit.The task now is to provide a material in which the mentioned material properties are guaranteed, in which a diffusion of nitrogen oxides and / or secondary amines and / or N-nitrosamines is prevented during manufacture, storage and use, and this is additionally from the point of view of economy.
Gelöst wird die Aufgabe dadurch, dass der Kautschukmischung zusätzlich ein Molekularsieb mit oder ohne Kristallwasser beigemischt ist, das mit einem Radikalfänger beladen ist, und zwar unter Bildung eines Molekularsieb/Radikalfänger- Adduktes, wobei der Radikalfänger Stickoxide und/oder sekundäre Amine und/oder N- Nitrosamine bindet.The object is achieved in that the rubber mixture is additionally admixed with a molecular sieve with or without water of crystallization, which is loaded with a radical scavenger, to form a molecular sieve / radical scavenger adduct, the radical scavenger being nitrogen oxides and / or secondary amines and / or N - Nitrosamine binds.
Das Molekularsieb ist ein Metall-Aluminium-Silikat der folgenden Formel:The molecular sieve is a metal-aluminum-silicate of the following formula:
Men [(AIO2)x • (SiO2)γ] mit oder ohne Kristallwasser, insbesondere Na86 [(AIO2)β6 - (SiO2)10e] mit oder ohne KristallwasserMe n [(AIO 2 ) x • (SiO 2 ) γ ] with or without water of crystallization, in particular Na 86 [(AIO 2 ) β6 - (SiO 2 ) 10 e] with or without water of crystallization
Nach einer besonders vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der Erfindung zeichnet sich der Gummiwerkstoff dadurch aus, dass das Molekularsieb/Radikalfänger-Addukt zusätzlich Kristallwasser enthält, und zwar derart, dass in Bezug auf eine ausreichende Grundmolmenge (m) an Kristallwasser das Molekularsieb partiell dehydratisiert ist, wobei das Molekularsieb mit der reduzierten Molmenge (m1) an Kristallwasser mit dem Radikalfänger beladen ist, so dass bei Adsorption von Wasser unter Zunahme des Kristallwassergehaltes des Molekularsiebes eine Desorption des Radikalfängers stattfindet, wobei der Radikalfänger Stickoxide und/oder sekundäre Amine und/oder N- Nitrosamine bindet.According to a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, the rubber material is characterized in that the molecular sieve / radical scavenger adduct additionally contains water of crystallization, such that the molecular sieve is partially dehydrated with respect to a sufficient basic molar amount (m) of water of crystallization, the molecular sieve being loaded with the reduced molar amount (m 1 ) of water of crystallization with the radical scavenger, so that when adsorbing Water while increasing the crystal water content of the molecular sieve, a desorption of the radical scavenger takes place, the radical scavenger binding nitrogen oxides and / or secondary amines and / or N-nitrosamines.
Das Molekularsieb ist wiederum ein Metall-Aluminium-Silikat der folgenden Formel:The molecular sieve is again a metal-aluminum-silicate of the following formula:
Men [(AIO2)x- (SiO2)γ] • m(m')H2O, insbesondere Na86 [(AlOzJββ ■ (SiO2)ιoβ] ■ m(m')H2OMe n [(AIO 2 ) x - (SiO 2 ) γ ] • m (m ') H 2 O, in particular Na 86 [(AlOzJββ ■ (SiO 2 ) ιoβ] ■ m (m') H 2 O
Die Grundmolmenge (m) an Kristallwasser beträgt wenigstens 100, insbesondere wenigstens 200. Das partiell dehydratisierte Molekularsieb weist einen Dehydratisierungsgrad von mindestens 20 %, vorzugsweise 40 bis 70 %, auf.The basic molar amount (m) of water of crystallization is at least 100, in particular at least 200. The partially dehydrated molecular sieve has a degree of dehydration of at least 20%, preferably 40 to 70%.
Der Radikalfänger ist vorzugsweise eine sterisch behinderte organische Verbindung, insbesondere ein Chinolinderivat, wobei wiederum insbesondere 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,2- dihydrochinolin (TMQ) zu nennen ist. Hinsichtlich der diesbezüglichen Strukturformel wird auf den Patentanspruch 15 verwiesen. Auch ein Benzoat, insbesondere Benzylidenphthalid (Strukturformel, Patentanspruch 17), ist ein wirksamer Radikalfänger.The radical scavenger is preferably a sterically hindered organic compound, in particular a quinoline derivative, again 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (TMQ) being mentioned in particular. With regard to the structural formula in this regard, reference is made to claim 15. A benzoate, in particular benzylidene phthalide (structural formula, claim 17), is also an effective radical scavenger.
Das Mengenverhältnis von Molekularsieb zu Radikalfänger beträgt 90 : 10 bis 40 : 60, insbesondere 50 : 50.The quantitative ratio of molecular sieve to radical scavenger is 90:10 to 40:60, in particular 50:50.
Die Kautschukmischung weist folgende Mengenanteile auf:The rubber mixture has the following proportions:
Kautschukkomponente 50 - 80 Gew.-%Rubber component 50 - 80% by weight
Molekularsieb/Radikalfänger-Addukt 5 - 10 Gew.-% übliche Mischungsingredienzien 45 - 10 Gew.-%Molecular sieve / radical scavenger adduct 5-10% by weight usual mixture ingredients 45-10% by weight
Darüber hinaus besteht die Aufgabe der Erfindung darin, ein Verfahren zur Herstellung des erfindungsgemäßen Gummiwerkstoffes bereitzustellen. Gelöst wird diese Zusatzaufgabe durch folgende Verfahrensschritte:In addition, the object of the invention is to provide a method for producing the rubber material according to the invention. This additional task is solved by the following procedural steps:
- das Molekularsieb wird mit dem Radikalfänger unter Bildung des Molekularsieb/Radialfänger-Adduktes beladen;- The molecular sieve is loaded with the radical scavenger to form the molecular sieve / radial scavenger adduct;
- nun wird das Molekularsieb/Radikalfänger-Addukt in die Kautschukmischung eingemischt;- Now the molecular sieve / radical scavenger adduct is mixed into the rubber mixture;
- schließlich erfolgt die Vulkanisation der Kautschukmischung.- Finally, the rubber mixture is vulcanized.
Die Beladung erfolgt insbesondere unter Normaldruck mittels einer Mösermühle oder Kugelmühle.The loading takes place in particular under normal pressure by means of a Mösermühle or a ball mill.
In Verbindung mit der partiellen Dehydratisierung kommen zweckmäßigerweise folgende Verfahrensschritte zur Anwendung:The following process steps are expediently used in connection with partial dehydration:
- das Molekularsieb mit einer ausreichenden Grundmolmenge (m) an Kristallwasser wird bei einer Temperatur von 100 bis 500°C, vorzugsweise bei 350 bis 450°C, mehrere Stunden lang, vorzugsweise 2 bis 6 Stunden, partiell dehydratisiert;- The molecular sieve with a sufficient basic molar amount (m) of water of crystallization is partially dehydrated at a temperature of 100 to 500 ° C, preferably at 350 to 450 ° C, for several hours, preferably 2 to 6 hours;
- anschließend wird das partiell dehydratisierte Molekularsieb mit der reduzierten Molmenge (m') unter Bildung des Molekularsieb/Radikalfänger-Adduktes beladen.- Then the partially dehydrated molecular sieve is loaded with the reduced molar amount (m ') to form the molecular sieve / radical scavenger adduct.
Die Dehydratisierung erfolgt auch hier insbesondere unter Normaldruck.The dehydration also takes place here in particular under normal pressure.
Die Erfindung wird nun anhand eines Ausführungsbeispieles unter Bezugnahme auf eine schematische Zeichnung erläutert.The invention will now be explained using an exemplary embodiment with reference to a schematic drawing.
In Form eines einfachen Ausführungsbeispieles umfasst der Gummiartikel 1 mit den eingangs genannten Eigenschaften einen Gummiwerkstoff 2, der dem spezifischen Anwendungsbereich entsprechend geformt ist (z.B. Motorlager, Metallgummi- Schichtfeder). ln den Gummiwerkstoff 2 ist nun das Molekularsieb/Radikalfänger-Addukt 3 pulverförmig und bei im Wesentlichen gleichmäßiger Verteilung eingemischt. Als Molekularsieb wird insbesondere ein Natrium-Aluminium-Silikat der FormelIn the form of a simple exemplary embodiment, the rubber article 1 with the properties mentioned at the outset comprises a rubber material 2 which is shaped in accordance with the specific area of application (for example engine mount, metal rubber layer spring). The molecular sieve / radical scavenger adduct 3 is now in powder form and mixed into the rubber material 2 with an essentially uniform distribution. In particular, a sodium-aluminum-silicate of the formula is used as the molecular sieve
Na86 [(AIO2)ββ - (SiO2)106] ■ m(m')H2ONa 86 [(AIO 2 ) ββ - (SiO 2 ) 106 ] ■ m (m ') H 2 O
verwendet, das im noch nicht dehydratisierten Zustand eine Grundmolmenge (m = 276) an Kristallwasser enthält. Im Rahmen der partiellen Dehydratisierung werden dabei mindestens 20 % Mole Wasser entzogen. Das partiell dehydratisierte Molekularsieb mit der reduzierten Molmenge (m'; z.B. m' = 200) ist nun mit einem Radikalfänger Z beladen.used, which contains a basic molar amount (m = 276) of water of crystallization in the not yet dehydrated state. Partial dehydration removes at least 20% moles of water. The partially dehydrated molecular sieve with the reduced molar amount (m '; e.g. m' = 200) is now loaded with a radical scavenger Z.
Das Molekularsieb/Radikalfänger-Addukt 3 gibt nun bei Adsorption von Wasser (Feuchtigkeit) unter Zunahme des Kristallwassergehaltes des Molekularsiebes den Radikalfänger Z desorptiv ab, der Stickoxide X-] und/oder sekundäre Amine X2 und/oder N-Nitrosamine X3 bindet.The molecular sieve / radical scavenger adduct 3 now, when water (moisture) is adsorbed while increasing the crystal water content of the molecular sieve, desorptively releases the radical scavenger Z, which binds nitrogen oxides X-] and / or secondary amines X 2 and / or N-nitrosamines X 3 .
Mittels des Dehydratisierungsgrades kann zudem die Abgabegeschwindigkeit des Radikalfängers gesteuert werden. The rate of release of the radical scavenger can also be controlled by means of the degree of dehydration.
BezugszeichenlisteLIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS
1 Gummiartikel1 rubber article
2 Gummiwerkstoff2 rubber material
3 Molekularsieb/Radialfänger-Addukt3 molecular sieve / radial scavenger adduct
Z RadikalfängerZ radical scavenger
Xi Stickoxid χ2 sekundäres Amin χ3 N-Nitrosamin Xi nitrogen oxide χ 2 secondary amine χ 3 N-nitrosamine
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP02754192A EP1401944A1 (en) | 2001-06-28 | 2002-06-10 | Rubber material that is low in n-nitrosamine |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10130660.1 | 2001-06-28 | ||
| DE10130660 | 2001-06-28 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2003002647A1 true WO2003002647A1 (en) | 2003-01-09 |
Family
ID=7689428
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/DE2002/002113 Ceased WO2003002647A1 (en) | 2001-06-28 | 2002-06-10 | Rubber material that is low in n-nitrosamine |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP1401944A1 (en) |
| DE (1) | DE10225653A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2003002647A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101983980A (en) * | 2010-10-29 | 2011-03-09 | 沈阳化工大学 | Method for improving performances of water-swelling rubber |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DD264008A1 (en) * | 1987-07-17 | 1989-01-18 | Thueringen Gummiwerke Veb | NEW MIXTURE OF HIGH-MOLECULAR POLYMER MATERIALS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ANTIMYCOTIC PRODUCTS |
| EP0455009A1 (en) * | 1990-04-21 | 1991-11-06 | RHEIN-CHEMIE RHEINAU GmbH | Reduction of nitrosamin formation during the vulcanisation of rubber |
| US6162875A (en) * | 1992-09-16 | 2000-12-19 | Robinson Brothers Limited | Low nitrosamine systems for rubber vulcanization |
-
2002
- 2002-06-10 WO PCT/DE2002/002113 patent/WO2003002647A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2002-06-10 EP EP02754192A patent/EP1401944A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2002-06-10 DE DE10225653A patent/DE10225653A1/en not_active Withdrawn
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DD264008A1 (en) * | 1987-07-17 | 1989-01-18 | Thueringen Gummiwerke Veb | NEW MIXTURE OF HIGH-MOLECULAR POLYMER MATERIALS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF ANTIMYCOTIC PRODUCTS |
| EP0455009A1 (en) * | 1990-04-21 | 1991-11-06 | RHEIN-CHEMIE RHEINAU GmbH | Reduction of nitrosamin formation during the vulcanisation of rubber |
| US6162875A (en) * | 1992-09-16 | 2000-12-19 | Robinson Brothers Limited | Low nitrosamine systems for rubber vulcanization |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN101983980A (en) * | 2010-10-29 | 2011-03-09 | 沈阳化工大学 | Method for improving performances of water-swelling rubber |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1401944A1 (en) | 2004-03-31 |
| DE10225653A1 (en) | 2003-01-16 |
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