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US20100043662A1 - Diffusion alloyed iron powder - Google Patents

Diffusion alloyed iron powder Download PDF

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Publication number
US20100043662A1
US20100043662A1 US12/522,753 US52275308A US2010043662A1 US 20100043662 A1 US20100043662 A1 US 20100043662A1 US 52275308 A US52275308 A US 52275308A US 2010043662 A1 US2010043662 A1 US 2010043662A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
iron
powder
bullet
iron powder
diffusion alloyed
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US12/522,753
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English (en)
Inventor
Johan Arvidsson
Hans Söderhjelm
Original Assignee
Hoganas AB
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hoganas AB filed Critical Hoganas AB
Priority to US12/522,753 priority Critical patent/US20100043662A1/en
Assigned to HOGANAS AB reassignment HOGANAS AB ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ARVIDSSON, JOHAN, SODERHJELM, HANS
Publication of US20100043662A1 publication Critical patent/US20100043662A1/en
Assigned to AKTIEBOLAGET FERROLEGERINGAR reassignment AKTIEBOLAGET FERROLEGERINGAR ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HOGANAS AB (PUBL.)
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B12/00—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material
    • F42B12/72—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material
    • F42B12/74—Projectiles, missiles or mines characterised by the warhead, the intended effect, or the material characterised by the material of the core or solid body
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/14—Treatment of metallic powder
    • B22F1/142—Thermal or thermo-mechanical treatment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/17—Metallic particles coated with metal
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
    • C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
    • C22C1/045—Alloys based on refractory metals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
    • C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
    • C22C33/0257—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements
    • C22C33/0278—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements with at least one alloying element having a minimum content above 5%
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F42—AMMUNITION; BLASTING
    • F42B—EXPLOSIVE CHARGES, e.g. FOR BLASTING, FIREWORKS, AMMUNITION
    • F42B7/00—Shotgun ammunition
    • F42B7/02—Cartridges, i.e. cases with propellant charge and missile
    • F42B7/10—Ball or slug shotgun cartridges
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
    • B22F3/14—Both compacting and sintering simultaneously
    • B22F2003/145—Both compacting and sintering simultaneously by warm compacting, below debindering temperature
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
    • B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a metal powder suitable for producing lead free bullets, in particular bullets having a density of approximately 8-15 g/cm 3 .
  • lead Due to a number of factors such as availability, price and material properties lead has been the dominating material for bullet and shot shell manufacturing.
  • the density of lead at room temperature is 11.35 g/cm 3 which is comparably high in relation to many other materials.
  • the high density enables lead-based projectiles to maintain a higher kinetic energy and more accurate flight pattern over long distances than less dense materials.
  • tungsten (W) and bismuth (Bi) are used commercially for production of lead free ammunition with high density.
  • Tungsten has a density of 19.8 g/cm 3 and the toxic effects of tungsten is considered to be comparably limited. Further it would be advantageous if the costs of such bullets can be kept low.
  • the price for tungsten is very dependent on the particle size and purity and very expensive atomised powders are available on the market.
  • tungsten oxide (W03) which is an intermediate product in the production of W, is comparably cheap.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,527,376 claims a shot pellet or small arms projectile comprising 40% by weight to 60% by weight tungsten and from 60% by weight to 40% by weight iron prepared by sintering tungsten containing powders having median particle sizes below about 6 microns at a temperature sufficient to form a material consisting primarily of an intermetallic compound of tungsten and iron, a projectile comprising 40-60 wt % W and 60-40 wt % Fe, formed by sintering tungsten containing powder.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,950,064 presents a method for the manufacture of lead-free shots with a density equal to or higher than lead.
  • Ferrotungsten typically 70%-80%, by weight, tungsten and the balance iron
  • other iron-tungsten alloys are most preferred due to a relatively low cost when compared to tungsten metals and other tungsten base alloys.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,187 shows a lead free bullet, comprising: a compacted composite containing a high-density first constituent selected from the group consisting of tungsten, tungsten carbide, ferrotungsten and mixtures thereof; and a lower density second constituent selected from the group consisting of tin, zinc, aluminium, iron, copper, bismuth and mixtures thereof.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,112,669 describes a lead-free projectile made from a composition containing about 5-25% by weight tungsten and more than about 97% by weight tungsten plus iron.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,527,880 describes a non-toxic shot having a composition of 20-70% W, 10-70% Ni and 0-55% Fe.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,640,724 describes a method for manufacturing a frangible projectile from a mixture of powders having a composition that consists essentially of up to 35% ferrotungsten, up to 3% lubricant, and the balance iron.
  • the mixture is compacted at a pressure of between about 138 MPa and about 827 MPa to form a compact.
  • the compact is optionally sintered at a temperature no greater than about 900° C.
  • One object of the invention is to provide an iron-based powder and a powder composition which is suitable for manufacturing lead free ammunition.
  • a further objective is to provide a non-toxic projectile manufactured from said iron-based powder.
  • At least one of the above mentioned objects are solved by providing a diffusion alloyed iron powder having tungsten bonded to the surfaces of the powder particles, which diffusion alloyed iron powder comprises 30-60 wt % tungsten, balance essentially only iron and unavoidable impurities.
  • the diffusion alloyed powder of the invention has been shown to be suitable for producing lead free bullets, in particular when the diffusion alloyed powder is admixed with graphite in an amount of 1-4 wt % C.
  • composition comprises: at least 90 percent by weight of the diffusion alloyed iron powder of the invention and about 0.05 to about 2 percent by weight of a lubricant and optionally about 0.05 to about 2 percent by weight of a binder.
  • the composition further comprises 1-4 wt % C in the form of Graphite.
  • a process for producing a diffusion alloyed iron powder which comprises: 30-60 wt % tungsten, balance essentially only iron and unavoidable impurities, said process comprises; a) mixing a tungsten oxide and an atomized iron powder, b) and annealing the mix of step a) under a reducing atmosphere whereby the tungsten oxide is reduced and tungsten is bonded to the surfaces of the iron powder particles of the iron powder.
  • the annealing is performed at a temperature of at least 800° C., more preferably at least 900° C. and at a temperature below 1500° C., more preferably below 1200° C.
  • the annealing is preferably performed during at least 30 minutes, more preferably at least 45 minutes.
  • the reduced atmosphere comprises essentially hydrogen.
  • the green body is formed by cold compaction of the mixture, where preferably the compaction pressure is within the range of 500-1500 MPa, more preferably at least 800 Mpa, and where preferably the temperature during compaction is below 100° C.
  • the green body is formed by warm compaction of the mixture, where preferably the compaction pressure is within the range of 500-1500 MPa, preferably at least 800 Mpa, and where preferably the temperature during compaction is within the range of 100-200° C.
  • the sintering temperature is in the range of 1100° C. to 1400° C.
  • the sintered density of the bullet produced according to the bullet preferably has a density of at least 10 g/cm 3 , more preferably at least 11 g/cm 3 .
  • Such bullets are suitable as shot gun bullets and hunting bullets.
  • the bullet may be coated with a jacket from the group consisting of tin, zinc, copper, brass and plastic.
  • FIG. 1 is a metallographic picture showing the sintered structure of a W/FE/C-alloy according to the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a metallographic picture showing the W-particles embedded in the Fe—C matrix of a W/FE/C alloy according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a metallographic picture showing the sintered structure of a bullet manufactured from a diffusion alloyed powder of the invention.
  • DA 1, DA 2 and DA 3 Three diffusion alloyed iron powders—referred to, in the present application, as DA 1, DA 2 and DA 3—were prepared. This was done by mixing 227 grams of WO3, from the company H.C. Starck, and 120 grams of different iron powders, iron powder 1, iron powder 2 and iron powder 3—the numbering of the iron powders corresponding to the numbering of the diffusion alloyed iron powders. I.e. DA 1 was prepared from iron powder 1 and so on. The iron powders are shown in Table 1 and the diffusion alloyed powders are shown in Table 2.
  • Respectively mix of iron powder 1, 2 and 3 and WO3 where heat treated in a continuous furnace during 60 minutes at a temperature of 1000° C., the atmosphere being 100% Hydrogen. During this heat treatment, the fine particles of the WO3 powder bonds to the coarser iron powder particles. After cooling the resulting soft cakes were milled, and approximately 300 grams of the diffusion alloyed powders, DA 1, 2 and 3, were obtained respectively. Chemical analysis showed that the resulting diffusion alloyed powders DA 1, 2 and 3 comprised 40 wt % Fe, 60 wt % W and inevitable impurities.
  • compositions were tested. For each composition test samples were produced by filling a form (10 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness) with the powder metallurgical compositions shown in Table 3. These samples were then compacted at a compaction pressure of 1000 Mpa followed by sintering in a 100% Hydrogen atmosphere during 1 hour and at a temperature of 1325° C. For each composition the green density and sintered density was measured as averages from their corresponding test samples. The aim was to create some sort of liquid phase sintering and the additives FeSi, FeB, C and carbonyl nickel were evaluated as seen in Table 3.
  • DA 1 D 1000 7.74 1325° C., 10.1 1 wt % Kenolube ®, 12 1 h, H2 wt % FeSi, bal.
  • DA 1 E 1000 8.42 1325° C., 11.4 1 wt % Kenolube ®, 2 1 h, H2 wt % C-UF, bal.
  • DA 2 F 1000 8.47 1325° C., 11.6 1 wt % Kenolube ®, 2 1 h, H2 wt % C-UF, bal.
  • DA 3 1000 7.74 1325° C., 10.1 1 wt % Kenolube ®, 12 1 h, H2 wt % FeSi, bal.
  • DA 1 E 1000 8.42 1325° C., 11.4 1 wt % Kenolube ®, 2 1 h, H2 wt % C-UF, bal.
  • DA 2 F 1000 8.47 1325° C., 11.6
  • composition A E and F—all being mixed with 2 wt % C in the form of Graphite (grade UF).
  • the highest sintering density was achieved for composition A, however composition E and F closely followed.
  • FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 show metallographic pictures for composition A.
  • FIG. 1 it can be seen that the porosity is more pronounced in the centre of the specimen and
  • FIG. 2 shows how the W-particles are embedded in the Fe—C matrix.
  • the tungsten content could be further reduced—for a sintered density of 11.8 g/cm 3 the theoretical tungsten content is approximately 30 wt %. Further, it is likely that by optimizing the process the sintering temperature may also be reduced, preferably below 1250° C. while still maintaining liquid phase sintering.
  • a projectile produced from the powder of the invention may have a density in the range of approximately 8-15 g/cm 3 , preferably in the range of approximately 10-13 g/cm 3 , more preferably in the range of approximately 10.5-12 g/cm 3 , and even more preferably a density of approximately 11.3-11.8 g/cm 3 .
  • the projectile of the invention may have a density outside of these illustrative ranges and within further subsets of these ranges.
  • FIG. 3 shows metallographic pictures of a bullet produced from composition A of Table 3.
  • the porosity reduces the tendency for ricochets as well as improves the adherence of the lubricant put on the surface
  • the projectiles are jacketed, compacting could be done in the jacket and sintered therein.
  • the projectiles could be compacted and sintered before being inserted into the jackets. If the projectiles are coated, they would be coated after compacting and sintering.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
US12/522,753 2007-01-26 2008-01-21 Diffusion alloyed iron powder Abandoned US20100043662A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US12/522,753 US20100043662A1 (en) 2007-01-26 2008-01-21 Diffusion alloyed iron powder

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US88666407P 2007-01-26 2007-01-26
SE0700193-6 2007-01-26
SE0700193 2007-01-26
PCT/SE2008/050061 WO2008091210A1 (fr) 2007-01-26 2008-01-21 Poudre de fer alliée par diffusion
US12/522,753 US20100043662A1 (en) 2007-01-26 2008-01-21 Diffusion alloyed iron powder

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20100043662A1 true US20100043662A1 (en) 2010-02-25

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ID=39644717

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US12/522,753 Abandoned US20100043662A1 (en) 2007-01-26 2008-01-21 Diffusion alloyed iron powder

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US20100043662A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2111317A4 (fr)
CN (1) CN101588883B (fr)
BR (1) BRPI0807180A2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2675104A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2008091210A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2606358C2 (ru) * 2015-01-12 2017-01-10 Юрий Генрихович Векслер Способ получения легированных порошков в виброкипящем слое
US10260850B2 (en) 2016-03-18 2019-04-16 Environ-Metal, Inc. Frangible firearm projectiles, methods for forming the same, and firearm cartridges containing the same
US10690465B2 (en) 2016-03-18 2020-06-23 Environ-Metal, Inc. Frangible firearm projectiles, methods for forming the same, and firearm cartridges containing the same

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2427286A4 (fr) 2009-10-26 2012-06-27 Minpro Aktiebolag Recyclage de carbures de tungstène
TW201430143A (zh) 2012-09-05 2014-08-01 Ferrolegeringar Ab 含有鐵及鎢之丸粒
CN103627941A (zh) * 2013-12-06 2014-03-12 株洲乐泰金属粉末制品有限公司 一种用于猎枪子弹弹芯的钨锡合金球的配方及其制备工艺
CN112746215A (zh) * 2020-12-25 2021-05-04 北京首钢吉泰安新材料有限公司 一种成分均匀的含低熔点高密度元素钢的冶炼方法
JP7491578B2 (ja) 2021-02-10 2024-05-28 清川メッキ工業株式会社 散弾銃用弾丸

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US4234168A (en) * 1976-03-12 1980-11-18 Kawasaki Steel Corporation Apparatus for producing low-oxygen iron-base metallic powder
US4954171A (en) * 1987-09-30 1990-09-04 Kawasaki Steel Corp. Composite alloy steel powder and sintered alloy steel
US5264022A (en) * 1992-05-05 1993-11-23 Teledyne Industries, Inc. Composite shot
JPH0718351A (ja) * 1993-07-07 1995-01-20 Railway Technical Res Inst 焼結集電摺動材料
US5399187A (en) * 1993-09-23 1995-03-21 Olin Corporation Lead-free bullett
US5527376A (en) * 1994-10-18 1996-06-18 Teledyne Industries, Inc. Composite shot
US5831188A (en) * 1992-05-05 1998-11-03 Teledyne Industries, Inc. Composite shots and methods of making
US5950064A (en) * 1997-01-17 1999-09-07 Olin Corporation Lead-free shot formed by liquid phase bonding
US6112669A (en) * 1998-06-05 2000-09-05 Olin Corporation Projectiles made from tungsten and iron
US6209180B1 (en) * 1997-03-25 2001-04-03 Teledyne Industries Non-toxic high density shot for shotshells
US20020106298A1 (en) * 2000-11-09 2002-08-08 Sven Allroth High density products and method for the preparation thereof
US6527880B2 (en) * 1998-09-04 2003-03-04 Darryl D. Amick Ductile medium-and high-density, non-toxic shot and other articles and method for producing the same
US20030097907A1 (en) * 2001-11-28 2003-05-29 Carroll Daniel F. Methods of producing composite powders
US6640724B1 (en) * 1999-08-04 2003-11-04 Olin Corporation Slug for industrial ballistic tool
US6823798B2 (en) * 2002-01-30 2004-11-30 Darryl D. Amick Tungsten-containing articles and methods for forming the same

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GB598181A (en) * 1945-02-12 1948-02-12 Diffusion Alloys Ltd A process for the coating of metal powders
DE940712C (de) * 1946-05-22 1956-03-22 Husqvarna Vapenfabriks Ab Auf pulvermetallurgischem Wege hergestellte Legierung mit hoher Kriechgrenze
JPS63297502A (ja) * 1987-05-29 1988-12-05 Kobe Steel Ltd 粉末冶金用高強度合金鋼粉及びその製造方法
JPH0356609A (ja) * 1989-07-21 1991-03-12 Awamura Kinzoku Kogyo Kk モリブデン被覆複合粉末の製造法
FR2784690B1 (fr) * 1998-10-16 2001-10-12 Eurotungstene Poudres Poudres metalliques microniques a base de tungstene et/ou de molybdene et de materiaux de transition 3d
US7384446B2 (en) * 2004-04-22 2008-06-10 Jfe Steel Corporation Mixed powder for powder metallurgy
CN100515613C (zh) * 2004-04-22 2009-07-22 杰富意钢铁株式会社 粉末冶金用混合粉体

Patent Citations (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4234168A (en) * 1976-03-12 1980-11-18 Kawasaki Steel Corporation Apparatus for producing low-oxygen iron-base metallic powder
US4954171A (en) * 1987-09-30 1990-09-04 Kawasaki Steel Corp. Composite alloy steel powder and sintered alloy steel
US5831188A (en) * 1992-05-05 1998-11-03 Teledyne Industries, Inc. Composite shots and methods of making
US5264022A (en) * 1992-05-05 1993-11-23 Teledyne Industries, Inc. Composite shot
JPH0718351A (ja) * 1993-07-07 1995-01-20 Railway Technical Res Inst 焼結集電摺動材料
US5399187A (en) * 1993-09-23 1995-03-21 Olin Corporation Lead-free bullett
US5527376A (en) * 1994-10-18 1996-06-18 Teledyne Industries, Inc. Composite shot
US5950064A (en) * 1997-01-17 1999-09-07 Olin Corporation Lead-free shot formed by liquid phase bonding
US6209180B1 (en) * 1997-03-25 2001-04-03 Teledyne Industries Non-toxic high density shot for shotshells
US6112669A (en) * 1998-06-05 2000-09-05 Olin Corporation Projectiles made from tungsten and iron
US6527880B2 (en) * 1998-09-04 2003-03-04 Darryl D. Amick Ductile medium-and high-density, non-toxic shot and other articles and method for producing the same
US6640724B1 (en) * 1999-08-04 2003-11-04 Olin Corporation Slug for industrial ballistic tool
US20020106298A1 (en) * 2000-11-09 2002-08-08 Sven Allroth High density products and method for the preparation thereof
US20030097907A1 (en) * 2001-11-28 2003-05-29 Carroll Daniel F. Methods of producing composite powders
US6823798B2 (en) * 2002-01-30 2004-11-30 Darryl D. Amick Tungsten-containing articles and methods for forming the same

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
RU2606358C2 (ru) * 2015-01-12 2017-01-10 Юрий Генрихович Векслер Способ получения легированных порошков в виброкипящем слое
US10260850B2 (en) 2016-03-18 2019-04-16 Environ-Metal, Inc. Frangible firearm projectiles, methods for forming the same, and firearm cartridges containing the same
US10690465B2 (en) 2016-03-18 2020-06-23 Environ-Metal, Inc. Frangible firearm projectiles, methods for forming the same, and firearm cartridges containing the same
US11280597B2 (en) 2016-03-18 2022-03-22 Federal Cartridge Company Frangible firearm projectiles, methods for forming the same, and firearm cartridges containing the same
US11359896B2 (en) 2016-03-18 2022-06-14 Federal Cartridge Company Frangible firearm projectiles, methods for forming the same, and firearm cartridges containing the same

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BRPI0807180A2 (pt) 2014-05-27
CN101588883B (zh) 2012-05-30
CA2675104A1 (fr) 2008-07-31
CN101588883A (zh) 2009-11-25
EP2111317A1 (fr) 2009-10-28
WO2008091210A1 (fr) 2008-07-31
EP2111317A4 (fr) 2013-08-07

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