WO1993005237A1 - Floating boom assemblies - Google Patents
Floating boom assemblies Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1993005237A1 WO1993005237A1 PCT/GB1992/001657 GB9201657W WO9305237A1 WO 1993005237 A1 WO1993005237 A1 WO 1993005237A1 GB 9201657 W GB9201657 W GB 9201657W WO 9305237 A1 WO9305237 A1 WO 9305237A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- boom
- flow
- liquid
- boom assembly
- floating
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B15/00—Cleaning or keeping clear the surface of open water; Apparatus therefor
- E02B15/04—Devices for cleaning or keeping clear the surface of open water from oil or like floating materials by separating or removing these materials
- E02B15/06—Barriers therefor construed for applying processing agents or for collecting pollutants, e.g. absorbent
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B15/00—Cleaning or keeping clear the surface of open water; Apparatus therefor
- E02B15/04—Devices for cleaning or keeping clear the surface of open water from oil or like floating materials by separating or removing these materials
- E02B15/10—Devices for removing the material from the surface
- E02B15/108—Ejection means
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
- Y02A20/20—Controlling water pollution; Waste water treatment
- Y02A20/204—Keeping clear the surface of open water from oil spills
Definitions
- This invention relates to floating boom assemblies, for example for use in containing a spillage of one liquid that has occurred onto the surface of another liquid.
- a major use is to prevent the escape of oil when it has been released onto water.
- the oil will usually be crude and the water may be a river, a lake or the sea.
- booms In order to limit the extent and to aid the collection of an oil spill, it is usual practice to make use of surface booms. Most common are the Fence, Weir and Inflatable Tube types. There is also a hybrid air tube/water tube design. Booms may be positioned by surface craft with wires, or tethered from under the surface or from the shore or a riverbank. In addition to these mechanical barriers, there exist air barriers, which are most commonly used at harbour mouths.
- the floating booms cause the surface oil to become trapped and consequently to thicken.
- Some booms are then equipped with weir type devices for the purpose of removing oil from the collection pool.
- the actual surface oil may vary in its consistency, specific gravity, viscosity and thickness. The thickness may have become less than 0.5mm by the time a boom system has been deployed.
- Floating booms cannot be used very successfully in heavy seas, with high current velocities or with high wind conditions. It is often found that the thin layer of oil can pass under the booms. If a boom is tethered at two points, it will form a catenary shape and capture the oil in a stagnant pool with a maximum depth near the boom. If the depth exceeds a critical level, it is reported that there may be a rapid drainage failure during which most of the captured oil can be lost. The specific gravity and current velocities are found to be important factors with regard to the prevention of rapid drainage failures.
- booms In the sea, booms can be allowed to drift with the current, and in rivers they can be swept such that the current velocity to the normal is kept below the critical level.
- Wave action of the sea on booms can cause enormous forces and the booms must be built to withstand the large heave, roll, and surge forces from the sea.
- the air barriers can only be used in natural currents of less than 0.15 m/s and are not suitable for open sea use. It follows from the above argument that there are some compounding limitations with mechanical booms which cause their use to be limited, especially at sea.
- a boom assembly having an elongate boom body having an external surface such that it defines a volume; the body being adapted to float in a liquid to provide a partly- submerged horizontally elongate barrier, with a portion of said external surface being submerged in use; means for providing one or more fluid flows; and outlet means . for introducing said one or more flows to the exterior of the boom body.
- at least one said flow will be introduced at or adjacent one or more selected regions of said external surface.
- a flow, particularly a flow comprising liquid may be ejected at a location spaced from said volume-defining external surface, e.g. via outlet means located on or adjacent a skirt extending beneath said volume-defining surface.
- One or more of said flows may be directed to pass upwardly from said outlet means, the arrangement being such that, in use, the flow tends to remain close to the surface of the boom body.
- a flow passing over submerged external flow portions can be arranged to alter the flow patterns in the bulk liquid to reduce the tendency of a lighter phase floating on the bulk liquid to pass under the boom body.
- liquid e.g. water and/or detergent
- gas e.g. air
- a Coanda type flow should remain attached to the surface of the boom such that it could bring about suitable local flow conditions to prevent such seepage or failure.
- the resulting buoyant flow and/or the Coanda effect can be used to ensure that the flow of gas and, possibly, entrained liquid (bulk and/or ejected) can follow a desired path to have a desired effect.
- a boom may be designed to have variable displacement, e.g. having means for adding or removing water and/or weights to cause ⁇ t to submerge to a greater or lesser extent.
- One or more longitudinal slots may be positioned in or on the boom to provide said outlet means to allow liquid and/or gas to be ejected, possibly in a direction to pass over a surface thereof. In some cases it may be that the fluid ejection means will only be required in the central region of the boom which is at most risk from seepage and sudden drainage failure.
- a boom embodying the invention can be remarkably effective as a barrier, e.g. to floating oil, even if it has become substantially emulsified.
- a relatively small boom can be as good a barrier as a much larger (and hence more expensive and less convenient) conventional boom.
- the use of the fluid ejection method and equipment is not limited to the prevention of seepage or sudden drainage failure as indicated above. Such methods may be extended to bring about a powered weir action on the surface of a boom.
- a primary effect sought from the ejection is modification of the velocity profiles under the surface of the bulk liquid (generally water) in order to bring about a hydrodynamic blockage effect.
- the ejection of fluids near to the surface could be used to transport oil over the immediate boom surface into a weir.
- the primary flow of fluid (usually comprising water or air, or a combination of the two) may attach to the surface of the boom and, by entrainment and/or surface tension, cause the oil to be transported over the boom surface.
- Fig. 1 is a schematic sectional view of a first embodiment of the invention, which is a containment boom;
- Fig. 2 is a like view of a second form of containment boom;
- Fig. 3 is a like view of a third embodiment which is a collecting boom.
- Fig. 4 is a like view of a second form of collecting boom.
- Fig. 1 shows a boom 1 in the form of a tube of circular section, semi-submersed in water 2.
- a layer of oil 3, is shown upstream of the boom.
- Flow lines L show typical flow patterns. It will be noted that the lines are closer together as they pass beneath the boom 1. Thus the pressure is reduced. This increases the risk of oil 3 passing beneath the boom. This is made more probable if the water is choppy.
- Using the system of the invention can enable one to disrupt the normal flow _-_ ⁇ , mMlitis O 93/05237
- Water is shown being ejected from the boom under the surface of the water. This may be effected by a pump P within the boom, causing water to be pumped out through a slot S in the undersurface of the boom. This is causing an entrainment of the surrounding water and a hydrodynamic blockage effect. Water is also being ejected from an upper slot 5 adjacent the oil/water interface, and/or air from pump P _ is ejected from an intermediate slot 6, in order to aid the blockage effect by disrupting the normal flow patterns responsible for the seepage and sudden drainage failure mechanism. The buoyant nature of an air (or other gas) flow will also contribute to the upward velocity gradient.
- Fig. 2 shows a variant, in which the pump P and outlet slot S ⁇ are provided by an external component, detachably mounted via brackets B on the boom.
- Figs. 3 and 4 show collecting booms 20,22. Each has an internal reservoir 24 for oil, with access over a weir surface 26. As in Figs. 1 and 2, air and/or water is caused to flow upwardly over the submerged surface of the boom by the Coanda effect. In this case it entrains oil and carries it over the weir.
- a boom assembly may be provided which has containment features as exemplified by Figs. 1 and 2 as well as collecting features as exemplified by Figs. 3 and 4.
- Fluids for ejection may be derived from the bulk liquid and/or atmosphere and/or from stores within the boom assembly and/or from external stores coupled by supply lines.
- Motive power may likewise be internal and/or external.
- pumps (P,P' ) may be mounted on a surface vessel (e.g. a ship) provided with an auxiliary power unit (APU).
- APU auxiliary power unit
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Cleaning Or Clearing Of The Surface Of Open Water (AREA)
- Removal Of Floating Material (AREA)
Abstract
A floating boom (1) has associated means (P^_,^_S^_) for injecting one or more flows of fluid (gas and/or liquid) adjacent an external surface of the boom. Such a flow may be arranged to rise up the side of the boom, staying close to it owing to the Coanda effect. This may serve to discourage a lighter liquid (e.g. oil) on the surface of the bulk liquid (2) from passing under the boom (Figs 1and 2) and/or assist passage of the lighter liquid (3) over a weir (26) into a reservoir (24) (which may be provided within the boom) (Figs. 3 and 4).
Description
FLOATING BOOM ASSEMBLIES This invention relates to floating boom assemblies, for example for use in containing a spillage of one liquid that has occurred onto the surface of another liquid. A major use is to prevent the escape of oil when it has been released onto water. The oil will usually be crude and the water may be a river, a lake or the sea.
In order to limit the extent and to aid the collection of an oil spill, it is usual practice to make use of surface booms. Most common are the Fence, Weir and Inflatable Tube types. There is also a hybrid air tube/water tube design. Booms may be positioned by surface craft with wires, or tethered from under the surface or from the shore or a riverbank. In addition to these mechanical barriers, there exist air barriers, which are most commonly used at harbour mouths.
It is intended that the floating booms cause the surface oil to become trapped and consequently to thicken. Some booms are then equipped with weir type devices for the purpose of removing oil from the collection pool. The actual surface oil may vary in its consistency, specific gravity, viscosity and thickness. The thickness may have become less than 0.5mm by the time a boom system has been deployed.
Floating booms cannot be used very successfully in heavy seas, with high current velocities or with high
wind conditions. It is often found that the thin layer of oil can pass under the booms. If a boom is tethered at two points, it will form a catenary shape and capture the oil in a stagnant pool with a maximum depth near the boom. If the depth exceeds a critical level, it is reported that there may be a rapid drainage failure during which most of the captured oil can be lost. The specific gravity and current velocities are found to be important factors with regard to the prevention of rapid drainage failures.
It is found, for example, that with an oil of specific gravity 0.9, the boom depth required for a 0.5 m/s current is 250 mm but that this needs to be 750 mm for a 1 m/s current.
In the sea, booms can be allowed to drift with the current, and in rivers they can be swept such that the current velocity to the normal is kept below the critical level. These practices are, however, compromises.
Wave action of the sea on booms can cause enormous forces and the booms must be built to withstand the large heave, roll, and surge forces from the sea.
It is common practice to use an independent bridle steel wire to offer support.
The air barriers can only be used in natural currents of less than 0.15 m/s and are not suitable for open sea use.
It follows from the above argument that there are some compounding limitations with mechanical booms which cause their use to be limited, especially at sea.
According to the present invention there is provided a boom assembly having an elongate boom body having an external surface such that it defines a volume; the body being adapted to float in a liquid to provide a partly- submerged horizontally elongate barrier, with a portion of said external surface being submerged in use; means for providing one or more fluid flows; and outlet means . for introducing said one or more flows to the exterior of the boom body. Generally, at least one said flow will be introduced at or adjacent one or more selected regions of said external surface. (Alternatively or additionally a flow, particularly a flow comprising liquid, may be ejected at a location spaced from said volume-defining external surface, e.g. via outlet means located on or adjacent a skirt extending beneath said volume-defining surface. ) One or more of said flows may be directed to pass upwardly from said outlet means, the arrangement being such that, in use, the flow tends to remain close to the surface of the boom body. A flow passing over submerged external flow portions can be arranged to alter the flow patterns in the bulk liquid to reduce the tendency of a lighter phase floating on the bulk liquid to pass under the boom body. Thus it is possible to
inject liquid (e.g. water and/or detergent) and/or gas (e.g. air) oir a combination of liquid and gas in a variety of ways such that fluid(s) would flow from under the surface of the water over and adjacent to the boom surface in order to prevent general oil seepage or the occurrence of a sudden drainage failure. Experience of the fluid dynamics involved indicates that a Coanda type flow should remain attached to the surface of the boom such that it could bring about suitable local flow conditions to prevent such seepage or failure.
Gas ejected below the surface of the bulk liquid will of course tend to rise. The resulting buoyant flow and/or the Coanda effect can be used to ensure that the flow of gas and, possibly, entrained liquid (bulk and/or ejected) can follow a desired path to have a desired effect.
This technique may be employed with a hollow type circular cross-sectional inflatable boom. A boom may be designed to have variable displacement, e.g. having means for adding or removing water and/or weights to cause ±t to submerge to a greater or lesser extent. One or more longitudinal slots may be positioned in or on the boom to provide said outlet means to allow liquid and/or gas to be ejected, possibly in a direction to pass over a surface thereof. In some cases it may be that the fluid ejection means will only be required in the central
region of the boom which is at most risk from seepage and sudden drainage failure.
A boom embodying the invention can be remarkably effective as a barrier, e.g. to floating oil, even if it has become substantially emulsified. Thus a relatively small boom can be as good a barrier as a much larger (and hence more expensive and less convenient) conventional boom.
The cost of booms for deployment at sea is already high and any significant increase in cost might not be viewed favourably. It may be viable to develop the present invention in such a way that it might be used to enhance the action of existing submersible booms. Thus we may provide a detachable strip that, when in place on the boom, could be used for the fluid ejection mechanism. In this way, the existing boom stock may be enhanced.
The use of the fluid ejection method and equipment is not limited to the prevention of seepage or sudden drainage failure as indicated above. Such methods may be extended to bring about a powered weir action on the surface of a boom.
Generally, a primary effect sought from the ejection is modification of the velocity profiles under the surface of the bulk liquid (generally water) in order to bring about a hydrodynamic blockage effect. Alternatively or additionally, the ejection of fluids
near to the surface could be used to transport oil over the immediate boom surface into a weir. The primary flow of fluid (usually comprising water or air, or a combination of the two) may attach to the surface of the boom and, by entrainment and/or surface tension, cause the oil to be transported over the boom surface.
Some embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
Fig. 1 is a schematic sectional view of a first embodiment of the invention, which is a containment boom; Fig. 2 is a like view of a second form of containment boom;
Fig. 3 is a like view of a third embodiment which is a collecting boom; and
Fig. 4 is a like view of a second form of collecting boom.
Fig. 1 shows a boom 1 in the form of a tube of circular section, semi-submersed in water 2. A layer of oil 3, is shown upstream of the boom. Flow lines L show typical flow patterns. It will be noted that the lines are closer together as they pass beneath the boom 1. Thus the pressure is reduced. This increases the risk of oil 3 passing beneath the boom. This is made more probable if the water is choppy. Using the system of the invention can enable one to disrupt the normal flow
_-_ Λ, mM„ O 93/05237
7 pattern, - and thus reduce the risk of oil escaping. Water is shown being ejected from the boom under the surface of the water. This may be effected by a pump P within the boom, causing water to be pumped out through a slot S in the undersurface of the boom. This is causing an entrainment of the surrounding water and a hydrodynamic blockage effect. Water is also being ejected from an upper slot 5 adjacent the oil/water interface, and/or air from pump P _ is ejected from an intermediate slot 6, in order to aid the blockage effect by disrupting the normal flow patterns responsible for the seepage and sudden drainage failure mechanism. The buoyant nature of an air (or other gas) flow will also contribute to the upward velocity gradient.
Fig. 2 shows a variant, in which the pump P and outlet slot S^ are provided by an external component, detachably mounted via brackets B on the boom.
Figs. 3 and 4 show collecting booms 20,22. Each has an internal reservoir 24 for oil, with access over a weir surface 26. As in Figs. 1 and 2, air and/or water is caused to flow upwardly over the submerged surface of the boom by the Coanda effect. In this case it entrains oil and carries it over the weir. Of course, a boom assembly may be provided which has containment features as exemplified by Figs. 1 and 2 as well as collecting features as exemplified by Figs. 3 and 4.
Fluids for ejection may be derived from the bulk liquid and/or atmosphere and/or from stores within the boom assembly and/or from external stores coupled by supply lines. Motive power may likewise be internal and/or external. For example, pumps (P,P' ) may be mounted on a surface vessel (e.g. a ship) provided with an auxiliary power unit (APU).
Claims
1. A boom assembly having an elongate boom body having an external surface such that it defines a volume, the body being adapted to float in a liquid to provide a partly-submerged horizontally elongate barrier with a portion of said external surface being submerged in use; means for providing one or more fluid flows; and outlet means for introducing said one or more flows to the exterior of the boom body at or adjacent one or more selected regions of the external surface thereof.
2. A boom assembly according to claim 1 having at least one said outlet means arranged to direct a flow to pass over a portion of the boom body external surface which is submerged in use.
3. A boom assembly according to claim 2 wherein said flow is arranged to pass upwardly from said outlet means.
4. A boom assembly according to any preceding claim wherein the means for providing fluid flows are adapted to provide flows of gas and liquid.
5. A boom assembly according to any preceding claim constructed and arranged so that the fluid flow exhibits the Coanda effect.
6. A boom assembly according to any preceding claim wherein a means for providing a fluid flow is located at least partly within the boom body.
7. A boom assembly according to any preceding claim wherein the outlet means comprises one or more openings in said submerged surface portion of the boom body.
8. A boom assembly according to any preceding claim wherein the means for providing a fluid flow and the outlet means are provided at least in part by a fluid flow body which is outside the boom body and coupled to it.
9. A boom assembly according to claim 8 wherein the fluid flow body is releaseably coupled to the boom body.
10. A boom assembly according to any preceding claim having a weir surface defined at or adjacent an upper region of the boom body and arranged so that said flow tends to carry material from the liquid surface over the weir surface.
11. A method of containing a substance floating on a denser liquid comprising providing a boom assembly having an elongate boom body floating in said liquid to provide a partly-submerged horizontally-elongate barrier, said boom body having an external surface such that it defines a volume; and introducing one or more fluid flows to the exterior of the boom body at or adjacent one or more selected regions of said external surface; thereby to restrain passage past the boom of a substance floating in said liquid.
12. A method according to claim 1 wherein at least one said fluid flow is directed to pass upwardly the arrangement being such that the flow tends to remain close to the surface of the boom body, thereby discouraging the floating substance from passing under the boom body.
13. A method according to claim 11 or 12 wherein said boom assembly is according to any of claims 1-10.
14. A method of collecting a substance floating on a denser liquid comprising providing a boom assembly having an elongate boom body floating in said liquid to provide a partly-submerged horizontally elongate barrier, introducing a fluid flow to the exterior of the boom body at or adjacent a selected region of its surface; the flow being directed to pass upwardly from said outlet means, the arrangement being such that the flow tends to remain close to the surface of the boom body; there being a weir surface defined at or adjacent an upper region of the boom body so that said flow tends to carry said floating substance over the weir surface.
15. A method of collecting a substance according to claim 15 wherein said boom assembly is according to any of claims 1-10.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9404231A GB2274605B (en) | 1991-09-10 | 1992-09-10 | Floating boom assemblies |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB9119317.7 | 1991-09-10 | ||
| GB919119317A GB9119317D0 (en) | 1991-09-10 | 1991-09-10 | Improvements to floating booms |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO1993005237A1 true WO1993005237A1 (en) | 1993-03-18 |
Family
ID=10701178
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/GB1992/001657 Ceased WO1993005237A1 (en) | 1991-09-10 | 1992-09-10 | Floating boom assemblies |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| AU (1) | AU2543392A (en) |
| GB (2) | GB9119317D0 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1993005237A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2805290A1 (en) * | 2000-02-23 | 2001-08-24 | Mario Spada | DEVICE FOR THE REMOVAL OF LIQUID OR VISCOUS PRODUCTS FLOATING ON THE SURFACE OF WATERS, SUCH AS HYDROCARBONS |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2500431A1 (en) * | 1981-02-24 | 1982-08-27 | Colletta Daniel | Flotation separator to remove and recover floating substance - uses a fluid jet from submerged nozzle to lift substance into hopper |
| US4358374A (en) * | 1979-05-07 | 1982-11-09 | Mirkoz Diesel Es Hutotechnikai Szovetkezet | Stripping apparatus for the removal of contaminants floating on a liquid |
-
1991
- 1991-09-10 GB GB919119317A patent/GB9119317D0/en active Pending
-
1992
- 1992-09-10 WO PCT/GB1992/001657 patent/WO1993005237A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1992-09-10 GB GB9404231A patent/GB2274605B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-09-10 AU AU25433/92A patent/AU2543392A/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4358374A (en) * | 1979-05-07 | 1982-11-09 | Mirkoz Diesel Es Hutotechnikai Szovetkezet | Stripping apparatus for the removal of contaminants floating on a liquid |
| FR2500431A1 (en) * | 1981-02-24 | 1982-08-27 | Colletta Daniel | Flotation separator to remove and recover floating substance - uses a fluid jet from submerged nozzle to lift substance into hopper |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| REVUE DE L'INSTITUT FRANçAIS DU PéTROLE vol. 26, no. 9, September 1971, PARIS pages 780 - 801 P. DEGOBERT 'traitement des nappes par procédés mécaniques et phisiques' * |
| THE DOCK & HARBOUR AUTHOR September 1968, pages 189 - 190 'Pneumatic barriers : effective defence against oil pollution' * |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2805290A1 (en) * | 2000-02-23 | 2001-08-24 | Mario Spada | DEVICE FOR THE REMOVAL OF LIQUID OR VISCOUS PRODUCTS FLOATING ON THE SURFACE OF WATERS, SUCH AS HYDROCARBONS |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB9119317D0 (en) | 1991-10-23 |
| GB9404231D0 (en) | 1994-05-11 |
| GB2274605A (en) | 1994-08-03 |
| AU2543392A (en) | 1993-04-05 |
| GB2274605B (en) | 1995-09-20 |
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