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US20090324580A1 - Use of Inhibitors of Scavenger Receptor Class Proteins for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases - Google Patents

Use of Inhibitors of Scavenger Receptor Class Proteins for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases Download PDF

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US20090324580A1
US20090324580A1 US12/281,438 US28143807A US2009324580A1 US 20090324580 A1 US20090324580 A1 US 20090324580A1 US 28143807 A US28143807 A US 28143807A US 2009324580 A1 US2009324580 A1 US 2009324580A1
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alkyl
alkenyl
optionally substituted
hydrogen
mit
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Michael Hannus
Cecilie Martin
Maria M. Mota
Miguel Prudencio
Christina Dias Rodrigues
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Cenix BioScience GmbH
Instituto de Medicina Molecular Joao Lobo Antunes
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Cenix BioScience GmbH
Instituto de Medicina Molecular Joao Lobo Antunes
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Priority claimed from EP06004854A external-priority patent/EP1832283A1/fr
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Priority to US12/281,438 priority Critical patent/US20090324580A1/en
Assigned to CENIX BIOSCIENCE GMBH reassignment CENIX BIOSCIENCE GMBH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HANNUS, MICHAEL, MARTIN, CECILIE
Assigned to INSTITUTO DE MEDICINA MOLECULAR, FACULDADE DE MEDICINA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA reassignment INSTITUTO DE MEDICINA MOLECULAR, FACULDADE DE MEDICINA DA UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MOTA, MARIA M., RODRIGUES, CHRISTINA DIAS, PRUDENCIO, MIGUEL
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Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A61K31/536—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic ring systems
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
    • A61P33/02—Antiprotozoals, e.g. for leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61P33/02—Antiprotozoals, e.g. for leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, toxoplasmosis
    • A61P33/06—Antimalarials
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    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
    • G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
    • G01N33/5044—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics involving specific cell types
    • G01N33/5067—Liver cells
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
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    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/569—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for microorganisms, e.g. protozoa, bacteria, viruses
    • G01N33/56905—Protozoa
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
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    • G01N2333/435—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans
    • G01N2333/44—Assays involving biological materials from specific organisms or of a specific nature from animals; from humans from protozoa
    • G01N2333/445—Plasmodium
    • G—PHYSICS
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the use of inhibitors of scavenger receptor class proteins, in particular ScarB1 for the production of a medicament for therapy of and/or prophylaxis against infections, involving liver cells and/or hematopoietic cells, in particular malaria.
  • Malaria is a major health problem, mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa and in some parts of Asia and South America. Each year there are about 600 million new clinical cases and at least one million individuals, mostly children, die from malaria. This reality is even more depressing realising that a death from malaria occurs every 30 seconds. Over 90% of the deaths occur in Africa. Within the last 10 to 15 years the burden of malaria has been increasing mainly because of the emergence of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax variants that are resistant to cheap drugs such as chloroquine, mefloquine, and pyrimethamine. In the light of the failure of the development of a malaria vaccine, despite intensive efforts, the development of novel anti-malarial drugs is crucial.
  • the infected hepatocytes burst, releasing the parasites into the bloodstream, where they will target and invade the red blood cells (RBCs).
  • RBCs red blood cells
  • the blood or erythrocytic stage of Plasmodium' s life cycle corresponds to the symptomatic phase of a malaria infection.
  • the parasites invade and multiply within the RBCs and, upon rupturing the erythrocytic membrane, are released into the blood where they target new erythrocytes.
  • Plasmodium sporozoites only develop in a very restricted type of cell, such as hepatocytes or hepatoma cell lines, strongly suggesting a crucial role of the host cell in sustaining the growth and development of this parasite.
  • Plasmodium berghei ANKA a mouse-pathogenic close relative of the human-pathogenic Plasmodium falciparum strain, in cultured human hepatoma cells.
  • RNA interference RNA interference
  • ScarB1 binds LDL, modified LDL, negatively charged phospholipid, and HDL.
  • Direct binding studies show that ScarB1 expressed in mammalian cells (for example, a variant of CHO cells) binds HDL, without cellular degradation of the HDL-apoprotein, and lipid is accumulated within cells expressing the receptor. These studies indicated that ScarB1 might play a major role in transfer of cholesterol from peripheral tissues, via HDL, into the liver and steroidogenic tissues, and that increased or decreased expression in the liver or other tissues may be useful in regulating uptake of cholesterol by cells expressing ScarB1. Subsequent studies confirmed that ScarB1 not only binds to lipid, but also transfers cholesterol into and out of cells, (see, e.g. U.S.
  • the present invention provides the use of inhibitors of a scavenger receptor class protein for the production of a medicament for the therapy of and/or prophylaxis against infections involving liver cells and/or hematopoietic cells, in particular protozoal infections, e.g. malaria.
  • the inhibitor of the scavenger receptor class protein has a structure according to formula (I):
  • the inhibitor of the scavenger receptor class protein has a structure according to formula (XXXII):
  • the inhibitor of the scavenger receptor class protein has a structure according to formula (IL):
  • the inhibitor of the scavenger receptor class protein has a structure according to formula (LIII):
  • R 29 is aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl or heteroaralkyl, optionally substituted or is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the inhibitor of the scavenger receptor class protein is a compound selected from Table I.
  • the inhibitor of the scavenger receptor class protein is an antibody specifically binding to said scavenger receptor class protein.
  • the inhibitor of the scavenger receptor class protein is a small interfering RNA (siRNA) capable of inhibiting expression of said scavenger receptor class protein.
  • siRNA small interfering RNA
  • the scavenger receptor class protein is scavenger receptor class B 1 (ScarB1) or scavenger receptor class B 2 (ScarBII).
  • the infectious disease is a protozoal infection.
  • the protozoa is a member of the family of plasmodiidae.
  • the plasmodiida is selected from the group consisting of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium semiovale and Plasmodium knowlesi.
  • infectious disease is malaria.
  • the present invention relates to a method of identifying compounds for treatment and/or prophylaxis of infectious diseases involving liver or hematopoietic cells comprising the steps of:
  • the present invention relates to a method of identifying compounds for treatment and/or prophylaxis of infectious diseases involving liver or hematopoietic cells comprising the steps of:
  • the present invention relates to the use of test compound selected in step (v) of the method of the present invention for the production of a medicament for the therapy and/or prophylaxis of infectious diseases, which involve infection of liver and/or hematopoietic cells.
  • the present invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound usable according to the present invention and one or more of a compound selected from the group consisting of a chinine alkaloid, chloroquine-phosphate, hydroxychloroquinesulfate, mefloquine, proguanil, di-aminopyrimidines: pyrimethamine, atovaquone, doxycycline, artemether, and lumefantrine and pharmaceutically acceptable additives and/or auxiliary substances.
  • the present invention relates to a method for the identification of molecules of pathogens, which are involved in the infection of liver and/or hematopoietic cells, comprising the following steps:
  • the terms used herein are defined as described in “A multilingual glossary of biotechnological terms: (IUPAC Recommendations)”, Leuenberger, H. G. W, Nagel, B. and Klbl, H. eds. (1995), Helvetica Chimica Acta, CH-4010 Basel, Switzerland).
  • These terms will in each instance of its use in the remainder of the specification have the respectively defined meaning and preferred meanings. Nevertheless in some instances of their use throughout the specification further or particular preferred meanings of these terms are indicated.
  • alkyl refers to a saturated straight or branched carbon chain.
  • the chain comprises from 1 to 16 carbon atoms, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16, e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, or octyl.
  • Alkyl groups are optionally substituted.
  • heteroalkyl refers to a saturated straight or branched carbon chain.
  • the chain comprises from 1 to 16 carbon atoms, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, or 16 e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, which is interrupted one or more times, e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, with the same or different heteroatoms.
  • the heteroatoms are selected from O, S, and N.
  • Heteroalkyl groups are optionally substituted.
  • cycloalkyl and “heterocycloalkyl”, by themselves or in combination with other terms, represent, unless otherwise stated, cyclic versions of “alkyl” and “heteroalkyl”, respectively, with preferably 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 atoms forming a ring, e.g. cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl etc.
  • cycloalkyl and “heterocycloalkyl” are also meant to include bicyclic, tricyclic and polycyclic versions thereof.
  • bicyclic, tricyclic or polycyclic rings are formed it is preferred that the respective rings are connected to each other at two adjacent carbon atoms, however, alternatively the two rings are connected via the same carbon atom, i.e. they form a spiro ring system or they form “bridged” ring systems.
  • heterocycloalkyl preferably refers to a saturated ring having five members of which at least one member is a N, O or S atom and which optionally contains one additional O or one additional N; a saturated ring having six members of which at least one member is a N, O or S atom and which optionally contains one additional O or one additional N or two additional N atoms; or a saturated bicyclic ring having nine or ten members of which at least one member is a N, O or S atom and which optionally contains one, two or three additional N atoms. “Cycloalkyl” and “heterocycloalkyl” groups are optionally substituted.
  • a heteroatom can occupy the position at which the heterocycle is attached to the remainder of the molecule.
  • preferred cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, spiro-[3,3]-heptyl, spiro-[3,4]-octyl, spiro-[4,3]-octyl, spiro-[3,5]-nonyl, spiro-[5,3]-nonyl, spiro-[3,6]-decyl, spiro-[6,3]-decyl, spiro-[4,5]-decyl, spiro-[5,4]-decyl, bicyclo-[2.2.1]-heptyl, bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octyl, or adamantyl.
  • heterocycloalkyl groups examples include 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridyl, e.g. 1-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridyl), 2-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridyl); piperidinyl, e.g. piperidin-1-yl, piperidin-2-yl, piperidin-3-yl, piperidin-4-yl; 1,2-diazacyclohexyl, 1,2-diazacyclohex-1-yl; 1,3-diazacyclohexyl; piperazinyl, e.g.
  • tetrahydrofuran-2-yl tetrahydrofuran-3-yl
  • tetrahydrothiophenyl e.g. tetrahydrothiophen-2-yl, or tetrahydrothiophen-3-yl
  • pyrrolidinyl e.g. pyrrolidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, or pyrrolidin-3-yl
  • 2-diazacyclopentyl e.g. 1,2-diazacyclopent-1-yl, or 1,2-diazacyclopent-3-yl
  • 1,3-diazacyclopentyl e.g.
  • 1-thio-2-azacyclopentyl e.g. 1-thio-2-azacyclopent-2-yl, 1-thio-2-azacyclopent-3-yl, 1-thio-2-azacyclopent-4-yl or 1-thio-2-azacyclopent-5-yl;
  • 1-thio-3-azacyclopentyl e.g. 1-thio-3-azacyclopent-2-yl, 1-thio-3-azacyclopent-3-yl, 1-thio-3-azacyclopent-4-yl or 1-thio-3-azacyclopent-5-yl.
  • alicyclic system refers to mono, bicyclic, tricyclic or polycyclic version of a cycloalkyl or heterocycloalkyl comprising at least one double and/or triple bond.
  • an alicyclic system is not aromatic or heteroaromatic, i.e. does not have a system of conjugated double bonds/free electron pairs.
  • the number of double and/or triple bonds maximally allowed in an alicyclic system is determined by the number of ring atoms, e.g. in a ring system with up to 5 ring atoms an alicyclic system comprises up to one double bond, in a ring system with 6 ring atoms the alicyclic system comprises up to two double bonds.
  • the “cycloalkenyle” as defined below is a preferred embodiment of an alicyclic ring system.
  • Alicyclic systems are optionally substituted.
  • aryl preferably refers to an aromatic monocyclic ring containing 6 carbon atoms, an aromatic bicyclic ring system containing 10 carbon atoms or an aromatic tricyclic ring system containing 14 carbon atoms. Examples are phenyl, naphthalenyl or anthracenyl. The aryl group is optionally substituted.
  • aralkyl refers to an alkyl moiety, which is substituted by aryl, wherein alkyl and aryl have the meaning as outlined above.
  • An example is the benzyl radical.
  • the alkyl chain comprises from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butenyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, or octyl.
  • the aralkyl group is optionally substituted at the alkyl and/or aryl part of the group.
  • the aryl attached to the alkyl has the meaning phenyl, naphtalenyl or anthracenyl.
  • heteroaryl preferably refers to a five or six-membered aromatic monocyclic ring wherein at least one of the carbon atoms are replaced by 1, 2, 3, or 4 (for the five membered ring) or 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 (for the six membered ring) of the same or different heteroatoms, preferably selected from O, N and S; an aromatic bicyclic ring system wherein 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms of the 8, 9, 10, 11 or 12 carbon atoms have been replaced with the same or different heteroatoms, preferably selected from O, N and S; or an aromatic tricyclic ring system wherein 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 carbon atoms of the 13, 14, 15, or 16 carbon atoms have been replaced with the same or different heteroatoms, preferably selected from O, N and S.
  • heteroarylkyl refers to an alkyl moiety, which is substituted by heteroaryl, wherein alkyl and heteroaryl have the meaning as outlined above.
  • An example is the 2-alklypyridinyl, 3-alkylpyridinyl, or 2-methylpyridinyl.
  • the alkyl chain comprises from 1 to 8 carbon atoms, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, e.g. methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butenyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl.
  • the heteroaralkyl group is optionally substituted at the alkyl and/or heteroaryl part of the group.
  • the heteroaryl attached to the alkyl has the meaning oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3,-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 1,2,3-triazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, 1-benzofuranyl, 2-benzofuranyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothiophenyl, 2-benzothiophenyl, 1H-indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzo
  • aralkenyl refers to an alkenyl or alkynyl moiety as defined above, which is substituted by an aryl and heteroaryl moiety, respectively, as defined above.
  • alkenyl refers to olefinic unsaturated carbon atoms containing chains with one or more double bonds.
  • the alkenyl chain comprises from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, i.e. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, e.g. ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, iso-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, iso-butenyl, sec-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 4-pentenyl, hexenyl, pentenyl, octenyl.
  • heteroalkenyl refers to olefinic unsaturated carbon atoms containing chains with one or more double bonds, which is interrupted one or more times, e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, with the same or different heteroatoms.
  • the chain comprises from 2 to 12 carbon atoms, e.g. the alkenyl chain comprises from 2 to 12 carbon atoms, i.e. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 e.g.
  • heteroatoms are selected from O, S, and N.
  • cycloalkenyl and “heterocycloalkenyl”, by themselves or in combination with other terms, represent, unless otherwise stated, cyclic versions of “alkenyl” and “heteroalkenyl”, respectively, with preferably 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 atoms forming a ring, e.g. 1-cyclopropenyl, 2-cyclopropenyl, 1-cyclobutenyl, 2-cyclobutenyl, 1-cyclopentenyl, 2-cyclopentenyl, 3-cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclooctenyl etc.
  • cycloalkenyl and “heterocycloalkenyl” are also meant to include bicyclic, tricyclic and polycyclic versions thereof. If bicyclic, tricyclic or polycyclic rings are formed it is preferred that the respective rings are connected to each other at two adjacent carbon atoms, however, alternatively the two rings are connected via the same carbon atom, i.e. they form a spiro ring system or they form “bridged” ring systems.
  • heterocycloalkenyl preferably monounsaturated ring having five members of which at least one member is a N, O or S atom and which optionally contains one additional O or one additional N; a mono-unsaturated ring having six members of which at least one member is a N, O or S atom and which optionally contains one additional O or one additional N or two additional N atoms; or a mono or diunsaturated bicyclic ring having nine or ten members of which at least one member is a N, O or S atom and which optionally contains one, two or three additional N atoms.
  • cycloalkenyl examples include cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentenyl, and cyclooctenyl.
  • Preferred examples of heterocycloalkenyl include 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridyl, e.g. 1-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridyl), or 2-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridyl).
  • alkynyl refers to unsaturated carbon atoms containing chains or rings with one or more triple bonds.
  • the alkynyl chain comprises from 2 to 8 carbon atoms, i.e. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, e.g. ethynyl, 1-propynyl, 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 4-pentynyl, hexynyl, pentynyl, octynyl.
  • carbon atoms or hydrogen atoms in alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl radicals may be substituted independently from each other with one or more elements selected from the group consisting of O, S, N or with groups containing one ore more elements, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or more selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N.
  • Embodiments include alkoxy, alkyl-alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, aralkoxy, alkenyloxy, cycloalkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, alkylthio, cycloalkylthio, arylthio, aralkylthio, alkenylthio, cycloalkenylthio, alkynylthio, alkylamino, cycloalkylamino, arylamino, aralkylamino, alkenylamino, cycloalkenylamino, alkynylamino radicals.
  • one or more hydrogen atoms e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 hydrogen atoms in alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, alkenyl, heteroalkenyl cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkenyl alkynyl radicals may be substituted independently from each other with one ore more halogen atoms, e.g. Cl, F, or Br.
  • One preferred radical is the trifluoromethyl radical.
  • radicals can be selected independently from each other, then the term “independently” means that the radicals may be the same or may be different.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compound of the present invention include acid addition salts which may, for example, be formed by mixing a solution of choline or derivative thereof with a solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, carbonic acid or phosphoric acid.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable acid such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, benzoic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, carbonic acid or phosphoric acid.
  • suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof may include alkali metal salts (e.g., sodium or potassium salts); alkaline earth metal salts (e.g., calcium or magnesium salts); and salts formed with suitable organic ligands (e.g., ammonium, quaternary ammonium and amine cations formed using counteranions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, alkyl sulfonate and aryl sulfonate).
  • alkali metal salts e.g., sodium or potassium salts
  • alkaline earth metal salts e.g., calcium or magnesium salts
  • suitable organic ligands e.g., ammonium, quaternary ammonium and amine cations formed using counteranions such as halide, hydroxide, carboxylate, sulfate, phosphate, nitrate, alkyl sulfonate and aryl sul
  • Illustrative examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include but are not limited to: acetate, adipate, alginate, ascorbate, aspartate, benzenesulfonate, benzoate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, butyrate, calcium edetate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, citrate, clavulanate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dihydrochloride, dodecylsulfate, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, gluceptate, glucoheptonate, gluconate, glutamate, glycerophosphate, glycolylarsanilate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hexylresorcinate
  • the neutral forms of the compounds may be regenerated by contacting the salt with a base or acid and isolating the parent compound in the conventional manner.
  • the parent form of the compound differs from the various salt forms in certain physical properties, such as solubility in polar solvents, but otherwise the salts are equivalent to the parent form of the compound for the purposes of the present invention.
  • the present invention provides compounds which are in a prodrug form.
  • Prodrugs of the compounds described herein are those compounds that readily undergo chemical changes under physiological conditions to provide a compound of formula (I).
  • a prodrug is an active or inactive compound that is modified chemically through in vivo physiological action, such as hydrolysis, metabolism and the like, into a compound of this invention following administration of the prodrug to a patient.
  • prodrugs can be converted to the compounds of the present invention by chemical or biochemical methods in an ex vivo environment. For example, prodrugs can be slowly converted to the compounds of the present invention when placed in a transdermal patch reservoir with a suitable enzyme. The suitability and techniques involved in making and using prodrugs are well known by those skilled in the art.
  • esters for example, methyl, ethyl
  • cycloalkyl for example, cyclohexyl
  • aralkyl for example, benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl
  • alkylcarbonyloxyalkyl for example, pivaloyloxymethyl
  • Amines have been masked as arylcarbonyloxymethyl substituted derivatives which are cleaved by esterases in vivo releasing the free drug and formaldehyde (Bungaard J. Med. Chem. 2503 (1989)). Also, drugs containing an acidic NH group, such as imidazole, imide, indole and the like, have been masked with N-acyloxymethyl groups (Bundgaard Design of Prodrugs, Elsevier (1985)). Hydroxy groups have been masked as esters and ethers.
  • EP 0 039 051 (Sloan and Little, Apr. 11, 1981) discloses Mannich-base hydroxamic acid prodrugs, their preparation and use.
  • Certain compounds of the present invention can exist in unsolvated forms as well as in solvated forms, including hydrated forms. In general, the solvated forms are equivalent to unsolvated forms and are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention. Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in multiple crystalline or amorphous forms. In general, all physical forms are equivalent for the uses contemplated by the present invention and are intended to be within the scope of the present invention.
  • Certain compounds of the present invention possess asymmetric carbon atoms (optical centers) or double bonds; the racemates, diastereomers, geometric isomers and individual isomers are all intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
  • the compounds of the present invention may also contain unnatural proportions of atomic isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compounds.
  • the compounds may be radiolabeled with radioactive isotopes, such as for example tritium (3H), iodine-125 ( 125 I) or carbon-14 ( 14 C). All isotopic variations of the compounds of the present invention, whether radioactive or not, are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
  • inhibitors of scavenger receptor class proteins can interfere with the proliferation and/or development of infectious agents in liver cells and hematopoietic cells
  • the invention provides in a first aspect the use of an inhibitor of a scavenger receptor class protein for the production of a medicament therapy of and/or prophylaxis against infections, involving liver cells and/or hematopoietic cells, in particular malaria.
  • the term “inhibitor of scavenger receptor class proteins” within the present invention refers to compounds which can inhibit high density lipoprotein (HDL) uptake mediated by scavenger receptor class proteins, in particular ScarB1.
  • HDL high density lipoprotein
  • ScarB1 scavenger receptor class proteins
  • a compound is considered an inhibitor of scavenger receptor class proteins, if the compound has an IC 50 of ⁇ 100 ⁇ M in a cholesterol transport assay preferably the one described below.
  • the IC 50 is 90 ⁇ M, 80 ⁇ M, 70 ⁇ M, 60 ⁇ M, 50 ⁇ M, 40 ⁇ M, 30 ⁇ M, 20 ⁇ M, 10 ⁇ M, 9 ⁇ M, 8 ⁇ M, 7 ⁇ M, 6 ⁇ M, 5 ⁇ M, 4 ⁇ M, 3 ⁇ M, 2 ⁇ M, 1 ⁇ M, 0.9 ⁇ M, 0.8 ⁇ M, 0.7 ⁇ M, 0.6 ⁇ M, 0.5 ⁇ M, 0.4 ⁇ M, 0.3 ⁇ M, 0.2 ⁇ M, 0.1 ⁇ M or less.
  • the cholesterol transport assay measures the transport of cholesterol into and/or out of a given cell, preferably a hepatic cell.
  • the measurement comprises the transport of “free” cholesterol, high density lipoproteins (HDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL).
  • Infections involving liver cells and/or hematopoietic cells are diseases wherein the pathogen in one or mores stages of its life cycle in the respective host attacks and/or enters liver cells and/or hematopoietic cells in order to, e.g. proliferate, develop or evade the immune system in those cells, in particular protozoal infections.
  • the inhibitor of the scavenger receptor class protein is a compound with the following formula (I):
  • R 3 and R 4 form a (C 3-10 )-cycloalkyl, preferably cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, (C 6-10 )-spiroalkyl, preferably spiro-[3,3]-heptyl, spiro-[3,4]-octyl, spiro-[4,3]-octyl, spiro-[3,5]-nonyl, spiro-[5,3]-nonyl, spiro-[3,6]-decyl, spiro-[6,3]-decyl, spiro-[4,5]-decyl, spiro-[5,4]-decyl, bicyclo-[2.2.1]-heptyl, bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octyl, or adamantyl or C 3 to C 10
  • tetrahydrofuran-2-yl tetrahydrofuran-3-yl
  • tetrahydrothiophenyl e.g. tetrahydrothiophen-2-yl, or tetrahydrothiophen-3-yl
  • pyrrolidinyl e.g. pyrrolidin-1-yl, pyrrolidin-2-yl, or pyrrolidin-3-yl
  • 1,2-diazacyclopentyl e.g. 1,2-diazacyclopent-1-yl, or 1,2-diazacyclopent-3-yl
  • 1,3-diazacyclopentyl e.g.
  • C 3 - 10 -cycloalkyl or C 3-10 -cycloheteroalkyl is substituted with one, two, three or more substituents selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, oxo, alkyl, heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, alicyclic system, aryl, aralkyl, aralkenyl, aralkynyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, heteroaralkenyl, heteroaralkynyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl and/or two adjacent substituents are taken together to form an aryl or heteroaryl, preferably oxazolyl, isoxazo
  • one substituent is located in cis to the imin bound to the ring system. It is preferred that one substituent is oxo, alkyl, or heteroalkyl.
  • a preferred ring system is 1-thio-3-azacyclopentyl, preferably 1-thio-3-azacyclopent-2-yl, 3-alkyl-(1-thio-3-azacyclopentyl) or 3-alkyl-(1-thio-3-azacyclopent-2yl) and pyrrolidinyl, preferably pyrrolidin-3-yl, or 2-oxo-pyrrolidin-3-yl.
  • the compound according to formula (I) has a structure according to formula (II)
  • the respective substituent is preferably substituted with hydroxyl; halogen, F, Cl, Br or I; CN; NO 2 ; alkyl, in particular (C 1-6 )alkyl, e.g. C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , or C 6 alkyl, preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, iso-propyl, butyl, iso-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl; cycloalkyl, in particular (C 3-10 )-cycloalkyl, preferably cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, heteroalkyl in particular (C 1 -C 6 )heteroalkyl, e.g.
  • C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , or C 6 alkenyl preferably ethenyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, 1-iso-propenyl, 2-iso-propenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl; cycloalkenyl, in particular (C 3-10 )-cycloalkyl; or alkynyl, in particular C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, e.g. C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , or C 6 alkynyl; alkanoyl, preferably C 1 -C 6 alkanoyl, e.g.
  • alkenoyl in particular C 3 -C 6 alkenoyl, e.g. C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , or C 6 alkenoyl, preferably propenoyl
  • alkynoyl in particular C 3 -C 6 alkynoyl, e.g. C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , or C 6 alkynoyl, preferably propynoyl
  • alkoxy in particular C 1 -C 6 alkoxy, e.g.
  • alkoxy preferably methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, iso-propoxy, butoxy, iso-butoxy, tert-butoxy, pentoxy, or hexoxy; alkoxyalkyl, in particular C 1 -C 6 alkoxy-C 1 -C 6 alkyl, e.g.
  • the compound of formula (I) has the structure according to formula (III):
  • R 6 is hydrogen, (C 1-6 )alkyl, e.g. C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 or C 6 -alkyl, in particular methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, n-hexyl, iso-hexyl or (C 2-6 )alkenyl;
  • the compound according to formula (III) has a structure selected from the structures according to formulas (IV) to (VII)
  • Preferred salts comprise Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , and Ca 2+ .
  • R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 are each independent of each other selected from the group consisting of (C 1-16 )alkyl, e.g.
  • the other substituent(s) in this case are preferably hydrogen.
  • R 7 and R 8 or R 9 and R 10 together form an oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3,-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 1,2,3-triazinyl, 1,2,4-triazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, 1-benzofuranyl, 2-benzofuranyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothiophenyl, 2-benzothiophenyl, 1H-indazolyl,
  • the compound according to formula (II) has a structure selected from the structures according to formulas (VIII) to (XXXI)
  • the inhibitor of the scavenger receptor class protein is a compound having a structure according to the following formula (XXXII):
  • the compound has a structure according to formula (XXXII) wherein
  • the compound has a structure according to formula (XXXII) wherein
  • the compound has a structure according to formula (XXXII) wherein
  • R 6 is mono or disubstituted aryl or heteroaryl, preferably phenyl; naphthalenyl; anthracenyl; furanyl; thiophenyl; oxazolyl; isoxazolyl; 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl; 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl; pyrrolyl; imidazolyl; pyrazolyl; 1,2,3-triazolyl; thiazolyl; isothiazolyl; 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl; 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl; pyridinyl; pyrimidinyl; pyrazinyl; 1,2,3-triazinyl; 1,2,4-triazinyl; 1,3,5-triazinyl; 1-benzofuranyl; 2-benzofuranyl; indolyl; isoindolyl; benzothiophenyl; 2-benzothiophenyl; 1H-ind
  • the one or two substituents are preferably independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, (C 1-6 )alkoxy, e.g. C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 or C 6 -alkoxy, in particular methoxy, ethoxy, propxy, butoxy, pentoxy, hexoxy, (C 1-6 )alkyl, e.g.
  • C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 or C 6 -alkyl in particular methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, n-hexyl, or iso-hexyl and NR 11 ′R 12 ′, wherein R 11 ′R 12 ′, wherein R 11 ′R 12 ′ are independent of each other selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, or alkynyl, optionally substituted.
  • R 6 is phenyl substituted with one or two (C 1-6 )alkyl, e.g. C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 or C 6 -alkyl, in particular methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, n-hexyl, or iso-hexyl and/or one or two NR 11 ′R 12 ′, wherein R 11 ′R 12 ′, wherein R 11 ′R 12 ′ are independent of each other selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, halogen, alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, or alkynyl.
  • C 1-6 alkyl
  • Preferred salts comprise Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , and Ca 2+ .
  • the compound usable according to the present invention having a structure according to formula (XXXIII) to (XLVIII) is substituted, preferably 1, 2, or 3 times with a radical selected from the group consisting of halogen, e.g. F, Cl, Br, or I; hydroxyl; SO 2 ; NO 2 ; CN; (C 1-16 )alkyl, e.g.
  • the inhibitor of the scavenger receptor class protein is a compound with the following formula (IL):
  • R 18 is aralkyl, in particular phenylmethyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, phenylbutyl, phenylpentyl, phenylhexyl wherein both the alkyl and the aryl, in particular the phenyl radical are substituted one or more times with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, hydroxyl.
  • X is O.
  • the compound according to formula (IL) has a structure according to formula (L):
  • Preferred salts comprise Na + , K + , Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ .
  • the compound usable according to the present invention having a structure according to formula (L) is substituted, preferably 1, 2, or 3 times with a radical selected from the group consisting of halogen, e.g. F, Cl, Br, or I; hydroxyl; SO 2 ; NO 2 ; CN; (C 1-16 )alkyl, e.g.
  • the inhibitor of the scavenger receptor class protein has a structure according to formula (LI):
  • R 21 and R 22 are independent of each other phenyl; naphthalenyl; anthracenyl; furanyl; thiophenyl; oxazolyl; isoxazolyl; 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl; 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl; pyrrolyl; imidazolyl; pyrazolyl; 1,2,3-triazolyl; thiazolyl; isothiazolyl; 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl; 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl; pyridinyl; pyrimidinyl; pyrazinyl; 1,2,3-triazinyl; 1,2,4-triazinyl; 1,3,5-triazinyl; 1-benzofuranyl; 2-benzofuranyl; indolyl; isoindolyl; benzothiophenyl; 2-benzothiophenyl; 1H-indazolyl; benzimidazo
  • R 23 , R 24 , and R 25 are independent of each other hydrogen, hydroxyl, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, SO 2 , NO 2 , alkyl, heteroalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaralkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, or alkynyl, optionally substituted, preferably hydrogen.
  • the compound according to formula (LI) has a structure according to formula (LII):
  • the compound usable according to the present invention having a structure according to formula (LII) is substituted, preferably 1, 2, or 3 times with a radical selected from the group consisting of halogen, e.g. F, Cl, Br, or I; hydroxyl; SO 2 ; NO 2 ; CN; (C 1-6 )alkyl, e.g.
  • the inhibitor of the scavenger receptor class protein has a structure according to formula (LIII):
  • both R 27 and R 29 are aryl, preferably phenyl, substituted preferably with one to three substituents selected from the group consisting of F; Cl; Br; I; hydroxyl; SO 2 ; NO 2 ; CN; (C 1-6 )alkyl, e.g. C 1 , C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , or C 6 -alkyl, in particular methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl or hexyl; (C 2-6 )alkenyl, e.g.
  • C 2 , C 3 , C 4 , C 5 , or C 6 -alkenyl in particular ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl; (C 1-6 )alkoxy, e.g.
  • R 29 is phenyl substituted with 1, 2, or 3 halogen radicals, preferably I.
  • R 27 is phenyl substituted with 1, 2, or 3 amino radicals or substituted amino radicals.
  • Preferred salts comprise Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , and Ca 2+ .
  • the compound usable according to the present invention having a structure according to formula (LIV) is substituted, preferably 1, 2, or 3 times with a radical selected from the group consisting of halogen, e.g. F, Cl, Br, or I; hydroxyl; SO 2 , NO 2 ; CN; (C 1-16 )alkyl, e.g.
  • a further aspect of the present invention is directed at inhibitors of scavenger receptor type proteins the use of which has been disclosed herein, specifically at all inhibitors of scavenger receptor type proteins according to formulas (I) to (LIV) and according to all of the above indicated preferred and particularly preferred embodiments of compounds having structures according to these formulas.
  • a further aspect of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising any of the compounds usable according to the present invention.
  • WO 2004/032716 A2 describes a large number of different compounds specifically inhibiting cholesterol transport activity of ScarB1. For the purpose of this opinion it is specifically referred to these compounds, which can also be used in the uses of the present invention. Accordingly, a further aspect of the present invention is the use of one or more of the compounds selected from Table I below.
  • antibody as used herein comprises monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies and binding fragments thereof, in particular Fc-fragments as well as so called “single-chain-antibodies” (Bird R. E. et al (1988) Science 242:423-6), chimeric, humanized, in particular CDR-grafted antibodies, and dia or tetrabodies (Holliger P. et al (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90:6444-8). Also comprised are immunoglobulin like proteins that are selected through techniques including, for example, phage display to specifically bind to scavenger receptor class proteins.
  • RNA interference was discovered through the observation that injection of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) into the nematode C. elegans led to specific silencing of genes highly homologous in sequence to the delivered dsRNA (Fire A. et al. (1998) Nature 391: 806-811). RNAi was subsequently also observed in insects, frogs (Oelgeschlager M. et al. (2000) Nature 405: 757-763), and other animals including mice (Svoboda P. et al. (2000) Development 127: 4147-4156; Wianny F. and Zemicka-Goetz M. (2000) Nat. Cell Biol 2: 70-75).
  • dsRNA double stranded RNA
  • siRNA small interfering RNA
  • the inhibitor of the scavenger receptor class protein is a small interfering RNA (siRNA) capable of inhibiting expression of a scavenger receptor class protein.
  • each RNA strand of the siRNA has a length from 19 to 30, particularly from 19 to 23 nucleotides, wherein said RNA molecule is capable of mediating target-specific nucleic acid modifications, particularly RNA interference and/or DNA methylation. It is further preferred that at least one strand has a 3′ overhang from 1 to 5 nucleotides, more preferably from 1 to 3 nucleotides and most preferably of 2 nucleotides. The other strand may be blunt-ended or may have up to 6 nucleotides 3′ overhang.
  • the siRNA is designed to inhibit expression of scavenger receptor class B 1 (ScarB1) and ScarBII. To that end various short, e.g.
  • dsRNAs 19 to 25 nucleotides dsRNAs are designed on the basis of the sequence of either ScarB1 (SEQ ID NO: 1) or ScarBII (SEQ ID NO: 2). It is particularly preferred that the siRNA is a double stranded RNA each comprised of the RNAs according to SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 4; SEQ ID NO: 5 and SEQ ID NO: 6; and SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8, respectively.
  • the scavenger receptor class protein is scavenger receptor class B 1 (ScarB1) or scavenger receptor class B 2 (ScarBII).
  • the pathogenic protozoa is selected from the group consisting of Entomoeba histolytica, Trichomonas tenas, Trichomonas hominis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Trypanosoma gambiense, Trypanosoma rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani, Leishmania tropica, Leishmania braziliensis, Pneumocystis pneumonia, Toxoplasma gondii, Theileria lawrenci, Theileria parva, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, and Plasmodium malaria.
  • the protozoa is a member of the family of plasmodiidae, preferably Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium semiovale and Plasmodium knowlesi.
  • the infectious disease for which treatment and/or prophylaxis is provide is malaria.
  • the present invention relates in another aspect to a method of identifying compounds for treatment and/or prophylaxis of infectious diseases involving liver or hematopoietic cells comprising the steps of:
  • the term “contacting” refers to the process of allowing the compound to bind to, preferably to bind to and enter the cell and comprises mixing as well as transfecting, transducing and/or electroporating.
  • a cell “comprising” a scavenger receptor class protein, preferably ScarB1 or ScarBII may have been stably or transiently transfected with a nucleic acid encoding a scavenger receptor class protein or functional variant thereof, by e.g. viral infection, electroporation, CaCl 2 precipitation or the protein may have been directly introduced into the cell by, e.g. electroporation, or liposomal delivery etc.
  • a “functional variant” of a scavenger receptor class protein is a protein, which has been modified by N-terminal, C-terminal and/or internal deletions and/or amino acid additions and or mutations, preferably conservative mutations and which has at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% or more of the cholesterol transport activity into or out of the cell, if compared to the respective wild type scavenger receptor class protein on which the variant is based.
  • the measuring of the cholesterol transport is preferably carried out by providing some type of labelled cholesterol to the cell, e.g. free cholesterol, LDL or HDL, which might be labelled by any art known label, in particular radioactive, or fluorescent label.
  • the selected test compound preferably inhibits the cholesterol transport into or out of the cells by at least 10%, preferably by at least 20%, preferably by at least 30%, preferably by at least 40%, preferably by at least 50%, preferably by at least 60%, preferably by at least 70%, preferably by at least 80%, preferably by at least 90% or more, if compared to an untreated cell, which is kept under otherwise similar conditions.
  • Methods of propagating/maintaining infectious agents in cell culture systems, in particular in liver and/or haematopoietic cells are known from the prior art and are also described herein.
  • the test compounds are contacted with such cellular systems, which can be in vitro or in vivo, e.g. in animal models of the infectious agent.
  • Test compounds that can be used in the context of the methods of the present invention are not particularly limited and comprise without limitation peptides, proteins, peptidomimetics, small molecules, and/or nucleic acids.
  • Peptides in this sense are chains of naturally and/or non-naturally occurring amino acids with 1 to 50 amino acids connected by peptide bonds. Chains with 50 or more naturally and/or non-naturally occurring amino acids are referred to as proteins.
  • Preferred peptides used in the methods of the present invention are peptides interfering with the interaction of the scavenger receptor class protein(s), in particular ScarB1 and/or ScarBII, with the structure on the respective pathogen, e.g.
  • peptides are fragments of scavenger receptor type proteins, in particular of ScarB1 and/or ScarBII. Particularly preferred fragments are fragments of the extracellular domain of these receptors.
  • Peptidomimetics are well known in the art and refer to compounds, which are designed based on the primary structure of a given peptide to be modelled, e.g.
  • peptidomimetics can be designed to be, e.g. more protease resistant, have a different half life, improved pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics etc.
  • Small molecules within the meaning of the present invention are non peptidly (no peptide bonds), non nucleic acid compounds, of a molecular weight lower than 1.000 g/mol, preferably lower than 500 g/mol. In most cases the small molecules used in the methods of the present invention are hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof, e.g. plant extracts.
  • nucleic acids comprises without limitation, DNA and RNA, e.g. siRNA etc.
  • the selecting of a test compound inhibiting proliferation or development of the infectious agent is based on its activity in inhibiting proliferation and/or development of the infectious agent. It is expected that any compound showing an activity in step (iii) will also be active in inhibiting the infectious agent. However, in some instances a compound with a high activity in step (iii) will be less active than in step (v) as another drug having the same activity in step (iii) and vice versa. Accordingly, the further step of assessing the activity of the preselected compounds in a further selection step leads to compounds more active in therapy and/or prophylaxis of infectious diseases, in particular malaria.
  • infectious agents are those, which are outlined above in particular plasmodiidae, preferably Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium semiovale and Plasmodium knowlesi.
  • the present invention also relates in another aspect to a method of identifying compounds for treatment and/or prophylaxis of infectious diseases involving liver or hematopoietic cells comprising the steps of:
  • Soluble parts are fragments, which preferably do not comprise the hydrophobic membrane spanning regions of the protein.
  • a test compound is considered to specifically bind to a scavenger receptor class protein, in particular ScarB1 or ScarBII, if it has a binding constant to the respective scavenger receptor class protein of 100 ⁇ M or less, preferably 50 ⁇ M or less, preferably 30 ⁇ M or less, and preferably 20 ⁇ M or less.
  • the scavenger receptor class proteins, in particular ScarB1 or ScarBII protein, used in above assay is recombinantly expressed.
  • suitable expression systems include without limitation baculovirus systems using cells like Hi5 or Sf9, bacterial expression systems using E. coli, yeas systems using cells like P. pastori or S. cerevisiae or mammalian systems using cell like CHO, HeLa, NIH 3T3, or Swiss 3T3. It is further preferred that the proteins, the variants or parts thereof are purified prior to their use in above assay.
  • the present invention comprises the additional step of formulating the test compound selected in step (v) and (iv), respectively, of either method with pharmaceutically acceptable additives and/or auxiliary substances.
  • auxiliary substances comprise liposomes, virosomes, microsphere, niosomes, dendrimeres, stabilizers, buffers, and carriers.
  • Stabilizers are known in the art and comprise, for example, ⁇ -tocopherol and various carbohydrates.
  • the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans.
  • carrier refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the therapeutic is administered.
  • Such pharmaceutical carriers can be sterile liquids, such as saline solutions in water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like.
  • a saline solution is a preferred carrier when the composition comprising the scavenger receptor class inhibitor is administered intravenously.
  • Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions.
  • suitable pharmaceutical excipients include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, alginates, calcium carbonate, dextrose, fructose, maltose, maltodextrin, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like.
  • the composition comprising the scavenger receptor class inhibitor if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents.
  • compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained-release formulations and the like.
  • the composition comprising the scavenger receptor class inhibitor can be formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and carriers such as triglycerides.
  • the compounds usable according to the invention can be formulated as neutral or salt forms.
  • compositions will contain a therapeutically effective amount of the compound, preferably in purified form, together with a suitable amount of carrier so as to provide the form for proper administration to the patient.
  • the formulation should suit the mode of administration.
  • compositions comprising the scavenger receptor class inhibitor(s) may be adapted for oral administration and can be provided as capsules or tablets; as powders or granules; as solutions, syrups or suspensions (in aqueous or non-aqueous liquids); as edible foams or whips; or as emulsions.
  • Tablets or hard gelatine capsules may comprise lactose, starch or derivatives thereof, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharine, cellulose, magnesium carbonate, stearic acid or salts thereof.
  • Soft gelatine capsules may comprise vegetable oils, waxes, fats, semi-solid, or liquid polyols etc. Solutions and syrups may comprise water, polyols and sugars.
  • the scavenger receptor class inhibitor usable according to the present invention may be coated with or admixed with a material that delays disintegration and/or absorption of the active agent in the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may be used).
  • a material that delays disintegration and/or absorption of the active agent in the gastrointestinal tract e.g., glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may be used.
  • a material that delays disintegration and/or absorption of the active agent in the gastrointestinal tract e.g., glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may be used.
  • glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may be used.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration may be formulated to facilitate release of an active agent at a particular gastrointestinal location due to specific pH or enzymatic conditions.
  • the scavenger receptor class inhibitor may be adapted for transdermal administration and can be provided as discrete patches intended to remain in intimate contact with the epidermis of the recipient for a prolonged period of time. They may be adapted for topical administration and can be provided as ointments, creams, suspensions, lotions, powders, solutions, pastes, gels, sprays, aerosols or oils. For topical administration to the skin, mouth, eye or other external tissues a topical ointment or cream is preferably used. When formulated in an ointment, the active ingredient may be employed with either a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base.
  • the active ingredient may be formulated in a cream with an oil-in-water base or a water-in-oil base.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions adapted for topical administration to the eye include eye drops.
  • the active ingredient can be dissolved or suspended in a suitable carrier, e.g., in an aqueous solvent.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions adapted for topical administration in the mouth include lozenges, pastilles and mouthwashes.
  • the scavenger receptor class inhibitor may be adapted for nasal administration and can comprise solid carriers such as powders (preferably having a particle size in the range of 20 to 500 microns). Powders can be administered in the manner in which snuff is taken, i.e., by rapid inhalation through the nose from a container of powder held close to the nose.
  • compositions adopted for nasal administration may comprise liquid carriers, e.g., nasal sprays or nasal drops. These compositions may comprise aqueous or oil solutions of the active ingredient.
  • Compositions for administration by inhalation may be supplied in specially adapted devices including, but not limited to, pressurized aerosols, nebulizers or insufflators, which can be constructed so as to provide predetermined dosages of the active ingredient.
  • pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are administered via the nasal cavity to the lungs.
  • the scavenger receptor class inhibitor may be adapted for rectal administration may be provided as suppositories or enemas.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions adapted for vaginal administration may be provided as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or spray formulations.
  • the scavenger receptor class inhibitor may be adapted for parenteral administration and can include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injectable solutions or suspensions, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes that render the compositions substantially isotonic with the blood of an intended recipient.
  • Other components that may be present in such compositions include water, alcohols, polyols, glycerine and vegetable oils, for example.
  • compositions adapted for parenteral administration may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of a sterile liquid carrier, e.g., sterile saline solution for injections, immediately prior to use.
  • a sterile liquid carrier e.g., sterile saline solution for injections
  • the present invention relates to the use of a test compound selected in step (v) of the method of the present invention for the production of a medicament for the therapy and/or prophylaxis of infectious diseases, which involve infection of liver and/or hematopoietic cells.
  • the present invention in a further aspect relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more of compound usable according to the present invention and one or more of a known malaria therapeutic including in particular one or more selected from the group consisting of chinine alkaloids, chloroquine (-phosphate, hydroxychloroquinesulfate), mefloquine (Lariam), bi-guanides: proguanil (Paludrine), di-aminopyrimidines: pyrimethamine, atovaquone, doxycycline, artemether, and lumefantrine and suitable carriers.
  • chinine alkaloids chloroquine (-phosphate, hydroxychloroquinesulfate), mefloquine (Lariam)
  • bi-guanides proguanil (Paludrine)
  • di-aminopyrimidines pyrimethamine, atovaquone, doxycycline, artemether, and lumefantrine and suitable carriers.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of the compounds usable according to the present invention and one or more malaria medicament, preferably chinine alkaloids, chloroquine (-phosphate, hydroxychloroquinesulfate), mefloquine (Lariam), bi-guanides: proguanil (Paludrine), di-aminopyrimidines: pyrimethamine, atovaquone, doxycycline, artemether, and lumefantrine for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diseases involving liver and/or hematopoeitc cells, preferably malaria.
  • the two medicaments are administered simultaneously, e.g. combined in one administration form or simultaneously or subsequently in separate administration forms.
  • the present invention in a further aspect relates to a method of identifying molecules, which are present in, in particular on the surface, of pathogens capable of infecting liver and hematopoietic cells and which interact with one or more scavenger receptor class protein, in particular ScarB1 and/or ScarBII.
  • the method preferably comprises the following steps:
  • Preferred molecules of pathogens which can be tested for their binding to scavenger receptor class proteins comprise proteins, lipids and carbohydrates, preferably proteins.
  • cell surface receptors of pathogens are involved in a specific interaction with a corresponding receptor on a host cell. Accordingly, it is particularly preferred that the molecules tested for binding to scavenger receptor class proteins are cell surface receptors of the particular pathogen.
  • pathogens outlined above can be the source for molecules tested in this method of the invention, preferably, however, the pathogens are selected from the group consisting Entomoeba histolytica, Trichomonas tenas, Trichomonas hominis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Trypanosoma gambiense, Trypanosoma rhodesiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani, Leishmania tropica, Leishmania braziliensis, Pneumocystis pneumonia, Toxoplasma gondii, Theileria lawrenci, Theileria parva, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium semiovale and Plasmodium knowlesi, in particular Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum.
  • the contacting between the scavenger receptor class protein and the molecule(s) derived from the pathogen can be carried out in vivo or in vitro.
  • both the scavenger receptor class protein(s), functional variants, or soluble parts thereof and the potentially interacting molecule(s) can be present together in a cell
  • either the scavenger receptor class protein(s), functional variants, or soluble parts thereof or the potentially interacting molecule(s) can be expressed in a cell, e.g. on the surface of a cell, which is then contacted with the respective other entity in, e.g. solution or
  • both scavenger receptor class protein(s), functional variants, or soluble parts thereof and the potentially interacting molecule(s) are contacted in vitro.
  • a molecule comprised in a pathogen is considered to specifically bind to a scavenger receptor class protein, in particular ScarB1 or ScarBII, if it has a binding constant to the respective scavenger receptor class protein of 100 ⁇ M or less, preferably 50 ⁇ M or less, preferably 30 ⁇ M or less, and preferably 20 ⁇ M or less.
  • the target i.e. the scavenger receptor class protein
  • affinity purification affinity purification
  • cross-linking phage display
  • two-hybrid two-hybrid assays.
  • the target i.e. the scavenger receptor class protein
  • the target is contacted with the molecules derived from the pathogens in a homogenous system, i.e.
  • the target is bound “pulled down” by interaction with a molecule specifically binding the target, e.g. a scavenger receptor specific antibody, which has been attached to a bead or matrix.
  • a molecule specifically binding the target e.g. a scavenger receptor specific antibody
  • the specifically bound molecules are then eluted and analyzed by e.g. MS, peptide sequencing or Western blot.
  • the affinity purification is similar to co-immunoprecipitation, however, the binding is carried out by applying the molecules of the pathogens to a column loaded with a matrix to which the scavenger receptor class protein has been attached.
  • Cross-linking typically involves the labelling of the target, which may or may not be further modified to include a cross-linking moiety, the contacting of the labelled target with the molecules of the pathogen, preferably with the intact pathogen and effecting crosslinking between the target and whatever molecule the target has bound to.
  • the complex which is formed between the target and the molecule of the pathogen can then be purified away from the other molecules of the pathogen on the basis of the label and/or analyzed by art known methods, involving MS, peptide sequencing and the like.
  • Phage display is a method wherein proteins or protein fragments are fused to phage coat proteins and, thus, displayed on the surface of the resulting phage.
  • LaCount D J, et al. describe a high-throughput version of the yeast two-hybrid assay that circumvents the difficulties in expressing P. falciparum proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • This assay could be adapted to isolate scavenger receptor class protein, in particular ScarB1 and ScarBII, interacting proteins from the pathogens indicated above, in particular from P. falciparum
  • assays and variations thereof can be used to identify proteins of pathogens interacting with scavenger receptor class proteins present on liver and hematopoietic cells. The identification will then facilitate the isolation of compounds specifically interfering with the interaction between the molecules of the pathogens and the scavenger receptor class proteins.
  • FIG. 1 Inhibition of EEF (Exo-Erythrocytic Forms) development in Huh-7 human hepatoma cells by BLT-1. Light grey bars represent EEF number (values on the left side of the graph) and the dark grey line represents percentage of cell confluency (values on the right side of the graph).
  • FIG. 2 Inhibition of EEF development in Huh-7 human hepatoma cells by BLT-2. Light grey bars represent EEF number (values on the left side of the graph) and the dark grey line represents percentage of cell confluency (values on the right side of the graph).
  • FIG. 3 Inhibition of EEF development in Huh-7 human hepatoma cells by BLT-4. Light grey bars represent EEF number (values on the left side of the graph) and the dark grey line represents percentage of cell confluency (values on the right side of the graph).
  • FIG. 4 Inhibition of EEF development in Huh-7 human hepatoma cells by Ezetimibe. Light grey bars represent EEF number (values on the left side of the graph) and the dark grey line represents percentage of cell confluency (values on the right side of the graph).
  • FIG. 5 Ezetimibe reduces infection rate for liver in mice.
  • FIG. 6 Structures of preferred compounds usable to treat infection by plasmodiidae.
  • FIG. 7 Knock down of ScarB1 by RNAi reduces EEF development in human hepatoma cells.
  • FIG. 8 Inhibitory effect on EEF development correlates with knock down of ScarB1. Dark bars depict the remaining mRNA and light bars depict the numbers of EEF.
  • FIG. 9 siRNAs sequences targeting ScarB1 (SEQ ID NO 3 to SEQ ID NO 8)
  • FIG. 10 Nucleic acid sequence of Homo sapiens scavenger receptor class B, member 1 (SCARB1), NM — 005505.3 (SEQ ID NO: 1).
  • FIG. 11 Scavenger receptor class B, member 1 [Homo sapiens], amino acid sequence, NP — 005496.3 (SEQ ID NO: 9).
  • FIG. 12 BLT-1 reduces infection rate for liver in mice.
  • FIG. 13 Inhibitory effect on EEF development correlates with knock down of ScarB1 in living mice.
  • FIG. 14 Inhibition of EEF development in Mouse Primary Hepatocytes by BLT-1.
  • FIG. 15 Inhibition of P. Yoelii EEF development in Hepa 1-6 cells by BLT-1. The time period given indicates the length of the presence of 10 ⁇ M BLT-1 during infection.
  • FIG. 16 Infection Score for preferred compounds usable in the present invention and for comparative compounds.
  • Huh human hepatoma cells were cultivated in RPMI (Gibco/Invitrogen) medium containing 10% FBS, 1% non-essential amino acid solution (Gibco/Invitrogen), 1% penicillin/streptomycin solution (Gibco/Invitrogen), 1% glutamine (Gibco/Invitrogen) and 1% Hepes pH 8 (Gibco/Invitrogen).
  • Hepa 1-6 cells were cultured in complete DMEM medium (Gibco/Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (Gibco/Invitrogen) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco/Invitrogen) incubated at 37° C. and 5% CO 2 .
  • Cells were split twice per week by seeding 10 6 cells in 15 ml complete medium in 75 ml culture flasks (Nunc). For passaging, cells were detached from the flask by incubation with 3 ml Trypsin solution (Gibco/Invitrogen) for 5 min at 37° C. Trypsin was inactivated by adding 10 ml of complete medium to the flask.
  • the plates were left for 30 min at RT before they were transferred to an incubator with 37° C. and 5% CO 2 .
  • Sporozoites were obtained from Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes infected with P. berghei ANKA or P. yoelii. Salivary glands were dissected and collected in RPMI medium (GIBCO) on ice. Collected tissues were gently ground in the medium to release sporozoites. Tissue fragments were removed by centrifugation at 40 ⁇ g for 3 min, and sporozoites were collected from the supernatant.
  • Blt-1, Blt-2, and Blt-4 were purchased from ChemBridge Corporation (San Diego, USA).
  • Ezetimibe (for chemical structure see FIG. 6 and structure (XXVI)) was derived from powdered Ezeterol tablets (Essex Pharma, UK). Each compound was dissolved in DMSO at a final concentration of 50 mM. 48 hours after seeding of 6000 Huh-7 cells per well, growth medium was replaced by fresh complete culture medium, containing the compounds in 4 different concentrations, generated by dilution series of the compound stock solutions in complete growth medium: 8 ⁇ M; 1.6 ⁇ M; 320 nM; 64 nM.
  • Controls media were prepared according to DMSO concentrations in the 4 compound dilutions, i.e. 0.016%; 0.0032%; 0.00064%; 0.000128%.
  • Huh-7 cells were equilibrated for 1 h with compound/DMSO-containing medium at 37° C. before infection with 10,000 sporozoites per well ( FIG. 1 to 4 ).
  • the secondary antibody solution consisting of blocking buffer, substituted with an alexa-555 labeled goat anti mouse secondary antibody (Molecular Probes/Invitrogen) in a final dilution of 1/1000, Phalloidin coupled to alexa-488 in a final dilution of 1/500 and Hoechst-33342 in a final dilution of 1:2000, was applied to the cells for 45 min at RT followed by extensive washing with PBS.
  • alexa-555 labeled goat anti mouse secondary antibody Molecular Probes/Invitrogen
  • experimental plates were sealed with each well containing 100 ⁇ l of PBS and stored at 4° C. in the dark until image acquisition.
  • An automated image analysis routine based on Metamorph was applied to the image sets from each well, consisting of 3 images, representing the channels for alexa 488, alexa 555 and Hoechst respectively, for each of the 9 fields acquired.
  • Numerical readouts comprised of cell proliferation as measured by the number of nuclei per imaged field (Hoechst staining), cell confluency as measured by the percentage of the imaged field covered by cells (actin/Phalloidin staining), and number of EEFs per imaged field. EEFs were identified as bright, round objects in the 2E6 staining. Objects in a size range of 16-150 pixels were quantified.
  • EEF numbers were normalized to the cell confluency (see above).
  • EEF numbers normalized to cell confluency, were averaged between the 9 fields imaged per well and normalized to the corresponding mean value from 3 untreated wells present on the same experimental plate.
  • Ezeterol tablets were used to prepare a 0.3 mg/ml solution of Ezetimibe in water.
  • Experimental C57B1/6 mice were treated by oral gavage with 200 ⁇ l of Ezetimibe solution (3 mg/kg) 2 hours prior to infection with sporozoites.
  • 200 ⁇ l of water were administered by oral gavage.
  • Infection with Plasmodium berghei was performed by i.v. injection of 30 000 sporozoites (see FIG. 5 ).
  • BLT-1 treatment of C57B1/6 mice male, 6-8 weeks old
  • intra-peritoneal injections of 50 mg/kg of BLT-1 in DMSO were carried out prior to infection.
  • Control mice were treated with DMSO only. Two hours later, mice were infected by intravenous injection with 3 ⁇ 10 4 P. berghei sporozoites (see FIG. 12 ).
  • P. berghei ANKA load and ScarB1 expression in the liver was quantified by Real-Time PCR using the SYBR Green Mix (Applied Biosystems) and primers designed for the 18S RNA of the parasite and primers for ScarB1.
  • the mouse hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase 1 (Hprt1) gene was used as housekeeping control to account for differential efficiencies in RNA extraction between samples (see FIGS. 5 and 13 ).
  • siRNAs of a given nucleotide sequence were synthesized by Ambion, Inc. (Austin, Tex., USA), using standard methods known to the person skilled in the art of siRNA synthesis.
  • the sequences of the two respective RNAs hybridized to each other are shown in the left and right hand panel of FIG. 9 (From left to right and from top to bottom SEQ ID NO: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8).
  • RNAi experiments cells were transfected with siRNAs 24 h after cell seeding of 4000 cells per well of a 96 well plate.
  • siRNA was transfected in triplicates; the transfection mix was prepared as follows:
  • Cells were incubated at 37° C. for 4 hours and then shifted back to initial growth conditions by adding 50 ⁇ l of fresh medium, supplemented with 30% fetal calf serum and 3% Penicillin/Streptomycin.
  • Each 96 well screening plate contained 3 wells transfected with a control siRNA (sharing no complete sequence homology with any coding sequence in the human transcriptome) and 3 untreated wells. ( FIGS. 7 and 8 )
  • Real-Time qPCR with gene-specific primers was performed in the following reaction mix
  • ldlA[mSR-BI] cells are plated at 15,000 cells/well in clear bottom, black wall 384-well black assay plates (Costar) in 50 ⁇ l of medium A (Ham's F12 supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 50 units/ml penicillin/50 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin, and 0.25 mg/ml G418.) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (medium B).
  • medium A Ham's F12 supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 50 units/ml penicillin/50 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin, and 0.25 mg/ml G418.
  • medium B fetal bovine serum
  • cells are washed once with medium C (medium A with 1% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA) and 25 mM HEPES pH 7.4, but no G418) and supplied with 40 ⁇ l of medium C.
  • BSA bovine serum albumin
  • Test compounds are dissolved in 100% DMSO and are added manually or for high throughput screens robotically ‘pin’ transferred (40 nl) to each well to give a nominal concentration of 10 ⁇ M (0.01% DMSO). After a 1 hr incubation at 37° C., DiI-HDL (final concentration of 10 ⁇ g protein/ml) in 20 ⁇ l of medium C are added.
  • fluorescence is measured at room temperature (approximately 2 minutes/plate) using a Analyst plate reader (Rhodamine B dichroic filter, emission 525 nm and excitation 580 nm; LJL Biosystems), both prior to removing the incubation medium (to test for autofluorescence and quenching) and after the medium removal and four washes with 80 ⁇ l of PBS/1 mM MgCl 2 /0.1 mM CaCl 2 to determine cellular uptake of DiI.
  • a Analyst plate reader Rhodamine B dichroic filter, emission 525 nm and excitation 580 nm; LJL Biosystems
  • each screen includes ldlA-7 and ldlA[mSR-BI] cells in the presence and/or absence of a 40-fold excess of unlabeled HDL, but with no added compounds, as controls.
  • all media and buffers contain 0.5% DMSO and 0.5% bovine serum albumin to maintain compound solubility.
  • Cells are pre-incubated with BLTs for 1 hr (or 2.5 hrs for transferrin, EGF and cholera toxin uptake experiments) and all the experiments are performed at 37° C. Detailed characterization of the respective test compound and their effects is performed.
  • values are normalized so that the 100% of control represents activity in the absence of compounds and 0% represents activity determined in the presence of a 40-fold excess of unlabeled HDL or, for Y1-BS1 cells, in the presence of a 1:500 dilution of the KKB-1 blocking antibody (Gu, et al., 2000, supra).
  • the amounts of cell-associated [ 3 H]cholesteryl ether are expressed as the equivalent amount of [ 3 H]CE-HDL protein (ng) to permit direct comparison of the relative amounts of 125 I-HDL binding and [ 3 H]CE uptake.
  • the rates of HDL dissociation from cells are determined by incubation of the cells with 125 I-HDL (10 ⁇ g protein/ml, 2 hrs, 37° C.) with and without BLTs. The medium is then either replaced with the same medium in which the 125 I-HDL is substituted by a 40-fold excess of unlabeled HDL or a 40-fold excess of unlabeled HDL is added to the labelled incubation medium. The amounts of cell-associated 125 I-HDL are then determined as a function of time. Either of these methods can be used.
  • mice Male, 6-8 weeks old were treated daily for 10 days with 200 ⁇ g/kg of the control siRNA (Negative, Ambion Inc., Texas, USA) or siRNA targeting SR-BI (ID 72593 and 152100, Ambion Inc., Texas, US). Mice were infected by intravenous injection of 2 ⁇ 10 4 P. berghei sporozoites. (see FIG. 13 )
  • C57B1/6 freshly isolated mouse primary hepatocytes (1 ⁇ 10 5 cells per well) were seeded in 700 ⁇ l of Williams E medium supplemented with 1 ⁇ glutamax (Gibco/Invitrogen), 4% fetal calf serum (Gibco/Invitrogen) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco/Invitrogen) in 24 well plates incubated at 37° C. 5% CO 2 .
  • Huh-7 human hepatoma cells were treated as described in examples 3 and 4. Incubation with the compounds was performed at final concentrations of 1, 2, 5, and 10 ⁇ M.
  • Influence of the compounds on proliferation and infection with plasmodium sporozoites was calculated as % of the plate mean for all samples, with the mean set to 100%. To assess its performance, each compound was assigned a score between 0 and 4 for inhibition of infection. A compound would score at 4, if at all 4 tested concentrations it would reduce the number of EEFs by at least 50% (corresponding to an IC 50 of 1 ⁇ M or lower), it would score at 3, if this was true for the 3 highest concentrations (IC 50 between 1 and 2 ⁇ M), and so on. (see FIG. 16 ).

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PCT/EP2007/002110 WO2007101710A1 (fr) 2006-03-09 2007-03-09 Utilisation d'inhibiteurs de protéines de la classe des récepteurs éboueurs dans le traitement de maladies infectieuses
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US20130034539A1 (en) * 2009-12-07 2013-02-07 The Johns Hopkins University Sr-bi as a predictor of human female infertility and responsiveness to treatment
WO2014141110A3 (fr) * 2013-03-14 2015-04-23 Curadev Pharma Pvt. Ltd. Aminonitriles en tant qu'inhibiteurs de la voie de la kynurénine

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CA2677230A1 (fr) 2007-02-02 2008-08-14 Redpoint Bio Corporation Utilisation d'un inhibiteur de trpm5 pour reguler une secretion d'insuline et de glp-1
WO2011002415A1 (fr) * 2009-06-29 2011-01-06 National University Of Singapore Synthèse et utilisation d'antipaludéens marqués par fluorophore
US10640457B2 (en) 2009-12-10 2020-05-05 The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York Histone acetyltransferase activators and uses thereof
EP2573078B1 (fr) 2010-05-14 2016-11-02 Chinese PLA General Hospital Composés d'acrylamide et leur utilisation dans l'inhibition de l'apoptose
US9260384B2 (en) 2010-05-14 2016-02-16 Chinese Pla General Hospital Urea compounds and use thereof for inhibiting apoptosis
EP2654428B1 (fr) * 2010-12-22 2018-02-14 The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York Modulateurs de l'histone acétyltransférase et leurs utilisations
JP6083534B2 (ja) * 2012-02-08 2017-02-22 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所 マラリアの予防または治療薬及びそのスクリーニング方法
WO2013182905A2 (fr) 2012-06-05 2013-12-12 Jonas Axelsson Mécanisme, diagnostic et traitements pour des complications d'insuffisance rénale
EP3085690B1 (fr) 2013-12-20 2019-09-11 Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Academy of Military Medical Sciences P.L.A. China Nouveau composé d'urée, son procédé de production et son application
US10137119B2 (en) * 2014-01-09 2018-11-27 Riken Anti-malarial agent
US10292976B2 (en) 2014-01-09 2019-05-21 Riken Anti-malarial agent
CN109890804A (zh) 2016-05-30 2019-06-14 慕尼黑工业大学 作为抗细菌药物的含有脲基元的化合物及其衍生物

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WO2002095361A2 (fr) * 2001-05-22 2002-11-28 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Identification d'agents anti-protozoaires
US20030186993A1 (en) * 2001-10-23 2003-10-02 Ulrich Peter C. Anti-malarial compounds, compositions and methods
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WO2004032716A2 (fr) * 2002-10-08 2004-04-22 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Composes pour la modulation du transport du cholesterol
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US20130034539A1 (en) * 2009-12-07 2013-02-07 The Johns Hopkins University Sr-bi as a predictor of human female infertility and responsiveness to treatment
US9163240B2 (en) * 2009-12-07 2015-10-20 The Johns Hopkins University SR-BI mutation as a predictor of low progesterone levels and poor fetal viability during pregnancy
WO2014141110A3 (fr) * 2013-03-14 2015-04-23 Curadev Pharma Pvt. Ltd. Aminonitriles en tant qu'inhibiteurs de la voie de la kynurénine

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EP1991215A1 (fr) 2008-11-19
US8507546B2 (en) 2013-08-13

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