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US8946164B2 - Bioactive peptide - Google Patents

Bioactive peptide Download PDF

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US8946164B2
US8946164B2 US13/640,002 US201113640002A US8946164B2 US 8946164 B2 US8946164 B2 US 8946164B2 US 201113640002 A US201113640002 A US 201113640002A US 8946164 B2 US8946164 B2 US 8946164B2
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US20130203677A1 (en
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Kousaku OHINATA
Ayako Oda
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Kyoto University NUC
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Kyoto University NUC
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    • A23L1/3053—
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; PREPARATION OR TREATMENT THEREOF
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
    • A23L33/17—Amino acids, peptides or proteins
    • A23L33/18—Peptides; Protein hydrolysates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/06—Tripeptides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/07—Tetrapeptides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/08—Peptides having 5 to 11 amino acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/18—Antipsychotics, i.e. neuroleptics; Drugs for mania or schizophrenia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/20—Hypnotics; Sedatives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/22—Anxiolytics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/24—Antidepressants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • C07K14/465—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from birds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/76—Albumins
    • C07K14/77—Ovalbumin
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
    • C07K5/08—Tripeptides
    • C07K5/0802—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
    • C07K5/0804—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
    • C07K5/0808—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic the side chain containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms, e.g. Val, Ile, Leu
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
    • C07K5/08—Tripeptides
    • C07K5/0802—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
    • C07K5/0812—Tripeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aromatic or cycloaliphatic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
    • C07K5/10—Tetrapeptides
    • C07K5/1002—Tetrapeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
    • C07K5/1016—Tetrapeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aromatic or cycloaliphatic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K7/00—Peptides having 5 to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K7/04—Linear peptides containing only normal peptide links
    • C07K7/06—Linear peptides containing only normal peptide links having 5 to 11 amino acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2200/00—Function of food ingredients
    • A23V2200/30—Foods, ingredients or supplements having a functional effect on health
    • A23V2200/31—Foods, ingredients or supplements having a functional effect on health having an effect on comfort perception and well-being
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
    • A23V2250/00—Food ingredients
    • A23V2250/54—Proteins
    • A23V2250/55—Peptide, protein hydrolysate

Definitions

  • the present invention provides a peptide having a neuromodulatory effect, and a pharmaceutical or a food comprising the peptide.
  • an increasing number of individuals with psychiatric disorders such as anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and depression has been a problem.
  • Anxiety is inherently necessary as a warning to help living organisms avoid danger.
  • excessive anxiety involves the onset or the progression of symptoms of psychiatric disorders as mentioned above, and also increases the risk of the onset of lifestyle-related diseases. Therefore, the development of foods and pharmaceuticals for relieving mental stress has been desired.
  • compounds having such anxiolytic effects can be manufactured at low costs and are effective by oral administration.
  • Ovalbumin is a main egg-white protein and is contained in various foods.
  • Patent Literature 1 discloses that soymorphin derived from ⁇ -conglycinin, which is a major soy protein, has anxiolytic effects.
  • Patent Literature 1 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. H11-285362
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical and a food having anxiolytic, sedative, sleep-enhancing, and like effects, and having few or no side effects.
  • the inventors investigated various peptides for anxiolytic effects, and consequently found that short-chain peptides each including “Leu-Pro-Arg” (SEQ ID NO:3) as a common sequence, such as Val-Tyr-Leu-Pro-Arg (SEQ ID NO:1), Tyr-Leu-Pro-Arg (SEQ ID NO:2), and Leu-Pro-Arg (SEQ ID NO:3), have potent anxiolytic, sedative, and like effects, and have the effect of activating prostaglandins and GABA A receptors, thereby accomplishing the invention.
  • Leu-Pro-Arg SEQ ID NO:3
  • the present invention provides peptides, pharmaceuticals, anxiolytic or a sleep-enhancing food, and a method for relieving anxiety or enhancing sleep, as given below.
  • Item 1 At least one peptide selected from the group consisting of Val-Tyr-Leu-Pro-Arg (SEQ ID NO:1), Tyr-Leu-Pro-Arg (SEQ ID NO:2), and Leu-Pro-Arg (SEQ ID NO:3), or an analog thereof.
  • Item 2 A pharmaceutical or a pharmaceutical composition comprising the peptide or analog thereof according to Item 1.
  • Item 3 The pharmaceutical or the pharmaceutical composition according to Item 1 or 2, which is an anxiolytic drug, a sleep-inducing drug, a sleep-enhancing drug, a drug for treating schizophrenia, or an antidepressant drug.
  • Item 4 An anxiolytic or sleep-enhancing food comprising the peptide or analog thereof according to Item 1.
  • Item 5 A method for relieving anxiety or enhancing sleep, comprising administering an effective amount of the peptide according to Item 1 to a subject in need thereof.
  • anxiolytic drugs, drugs for treating sleep disorders, drugs for treating schizophrenia, antidepressant drugs, and drugs for preventing these diseases that contain as active ingredients the peptides of the invention or analogs thereof have few side effects and are suitable for long-term use.
  • the drugs of the invention are effective by oral administration.
  • natural short-chain peptides can be ingested as food; therefore, when ingested as food by individuals who are not ill but who have anxious tendencies or trouble sleeping, such peptides can be expected to prevent diseases in such individuals.
  • the peptides of the invention and analogs thereof have the effect of activating prostaglandins and GABA A receptors, and are thus expected to have the effect of preventing or treating various diseases attributed to the effect of activating these receptors.
  • peptides of the invention and analogs thereof are free of side effects caused by the activation of opioid receptor agonists.
  • FIG. 1 shows an elevated plus-maze.
  • FIG. 9 shows a presumed anxiolytic mechanism of VYLPR (SEQ ID NO:1).
  • the VYLPR (SEQ ID NO:1) anxiolytic effect was inhibited by the antagonists for a DP1 receptor and A2A receptor.
  • VYLPR (SEQ ID NO:1) anxiolytic effect occurred as a result of promoted release of PGD2 and adenosine.
  • FIG. 11 shows the anxiolytic effects of trypsin-digested ovalbumin (OVA), (A) an anxiolytic effect by intraperitoneal administration of trypsin-digested OVA, and (B) an anxiolytic effect by oral administration.
  • OVA ovalbumin
  • the anxiolytic effects can be evaluated by the elevated plus-maze test, which has been developed as a method for evaluating anxiety-related behaviors to screen anxiolytic drugs and has been widely used ( FIG. 1 ).
  • the test is performed as follows: a candidate substance for an anxiolytic drug is orally or intraperitoneally administered to a mouse, the mouse is placed in an elevated plus-maze 30 minutes after the administration, and the potency of the anxiolytic effect is evaluated based on the number of entries into the open arms and the change in the time spent on the open arms.
  • the anxiolytic effect of the peptide of the present invention was inhibited by indomethacin, which is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, the anxiolytic action is considered to be mediated by the release of prostaglandin ( FIG. 7 ).
  • the anxiolytic effect of the peptide of the present invention was inhibited by BWA868C, i.e., a DP1 receptor (DP 1 -R) antagonist, and SCH58261, i.e., an adenosine A 2A receptor antagonist, the peptide is considered to promote the release of PGD2 and adenosine and thereby exhibit the anxiolytic effect ( FIG. 10 ).
  • BWA868C i.e., a DP1 receptor (DP 1 -R) antagonist
  • SCH58261 i.e., an adenosine A 2A receptor antagonist
  • the anxiolytic effect of the peptide of the present invention was inhibited by the GABA A receptor antagonist bicuculline. This confirms that the effect of the peptide is mediated by a GABA A receptor (i.e., the peptide has an effect that is similar to that of GABA A receptor agonists or partial agonists) ( FIG. 8 ). It is presumed that endogenous GABA A release is promoted. Given that the GABA A receptor is known to have a sleep-inducing effect, the peptides of the invention and analogs thereof are considered to have a sleep-inducing effect in addition to an anxiolytic effect and are also useful as sleep-inducing drugs.
  • soymorphin a ⁇ -opioid peptide derived from the primary soy protein ⁇ -conglycinin, shows an anxiolytic effect mediated by ⁇ -opioid receptor (Patent Literature 1).
  • the anxiolytic effect of the peptide of the invention was not inhibited by the ⁇ -opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. This confirms that the anxiolytic effect of the peptides of the present invention is not mediated by a pt-opioid receptor, unlike the peptide disclosed in Patent Literature 1.
  • ⁇ -opioid rubiscolin derived from Rubisco a major protein from green leaves, demonstrates an anxiolytic effect by directly acting on the ⁇ -opioid receptor and subsequently activating the ⁇ 1 receptor.
  • the anxiolytic effect of the peptide of the invention was not inhibited by the ⁇ -opioid receptor antagonist naltrindole. This confirms that the anxiolytic effect of the peptides of the present invention is not mediated by a ⁇ -opioid receptor.
  • Preferred active ingredients in the invention have been confirmed to be effective by oral administration.
  • the active ingredient of the anxiolytic drug of the invention is at least one peptide selected from the group consisting of Val-Tyr-Leu-Pro-Arg (SEQ ID NO:1), Tyr-Leu-Pro-Arg (SEQ ID NO:2), and Leu-Pro-Arg (SEQ ID NO:3). It was found that when incubation was performed at 37° C. for 5 hours after addition of trypsin to a heated ovalbumin solution, Val-Tyr-Leu-Pro-Arg (SEQ ID NO:1) was produced with a yield of about 44% on a molar basis.
  • the active ingredient of the anxiolytic drug of the invention includes a hydrolysate obtained by hydrolyzing a protein comprising Val-Tyr-Leu-Pro-Arg (SEQ ID NO:1), such as ovalbumin, with a protease such as trypsin.
  • Each of the amino acids forming the peptide may be an L-amino acid, D-amino acid, or DL-amino acid (the mixture of D-amino acid and L-amino acid, including both a racemic amino acid and an amino acid containing an excess of either one of the two enantiomers).
  • the peptide contains only L-amino acids or only D-amino acids. Particularly, a peptide containing only L-amino acids is preferred.
  • Examples of salts of the peptide include acid addition salts and base salts.
  • Examples of acid addition salts include salts with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, hydrobromic acid, perchloric acid, and the like; and salts with organic acids such as citric acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, and the like.
  • Examples of base salts include salts with alkali metals such as sodium, potassium, and lithium; and salts with alkaline earth metals such as calcium and magnesium.
  • solvates include solvates with water (hydrates), methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetic acid, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, acetamide, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and dimethoxyethane.
  • the peptide analogs include the following analogs of the above-mentioned active ingredient peptides:
  • the N-terminal amino group of the peptide may be an amino group monosubstituted or disubstituted with a straight or branched C 1 -C 4 alkyl group, such as methylamino, dimethylamino, ethylamino, diethylamino, propylamino, dipropylamino, n-butylamino, di-n-butylamino, or the like.
  • the N-terminal amino group or the side-chain amino group (when the peptide contains Lys) of the peptide may be monosubstituted or disubstituted with an aralkyl group such as benzyl, phenethyl, or the like; or modified with an acyl group, such as a straight or branched C 1 -C 6 alkanoyl group, for example, formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, and isobutyryl, or a benzoyl group.
  • an aralkyl group such as benzyl, phenethyl, or the like
  • an acyl group such as a straight or branched C 1 -C 6 alkanoyl group, for example, formyl, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, and isobutyryl, or a benzoyl group.
  • the C-terminal carboxy group of the peptide may form an ester with a C 1 -C 6 alkyl group such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, or the like; an ester with an aralkyl group such as benzyl, phenethyl, or the like; or an amide with an amine monosubstituted or disubstituted with a straight or branched C 1 -C 4 alkyl group such as amino, methylamine, dimethylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, propylamine, dipropylamine, n-butylamine, di-n-butylamine, or the like, or an amide with ammonia.
  • a C 1 -C 6 alkyl group such as methyl, ethyl, n-propy
  • R 1 is a straight or branched C 1 -C 6 alkyl group, aralkyl group, or hydrogen atom
  • R a is any of a protecting group cleavable in an acidic condition, such as a hydrogen atom, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, methoxymethyl, 2-tetrahydrofuranyl, or 2-tetrahydropyranyl, methyl, or trifluoromethyl
  • R is each independently a straight or branched C 1 -C 6 alkyl group (for example, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, or hexyl), an aralkyl group (for example, benzyl or hexyl), a straight or branched C 1 -C 6 alkoxy group (for example, methoxy, ethoxy,
  • the peptide of the invention can be obtained by hydrolyzing a natural protein or polypeptide, or by chemical synthesis.
  • An example of proteins and polypeptides to be hydrolyzed includes ovalbumin.
  • the hydrolysis of proteins may be performed using, for example, a hydrolase such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, papain, pepsin, carboxypeptidase, thermolysin, subtilisin, or the like derived from an animal, plant, or microorganism.
  • a hydrolase such as trypsin, chymotrypsin, papain, pepsin, carboxypeptidase, thermolysin, subtilisin, or the like derived from an animal, plant, or microorganism.
  • the peptide of the invention used as an active ingredient can be obtained by using any of these enzymes, adjusting the pH to a suitable value to the enzyme, and allowing the reaction to proceed for about 30 minutes to about 48 hours at about 30 to about 40° C.
  • the peptide of the invention may be purified from the resulting reaction mixture prior to use.
  • the peptide When the peptide is obtained by enzymatic degradation of a food material, it may be used as it is, or incorporated into a different food material to prepare a food or food composition.
  • the hydrolysis may be performed by reacting a protein in water for 30 minutes to 48 hours at 1 to 100° C.
  • a strong acid for example, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, or sulfuric acid
  • a strong base for example, an alkali metal hydroxide such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, or the like; an alkali metal carbonate such as sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, or the like; or an alkali metal hydrogencarbonate such as sodium hydrogencarbonate, potassium hydrogencarbonate, or the like
  • the hydrolysis product may be used as it is after pH adjustment, or purified to separate the active ingredient peptide that is to be used.
  • the peptide of the invention can also be obtained by a peptide synthesis method.
  • the condensation can be performed by solution-phase or solid-phase methods generally used in peptide synthesis, such as a method in which a reactant having a reactive carboxy group and a reactant having a reactive amino group are reacted using an active ester such as HBTU, or a method using a coupling agent such as carbodiimide.
  • an active ester such as HBTU
  • a coupling agent such as carbodiimide
  • amino-protecting groups include benzyloxycarbonyl (CBZ), t-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc), 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc), and the like.
  • carboxy-protecting groups include groups capable of forming alkyl esters, benzyl esters, and the like.
  • the C-terminal carboxy group is bonded to a support such as chlorotrityl resin, chloromethyl resin, oxymethyl resin, p-alkoxybenzyl alcohol resin, or the like.
  • the condensation reaction is carried out in the presence of a condensing agent such as carbodiimide, or using an N-protecting amino acid active ester or a peptide active ester.
  • the protecting group is removed after the completion of the condensation reaction.
  • the bond between the C-terminus of the peptide and the resin is also cleaved.
  • the peptide of the invention is purified according to a general method. Examples of purification methods include ion-exchange chromatography, reverse-phase liquid chromatography, affinity chromatography, and the like.
  • the resulting peptide is analyzed by the Edman degradation technique, using a protein sequencer, GC-MS, or the like that reads an amino acid sequence from the C-terminus.
  • the peptide of the invention can also be synthesized according to an enzymatic method (see WO2003/010307, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.)
  • the route of administration of the peptide of the invention is not particularly limited.
  • the peptide can be administered orally, parenterally, or intrarectally.
  • the peptide can be administered orally or non-orally.
  • the dose of the peptide will vary depending on the type of compound, the mode of administration, and the age, condition, and the like of an individual who is administered the peptide; however, the daily dose for an adult is typically 0.01 to 500 mg/kg, preferably 0.05 to 100 mg/kg, and more preferably 0.1 to 30 mg/kg.
  • the peptide (active ingredient) of the invention is typically administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition in admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier.
  • a pharmaceutical carrier that is commonly used in the field of pharmaceutical preparations and that does not react with the peptide of the invention is used.
  • the peptide of the invention can be used by itself as a foodstuff or a pharmaceutical, or can be made into a food preparation or a pharmaceutical preparation, either alone or together with suitable nontoxic carriers for oral administration, or with diluents or excipients.
  • Examples of such food or pharmaceutical preparations include tablets (uncoated tablets, sugar-coated tablets, effervescent tablets, film-coated tablets, chewable tablets, and the like), capsules, troches, powders, fine granules, granules, solutions, suspensions, emulsions, pastes, creams, injections (including infusions such as amino acid infusions and electrolytes), and sustained-release preparations such as enteric-coated tablets, capsules, granules, and the like.
  • the amount of the peptide in the food can be suitably selected but is typically in the range of from 0.01 to 100 wt %.
  • compositions or carriers for oral administration, diluents, excipients, and like substances that can be added to a pharmaceutical or a food include lactose, glucose, mannite, dextrin, cyclodextrin, starch, saccharose, magnesium aluminometasilicate, synthetic aluminum silicate, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl starch, calcium carboxymethyl cellulose, ion exchange resins, methylcellulose, gelatin, gum arabic, hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol, light anhydrous silicic acid, magnesium stearate, talc, tragacanth, bentonite, veegum, titanium oxide, sorbitan fatty acid esters, sodium lauryl sulfate, glycerin, fatty acid glycerol esters, purified lanolin, glycerogelatin, polysorbate, macrogol, vegetable
  • dosage form examples include tablets, capsules, granules, powders, syrups, suspensions, suppositories, ointments, creams, gels, patches, inhalants, injections, and the like. These preparations are prepared according to general methods. Liquid preparations may be dissolved or suspended in water or other suitable solvents prior to use. Tablets and granules may be coated using known methods. Injections are prepared by dissolving the peptide of the invention in water. As required, injections may also be prepared by dissolving the peptide in physiological saline or a glucose solution, or may additionally contain a buffer or a preservative.
  • preparations may contain the peptide of the invention in an amount of from 0.01 to 100 wt %, and preferably from 1 to 90 wt %. These preparations may also contain another therapeutically beneficial ingredient(s).
  • Solid preparations for oral administration may be prepared by mixing an active ingredient with an excipient such as lactose, starch, crystalline cellulose, calcium lactate, silicic acid anhydride, and the like to form powders. Further, a binder such as saccharose, hydroxypropylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone; and a disintegrator such as carboxymethyl cellulose and calcium carboxymethyl cellulose may be also added and the resulting mixture is dry- or wet-granulated to form granules. Tablets may be prepared by tableting these powders or granules as they are, or after adding thereto lubricants such as magnesium stearate and talc.
  • an excipient such as lactose, starch, crystalline cellulose, calcium lactate, silicic acid anhydride, and the like to form powders.
  • a binder such as saccharose, hydroxypropylcellulose, and polyvinylpyrrolidone
  • a disintegrator such as carboxy
  • granules or powders can be coated with enteric coatings such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate and methacrylate-methyl methacrylate polymer to form enteric-coated preparations; or coated with ethylcellulose, carnauba wax, or hydrogenated oil to form sustained-release preparations.
  • enteric coatings such as hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate and methacrylate-methyl methacrylate polymer to form enteric-coated preparations
  • ethylcellulose, carnauba wax, or hydrogenated oil to form sustained-release preparations.
  • Capsules may be prepared by filling hard gelatin capsules with the powders or granules, or by coating with gelatin films the active ingredient as it is, or after being dissolved in glycerin, polyethylene glycol, sesame oil, olive oil, or the like to form soft gelatin capsules.
  • Liquid preparations for oral administration may be prepared by dissolving in water the active ingredient together with sweetening agents such as saccharose, sorbitol, and glycerin to form transparent syrups; by further adding thereto essential oils, ethanol, and the like to form elixirs; or by further adding thereto gum arabic, tragacanth, polysorbate 80, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, or the like to form emulsions or suspensions.
  • sweetening agents such as saccharose, sorbitol, and glycerin
  • sweetening agents such as saccharose, sorbitol, and glycerin
  • glycerin to form transparent syrups
  • Injections may be prepared by dissolving the active ingredient in distilled water for injection, optionally with a pH adjuster such as hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, lactose, lactic acid, sodium, sodium monohydrogen phosphate, and sodium dihydrogen phosphate, and an isotonic agent such as sodium chloride and glucose, and filling an ampoule with the solution after the sterile filtration; or by further adding thereto mannitol, dextrin, cyclodextrin, gelatin, or the like, followed by vacuum freeze-drying, to form injections that are reconstituted prior to use.
  • Emulsions for injection can also be prepared by adding to the active ingredient lecithin, polysorbate 80, polyoxyethylene hydrogenated castor oil, or the like, and emulsifying the mixtures in water.
  • Preparations for rectal or vaginal administration may be prepared by humidifying and dissolving the active ingredient together with a suppository bases such as cacao butter, tri-, di-, and monoglycerides of fatty acids, or polyethylene glycol, and by pouring the mixture into a mold, followed by cooling; or by dissolving the active ingredient in polyethylene glycol, soybean oil, or the like, followed by coating the mixture with a gelatin film.
  • a suppository bases such as cacao butter, tri-, di-, and monoglycerides of fatty acids, or polyethylene glycol
  • External preparations for the skin may be prepared by adding the active ingredient to white petrolatum, yellow beeswax, liquid paraffin, polyethylene glycol, and the like, and by optionally humidifying and kneading the mixtures to form an ointment; or by kneading the active ingredient with an adhesive such as rosin and acrylic acid alkyl ester polymers, followed by spreading the mixture onto a nonwoven cloth such as polyalkyl to form a tape.
  • an adhesive such as rosin and acrylic acid alkyl ester polymers
  • forms of foods that can be prepared by adding or blending the peptides of the invention include beverages (for example, coffee, cocoa, juices, soft drinks, mineral drinks, tea beverages, green tea, black tea, oolong tea, milk beverages, lactic acid bacteria beverages, yoghurt beverages, and carbonated beverages), gum, gummy candies, jellies, candies, cookies, crackers, biscuits, ice confectioneries (for example, ice creams, ice candies, sherbets, and shaved ice), retort-pouched foods, jelly-like foods (for example, jellies, agar jelly, and jelly-like beverages), and the like.
  • beverages for example, coffee, cocoa, juices, soft drinks, mineral drinks, tea beverages, green tea, black tea, oolong tea, milk beverages, lactic acid bacteria beverages, yoghurt beverages, and carbonated beverages
  • gum for example, coffee, cocoa, juices, soft drinks, mineral drinks, tea beverages, green tea, black tea, o
  • Foods that can be prepared by adding or blending the peptides of the invention may take the form of health foods, functional foods, nutritional supplements, dietary supplements, foods for specified health uses, foods for the ill/combined foods for the ill (a category of foods for special dietary uses, approved by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan), and foods for the elderly (a category of foods for special dietary uses, approved by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan).
  • These foods may be in the form of uncoated tablets, film-coated tablets, sugar-coated tablets, granules, powders, tablets, capsules (including both hard and soft gelatin capsules), chewable forms, syrups, drinks, and the like.
  • the preparation of foods obtained by adding or blending the peptides of the invention can be performed according to known methods.
  • the elevated plus-maze includes two open arms (25 ⁇ 5 cm) and two closed arms (25 ⁇ 5 ⁇ 15 cm), which were joined to a central platform 50 cm high above the floor (see FIG. 1 ). Because the closed arms were surrounded by barriers, a mouse could safely walk in the closed arms in spite of the elevated position. On the other hand, because the open arms were not surrounded by barriers, a mouse walking along the open arms would feel anxious that it might fall from the elevated position. Therefore, the more time the mouse spent in the open arms, or the greater the number of entries into the open arms, the less anxious the mouse would feel. Thus, the anxiolytic activity is determined based on these indices.
  • a mouse was placed on a portion of the central platform facing one of the open arms, and the test was started. During the 5-minute test time, the cumulative time spent in the open arms (abbr.: time in open arms), the number of visits to the open arms (abbr.: visits to open arms), and the total number of visits to the either arms (abbr.: total visits) were recorded. The percentage of the time spent in the open arms and the percentage of the number of visits to the open arms were calculated as indices of anxiety.
  • the data obtained from the elevated plus-maze test were represented as the mean values ⁇ SEM.
  • the data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, followed by the Fisher test for multiple comparisons.
  • VYLPR SEQ ID NO:1
  • YLPR SEQ ID NO:2
  • LPR SEQ ID NO:3
  • IP intraperitoneally
  • PO orally
  • the percentage of the time spent in the open arms, the percentage of the number of visits to the open arms, and the total number of visits to the both arms (total visits) were compared between groups administered each peptide and the control group (0 mg/kg).
  • the results are shown in FIGS. 2 to 5 , FIGS. 7 and 8 , and Table 1.
  • the peptides of the invention significantly increased or showed a significant tendency to increase the percentage of visits to the open arms and the percentage of the time spent in the open arms.
  • Trypsin-digested ovalbumin was used as an active ingredient and was administered intraperitoneally and orally to test the anxiolytic effects using the open arms in the same manner as in Examples 1 to 3. The results are shown in FIG. 11 .
  • An anxiolytic peptide of the invention was administered in combination with the inhibitor or one of the antagonists for various receptors as follows, and tests were conducted in the same manner as in Example 1 in order to identify the effect of each antagonist on the anxiolytic activity of the peptide of the present invention, i.e., to identify the receptors on which the peptide of the invention acts.
  • COX inhibitor Indomethacin, 10 mg/kg
  • DP 1 -R antagonist BWA868C, 60 ⁇ g/kg
  • A2A-R antagonist SCH58261, 0.1 mg/kg
  • the anxiolytic peptide of the invention potentially has an action mechanism that is different from those of the conventional anxiolytic drugs, and thus can provide novel types of pharmaceuticals and foods.

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WO2018047852A1 (fr) * 2016-09-07 2018-03-15 Kyoto University Peptides et conjugués peptidiques pour le traitement de troubles mentaux
US20200283502A1 (en) * 2017-09-25 2020-09-10 Pepticom Ltd. Positive allosteric modulators of gaba a receptor
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