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WO2000058575A1 - Systeme structurel d'elements de torsion/toroidaux et procedes de construction avec celui-ci - Google Patents

Systeme structurel d'elements de torsion/toroidaux et procedes de construction avec celui-ci Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2000058575A1
WO2000058575A1 PCT/US2000/007338 US0007338W WO0058575A1 WO 2000058575 A1 WO2000058575 A1 WO 2000058575A1 US 0007338 W US0007338 W US 0007338W WO 0058575 A1 WO0058575 A1 WO 0058575A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
toroidal
elements
torsion
structural system
connection
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2000/007338
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English (en)
Other versions
WO2000058575B1 (fr
Inventor
Anthony I. Provitola
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Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US09/276,665 external-priority patent/US6412232B1/en
Priority claimed from US09/276,666 external-priority patent/US6334284B1/en
Priority claimed from US09/307,985 external-priority patent/US6253501B1/en
Priority claimed from US09/314,267 external-priority patent/US6516848B1/en
Priority claimed from US09/314,516 external-priority patent/US6250355B1/en
Priority to NZ514075A priority Critical patent/NZ514075A/en
Priority to MXPA01009703A priority patent/MXPA01009703A/es
Priority to EP00918149A priority patent/EP1173644B1/fr
Priority to BR0010775-1A priority patent/BR0010775A/pt
Priority to AT00918149T priority patent/ATE522673T1/de
Priority to EA200101004A priority patent/EA003037B1/ru
Priority to JP2000608844A priority patent/JP2002541360A/ja
Priority to AU39012/00A priority patent/AU770845B2/en
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to CA2367090A priority patent/CA2367090C/fr
Priority to APAP/P/2001/002280A priority patent/AP1751A/en
Publication of WO2000058575A1 publication Critical patent/WO2000058575A1/fr
Publication of WO2000058575B1 publication Critical patent/WO2000058575B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/35—Extraordinary methods of construction, e.g. lift-slab, jack-block
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/32—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/34—Extraordinary structures, e.g. with suspended or cantilever parts supported by masts or tower-like structures enclosing elevators or stairs; Features relating to the elastic stability
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/32—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures
    • E04B2001/3235—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures having a grid frame
    • E04B2001/3241—Frame connection details
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/32—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures
    • E04B2001/327—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures comprised of a number of panels or blocs connected together forming a self-supporting structure
    • E04B2001/3276—Panel connection details
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/32—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures
    • E04B2001/327—Arched structures; Vaulted structures; Folded structures comprised of a number of panels or blocs connected together forming a self-supporting structure
    • E04B2001/3288—Panel frame details, e.g. flanges of steel sheet panels

Definitions

  • the patent classification system does not contain a classification for structural systems as such, the most approp ⁇ ate description of the present invention, but does address specific types of structures, such as "static structures" (U S Class 52), "bridges” (U S Class 14), “railway rolling stock” (U S Class/Subclass 105/396+), “ships” (U S Class/Subclass 1 14/65+), “aeronautics” (U S Class/Subclass 244/1 17+), “land vehicles bodies and tops” (U S Class 296) etc With respect torsion devices, no structural classification could be found, the classifications being rest ⁇ cted to springs (U S Class 267), etc Also, the present invention has elements that may be considered to be covered generally by U S Class/Subclass 152/1-13, sp ⁇ ng wheels and resilient tires and wheels, and U S Class/Subclass 152/516-520, "run-flat" devices
  • the present invention is a structural system that, in one embodiment, employs elements that are "toroidal" in shape,
  • statoroidal elements which are connected to form structures, in another embodiment, employs elements which function with torsion as the principal load bearing mode, "torsion elements”, which are connected to form structures, and in a preferred embodiment, employs “toroidal torsion elements", structural elements that are “toroidal” in shape and function with torsion as the principal load bea ⁇ ng mode, which are connected to form structures
  • statoroidal torsion elements structural elements that are “toroidal” in shape and function with torsion as the principal load bea ⁇ ng mode, which are connected to form structures
  • statorsion element means a structural element that functions with torsion as its p ⁇ ncipal load bea ⁇ ng mode
  • the term "toroidal” means of or pertaining to a "toroid"
  • the term “toroid” is not intended to limit the present invention to employment of elements that are in the shape of a torus, which is mathematically defined as a surface, and the solid of rotation thereby bounded, obtained by rotating a circle which defines the cross section of the rube of the torus about an axis in the plane of the circular cross section
  • the term “toroid” means any form with the general features of a torus, 1 e a tube, cylinder or p ⁇ sm closed on itself, without regard to any regula ⁇ ty thereof, and further means any tubular, cyhnd ⁇ cal orp ⁇ smatic form which is closed on itself in the general configuration of a torus, thus completing a mechanical circuit forming the "tube” of a "toroid", regardless of the shape of the cross section thereof, which may even vary within a given "toroid”
  • a toroid may be formed by the
  • torsion/toroidal element means a structural element that may be either a torsion element, or a toroidal element, or a toroidal torsion element, the term “torsion/toroidal element” thus encompassing all three alternatives Otherwise, when any one of the foregoing alternative meanings are referred to, that alternative shall be specifically referred to by its proper desc ⁇ ption torsion element, toroidal element, or toroidal torsion element
  • reference to a torsion element shall be taken to mean a torsion element which may be toroidal or non-toroidal, and reference to a toroidal element shall mean a toroidal element which may be torsional or non-torsional
  • the structural system is comp ⁇ sed of a plurality of torsion/toroidal elements connected together so that there is no substantial unwanted movement of the torsion/toroidal elements in relation to one another in the connection Two or more torsion/toroidal elements may be connected in the same connection
  • the connection of the torsion/toroidal elements is the means by which loading is transmitted between and distributed among the torsion/toroidal elements
  • connection means, in addition to its ordinary meaning, being in a “connection” with torsion/toroidal elements
  • connection as used in this disclosure includes, in addition to its ordinary meaning, any combination of components and processes that results in two or more structural elements being connected, and further includes the space actually occupied by such components, the objects resulting from such processes, and the parts of the structural elements connected by contact with such components or objects, but both the terms “connected” and “connection” exclude interlinking ( “intersection") of structural elements as a means for connecting toroidal elements
  • the present invention includes a method of construction with the structural system in its va ⁇ ous modes, as well as a method of construction of toroidal torsion elements in a process of replication, and the construction of certain advanced structures possible with the system
  • Torsion/toroidal elements use the strength of materials more effectively and have the capacity to redist ⁇ bute the loads dist ⁇ aded to them by the connections of the structural system of which they are a part
  • the preferred embodiment of the present invention employs toroidal elements that are constructed with the use of torsion elements which are toroidal in shape Torsion elements use the torsional strength of mate ⁇ als and have the capacity to bear the torsion loads distributed to them by the connections of the structural system of which they are a part
  • Torsion elements use the torsional strength of mate ⁇ als and have the capacity to bear the torsion loads distributed to them by the connections of the structural system of which they are a part
  • the preferred embodiment using toroidal torsion elements converts most compression, tension and flexion loading of constructions using the system to torsional loading of the torsion elements of which the constructions are comp ⁇ sed
  • the use of toroidal torsion elements also cont ⁇ butes to construction of toroids which are self-supporting
  • torsion/toroidal elements may be constructed of yet other torsion/toroidal elements, so that a given torsion/toroidal element so constructed functions to bear loads by the bea ⁇ ng of structural loads by its constituent substructures
  • Such substructures may be structural elements, torsion/toroidal, conventional or otherwise, which are part of a combination of structural elements of a scale similar to the given toroidal element, or structural elements of a scale significantly smaller than the given torsion/toroidal element and fundamentally underlying the bea ⁇ ng capacity of the given torsion/toroidal element
  • the structure of a given torsion/toroidal element may be the replication of small substructures of torsion/toroidal elements, which in turn may be replications of still smaller substructures of torsion/toroidal elements This process of structural replication can be continued to microscopic, and even molecular, levels of smallness
  • the system also includes the construction of conventional elements using torsion/toroidal elements which may be used in
  • Torsion/toroidal elements can be made of virtually any mate ⁇ al suitable for the loads to which the structure may be subjected and for the environment in which the structure may be utilized
  • torsion elements bear as torsional load the greatest part of the load placed on the structures of which they are a part, excepting localized forces existing in the connection of the torsion elements, and evenly dist ⁇ bute such loading among the connected torsion elements of which the structures are ultimately and fundamentally constructed
  • the present invention contemplates that structures constructed of connected torsion/toroidal elements may be incorporated in yet other structures together with conventional structural elements in order to bear compression, tension and flexion loads with such torsion/toroidal structures
  • Torsion elements may have virtually any shape that allows them to be connected and thereby function by torsional loading
  • the preferred embodiment of the present invention employs torsion elements which are toroidal in shape
  • Such toroidal torsion elements may be used to create a va ⁇ ety of new structural forms for both stationary and moveable structures
  • the toroidal shape facilitates replication of structured toroidal torsion elements to produce larger and larger toroidal torsion elements which may be suitable for the dimension of the ultimate structural application
  • a large va ⁇ ety of structures made feasible by o ⁇ gination of the replication process with torsion/toroidal elements on the order of nanostructures or larger may themselves be considered as materials which can be utilized in conventional structures, such as decking, plates, skins, and sheeting of arbitrary curvature
  • Torsion/toroidal elements may be used to create new structural forms for both stationary and moveable structures
  • the toroidal shape allows for replication of toroidal elements to produce larger and larger toroidal elements which may be suitable to the dimensions of the structural application
  • a large va ⁇ ety of structures made feasible by o ⁇ gination of the replication process with toroidal elements on the order of nanostructures or larger may themselves be considered as mate ⁇ als which can be utilized in conventional structures such as decking, plates, skins, and sheeting of arbitrary curvature Erection of structural frames using the present invention requires only connection of the torsion/toroidal elements, and may use connectors which are prepositioned and even integrated in the design of the torsion/toroidal elements
  • Torsion/toroidal elements may be connected by any means that does not permit unwanted movement in the connection
  • Such means may be any type of joining, such as welding, gluing, fusing, or with the use of fasteners, such as pins, screws and clamps
  • the preferred means for connection is by use of a "coupling"
  • the term “coupling” is used in this disclosure to mean a device which connects two or more torsion elements by holding them in a desired position relative to one another, so that when the desired positions of the torsion/toroidal elements are achieved, the torsion/toroidal elements will not be able to unwantedly move relative to each other within the coupling
  • the coupling may itself be constructed of torsion/toroidal elements, or may be solid or have some other structure
  • the term “coupling” also includes a device which connects a torsion/toroidal element to a conventional structural element by holding both the torsion/toroidal element and the conventional structural element in the desired position, so that the structural elements will
  • the function of couplings in holding structural elements in position may be combined with p ⁇ or positional adjustment and actuation of such adjustment
  • the position of torsion/toroidal elements connected by a coupling with respect to one another may be changed or adjusted and then held in the desired position
  • the coupling must be designed to have the capability for and even to perform such adjustment, and may also be designed to have such adjustment actuated by some motive power
  • Such actuation may implement dynamic dist ⁇ bution of loading among the structural elements affected or implement dynamic shape shifting, or both
  • Such powered actuation of adjustable coupled connections may be computer controlled in order to precisely determine the shape changes and structural effects desired
  • the function of such a coupling therefore, is to adjust the coupled connections, with or without the use of such controlled actuation, so that a torsion/toroidal element may be moved within a connection in relation to other structural elements connected therein, and then firmly held by the connection in the position resulting
  • FIGS 1 -4 show an embodiment which demonstrates the fundamental p ⁇ nciples of the torsional aspect of the structural system
  • two torsion elements 3, 4 are connected by two couplings 1, 6 to form a torsional structural module
  • the torsion elements 3 and 4 are shown as open rectangles with a circular cross section to demonstrate the p ⁇ nciple, but any cross sectional shape and any element shape may be used with couplings having compatible openings
  • the couplings shown 1, 6 have cylindrical openings, coupling 6 having bearings 7 which allow for free rotational movement of the torsion elements within the coupling, and coupling 1 having spline g ⁇ ps 2 to engage the spline ends 5 of the torsion elements 3, 4.
  • the purpose of the spline ends 5 being engaged by corresponding spline g ⁇ ps 2 is to hold the torsion element firmly in relation to the coupling 1 so as to prevent movement of the torsion element within the coupling
  • the purpose of the couplings 6 with bea ⁇ ngs is to constrain the arms of the torsion elements 3 and 4 to be in alignment under the action of the forces
  • FIGS 5-8 Another embodiment which demonstrates the principle is shown in FIGS 5-8 In this va ⁇ ation the orientation of the
  • 10 torsion elements is opposing, but with the transmission of torque loading accomplished with couplings 21, 26 similar to those in FIGS 1 -4 through the addition of an intermediate torsion element 28, in this case a cylindrical bar
  • an intermediate torsion element 28 in this case a cylindrical bar
  • the purpose of the splines 25 is to engage the spline grips 22 of the couplings 21 , thus fixing their rotation with that of the torsion elements 23, 24, and the purpose of the couplings 26 with bearings 27 is to constrain the movement of the arms of the torsion elements 23, 24 and the intermediate torsion element 28 to rotation in alignment with each other In this va ⁇ ation the intermediate torsion element
  • FIGS 1-4 and FIGS 5-8 are not the only means contemplated for achieving fixed connections between torsion elements and couplings Indeed all means for fixing a coupling to a torsion element, such as welding, gluing, fusing, pinning, screwing, clamping, and the mating of the coupling with a torsion element of any non-circular cross section, are contemplated as approp ⁇ ate in order for a coupling connecting torsion 0 elements to transmit torsional loading
  • FIGS 1 -4 and 5-8 may themselves be similarly connected in linear arrays and different types of modules shown may be connected to form arrays which may have any shape, and may be closed, circular, or assymet ⁇ cal and irregular
  • the torsion elements may be of virtually any shape so long as they may be connected in a way similar to that as shown in FIGS 1-4 and 5-8, thus providing for the bea ⁇ ng and transmission of torsional loading
  • An example of another torsion element shape is shown in FIGS 9 and 10, connected in the various ways shown in FIGS 5-8 0
  • Torsion elements may be angularly connected to produce angular torsion modules and structures and form linear arrays thereof as shown in the example of FIG 13
  • the same characteristics of transmission of torsional loading exist in this type of configuration as in the structures shown and discussed earlier Angular connections are possible for virtually any type of torsion element as shown in the examples of FIGS 1 1 and 12
  • any type of connection may be used for angular connection of torsion elements
  • Angularly connected torsion elements may also be connected in closed arrays as shown in FIG 14
  • the angular connection between elements allows for the inclusion of more torsion elements in the array within the same length, thereby providing for a greater capacity of the array
  • torsion elements are toroidal Smoothly curved torsion elements absorb torsion stress va ⁇ ably along the length of the toroidal tube Torque applied to any point on such a torsion element along its tube length which tends to twist the body of the torsion element is transmitted along the body of the torsion element as determined by the structure of the torsion element, the capacity of the mate ⁇ al used to absorb torsional stress, and the curvature of the torsion element Nevertheless, the load on one curved torsion element fixedly connected with one coupling to another curved torsion element as shown in FIGS 15- 18 will be transmitted to the other in the same manner as for the connected torsion elements shown in FIGS 1 -4 As with all other torsional elements, toroidal torsional elements can be connected in closed arrays as shown in FIG 19, which may form the framework of larger toroidal elements having torsional strength char
  • FIGS 24 and 25 By the convention herein established the circular array shown in FIGS 24 and 25 is comp ⁇ sed of toroidal torsion elements that are internally connected
  • observation of an internal connection shown m the va ⁇ ous views of FIGS.26-33 between two toroids formed as shown in FIGS 24 and 25, demonstrates that internal connections between toroidal elements may be achieved by the use of external connections between their constituent toroidal elements
  • This internal connection rather than being accomplished by coupling of the constituent toroidal elements of the toroids, could have been accomplished by internal connections between the torsion elements of which the constituent toroidal elements are constructed
  • Such internal connection may also be mediated by additional elements, torsional or otherwise
  • this process may be continually replicated in a self-similar manner on a smaller and smaller scale, down to a fundamental torsion/toroidal element, which may be a construction itself, but not necessarily by formation from a circular array
  • Arrays of angularly connected torsion/toroidal elements that themselves form toroids may be elliptical, as shown in FIGS 35 and 36, or of any other shape, and have various directional characte ⁇ stics, such as where lateral flexion of the resulting torsion/toroidal element is converted to torsional loading of its constituent toroidal torsion elements
  • Such varying constructions of torsion/toroidal elements may be combined as needed to meet ext ⁇ nsic structural requirements by tubularly concent ⁇ c connection between such torsion/torsion elements as shown in FIG 34
  • Constructions from linear arrays of connected torsion/toroidal elements may also be used to form structural members such as rods, tubes, poles or posts, examples of which are shown in FIGS 42 and 43
  • These constructions may also have directional characteristics similar to that of the circular arrays discussed above, and may be included in compound tubularly concentric constructions as shown in FIG 44
  • Fundamental torsion/toroidal elements may be fabricated from what can be considered solid mate ⁇ al, such as metal, polymers, foams, wood, or tubes of such material Such fundamental torsion/toroidal elements may even be molded as torsion elements connected in modules, partial or whole, in the form of a framework of a torsion/toroidal element Fabrication of fundamental torsion/toroidal elements may proceed from any standard manufactu ⁇ ng method, such as winding, extrusion, injection molding, laye ⁇ ng of resins and fab ⁇ cs, and fiber compositing
  • Torsion/toroidal elements may also be constructed from other torsion/toroidal elements without the use of connected arrays, such as the interlinkage shown in FIGS 38-41, formed by an apparent braid of six toroids about a central axial toroid, all of which are identical in dimension
  • the p ⁇ ncipal characteristic of this type of torsion/toroidal element is that the apparent braid of toroids rotates freely about its circular axis impeded only by the internal friction of the toroids in the braid and the f ⁇ ctional forces between them
  • torsion/toroidal element with a tube defined by a closed spiral as shown in FIG 37
  • the p ⁇ ncipal characteristic of this type of toroidal element is that the spiral tube rotates freely about its axis, which is the curved line within and at the center of the tube, impeded only by internal friction
  • Such a toroidal tubular spiral can transmit torque about the axis of the tube to any point around the tube, and thereby dist ⁇ bute torsion stress throughout the tubular spiral
  • Such a toroidal tubular spiral can be stabilized by torsion/toroidal elements connected to the pe ⁇ phery of the tube as shown in FIG 37, so that the rotation of the spiral about its tubular axis is regulated by the pe ⁇ pheral torsion/toroidal elements
  • the spiral may itself be a array of connected torsion/toroidal elements
  • torsion toroidal element may be constructed by either appropriately shaped arrays of torsion/toroidal elements, or fab ⁇ cated as fundamental torsion/toroidal elements
  • the combination and orientations in which structural modules may be constructed of torsion/toroidal elements with the use of couplings is exemplified by the catego ⁇ es shown in FIGS 46-49
  • Examples of couplings that can be used to achieve such combinations and orientations are shown in FIGS 50-52 for two-element connections, as shown in FIGS 1-4 and 5-8, and FIGS 53-56 for the types of connections shown in FIGS 46-49
  • the spline g ⁇ p couplings and the corresponding spline collars of torsion toroidal elements are among several other means contemplated for achieving fixed connections between torsion/toroidal elements and connecting couplings to transmit torsional loading Examples of such other means are welding, gluing, fusing, the use of fasteners, such as pins, screws and clamps, and the mating of the coupling with a torsion/toroidal element of non-circular cross section
  • Couplings may also be designed with va ⁇ ous mechanical devices for integrated secu ⁇ ng against movement of the torsion/toroidal element held
  • FIGS 50-52 a split block coupling in which each of the parts of the block, 61 and 63 are fitted with spline g ⁇ ps 62
  • the manner in which the coupling effects the connection is to close the block sections 61, 63 around the spline collars of the torsion/toroidal elements to be connected, and bind the block with the compression band 65 tightened into the band groove 64 with a tightening device 66, such as a ratcheted roller on which the compression band is wound
  • the coupling shown in FIGS 53-56 is an open-end coupling in which each of the end caps 83 and 87 and the mam body of the coupling 81 are fitted with spline g ⁇ ps 82, also demonstrating the type of connection shown in FIG 46
  • the manner m which the coupling effects the connection is to close end caps 83 and 87 around the spline collars of the torsion elements to be connected, and bind the caps to the main body block with the compression bands 85, which are locked to the mam body by the lock pins 88 and tightened into the band grooves 84 with the tightening devices 86
  • Torsion/toroidal elements shown in FIGS 57 and 58 as 102, 104 with spline collars 101, 103 are connectable by the couplings which have spline g ⁇ ps
  • the spline collars may be integral to the torsion/toroidal element, or may be attached by a means for bonding the spline collar to the torsion/toroidal elements or their components, by means for a mechanical linkage within the spline collar, or by or attachment or fastening to the spline collar If a structural element does not have spline collars attached, other forms of connection are possible, such as with a coupling with form g ⁇ ps, or by internal connection with torsion/toroidal elements constituting such structural elements
  • a split-block coupling with form g ⁇ ps that uses structural foam that cures to a permanent shape after being compressed about the torsion/toroidal element, or a resilient elastic cushion that g ⁇ ps the torsion/toroidal element, is similar to that shown in
  • FIGS 50-52 where the form g ⁇ ps would occupy the location of the spline g ⁇ ps
  • the block sections of the coupling are then locked in place by either compression bands, as used on the split-block coupling shown in FIGS 50-52, or other means for fastening the block together, such as screws or bolts
  • structural modules One basic form of structural module is a connected t ⁇ angular array of torsion/toroidal elements shown in FIGS 59 and 60
  • One type of connected linear array of the triangular structural module is shown in FIGS 61 -63 which forms a rod, beam, or post structure Connected arrays of such modules can form plate or deck structures
  • Another basic structural module is the connected cubic array of torsion/toroidal elements which is shown in FIGS 64 and 65, with a connected linear array shown in FIGS 66 and 67 forming rod, beam or post structures Connected arrays of these structures can form plate, deck and j oist structures as shown in FIG 68
  • a wide va ⁇ ety of such structural modules is possible
  • FIG 69 is an example of the more complex structures, such as arches or ⁇ bbing, formed when the structural modules shown are connected in arrays
  • the closed circular array m FIG 70 may also be another form of torsion/toroidal element Structures may also be formed from polygonal torsion/toroidal elements
  • the preferred use of such forms is as a body for a complex toroidal torsion element having internal shafts for the absorption of torsion stress, as shown m FIGS 71-73 in one va ⁇ ation of which torsion stress is absorbed by multiple internal shafts 112
  • the shafts 1 12 are the point region of connection with other structural elements where they are not enclosed by the polygonal toroidal body 111 of the toroidal torsion element
  • the shafts 112 rotate on bea ⁇ ngs 1 14 which are positioned by bea ⁇ ng mounts 1 13 which are fixedly attached to the body 11 1
  • a torque applied to turn the shaft 112 at its point of connection will induce a stress in the shaft 112 if the rotation
  • polygonal torsion/toroidal elements may be connected in an array to form a structural module as shown in FIGS 74-77
  • the couplings used may be of the split block type shown in FIGS 50-52
  • Polygonal torsion/toroidal elements may range from the pentagonal to the nonogonal, with the number of sides limited only by the application
  • Polygonal torsion/toroidal elements may be combined with other torsion/toroidal elements to form complex torsion/toroidal elements with structural features that can be tailored to any structural application
  • connections between torsion/toroidal elements in which the torsion/toroidal elements remain outside of the peripheral tube of the other previously demonstrated in FIG 34
  • connections between torsion/toroidal elements where one element is within the space surrounded by the tube of another are a useful structural alternative to combination by constructing
  • FIGS 82, 84, 85, 83, 87 and 88 Certain basic structural forms that are difficult to achieve without significant structural disadvantage using conventional structural systems, are natural using the present invention with no structural disadvantages Among these are sphe ⁇ cal frameworks, as shown in FIG 84, and framework towers, as shown in FIG 86 Other examples of structures for which torsion/toroidal elements are similarly suitable are shown in FIGS 82, 84, 85, 83, 87 and 88 All of the structural forms demonstrated are also useful in combination with each other, for reinforcement, aesthetics, as well as in the design of complex structures
  • the structure which may be described as a "horizontal arch" is formed by a plurality of torsion/toroidal elements which are connected side-to-side on or in an arc of a curve in the ho ⁇ zontal plane, with adjacent members leaning together toward the center of curvature of the arc, as shown in FIG 99
  • the positions of the bottom of such torsion/toroidal elements are fixed at their base along the horizontal arc which describes the overall shape of the ho ⁇ zonal arch Said positions are determined by the placement of each torsion toroidal element so that the sides thereof are in contact, directly, or indirectly within a connection, above and within the pe ⁇ meter of said arc of the ho ⁇ zontal arch
  • the torsion/toroidal members of the ho ⁇ zontal arch are thus forced together horizontally under the application of vertically downward loading near
  • This application of the sphe ⁇ cal section shown in FIG. 85 can be made in replication to all of the torsion/toroidal elements that form the sphere, and yet again and again to all of the torsion/toroidal elements that form successive replications, until a practical limit is reached beyond which the process has no structural efficacy
  • Such a replicated sphe ⁇ cal framework can be utilized as an implosion resistant pressure vessel, in which pressures mte ⁇ or to the vessel may be maintained at a lower level than the pressure outside the vessel
  • Torsion/toroidal elements may also be applied to create structures which are dynamic, with the constituent elements capable of movement by design, not only by deflection as a result of loading, but also by the active management of structural stresses Torsion/toroidal elements may also be varied in shape dynamically so as to achieve alteration of the shape, size and volume of the structure of which they are constituent
  • structures such as buildings, b ⁇ dges, even automobiles, seacraft, airframes and spaceframes are considered to be static structures in accordance with their manner of performance That is, the expectation of performance for such structures is that they respond to the loads to which they are subjected by adequate management of the stress on the mate ⁇ als used and the means by which the mate ⁇ als are connected to comp ⁇ se the structure
  • Some structures that are built with moving parts such as a roof that opens by sliding or some other aperture that is created by actuation, manual or otherwise, as in the housing of an astronomical observatory
  • the present invention contemplates its application to create a dynamic structure, a structure in which the stress of the mate ⁇ als and their connections are managed by automated actuation of the coupling of torsion/toroidal elements and the shifting of the size and shape of structures by actuation of couplings
  • FIGS 89-91 An example of an actuated coupling which can perform a fundamental shifting of shape is shown in FIGS 89-91, in which a motor 1
  • the present invention may also be embodied in wheel and tire structures as a torsion/toroidal wheel body, which has a toroidal shape without a central hub, and is the component that rotates in direct contact with the underlying surface or other wheels or rollers against and on which it may be operated or d ⁇ ven, as shown in FIG 102, and as a tire structure that includes a circular array of a plurality of toroidal torsion support elements connected to form a toroidal shape, as shown m FIGS 103 and 104
  • the structure of the toroidal wheel body is the framework of toroidal torsion elements, as shown in FIGS 19, 87 and 88, is self-supporting, and may be constructed to be flexible in order to conform to lrregula ⁇ ties of surfaces
  • the toroidal wheel body need not be circular, and its shape may be continuously controlled by internal actuators, such as those shown in FIGS 89-91, to conform to the surface and to the d ⁇ ve mechanism
  • the toroidal wheel body framework may be used directly as a toroidal wheel body, or sheathed in a casing, as shown in FIG 102 Without a casing, the framework toroidal wheel body can operate on mud, sand, snow, or other loose mate ⁇ al constituting the underlying surface
  • the tire structure may be used as an insert in a tire, as shown in FIG 105, incorporated directly in the structure of the tire body or carcass, as shown in FIG 103, or connected to a central band, as shown in FIG 103, or hub structure for receiving an axle to form a complete wheel structure
  • An object of this embodiment of the invention is to provide a non-pneumatic support for a wheel, as part of a non-pneumatic tire or as part of the wheel itself, which can be assisted with other pneumatic, fluidic, or mechanical means with inclusions of those means within the tube of the toroidal structure of the invention
  • the present invention provides a non-pneumatic tire support structure, it may also be used in conjunction with pneumatic, fluid filled, or other cushion elements
  • the open inte ⁇ or of the toroidal tube of the tire support structure also permits the inclusion of other types of toroidal structures within the toroidal tube, as shown in FIG 34, and to allow for other applications of the wheel and tire structure
  • Such other means of positioning also include depressions formed in the plan surface which could accomodate the constituent elements
  • the means for positioning may also be adjustable to conform to plans for construction of va ⁇ ously dimensioned toroidal frameworks with varying constituent elements
  • the connections may then be applied manually or with the use of robotics with the jig/mold containing the toroidal components stationary or m motion, rotational or otherwise
  • a jig/mold is also possible for non-flat surfaces using the same p ⁇ nciples of construction therefor as descnbed above, except that curvature in the additional dimension would have to be taken into account m setting the pins at the proper angles to the planes of tangency to the non-flat surface to properly position the toroidal elements to be connected
  • FIGS 107 and 108 are schematic diagrams for construction of a dome framework with toroidal elements 163 showing the dimensional quantities involved
  • the vertical planes 161 and 162 are in the diagram only for the purpose of demonstrating the relationship among the dimensions of the dome framework and the toroidal elements of which it is constructed 163.
  • This set of relations may be solved numerically by standard mathematical methods, and shall hereafter be referred to as the toroidal dome framework planning algo ⁇ thm
  • the toroidal dome framework algo ⁇ thm may be modified to assist in the planning of
  • the construction of the dome framework may then be carried out by connecting the toroidal elements of the sizes prescribed by the use of the toroidal dome framework planning algo ⁇ thm at the locations on said toroidal elements indicated by the use of the toroidal dome framework planning algo ⁇ thm, positioning the constituent toroidal elements according thereto, which may be facilitated by the use of a jig/mold from the specifications provided by the use of the toroidal dome framework planning ' *• > algo ⁇ thm, and connecting the constituent toroidal elements so positioned
  • the connections may then be applied manually or with the use of robotics
  • Such domes may also be joined in opposition at their bases to form complete or partial spheroid constructions In the case of construction of towers, such as those shown in FIGS 87 and 88, the method of construction would proceed similarly
  • FIG 1 is a plan view of two open rectangle torsion elements connected in the same o ⁇ entation by two couplings 25
  • FIG 2 is an exploded view of the connection of the open rectangle torsion elements shown in FIG 1
  • FIG 3 is a perspective view of the torsion elements in FIG 1
  • FIG 4 is an exploded view of the connection of the open rectangle torsion elements shown in FIG 3
  • FIG 5 is a plan view of two open rectangle torsion elements connected in opposite o ⁇ entation via an intermediate torsion element by four couplings 30
  • FIG 6 is an exploded view of the connection of the open rectangle torsion elements shown in FIG 5
  • FIG 7 is a perspective view of the torsion elements in FIG 5
  • FIG 8 is an exploded view of the connection of the open rectangle torsion elements shown in FIG 7
  • FIG 9 is a plan view of two 'M'-shaped torsion elements connected in opposite o ⁇ entation via an intermediate torsion element by four couplings "
  • FIG 10 is a perspective view of the torsion elements in FIG 9
  • FIG 11 is a perspective view of two 'U'-shaped open rectangle torsion elements connected at an angle m opposite o ⁇ entation by two couplings
  • FIG 12 is a perspective view of two 'U'-shaped open rectangle torsion elements connected at an angle in opposite o ⁇ entation by four couplings via an intermediate torsion element 40
  • FIG 13 is a perspective view of 6 connected pairs of open rectangle torsion elements connected in a linear array, each pair being connected to one another at an angle by two couplings
  • FIG 14 is a perspective view of 32 pairs of 'U'-shaped torsion elements connected at an angle in opposite o ⁇ entation by four couplings via an intermediate torsion element connected in a circular array forming a toroid
  • FIG 15 is a perspective view of two toroidal torsion elements connected at an angle by one coupling 5
  • FIG. 16 is a side view of the toroidal torsion elements in FIG. 15.
  • FIG. 17 is a plan view of the toroidal torsion elements shown in FIG. 15.
  • FIG. 18 is a bottom view of the toroidal torsion elements shown in FIG. 15.
  • FIG. 19 is a perspective view of 32 pairs of toroidal torsional elements shown in FIGS. 15-18 connected in a circular array forming a toroid.
  • FIG. 20 is a perspective view of two toroidal torsion elements connected at an angle without an external coupling.
  • FIG. 21 is a side view of the toroidal torsion elements in FIG. 20.
  • FIG. 22 is a plan view of the toroidal torsion elements in FIG. 20.
  • FIG. 23 is a bottom view of the toroidal torsion elements in FIG. 20.
  • FIG.24 is a plan view of 64 pairs of angularly connected toroidal torsional elements connected in a circular array forming a toroid.
  • FIG. 25 is a perspective view of the toroid shown in FIG. 24.
  • FIG. 26 a side view of two toroids such as the one shown in FIG. 24 connected internally by couplings connecting a plurality of the toroidal elements of one with proximate toroidal elements of the other.
  • FIG. 27 is a fragmentary view of the region of internal connection between the toroids in FIG. 26.
  • FIG. 28 is another side view of the two toroids shown in FIG. 26.
  • FIG. 29 is a fragmentary view of the region of internal connection between the toroids in FIGS. 20-23.
  • FIG. 30 is a view of the two toroids in the direction of the arrow in FIG. 28.
  • FIG. 31 is a fragmentary view of the region of internal connection between the toroids in FIG. 30.
  • FIG. 32 is a perspective view of the two toroids in the direction of the arrow in FIG. 30.
  • FIG. 33 is a fragmentary view of the region of internal connection between the toroids shown in FIG. 32.
  • FIG. 34 is a perspective view of a toroid formed by two tubularly concentric toroids, the outer and the inner both being 32 pairs of toroidal torsional elements shown in FIGS. 20-23 connected in a circular array forming a toroid, but with different angular orientation of the pairs of toroidal elements.
  • FIG. 35 is a plan view of 20 pairs of toroidal torsional elements as shown in FIGS. 20-23 connected in a eliptical array forming a toroid.
  • FIG. 36 is a perspective view of the toroid formed by the eliptical array shown in FIG. 35.
  • FIG. 37 is a perspective view of a toroidal element with a circular spiral tube, the tube of which is bordered by other coaxial toroidal elements of lesser tubular diameter which are bonded, bound or otherwise connected to the central toroidal element.
  • FIG. 38 is a plan view of a toroidal element consisting of seven interlinked toroidal elements, the tubes of which may be bonded, bound or otherwise connected to one another.
  • FIG. 39 is a cross section of the toroidal element in FIG. 38.
  • FIG. 40 is a perspective view of the toroidal element in FIG. 38.
  • FIG. 41 is a side view of the toroidal element in FIG. 38.
  • FIG. 42 is a perspective view of a plurality of pairs of toroidal elements as shown in FIGS. 20-23 connected in a linear array to form a straight cylindrical rod, post or tube.
  • FIG.43 is a perspective view of a plurality of pairs of toroidal elements connected in a linear array to form a straight cylindrical rod, post or tube, with a different angular orientation from those comprising the structure shown in FIG. 42.
  • FIG. 44 is a perspective view of the linear array shown in FIG. 42 which is connected to and coaxially encloses the linear array shown FIG. 43.
  • FIG. 45 is a perspective view of a toroidal element with two opposite semi-eliptical sides and two opposite straight sides.
  • FIGS. 46-49 show various connections between toroidal elements (even numbered showing the plan view and odd numbered showing a perspective view).
  • FIGS. 50, 51, and 52 are perspective views of a coupling with splined grips showing for connecting two elements showing, respectively, the coupling open, the compression band, and the coupling closed with the compression band applied.
  • FIGS 53, 54, 55, and 56 are perspective views of a coupling with splined g ⁇ ps for connecting two axially askew toroidal elements showing, respectively, the coupling open, the compression bands, the coupling closed with compression bands applied, and the coupling w ith an arbitary angle between the g ⁇ p axes (also with compression bands applied)
  • FIGS 57-58 are perspective views of toroidal elements with two spline collars on opposite sides of the element attached to the toroidal elements of which they are comp ⁇ sed
  • FIG 59 is a side view of a structural module comp ⁇ sed of three toroidal elements connected to form a t ⁇ angle
  • FIG 60 is a perspective view of the structural module shown in FIG 59
  • FIG 61 is a side view linear array of 8 of the structural modules shown in FIG 59 forming the structure of a post, beam or rod of t ⁇ angular cross section
  • FIG 62 is a top view of the linear array shown in FIG 61
  • FIG 63 is a perspective view of the linear array shown in FIG 61
  • FIG 64 is a side view of a structural module comp ⁇ sed of six toroidal elements connected to form a rectangular box
  • FIG 65 is a perspective view of the structural module in FIG 64
  • FIG 66 is a side view linear array of 8 of the structural modules shown in FIG 64 forming the structure of a post, beam or rod of rectangular cross section
  • FIG 67 is a perspective view of the structure shown in FIG 66
  • FIG 68 is a perspective view of a double width of a 3 deep array of a linear array of 8 of the structural modules shown in FIG.
  • FIG 69 is a perspective view of a t ⁇ ple width semicircular array of 45 rectangular structural modules of toroidal torsion elements connected in a semicircular array to form an arch
  • FIG 70 is a perspective view of 90 rectangular structural modules of toroidal torsion elements connected in a circular array
  • FIG 71 is a cutaway plan view of a hexagonal toroidal element with 2 sets of 3 rotationally joined internal shafts, one in each opposing half of the hexagon
  • FIG 72 is a cutaway perspective view of the toroidal element m
  • FIG 71 is a cutaway side view of the toroidal element in FIG 71
  • FIG 74 is a side view of two hexagonal toroidal elements shown m FIG 71 angularly connected by one coupling
  • FIG 75 is a plan view of the two toroidal elements in FIG 74
  • FIG 76 is a bottom view of the two toroidal elements in FIG 74
  • FIG 77 is a perspective view of the toroidal elements in FIG 74
  • FIG 78 is a perspective view of a toroidal element as shown in FIG 24 connected to a similar concent ⁇ c toroidal element within it, the radii of the toroidal elements comp ⁇ sing the inner and outer toroidal elements being equal
  • FIG 79 is a perspective view of a toroidal element formed by 32 pairs of toroidal torsional elements shown m FIG 21 connected in a circular array connected to a concent ⁇ c inner toroidal element formed by 32 pairs of the angularly connected toroidal torsional elements oriented as shown in FIG 22 connected in a circular array
  • FIGS 80 through 81 show two types of concentric connections of two toroidal elements at different angles (even numbered showing the plan view and odd numbered showing a perspective view)
  • FIG 82 is schematic elevation of a dome structure formed by successive interleaved layers of equal numbers of toroids of upwardly diminishing diameter, each toroid connected at six points to those adjacent capped by a similar dome structure of lesser diameter to form a compound dome structure
  • FIG 83 is a schematic elevation of a sphe ⁇ cal structure formed by two dome structures formed by successive layers of equal numbers of toroidal elements of upwardly diminishing diameter, each toroidal element connected at four points to those adjacent, connected in opposite polar o ⁇ entation
  • FIG 84 is a side view of a sphe ⁇ cal dodecahedral structure comp ⁇ sed of twenty connected toroidal elements with the gaps b ⁇ dged by toroidal elements of lesser diameter, with a group of elements as shown in FIG 85 scaled to connect to the topmost toroidal element of the structure, with a similar connection of a similar group similarly scaled to connect to the topmost toroidal element of the first group
  • FIG 85 is a group of 6 connected toroidal elements which comp ⁇ se the frontmost section of the sphe ⁇ cal/dodecahedral structure in FIG 84
  • FIG 86 is a perspective view of a tower structure formed by a vertical array of connected p ⁇ smatic structural modules of upwardly diminishing dimension
  • FIG 87 is a schematic elevation of a conical tower structure formed by successive layers of equal numbers of toroids of upwardly diminishing diameter, each toroid connected at four points to those adjacent
  • FIG 88 is a schematic elevation of a conical tower structure formed by successive interleaved layers of equal numbers of toroids of upwardly diminishing diameter, each toroid connected at six points to those adjacent
  • FIGS 89, 90, and 91 are perspective views of an actuated two element coupling with spline g ⁇ ps, the latter two being cutaway views showing the motors, transmissions and drives for each of the spline g ⁇ ps within the body of the coupling
  • FIGS 92 and 93 show a series of plan views of a toroidal element shifting shape from that of a circular array of 40 toroidal elements forming a circular toroid to that of an eliptical array forming an eliptical toroid
  • FIGS 94 through 98 show a series of schematic elevations of the shifting of shape of a prolate sphe ⁇ cal structure to an oblate spherical structure in phases through intermediate structures of lesser volume
  • FIG 99 is a perspective view of a circular ho ⁇ zontal arch of 20 toroidal members
  • FIG 100 is a perspective view of a structure formed from two interleaved layers of circular horizontal arches, as shown m FIG
  • FIG 101 is a perspective view of a structure formed from three interleaved layers of circular ho ⁇ zontal arches, as shown in FIG.
  • FIG 102 is a perspective cutaway view of a toroidal wheel body framework sheathed in a casing
  • FIG 103 is a cutaway of a perspective view of a wheel and tire structure (the lowest five elements of which are shown in detail with the rest of the elements being shown diagrammatically) embedded in a mat ⁇ x
  • FIG 104 is perspective view of a wheel and tire structure (the lowest five elements of which are shown in detail with the rest of the elements being shown diagrammatically) supported by a common band
  • FIG 105 is a perspective view of a tire with the wheel and tire structure shown in FIG 104 installed
  • FIG 106 is a mathematical diagram to demonstrate the relationships among the angles and lengths of a plan for construction of a toroidal element framework with smaller toroidal elements showing the dimensional quantities involved
  • FIG 107 is a perspective view of a schematic mathematical diagram of a dome showing the dimensional quantities to demonstrate the relationships among the angles and lengths of a plan for construction of a toroidal dome framework
  • FIG 108 is an elevation of a schematic mathematical diagram of a dome showing the dimensional quantities to demonstrate the relationships among the angles and lengths of a plan for construction of a toroidal dome framework
  • the best mode is the preferred embodiment of the present invention and employs toroidal elements that are constructed with the use of torsion elements which are toroidal in shape
  • the preferred embodiment using toroidal torsion elements converts most compression, tension and flexion loading of constructions using the system to torsional loading of the torsion elements of which the constructions are comp ⁇ sed
  • the use of toroidal torsion elements makes possible the construction of toroids which are self-supporting
  • the use of the invention includes every conceivable structure b ⁇ dges, towers, furniture, aircraft, land and sea vehicles, appliances, instruments, buildings, domes, airships, space structures and vehicles, and planetary and space habitats
  • the magnitude I of such structures contemplated and made structurally and economically feasible by the system range from the minute to the gigantic.
  • the structures that are possible with the use of the present invention are not limited to any particular design, and may even be freeform.
  • Some of the structural forms can be applied to construct buildings for unstable foundation conditions and which can survive foundation movement and failure.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Springs (AREA)
  • Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
  • Rolling Contact Bearings (AREA)
  • Hydraulic Turbines (AREA)
  • Shafts, Cranks, Connecting Bars, And Related Bearings (AREA)
  • Wind Motors (AREA)
  • Vehicle Body Suspensions (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention est un système structurel d'éléments de torsion/toroïdaux (184, figure 84) pouvant être reliés pour former des structures ayant une plus grande résistance et une meilleure efficacité structurelle, et lesquelles ont la capacité de supporter des charges de compression, de tension et de flexion par conversion de ces charges en charge de torsion des éléments de torsion/toroïdaux reliés. La présente invention concerne également un procédé de construction utilisant les éléments de torsion/toroïdaux.
PCT/US2000/007338 1999-03-26 2000-03-20 Systeme structurel d'elements de torsion/toroidaux et procedes de construction avec celui-ci Ceased WO2000058575A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (10)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2000608844A JP2002541360A (ja) 1999-03-26 2000-03-20 ねじれ／トロイダルな要素の構造的なシステムおよびその構築方法
AU39012/00A AU770845B2 (en) 1999-03-26 2000-03-20 Structural system of torsion/toroidal elements and methods of construction therewith
MXPA01009703A MXPA01009703A (es) 1999-03-26 2000-03-20 Sistema estructural de elementos de torsion/toroide.
CA2367090A CA2367090C (fr) 1999-03-26 2000-03-20 Systeme structurel d'elements de torsion/toroidaux et procedes de construction avec celui-ci
NZ514075A NZ514075A (en) 1999-03-26 2000-03-20 Structural system of torsion/toroidal elements and methods of construction therewith
APAP/P/2001/002280A AP1751A (en) 1999-03-26 2000-03-20 Structural system of torsion/toroidal elements and methods of construction therewith.
EP00918149A EP1173644B1 (fr) 1999-03-26 2000-03-20 Système structurel d'éléments de torsion/toroidaux
BR0010775-1A BR0010775A (pt) 1999-03-26 2000-03-20 Sistema estrutural de elementos de torção/toroidal e métodos de construção
AT00918149T ATE522673T1 (de) 1999-03-26 2000-03-20 Strukturelles system aus torsions-/toroidalen- elementen
EA200101004A EA003037B1 (ru) 1999-03-26 2000-03-20 Конструктивная система из элементов кручения/тороидальных элементов и способы сооружения конструкций с использованием этих элементов

Applications Claiming Priority (10)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US09/276,665 US6412232B1 (en) 1999-03-26 1999-03-26 Structural system of toroidal elements and method of construction therewith
US09/276,666 1999-03-26
US09/276,666 US6334284B1 (en) 1999-03-26 1999-03-26 Structural system of torsion elements and method of construction therewith
US09/276,665 1999-03-26
US09/307,985 1999-05-10
US09/307,985 US6253501B1 (en) 1999-05-10 1999-05-10 Horizontal arch
US09/314,267 US6516848B1 (en) 1999-05-18 1999-05-18 Toroidal wheel
US09/314,267 1999-05-18
US09/314,516 US6250355B1 (en) 1999-05-19 1999-05-19 Wheel and tire structure
US09/314,516 1999-05-19

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WO2000058575A1 true WO2000058575A1 (fr) 2000-10-05
WO2000058575B1 WO2000058575B1 (fr) 2000-11-30

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AT (1) ATE522673T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU770845B2 (fr)
BR (1) BR0010775A (fr)
CA (1) CA2367090C (fr)
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WO2003066982A1 (fr) * 2002-02-06 2003-08-14 Shinichi Sunahara Structure de construction
EP1418995A4 (fr) * 2001-07-28 2006-05-10 Rhino Toys Inc Jouet en forme de boule
NL2006545C2 (nl) * 2011-04-05 2012-10-08 Daedalissimo N V Werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van een schaalvormige constructie, een constructie-element en een constructie.
CN107119801A (zh) * 2017-05-23 2017-09-01 同济大学建筑设计研究院(集团)有限公司 一种轮辐式张拉结构拓展体系库构建方法

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CN102383630A (zh) * 2011-09-15 2012-03-21 金华市农业科学研究院 一种葡萄架顶的停车棚
CN103466062B (zh) * 2013-09-10 2016-03-30 上海大学 水下潜器的魔球变换平衡机构
CN105155670A (zh) * 2015-10-07 2015-12-16 徐林波 一种模块化组合建筑
CN105971120A (zh) * 2016-05-25 2016-09-28 徐林波 板式组装建筑

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US1706215A (en) * 1926-01-26 1929-03-19 American Safety Device Co Adjustable coupling means
US3959937A (en) * 1974-06-17 1976-06-01 Leonard Spunt Modular dome structure
US4784172A (en) * 1987-06-25 1988-11-15 Yacoboni Joseph D Instant emergency shelter
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US1706215A (en) * 1926-01-26 1929-03-19 American Safety Device Co Adjustable coupling means
US3959937A (en) * 1974-06-17 1976-06-01 Leonard Spunt Modular dome structure
US4784172A (en) * 1987-06-25 1988-11-15 Yacoboni Joseph D Instant emergency shelter
US5427443A (en) * 1992-11-27 1995-06-27 Bridgestone Corporation Annular elastic track

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP1418995A4 (fr) * 2001-07-28 2006-05-10 Rhino Toys Inc Jouet en forme de boule
WO2003066982A1 (fr) * 2002-02-06 2003-08-14 Shinichi Sunahara Structure de construction
NL2006545C2 (nl) * 2011-04-05 2012-10-08 Daedalissimo N V Werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van een schaalvormige constructie, een constructie-element en een constructie.
WO2012138215A1 (fr) * 2011-04-05 2012-10-11 Daedalissimo N.V. Procédé de fabrication d'une structure en forme de bol, élément structural et structure
CN107119801A (zh) * 2017-05-23 2017-09-01 同济大学建筑设计研究院(集团)有限公司 一种轮辐式张拉结构拓展体系库构建方法

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BR0010775A (pt) 2003-07-15
ATE522673T1 (de) 2011-09-15
CN1345393A (zh) 2002-04-17
EA200101004A1 (ru) 2002-04-25
AU770845B2 (en) 2004-03-04
EP1173644A4 (fr) 2003-06-25
EA003037B1 (ru) 2002-12-26
CA2367090A1 (fr) 2000-10-05
AU3901200A (en) 2000-10-16
OA11921A (en) 2006-04-12
CA2367090C (fr) 2012-02-14
JP2002541360A (ja) 2002-12-03
CN1142348C (zh) 2004-03-17
NZ514075A (en) 2003-10-31
AP1751A (en) 2007-06-29
EP1173644A1 (fr) 2002-01-23
MXPA01009703A (es) 2003-06-24
WO2000058575B1 (fr) 2000-11-30
AP2001002280A0 (en) 2001-09-30

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