WO2002084319A2 - Procede de determination de caracteristiques bathymetriques d'une surface, sonar et applications correspondantes - Google Patents
Procede de determination de caracteristiques bathymetriques d'une surface, sonar et applications correspondantes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2002084319A2 WO2002084319A2 PCT/FR2002/001335 FR0201335W WO02084319A2 WO 2002084319 A2 WO2002084319 A2 WO 2002084319A2 FR 0201335 W FR0201335 W FR 0201335W WO 02084319 A2 WO02084319 A2 WO 02084319A2
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- curve
- delay
- majority
- point
- signal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S15/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of acoustic waves, e.g. sonar systems
- G01S15/88—Sonar systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S15/89—Sonar systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
- G01S15/8902—Side-looking sonar
- G01S15/8904—Side-looking sonar using synthetic aperture techniques
Definitions
- the field of the invention is that of the acquisition of sonar images. More specifically, the invention relates to a technique for reducing phase ambiguity errors affecting the measurements made using an interferometric sonar.
- imaging sonars use lateral or frontal vision techniques (ie lateral or frontal sonars), and operate on the principle of illumination of the seabed, followed by a collection of backscattering information from the bottom in function time.
- lateral or frontal vision techniques ie lateral or frontal sonars
- a lateral (respectively frontal) sonar is a sonar which moves and emits, transversely to its movement (respectively in the same direction as its movement), very fine acoustic beams comparable to light brushes.
- This light is projected on the bottom in the form of a “luminous” task which will in turn re-emit energy, modulated by the texture of the background (that is to say in particular by the relief and by the hardness of the bottom sediment). This sound energy is spatially and uniformly re-emitted.
- each sonar emission corresponds to an image line. Moving the sonar step by step allows you to collect a succession of lines, which, placed end to end, constitute an image of the area of the insonified background.
- the imaging sonars are generally close to the seabed, in order to allow the shadows of the objects to be carried on the background, like a setting sun.
- Sonar 10 emits an acoustic beam 12 towards a seabed
- the beam is reflected at three points (1), (2) and (3) from the bottom, before being picked up by the sonar antenna 10.
- the sonar 10 determines the distance which separates it from the point of the background 11 on which the signal is reflected. It therefore deduces therefrom an image 13 of the background 11.
- This image 13 is broken down into four zones 131 to 134, as a function of the information extracted by the sonar 10 from the received echo.
- a first zone 131 corresponds to the water column separating the sonar 10 from the bottom 11.
- the zones 132 and 134 correspond to the zones of reverberation of the signal on the bottom 1
- the peak 1321 is associated with the sudden rise 111 of the relief of the bottom 11.
- the obstacle 111 creates a shadow area for the sonar emission beam 10, which is reflected in the image 13 by a blank area 133, for which the sonar 10 has no information.
- a first technique is based on the use of a three-dimensional (3D) antenna performing track formations in two directions
- the channel formation is a technique applied to a non-monolithic antenna, corresponding to a processing implemented at the reception or at transmission, and carried out on the summation of the sensor signals (constituent elements of the antenna).
- This summation based on delays on the sensors electronically deforms the antenna, thus making it directive (adaptation of the shape of the antenna to the direction of propagation of the wavefront and to its shape).
- This directivity makes it possible to form fine beams paving the seabed by temporal and angular sampling, called channel formation.
- a disadvantage of this technique of the prior art is that it is very expensive to implement, in particular because of the high cost of such a Mdimensional antenna.
- a second known technique consists in performing a vertical (or elevation) triangulation of the received echo, using a second antenna.
- a second antenna it is possible to determine the angle of arrival of the wavefront coming from a resolution cell by analyzing the delay between the arrival times on the two antennas of this wavefront.
- the wavefront is considered to be plane if the source is sufficiently distant.
- such a technique consists in measuring, for each resolution cell, the “absolute” phase difference or the absolute delay between the signals received by the two antennas.
- a drawback of this technique of the prior art is that the direct measurement of this delay or of this phase difference is only known to within 2 ⁇ or to a carrier period, due to the periodicity of the circular functions (ie the sinusoidal carriers of the modulated signal received by the antennas), as illustrated in FIG. 2. For example, if the delay between the two signals corresponds for a resolution cell to 2.5 ⁇ , the phase difference measured according to this technique will be of 0.5 ⁇ .
- an absolute phase difference, related to an absolute delay RA is broken down into two parts, a first part, denoted RR, corresponding to the residual delay inside a period, or to the interferometric phase, and a second part, noted NEP, corresponding to the integer number of periods of the carrier, or 2 ⁇ , a drawback of this technique of the prior art is that it does not make it possible to evaluate the absolute delay RA, but only gives an estimate of the residual delay RR.
- phase tracking method in English “phase tracking”
- This method consists in examining the phase as a continuous signal, as described in the article "Differential Phase Estimation with SeaMarc II Bathymétrie Sidescan Sonar System", IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering, Nol 17, n ° 3, July 1992.
- phase sequence perhaps one-dimensional (it then relies on a single sound emission and implements differential processing, with adaptive variance, etc.) or two-dimensional (it then relies on several sonar emissions, ie ie on the concept of image, and implements treatments by Markov fields or by the Goldstein method for example).
- two-dimensional phase flow is for example described in "Studies of Multibaselines Spaceborne Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radars", IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 28, no.1, January 1990.
- Such a method conventionally consists in using a third interferometric antenna providing a second spacing of antennas "d 2 " (in English “baseline”) and therefore an additional equation, making it possible to remove the phase ambiguity of the 2 ⁇ mentioned previously.
- a disadvantage of this technique of the prior art is that the vernier method only works with a sufficient signal to noise ratio (in English S ⁇ R for "Signal to ⁇ oise Ratio"). In other words, if this method provides, for each temporal sample of signal received by the antennas, a ⁇ EP (Whole Number of Periods), the latter will only be valid if the signal is not too noisy and does not exceed the vernier detection threshold, called vernier efficiency.
- a second known technique intended to remove the ambiguity on the phase difference of the signals received by the antennas, is based on the emission of broadband signals, and implements a method called intercorrelation.
- the inter-correlation method also relies on the use of a second source of information, namely the frequency bandwidth of the signal, akin to frequency diversity.
- a second source of information namely the frequency bandwidth of the signal, akin to frequency diversity.
- the use of a larger signal band makes it possible to increase the duration of the signal emitted by modulation by the texture of the background. It therefore guarantees a temporal resolution greater than or equal to that obtained using a narrow band sonar, while increasing the signal to noise ratio.
- Such a method therefore makes it possible to determine the time of arrival of the signals on the antennas in a manner, no longer relative as with an interferometry method, but absolutely by intercorrelation methods.
- Such a method based on the intercorrelation of the signals received by the sonar reception antennas therefore provides an estimate of the absolute delay RA, but especially of the whole number of CIP periods, like the so-called vernier method.
- the measurement accuracy obtained by such an intercorrelation method strongly depends on the signal to noise ratio (SNR).
- the invention particularly aims to overcome these drawbacks of the prior art.
- an objective of the invention is to provide a technique for determining the bathymetry of a surface providing results of increased precision compared to the techniques of the prior art.
- the invention particularly aims to implement a technique for evaluating with increased precision an absolute delay between two signals picked up by two separate antennas after reflection on the same surface.
- the invention also aims to implement a technique for determining bathymetric characteristics with increased resolution compared to the techniques of the prior art.
- the invention also aims to implement a technique for determining bathymetric characteristics making it possible to detect objects of reduced size compared to the techniques of the prior art.
- a method for determining the bathymetric characteristics of a surface using at least one imaging sonar emitting at least one acoustic signal towards said surface, said signal being at least partially reflected by said surface and picked up by at least two antennas, said method comprising an analysis of a delay, defined by the difference in time of arrival of a wavefront of said signal reflected on each of said antennas, implementing a step of reduction of a phase ambiguity error affecting said delay, by determination of information representative of the whole number of periods of said signal included in said delay.
- said reduction step comprises a step of refining a first raw item of information, implementing a probabilistic analysis taking into account at least one majority curve representative of an estimate of said delay.
- the invention is based on a completely new and inventive approach to determining the bathymetry of a surface.
- the invention is based in particular on a refinement, by a probabilistic analysis processing, of the information relating to the whole number of periods constituting the absolute delay, evaluated on reception of echoes by the antennas.
- Such raw information is generally noisy, and therefore induces significant measurement errors when it is used according to techniques known in the prior art.
- an additional "denoising" step of this information is implemented, so as to determine with greater precision the absolute delay between the echo signals picked up by the sonar antennas.
- such a step of refining the raw information is not systematically implemented, in particular when the analysis window considered is of unit length.
- said analysis of said delay implementing the creation of a network of curves representative of an evaluation of said delay, said refining step comprises at least the following steps: a step of construction of said majority curve, from said network curves; a step of searching for continuity intervals of said majority curve; for each of said continuity intervals, a step of matching said majority curve and said network of curves, so as to determine an optimized evaluation of said delay.
- such a network of curves corresponds to the cosine of the angle of arrival of the wave front.
- the invention is therefore based on an innovative approach to the analysis of echo delay using a technique called S CM (for Majority Curve Tracking) and unfolding of the absolute delay.
- S CM for Majority Curve Tracking
- all the sonar imaging techniques known to date use the relative phase, or the relative delay of the echo, which leads to the appearance of errors of greater or lesser amplitude in the event of an error of phase sequence.
- the technique proposed by the invention which uses only the vernier phase, or the absolute delay, and the Majority Curve Tracking overcomes these drawbacks.
- said construction step implements: a step of determining a starting point of said majority curve; - For each of the current points of said majority curve, a step of searching for a point continuous with said current point; if said continuous point exists, a step of inserting said continuous point in said majority curve; otherwise, a step of defining a new starting point.
- continuous point at the current point is meant here, and throughout the rest of the document, a point which belongs to the same curve as the current point.
- said search step implements: a first step of studying a point adjacent to said current point, so as to determine whether said adjacent point is continuous at said current point; if said adjacent point is not continuous at said current point, a second step of studying the points belonging to a neighborhood of predetermined length, called LOM, of said current point, so as to identify at least one point of said continuous neighborhood at said current point .
- LOM predetermined length
- said predetermined LOM length is the Average Shadow Length.
- the length LOM is arbitrarily fixed at 50 points.
- said point continuous to said current point belonging to said neighborhood of length LOM said insertion step implements a linear interpolation between said current point and said continuous point at said current point.
- Such an interpolation thus makes it possible to construct the portion of the majority curve separating the current point from the curve and the continuous point at the current point identified in the vicinity of length LOM.
- two points are continuous if the distance which separates them is less than a first predetermined threshold.
- two points can be considered as belonging to the same curve if the distance between them is less than a predetermined threshold.
- said first predetermined threshold is equal to half the distance separating two curves from said network of curves.
- two points are continuous (therefore belong to the same curve) if the distance which separates them is less than ⁇ / 2d, where ⁇ is the wavelength of the received signal.
- said step of defining a new starting point takes account of a median filtering on an LOM length analysis window adjoining said current point.
- said step of searching for continuity intervals implements a determination of points of said discontinuous majority curve in the probabihste sense, a continuity interval of said majority curve comprising a succession of continuous points in the probabilistic sense, and being bounded , at each of its ends, by two discontinuous points in the probabilistic sense.
- two points are continuous in the probabilistic sense if the distance which separates them is less than a second predetermined threshold, called Length of the Confidence Interval (LIC).
- LIC Length of the Confidence Interval
- said matching step implements a search for an optimal translation, making it possible to superimpose said majority curve and a curve of said network of curves.
- said optimal translation superimposes said majority curve and the curve of said network of curves having the greatest number of points in common with said majority curve.
- said reduction step further comprises a step of creating an optimized curve, representative of said optimized evaluation of said delay, said optimized curve corresponding, for each of said continuity intervals, to said curve of said network superimposed on said majority curve by said optimal translation, so as to determine at least certain bathymetric characteristics of said surface.
- said signal is a broadband signal, picked up after reflection on said surface by two distant antennas with a length d, and said first raw information is determined by implementing a step d intercorrelation of the signal received by each of said two antennas, on a first analysis window of length L.
- the length d is the length of the "baseline” (that is to say the distance between antennas) and L is the number of samples used during the pre-filtering or re-cross-correlation.
- said signal is a narrow band signal, picked up after reflection on said surface by at least three antennas, and said first raw information is determined by implementing a method called vernier.
- such a method further comprises, prior to the determination of said first raw information, a step of filtering said signals picked up by said three antennas on a second analysis window of length L.
- Such a step is optional when the number of samples L can be reduced to one.
- a length L may or may not be equal to the length L of the first analysis window mentioned above.
- said signals picked up by said antennas being temporally sampled, so as to provide a plurality of temporal samples, said filtering step implements an averaging of said samples contained in said second analysis window of length L.
- such a step is optional when the number of samples L can be reduced to one. It will be noted that such a length L may or may not be equal to the length L of the first analysis window mentioned above.
- the invention also relates to an interferometric imaging sonar implementing the method described above.
- FIGS. 1 and 2 have already been described previously, in relation to the techniques of the prior art, and respectively present the principle of acquisition of sonar images and the principle of rinterferometry making it possible to evaluate the altitude of a resolution cell;
- FIG. 3 presents a block diagram of the different steps implemented according to the method for determining bathymetric characteristics of the invention;
- FIG. 4 illustrates the technique for determining the length of the confidence interval implemented during the steps presented in FIG. 3;
- FIG. 5 describes the technique for superimposing the majority curve and the network of curves representative of the delay according to the invention;
- FIGS. 6a to 6d illustrate the different combs representative of the results obtained at the end of the steps presented in FIG. 3.
- the general principle of the invention is based on the measurement of the absolute delay between the signals picked up by at least two antennas after reflection on a surface whose relief one seeks to determine. Such a measurement is notably implemented by determining fine information, representative of the whole number of signal periods included in the absolute delay, using probabilistic techniques.
- an interferometric imaging sonar emits an acoustic signal in the direction of the seabed, the bathymetry of which is sought to be determined. After reflection on a background resolution cell, and modulation of the signal by the texture of the background, the signal is received (31) by several antennas or sensors. It is then sampled in time, so as to provide a plurality of signal samples from which steps 32 to 40 of the method of the invention are implemented.
- the technique proposed according to the invention is based on an analysis (32) of the absolute delay between the signals picked up by the antennas, and therefore applies in the case where the phase or delay information between the sensors is known in an absolute manner .
- the concepts of phase (absolute) or delay (absolute) are considered to be equivalent.
- the Absolute Delay, noted RA, associated with a time sample of rank n is broken down into two parts, namely the delay corresponding to a Whole Number of Periods (or period number, ie 2k ⁇ for the phase), noted NEP, and the Residual Delay (or delay in interferometric phase), noted RR:
- the raw CIP can be determined, according to a first alternative embodiment of the invention, by the use of two broadband antennas, during a step 341. Next, an intercorrelation of the signals picked up on each of the two is carried out. wideband antennas, so as to determine, for each sample of rank n of the signals received, the raw NEP quantity constituting the absolute delay RA (n).
- the raw CIP can also be determined during a step 342, by using three narrowband antennas, and by implementing the so-called vernier method. It is recalled that such a method consists in using a third interferometric antenna providing a second spacing of antennas "d ⁇ " (in English "baseline”) and therefore an additional equation, making it possible to partially remove the phase ambiguity of the 2 ⁇ affecting the absolute delay RA.
- Such filtering can, for example, consist of averaging the signal samples included in an analysis window of length L, so as to reduce the noise affecting the measurement, to the benefit of the precision of the determination of the raw CIP.
- a NEP b ⁇ lt refinement is determined during the steps referenced 341 and 342, from a probabilistic analysis of the delay.
- RR (n) -RR (n + l) ⁇ wherek e X and ⁇ e [0, + l [.
- k and ⁇ are then random variables, ⁇ is thus possible to consider ⁇ as a random variable, uniformly distributed over a period [0, +1 [(or [0, 2 ⁇ [in the case of the phase).
- the variance of the absolute delay RA is less than T / 2 (or ⁇ for the phase), where T is the period of the carrier of the echo received by the sensors, we can define a delay distance between two consecutive samples less than a quantity, called LIC (for Length of the Confidence Interval) between 0 and T / 2 (or between 0 and ⁇ for the phase).
- LIC Length of the Confidence Interval
- the length LIC used gathers ⁇ % (i.e. in our case 99%) of the values of the residual delay RR (n) around the mean creating a confidence band around the mean.
- the signals picked up by the two interferometric antennas are complex circular Gaussian signals, the probability density of the phase difference ⁇ measured between the two antennas is given by:
- the LIC depends on two phenomena, namely the local variance of the RR and, the percentage of confidence ⁇ , fixed a priori. If the difference in delay distance between two consecutive samples is less than the LIC, these samples are considered to be continuous in the probabilistic sense, that is to say continuous in the sense of the LIC, provided that this band or interval of confidence (equal to 2xLIC) created around the current point includes the statistical majority of the samples with the same mean as that of the current point (ie an interval encompassing substantially more than 50% of the points).
- a continuity interval is thus defined as an interval delimited by two points corresponding to discontinuities of RR (n) and comprising only points corresponding to transitions of RA (n) continuous in the probabilistic sense, that is to say within the meaning of the LIC.
- the process of the invention takes place in two stages: during a step referenced 36, a majority curve representative of the evolution of the absolute delay as a function of the rank is sought of the samples considered, then from this curve, during a step referenced 37, the absolute delay RA is "unwound" (by analogy with the previously described method of phase unwinding), so as to search for possible discontinuities of this delay.
- the unwinding of the absolute delay RA is carried out using the raw RR of the interferometric phase, measured during the step referenced 31 and the denoised CIP determined during the step referenced 36.
- the search for a majority curve during the step referenced 36 implements an algorithm called SCM, for Majority Curve Monitoring, making it possible to search for a curve representative of the absolute delay, which is as stationary as possible (that is, ie ergodic to allow the use of statistical and probabilistic criteria thereafter), and which represents the majority curve (s) among the set of delay values associated with the different signal samples.
- SCM For Majority Curve Monitoring
- the SCM always favors samples of signals close to each other in terms of absolute delay (i.e. belonging to the same network curve). This research is based on the network of curves representing the cosine of the angle ( ⁇ + ⁇ ), with reference to Figure 2 described above. It is recalled that the absolute phase difference ⁇ abs is defined by the following relation:
- d denotes the distance between the two antennas receiving the echoes
- ⁇ is the wavelength of the echo
- RA denotes the absolute delay separating the reception of the same sample by each of the two antennas.
- the SCM progresses by identifying a neighboring point as continuous at starting point (or more generally at the current point of the curve), therefore as belonging to the majority curve.
- point is meant a pair (RA, n), where RA denotes an estimate of the absolute delay associated with the sample of rank n (where n is equal to ⁇ (sampling frequency)).
- RA denotes an estimate of the absolute delay associated with the sample of rank n (where n is equal to ⁇ (sampling frequency)).
- ⁇ sampling frequency
- two points are considered to be continuous if the distance between them is less than ⁇ / 2d, where d is the distance between the two antennas and where ⁇ is the wavelength of the received signal.
- this distance is equal to half the distance separating two adjacent curves from the network of curves representative of the cosine of the angle ( ⁇ + c'est), that is to say to half the distance separating two curves representing the same absolute delay RA, to the nearest carrier period (ie to the nearest NEP).
- ⁇ + c'est the distance separating two curves representing the same absolute delay RA
- the distance between two consecutive samples of ranks n and n + 1 is greater than ⁇ / 2d, we consider that the sample of rank n + 1 is not continuous with the sample of rank n, and a sample closer (in terms of absolute delay) to the current point of the majority curve will be sought in a neighborhood corresponding to the LOM (for Average Shadow Length). Thus, the sample of rank n + 1 does not belong to the same curve as the sample of rank n.
- the average shadow length is for example fixed at 50 points.
- the SCM implements a linear interpolation between this sample and the current point, so as to integrate the sample found in the majority curve , this sample then becoming the new current point of the curve.
- the SCM sets a new starting point.
- the chosen sample as a new starting point is always considered to belong to the majority curve. This condition is fulfilled by the use of the result of a median filtering on an LOM length analysis window adjoining the last current point of the SCM.
- an interval of continuity consists of a succession of continuous points in the probabilistic sense, and bounded by two discontinuous points in the probabihste sense at each of its ends.
- step referenced 38 we then seek, for each continuity interval identified during step referenced 37, an optimal translation, of an integer number of signal periods, allowing the majority curve to be superimposed with one of the curves in the network of curves described above.
- the SCM through the course of the absolute delay RA, makes it possible to isolate all the points with which have been associated whole numbers of erroneous CIP periods (due to a measurement error or noise for example), and report them around a continuous and majority delay curve.
- an optimized curve is then constructed, representative of the absolute delay RA fina] .
- Such a delay RA Snal corresponds to the unwound RA which is best superimposed on the raw RA for a given continuity interval.
- Such a superimposition of the raw RA with the derouIé RA (that is to say of the majority curve with one of the curves of the network of curves described above) is accomplished thanks to the implementation of an amplitude translation kx ⁇ / d.
- the value of optimal k that is to say the optimal translation, for a given interval of continuity, is reached when the number of superimposed points, or common points between the RA deI0U ⁇ 6 and the RA bmt is maximum, as illustrated in FIG. 5.
- the optimal translation of the majority curve makes it possible to isolate the curve from the network of curves described above which has the greatest number of points in common with the majority curve, when these two curves are superimposed.
- the majority curve resulting from the step referenced 36 is translated so as to successively superimpose it with the curves 50, 51 and 52 of the network of curves representative of the absolute delay RA illustrated in FIG. 5.
- the majority curve and of curve 51 which makes it possible to maximize the number of points in common between the curve majority and one of the curves of the network. It is therefore deduced therefrom that the integer number of periods (CIP) associated with the samples of the delay curves 50 and 52 is erroneous. It is therefore the curve 51 which must be used to determine the absolute delay RA ⁇ .
- CIP integer number of periods
- FIGS. 6a to 6d illustrate the results of the treatments implemented during the steps of the method of FIG. 3.
- FIG. 6a presents the network of curves representative of the absolute delay RA obtained, for example, at the end of the step referenced 342 implementing a method called the vemier method.
- a method called the vemier method we note for example that over the interval [90, 130], an indecision on the whole number of periods associated with the samples of this interval leads to the obtaining of three portions of curves 60, 61 and 62, spaced by a number integer of periods.
- FIG. 6b presents the general shape of the majority curve obtained by implementing the SCM algorithm of the step referenced 36.
- FIG. 6d presents the results of step 37 of searching for continuity intervals within the majority curve. It can thus be seen that the majority of the points in FIG. 6d have a zero ordinate. Certain points however, corresponding to ⁇ nscontinuities of residual delay, have an ordinate equal to 1. One thus isolates the points corresponding to discontinuities of delay, which makes it possible for example to isolate the interval of continuity 63.
- FIG. 6c presents the optimized curve representative of the absolute delay RA fi ⁇ al obtained by searching, for each continuity interval of FIG. 6d, of an optimal translation making it possible to maximize the number of points common to the majority curve of FIG. 6b and to a network curve in Figure 6a. It is thus noted, in FIG. 6c, that the curve representative of the RA f) ⁇ a , over the interval [90, 130], is identical to the portion of curve 61 in FIG. 6a. Furthermore, we find on the final curve of FIG. 6c certain details (referenced 64 and 65 for example) of FIG. 6a, which had been erased during the construction of the majority curve of FIG. 6b.
- the technique proposed by the invention consisting in searching for a majority curve, then in "unwinding" the absolute delay RA, therefore makes it possible to preserve details of the seabed which could be erased by the sole implementation of the SCM algorithm. Indeed, this algorithm has a “majority” characteristic, and is therefore equivalent to low-pass filtering. According to the invention, on the other hand, the details which could be erased by the SCM, if they belong to a continuity interval of the majority curve, are superimposed with their image in the curve of the absolute delays, and are thus preserved. In step 40, a more precise determination of the observed seabed bathymetry is therefore obtained.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
- Remote Sensing (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Measurement Of Velocity Or Position Using Acoustic Or Ultrasonic Waves (AREA)
- Radar Systems Or Details Thereof (AREA)
- Length Measuring Devices Characterised By Use Of Acoustic Means (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU2002257873A AU2002257873A1 (en) | 2001-04-18 | 2002-04-18 | Method for determining bathymetric characteristics of a surface, sonar and corresponding applications |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR0105279A FR2823858B1 (fr) | 2001-04-18 | 2001-04-18 | Procede de determination de caracteristique bathymetriques d'une surface, sonar et applications correspondantes |
| FR01/05279 | 2001-04-18 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2002084319A2 true WO2002084319A2 (fr) | 2002-10-24 |
| WO2002084319A3 WO2002084319A3 (fr) | 2003-03-13 |
Family
ID=8862457
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2002/001335 Ceased WO2002084319A2 (fr) | 2001-04-18 | 2002-04-18 | Procede de determination de caracteristiques bathymetriques d'une surface, sonar et applications correspondantes |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU2002257873A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2823858B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2002084319A2 (fr) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100454037C (zh) * | 2005-07-22 | 2009-01-21 | 中国科学院声学研究所 | 一种获取高分辨率测深侧扫声纳阵的阵元组合方法 |
| WO2011147830A3 (fr) * | 2010-05-26 | 2012-04-12 | Atlas Elektronik Gmbh | Procédé et dispositif pour mesurer un profil de fond |
-
2001
- 2001-04-18 FR FR0105279A patent/FR2823858B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-04-18 WO PCT/FR2002/001335 patent/WO2002084319A2/fr not_active Ceased
- 2002-04-18 AU AU2002257873A patent/AU2002257873A1/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| MASNADI-SHIRAZI M A ET AL: "Differential phase estimation with the SeaMARCII bathymetric sidescan sonar system" IEEE JOURNAL OF OCEANIC ENGINEERING, JULY 1992, USA, vol. 17, no. 3, pages 239-251, XP002187153 ISSN: 0364-9059 cité dans la demande * |
| SINTES C ET AL: "Strategies for unwrapping multisensors interferometric side scan sonar phase" OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS (CAT. NO.00CH37158), OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, PROVIDENCE, RI, USA, 11-14 SEPT. 2000, pages 2059-2065 vol.3, XP002187081 2000, Piscataway, NJ, USA, IEEE, USA ISBN: 0-7803-6551-8 * |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN100454037C (zh) * | 2005-07-22 | 2009-01-21 | 中国科学院声学研究所 | 一种获取高分辨率测深侧扫声纳阵的阵元组合方法 |
| WO2011147830A3 (fr) * | 2010-05-26 | 2012-04-12 | Atlas Elektronik Gmbh | Procédé et dispositif pour mesurer un profil de fond |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2823858B1 (fr) | 2003-05-23 |
| AU2002257873A1 (en) | 2002-10-28 |
| FR2823858A1 (fr) | 2002-10-25 |
| WO2002084319A3 (fr) | 2003-03-13 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| EP2100161B1 (fr) | Procede de traitement radar passif multivoies d'un signal d'opportunite en fm | |
| Gini et al. | Multibaseline cross-track SAR interferometry: A signal processing perspective | |
| Sæbø et al. | Wideband interferometry in synthetic aperture sonar | |
| CA2652566C (fr) | Systeme d'imagerie sonar a ouverture synthetique | |
| WO2008029038A1 (fr) | Dispositif et procede d'estimation des dimensions d'une place de parking, vehicule automobile comportant un tel dispositif | |
| EP3252423B1 (fr) | Procédé de détection adaptative d'une cible par un dispositif radar en présence d'interférences stationnaires, et radar et autodirecteur de missile mettant en oeuvre un tel procédé | |
| WO2015177172A1 (fr) | Contraintes conjointes de transitivite de differences temporelles et effet dopler multibandes pour la separation, caracterisation, et localisation de sources sonores par acoustique passive | |
| EP2544020B1 (fr) | Procédé et dispositif de détection d'une cible masquée par des réflecteurs de forte énergie | |
| FR2972806A1 (fr) | Procede de detection et de localisation d'objets par reflectometrie gnss-r | |
| EP2453251A1 (fr) | Procédé pour réaliser une analyse haute résolution d'une zone de l'espace au moyen d'une onde pulsée agile en fréquence | |
| FR2878966A1 (fr) | Methode pour determiner des informations speculaires apres imagerie sismique avant sommation | |
| FR2749398A1 (fr) | Procede et dispositif de geodesie et/ou d'imagerie par traitement de signaux satellitaires | |
| FR3086064A1 (fr) | Procede de determination d'une profondeur, ou d'un profil bathymetrique, sur la base d'un profil de celerite moyenne du son, procede de determination d'un tel profil de celerite, et systeme sonar associe | |
| FR2864249A1 (fr) | Systeme d'evitement d'obstacles pour navires multi-coques rapides | |
| EP3391072A1 (fr) | Procédé de localisation de sources d'émission d'impulsions électromagnétiques | |
| WO2002084319A2 (fr) | Procede de determination de caracteristiques bathymetriques d'une surface, sonar et applications correspondantes | |
| FR2817973A1 (fr) | Methode de detection et de positionnement d'objets basee sur deux etapes de formation numerique de faisceaux d'un reseau phase de capteurs | |
| EP3605145B1 (fr) | Procédé de traitement distance haute résolution | |
| FR2796726A1 (fr) | Procede de reconstruction tridimensionnelle d'une grandeur physique dans l'environnement d'un forage | |
| FR3058530A1 (fr) | Procede de controle de la compatibilite electromagnetique d'un detecteur de radars avec au moins un emetteur de bord de signaux impulsionnels | |
| FR3132584A1 (fr) | Procédé de reconstruction d’une image d’une scène | |
| FR3156545A1 (fr) | Procédé de mesure de relief par une antenne à profil de gain connu | |
| EP3400457B1 (fr) | Procédé d'élimination d'un signal en provenance d'un radar de bord | |
| FR3059786A1 (fr) | Procede d'amelioration des acquisitions sismiques mettant en œuvre des systemes actifs ultralegers de detection sismique | |
| de Paula et al. | Bathymetric DEM derived from Lyzenga’s algorithm (multispectral Bathymetry) using Landsat 8 images: a case study of Fort Lauderdale coast |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A2 Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NO NZ OM PH PL PT RO RU SD SE SG SI SK SL TJ TM TN TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VN YU ZA ZM ZW |
|
| AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A2 Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW MZ SD SL SZ TZ UG ZM ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG |
|
| 121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application | ||
| DFPE | Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101) | ||
| AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A3 Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NO NZ OM PH PL PT RO RU SD SE SG SI SK SL TJ TM TN TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VN YU ZA ZM ZW |
|
| AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A3 Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW MZ SD SL SZ TZ UG ZM ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE CH CY DE DK ES FI FR GB GR IE IT LU MC NL PT SE TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG |
|
| REG | Reference to national code |
Ref country code: DE Ref legal event code: 8642 |
|
| 122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase | ||
| NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: JP |
|
| WWW | Wipo information: withdrawn in national office |
Country of ref document: JP |