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US20090113979A1 - Expansion tool for cold expansion of holes - Google Patents

Expansion tool for cold expansion of holes Download PDF

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Publication number
US20090113979A1
US20090113979A1 US11/915,960 US91596007A US2009113979A1 US 20090113979 A1 US20090113979 A1 US 20090113979A1 US 91596007 A US91596007 A US 91596007A US 2009113979 A1 US2009113979 A1 US 2009113979A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
core
members
tool according
inner hole
tool
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US11/915,960
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English (en)
Inventor
Piet Wolcken
Eggert D. Reese
Timothy G.B. Jones
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Airbus Operations SAS
Original Assignee
Airbus Operations SAS
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Airbus Operations SAS filed Critical Airbus Operations SAS
Assigned to AIRBUS FRANCE reassignment AIRBUS FRANCE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: JONES, TIMOTHY G.B., WOELCKEN, PIET, REESE, EGGERT D.
Publication of US20090113979A1 publication Critical patent/US20090113979A1/en
Assigned to AIRBUS OPERATIONS SAS reassignment AIRBUS OPERATIONS SAS MERGER (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: AIRBUS FRANCE
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
    • B23P9/00—Treating or finishing surfaces mechanically, with or without calibrating, primarily to resist wear or impact, e.g. smoothing or roughening turbine blades or bearings; Features of such surfaces not otherwise provided for, their treatment being unspecified
    • B23P9/02—Treating or finishing by applying pressure, e.g. knurling
    • B23P9/025—Treating or finishing by applying pressure, e.g. knurling to inner walls of holes by using axially moving tools
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
    • Y10T29/49908—Joining by deforming
    • Y10T29/49938—Radially expanding part in cavity, aperture, or hollow body
    • Y10T29/4994—Radially expanding internal tube

Definitions

  • the invention refers to a tool for cold expansion of holes in metallic work pieces, in particular of holes having essentially circular cross section, in plate shaped structural parts.
  • construction holes are formed in, for example, plate shaped structural parts made of metallic materials, which are used inter alia for inserting and fixing mounting devices. It is known that ruptures of cracks can occur at the circumference of such holes, under permanent or cyclic loads of the structure, in particular under alternating loads, and that these cracks can propagate and lead to a failure of the structure to a larger extent, if they are not recognized and repaired in time.
  • the compressive stresses in the boundary zone of the hole are formed by expanding the hole by means of cold work expansion. This is usually done by using a conical core (mandrel) which is pulled through the hole into which previously a sleeve is inserted.
  • a conical core manufacturedrel
  • the material around the hole is plastically deformed due to the fact that the diameter of the core together with the sleeve is larger than the original diameter of the hole.
  • the hole is expanded, such that the core can pass through the hole.
  • a corresponding method can lead to the formation of cracks at the edge of the bore and to an irregular strain field around the bore.
  • EP 0 581 385 B1 uses a split sleeve, which can be compressed after passing the core and can accordingly be removed from the bore.
  • the deformation of a work piece is determined by means of the combination of the size of the sleeve and the core. This means that the deformation of the work piece around the hole is also determined by the expansion (compression), i.e. the geometrical dimensions of sleeve and core.
  • the invention is based on the idea that a part of a tool which is to be introduced into a hole to be worked, is formed by means of a plurality of members, such that this part is radially expandable.
  • a cylindrical part of the tool having circular outer cross section, which is shaped as a thick-walled ring can be split in cake-like manner, i.e. in radial direction, into a plurality of ring sectors, having for example identical central angles.
  • a further member of the tool (core) into an inner hole in the tool the plurality of members of the body to be introduced into the hole are shifted radially outwards and, accordingly, act on the inner circumference of the hole to be worked on.
  • the increase of diameter of the part of the tool performing the cold deformation work can be controlled, by having at least one of core or the inner member a portion of changing diameter, such that by adjusting the insertion depth of the core into the inner hole the amount of radial outward movement of the parts of the cylindrically shaped part of the tool for cold expansion of holes can be controlled, it is possible, to control the deformation by means of the force applied, expressed as an increase of outer diameter of the cylindrically shaped part of the tool. Furthermore, dependent on the actual original hole size and the desired stress to be introduced into the boundary zone of the hole, the amount of the deformation can be controlled variably using one single tool by means of the tool according to the invention. Furthermore, the deformation force is applied in radial direction of the whole, without application of a tension force in axial direction of the hole at the same time, because no core or a similar member is pulled through the hole.
  • a means is provided at the tool which allows to monitor or control the insertion depth of the core into the inner hole.
  • the means can be formed by a male screw at the core and a female screw at a device which determines the relative position of the core and the body in its original position in axial direction.
  • the introduction depth of the core into the inner hole is exactly determined in relation to the known screw pitch and can be easily checked and monitored, for example using a label at the core.
  • the introduction depth of the core determines the change of diameter of the cylindrical part of the tool, the stress introduced into the surroundings of the hole can be exactly determined, when the initial position between the core and the cylindrically shaped body portion being formed of several members is known.
  • the positioning of the core can also be carried out in a different manner (for example using means controlled by force, hydraulic or pneumatic means, if necessary additionally using a stopper, or by using a separate setscrew).
  • the inner hole and/or the core are formed with conically tapering surfaces, especially complementary surfaces, such that the movement of the core into the inner hole allows to finely adjust the amount of deformation.
  • an elastic means which biases the members of the body carrying out the radially outward movement into a position, in which they assume a minimal diameter.
  • the means can be formed by an elastic cap or ring member, which is provided over or around the sliding portions, for example within a circumferential groove.
  • the cylindrical part of the body which is formed by a plurality of members, preferably has a cylindrical shape on its outside having circular cross section according to the circular cross section of the holes to be worked. This allows a smooth introduction of residual compressive stress into the portion surrounding the holes without relevant local residual tensile stress concentrations.
  • the plurality of members of the cylindrical shaped part are formed such that their side faces run through the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical part.
  • the single members of the cylindrically shaped part are preferably shaped identically, especially comprise identical central angles, which means that the tool forms a closed cylindrical surface when the plurality of members of the cylindrically shaped part are in the position having minimal diameter. This has the advantage that the construction of the tool is comparatively easy.
  • the cylindrical part is formed by members having different shape, further preferably by a plurality of members having two or a plurality of shapes in total.
  • These plurality of members having different shape preferably form in their position of maximal diameter, i.e. the position of the intended final diameter, a closed outer cylindrical surface, which means that a slit free expansion of a hole having a particular initial hole size to be worked with a particular expansion ratio is possible and local stress concentration due to non uniform influence of the tool on the circumference of the hole can be avoided when cold expanding the hole.
  • the different members preferably comprises side faces which do not extend through the longitudinal axis of the cylinder of the cylindrically shaped part of the tool, such that preferably a member which is positioned between two adjacent members, moves faster inwardly than the adjacent members, when the core is retracted from the inner hole, such that the tool which does not have any discontinuities in the expanded condition can be compressed to smaller outer dimensions.
  • the core and the inner hole of the body have a polygonal cross section. Particularly, it is preferred that they have complementary pyramidal shapes with square cross section in a direction perpendicular to a longitudinal axis or the insertion direction.
  • This specific shape of the cone supports a uniform introduction of the force into the work piece and, accordingly, leads to a clearly enhanced flowability of the material.
  • a homogeneous strength field is obtained, which is a prerequisite for an effective increase of the fatigue resistance.
  • This furthermore, allows to expand holes formed in high performance materials without formation of cracks.
  • the flowability of the material is related to the members of the body such that anisotropic properties of the material are considered (for example caused by the rolling direction of plate shaped materials), a smooth expansion of the bore along the entire thickness of the plate is possible.
  • the invention can also be applied to hybrid-composite materials/hybrid-composite stacks, for example Aluminium/carbon fibre reinforced plastics (Al/CFRP), wherein for example the Al-component can be expanded independent of the CFRP-part, without being in contact with this part. It is not necessary to unmount the parts for expanding the Al-component. Furthermore, friction at the surfaces or walls of the bore or the hole can be avoided, such that an additional working after the expansion is not necessary.
  • Al/CFRP Aluminium/carbon fibre reinforced plastics
  • FIG. 1 shows a perspective view of a first embodiment of the tool for cold expansion of holes
  • FIG. 2 shows a cross sectional view through a cylindrically shaped part of a tool for cold expansion of holes in a second embodiment
  • FIG. 3 shows a perspective view of a core in a third embodiment
  • FIG. 4 shows a perspective view of a part of the body of the third embodiment.
  • FIG. 1 shows in a perspective view a tool 10 for cold expansion of holes, especially in metallic materials.
  • the tool 10 comprises a tool cap 12 which supports a body 14 and guides the body 14 .
  • the body 14 comprises a part 16 which has outer cylindrical shape and which can be introduced into a hole (not shown) which is to be expanded by cold expansion, wherein in the position shown in FIG. 1 , in which the cylindrical part 16 of the body 14 has minimal diameter, the hole to be expanded has preferably a diameter, which is slightly larger than the outer diameter of the cylindrical part 16 .
  • the outer diameter of the cylindrical part 16 is determined such that it can be inserted into the hole or bore without encountering frictional resistance.
  • the body 14 including the cylindrical part 16 thereof, is formed of a plurality of identical, thick-walled members 18 (ring segments) (eight in the embodiment shown), which divide the body 14 and especially the cylindrically shaped part 16 in a cake-like manner.
  • the boundary faces to an adjacent member 18 of the body 14 run in radial direction, respectively, i.e. their virtually extended planes through the cylinder longitudinal axis A of the body 14 .
  • the central angles of the members 18 are identical with respect to each other in the embodiment shown, especially 450 , respectively.
  • an essentially cylindrical part 20 of the body 14 which has a larger outer diameter than the cylindrical part 16 and which comprises a groove 22 , into which, for example, a rubber ring can be inserted (not shown) for holding the members 18 forming the body 14 in their position of minimal diameter and for biasing them into this position.
  • the members 18 are slidable in radial direction of the body 14 , such that they can be moved from the position shown in FIG. 1 radially outwardly against the biasing force of, for example, the rubber ring, such that the cylindrically shaped part 16 of the body 14 defines a larger outer diameter than its initial outer diameter and than the initial inner diameter of the hole to be expanded, wherein small gaps are formed between two adjacent members 18 , respectively.
  • the radial movement direction is ensured by means of suitable guides 13 .
  • the body 14 is further provided with a suitable inner hole 24 (here a conical inner hole, i.e. in each cross section perpendicular to longitudinal axis circular), into which a core 26 can be inserted, which is in its part 28 , which is insertable into the inner hole 24 , conical or truncated having circular cross sections perpendicular to its longitudinal axis.
  • the inner hole 24 is preferably also conical, complementary to the cone of the core 26 , such that the core 26 and the inner hole narrow down in the position shown in FIG. 1 from top to the bottom.
  • the core 26 further comprises a portion 30 having a male thread, which stands against a female thread 33 formed at the tool cap 12 . Further, the core 26 is provided with a butterfly nut shaped holding surface 34 at its upper end, which on the one hand determines the rotational position of the core 26 around the axis A and allows monitoring thereof, and on the other hand provides a working surface for a rotating tool or a similar means.
  • the cap 12 furthermore serves for positioning the body 14 and the core 26 in their initial position with respect to the axial direction of the axis A with respect to each other, by providing for example suitable stopper surfaces in axial direction for the portion larger diameter.
  • the amount of the expansion of the body 14 and, accordingly, the hardening or compression of the boundary zone of the hole and the expansion of the hole to be worked can be determined by the insertion depth of the core 26 into the inner hole 24 , wherein by means of the positioning aid by the threads 32 , an exact positioning and, accordingly, a cold expansion in an exactly predetermined amount or with defined force become possible.
  • the final shape or the final diameter of the hole or bore to be expanded can be selected variably within the diameters which can be achieved by means of a single tool.
  • the core 26 is removed from the inner hole 24 of the body 14 by means of a screw motion in opposite direction to the screw motion for insertion, wherein the elastic member in the groove 22 forces the members 18 of the body 14 to move radially inward. Accordingly, the body 14 can be removed from the expanded hole without any problems.
  • holes having an initial hole diameter within a small, determined range can be expanded to an arbitrarily new hole diameter within the possible range for expansion of the tool 10 by means of one single tool.
  • the force with which the segments of the cold working tool 10 are pushed outwardly is directly proportional to the rotational moment or the pressure which is applied within the tool 10 by means of rotation or shift of the core 26 relative to the body 14 , as well as to the geometry of the hole and the material properties, wherein an expansion of the hole to be expanded determined by means of force becomes possible. After completion of the cold working the tool can be easily removed.
  • the tool 10 shown in FIG. 1 can be modified according to the sectional view of FIG. 2 .
  • the body 14 and the members 18 constituting the body 14 are modified such that the body 14 is not formed by cake-like partition of a simple cylindrical ring body in identical parts but, to the contrary, by specific adaption of the respective parts regarding their shape.
  • FIG. 2 shows in cross section a corresponding view through the cylindrical portion 16 of the body 14 of the tool 10 .
  • the outer diameter of the cylindrically shaped part 16 of the body 10 is determined such the members 18 a , 18 b forming the body 14 from a closed circumferential surface at a target outer diameter, which corresponds to the expanded diameter of the hole to be worked, stress concentrations, as they result in contact portions in view of non contact portions with the tool in the embodiment according to FIG. 1 , can be avoided.
  • the tool is formed from non-identical members 18 a and 18 b , of which in the embodiment shown three, respectively, are alternatingly provided along the circumference.
  • the members 18 a , 18 b differ from the members 18 of embodiment 1 by differently aligned contact surfaces to the adjacent members 18 b . While according to the embodiment in FIG. 1 the respective contact surfaces cross in their virtually extended plane the axis A of the cylinder, the intersection line is under an angle to this plane along the boundary surface 38 . Between the members 18 a further members 18 b are provided which have side surfaces which also do not pass through the axis A but which are directly slightly outwardly with respect to a radial direction, along the boundary surfaces 40 .
  • FIG. 2 shows the most expanded position of the body 14 .
  • the core 26 having the conical surface 28 has to be lifted and removed from the inner hole 24 .
  • a force which is applied by for example locally thickened rubber members around the groove 22 in portions of the members 18 b firstly moves the members 18 b in direction radially inwardly. Subsequently the members 18 a can be moved in radial direction inwardly, i.e. approaching each other, by means of a force which is for example applied by thinner portions of the ring shaped rubber member in the groove 22 in FIG. 1 , such that the outer diameter is reduced in general.
  • the embodiment according to FIG. 2 does not have a closed outer circumferential surface in the cylindrical part 16 of the body 14 .
  • FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 show a further embodiment of the parts 18 c forming the body 14 and the core 26 c .
  • the core 26 c is introduced into the inner hole 24 of the body 14 by means of pure translative movement, without rotation.
  • the core 26 c has in its portion to be inserted into the inner hole 24 a polygonal cross section in a cutting direction perpendicular to its longitudinal axis or to its direction of insertion, in particular a square shape, wherein it is tapering in insertion direction, such that in total a truncated pyramidal shape results.
  • the body 14 is shaped of four evenly distributed quarters, wherein the inner hole 24 formed by these quarters corresponds to the shape of the core 26 , such that each member 18 c has an even, planar surface forming the inner hole 24 when assembled.
  • the body 14 is shaped of a number of members 18 c corresponding to the number of sides or corners of the polygon forming the core 26 c.
  • a square cross section of the core 26 c and the inner hole 24 of the body 14 shows that an even, uniform force distribution results when inserting the core 26 c into the inner hole 24 .
  • the flowability of the material forming the work piece is taken into account when positioning the expansion tool, especially such that anisotropy of a work piece, for example the rolling direction of plate materials, is taken into account. Accordingly, an even and smooth distribution of the residual stresses around the entire circumference of the hole can be ensured.
  • the means for monitoring the insertion depth of the core 26 into the hole 24 of the body 14 has to be suitably chosen, i.e. the threads have to be replaced, as the device according to FIGS. 3 and 4 relies on a pure linear movement when inserting the core 26 c into the inner hole 24 .
  • different stoppers can be used.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Processing Of Stones Or Stones Resemblance Materials (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)
  • Media Introduction/Drainage Providing Device (AREA)
  • Gripping On Spindles (AREA)
  • Drilling Tools (AREA)
  • Drilling And Boring (AREA)
US11/915,960 2006-04-24 2007-04-20 Expansion tool for cold expansion of holes Abandoned US20090113979A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102006019405.5 2006-04-24
DE102006019405A DE102006019405B4 (de) 2006-04-24 2006-04-24 Werkzeug zur Kaltexpansion von Löchern
PCT/EP2007/003464 WO2007121932A1 (en) 2006-04-24 2007-04-20 Expansion tool for cold expansion of holes

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2007/003464 A-371-Of-International WO2007121932A1 (en) 2006-04-24 2007-04-20 Expansion tool for cold expansion of holes

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US13/209,117 Continuation US8302448B2 (en) 2006-04-24 2011-08-12 Expansion tool and method for cold expansion of holes

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Publication Number Publication Date
US20090113979A1 true US20090113979A1 (en) 2009-05-07

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US11/915,960 Abandoned US20090113979A1 (en) 2006-04-24 2007-04-20 Expansion tool for cold expansion of holes
US13/209,117 Active US8302448B2 (en) 2006-04-24 2011-08-12 Expansion tool and method for cold expansion of holes

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US13/209,117 Active US8302448B2 (en) 2006-04-24 2011-08-12 Expansion tool and method for cold expansion of holes

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US (2) US20090113979A1 (ru)
EP (2) EP2457687A1 (ru)
CN (1) CN101437649B (ru)
CA (1) CA2649560C (ru)
DE (1) DE102006019405B4 (ru)
RU (1) RU2008146051A (ru)
WO (1) WO2007121932A1 (ru)

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US20170052974A1 (en) * 2015-08-21 2017-02-23 Waziki Corporation Systems, media and methods for virtualized data compression
CN114599483A (zh) * 2019-10-25 2022-06-07 赛峰直升机发动机公司 用于通孔的冷膨胀的装置

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US7448652B2 (en) 2003-07-31 2008-11-11 Fatigue Technology Inc. Tubular metal fitting expandable in a wall opening and method of installation
EP3199292B1 (en) 2005-12-28 2020-03-11 Fatigue Technology, Inc. Mandrel assembly and method of using the same
BRPI0706509A2 (pt) 2006-01-11 2011-03-29 Fatigue Technology Inc kits de embuchamento, mancais e métodos de instalação
US7617712B2 (en) 2006-04-27 2009-11-17 Fatigue Technology, Inc. Alignment device and methods of using the same
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US8069699B2 (en) 2006-08-28 2011-12-06 Fatigue Technology, Inc. Installation/processing systems and methods of using the same
US8312606B2 (en) 2007-10-16 2012-11-20 Fatigue Technology, Inc. Expandable fastener assembly with deformed collar
JP5606332B2 (ja) 2008-03-07 2014-10-15 ファティーグ テクノロジー インコーポレイテッド ウェーブ抑制部を有する拡張可能部材およびその使用方法
EP2318726B1 (en) 2008-07-18 2015-09-02 Fatigue Technology, Inc. Nut plate assembly and methods of using the same
WO2010118366A1 (en) 2009-04-10 2010-10-14 Fatigue Technology, Inc. Installable assembly having an expandable outer member and a fastener with a mandrel
EP2513499B1 (en) 2009-12-16 2015-04-08 Fatigue Technology, Inc. Modular nut plate assemblies and methods of using the same
WO2012167136A2 (en) 2011-06-03 2012-12-06 Fatigue Technology, Inc. Expandable crack inhibitors and methods of using the same
EP2721311B1 (en) 2011-06-15 2018-03-14 Fatigue Technology, Inc. Modular nut plates with closed nut assemblies
RU2011146116A (ru) * 2011-09-19 2013-05-20 Максимов Консулт Ад Устройство и инструмент для холодного расширения крепежных отверстий
EP2809482B1 (en) 2012-01-30 2018-11-07 Fatigue Technology, Inc. Processing systems and method of operating the same
DE102012010793A1 (de) * 2012-06-01 2013-12-05 Eads Deutschland Gmbh Umformwerkzeug zum Aufweiten einer Öffnung mit einer Aufweitvorrrichtung
DE102012010917A1 (de) 2012-06-04 2013-12-05 Eads Deutschland Gmbh Aufnahmevorrichtung zur Aufnahme eines Dorns und einer Hülse eines Umformwerkzeuges zum Aufweiten einer Öffnung
DE202012104450U1 (de) * 2012-11-19 2014-02-25 Rehau Ag + Co Expansionskopf für Aufweitwerkzeuge und diesen umfassendes Expansionswerkzeug
US8511133B1 (en) * 2012-11-27 2013-08-20 Jun Fan Chen Expander for tubular elements
CA2977581A1 (en) 2016-09-02 2018-03-02 Zurn Industries, Llc Injection molded cold-expansion compression collar
US11541581B2 (en) 2016-09-02 2023-01-03 Zurn Industries, Llc Injection molded cold-expansion compression collar
US11543065B2 (en) 2016-09-02 2023-01-03 Zurn Industries, Llc Extruded cold-expansion compression collar
US11054076B2 (en) 2016-11-04 2021-07-06 Zurn Industries, Llc Reinforcing ring with sleeve
CN109261793B (zh) * 2018-11-08 2024-03-12 重庆长江预应力有限公司 一种夹片锚板内孔加工系统及使用其的加工方法
EP3698942A3 (en) 2019-02-20 2020-10-28 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation Pex expansion tool
EP3698941B1 (en) 2019-02-20 2025-06-25 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation Pex expansion tool
CN214726466U (zh) 2020-11-27 2021-11-16 米沃奇电动工具公司 扩展工具
EP4319959A4 (en) 2021-04-09 2025-06-18 Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation EXPANSION TOOL

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US10474637B2 (en) * 2015-08-21 2019-11-12 Waziki Corporation Systems, media and methods for virtualized data compression
CN114599483A (zh) * 2019-10-25 2022-06-07 赛峰直升机发动机公司 用于通孔的冷膨胀的装置

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US20120000266A1 (en) 2012-01-05
DE102006019405A1 (de) 2007-10-31
CN101437649A (zh) 2009-05-20
WO2007121932A1 (en) 2007-11-01
DE102006019405B4 (de) 2011-08-18
CA2649560A1 (en) 2007-11-01
US8302448B2 (en) 2012-11-06
EP2457687A1 (en) 2012-05-30
CA2649560C (en) 2013-09-17
CN101437649B (zh) 2013-06-12
EP2012964B1 (en) 2016-09-14
RU2008146051A (ru) 2010-05-27

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