[go: up one dir, main page]

US20040202658A1 - Therapy of autoimmune disease in a patient with an inadequate response to TNF-alpha inhibitor - Google Patents

Therapy of autoimmune disease in a patient with an inadequate response to TNF-alpha inhibitor Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US20040202658A1
US20040202658A1 US10/818,765 US81876504A US2004202658A1 US 20040202658 A1 US20040202658 A1 US 20040202658A1 US 81876504 A US81876504 A US 81876504A US 2004202658 A1 US2004202658 A1 US 2004202658A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
antibody
disease
antibodies
antagonist
autoimmune
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US10/818,765
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Mark Benyunes
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Genentech Inc
Original Assignee
Genentech Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=33299824&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=US20040202658(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Genentech Inc filed Critical Genentech Inc
Priority to US10/818,765 priority Critical patent/US20040202658A1/en
Publication of US20040202658A1 publication Critical patent/US20040202658A1/en
Priority to US11/439,906 priority patent/US7708994B2/en
Assigned to GENENTECH, INC. reassignment GENENTECH, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BENYUNES, MARK C.
Priority to US12/052,606 priority patent/US7976838B2/en
Priority to US13/108,134 priority patent/US20110300136A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2887—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against CD20
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/04—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/16—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
    • A61P13/12—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the kidneys
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/02—Drugs for dermatological disorders for treating wounds, ulcers, burns, scars, keloids, or the like
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
    • A61P17/06—Antipsoriatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P21/00—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system
    • A61P21/02—Muscle relaxants, e.g. for tetanus or cramps
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P21/00—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system
    • A61P21/04—Drugs for disorders of the muscular or neuromuscular system for myasthenia gravis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
    • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A61P31/06—Antibacterial agents for tuberculosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/08—Antiallergic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P7/00—Drugs for disorders of the blood or the extracellular fluid
    • A61P7/06—Antianaemics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/04—Inotropic agents, i.e. stimulants of cardiac contraction; Drugs for heart failure
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
    • C07K2317/24—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin containing regions, domains or residues from different species, e.g. chimeric, humanized or veneered

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns therapy with antagonists which bind to B cell surface markers, such as CD20.
  • the invention concerns the use of such antagonists to treat autoimmune disease in a mammal who experiences an inadequate response to a TNF ⁇ -inhibitor.
  • Lymphocytes are one of many types of white blood cells produced in the bone marrow during the process of hematopoiesis. There are two major populations of lymphocytes: B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells). The lymphocytes of particular interest herein are B cells.
  • B cells mature within the bone marrow and leave the marrow expressing an antigen-binding antibody on their cell surface.
  • a naive B cell first encounters the antigen for which its membrane-bound antibody is specific, the cell begins to divide rapidly and its progeny differentiate into memory B cells and effector cells called “plasma cells”.
  • Memory B cells have a longer life span and continue to express membrane-bound antibody with the same specificity as the original parent cell.
  • Plasma cells do not produce membrane-bound antibody but instead produce the antibody in a form that can be secreted. Secreted antibodies are the major effector molecule of humoral immunity.
  • the CD20 antigen also called human B-lymphocyte-restricted differentiation antigen, Bp35
  • Bp35 human B-lymphocyte-restricted differentiation antigen
  • CD20 regulates an early step(s) in the activation process for cell cycle initiation and differentiation (Tedder et al., supra) and possibly functions as a calcium ion channel (Tedder et al. J. Cell. Biochem . 14D:195 (1990)).
  • this antigen can serve as a candidate for “targeting” of such lymphomas.
  • targeting can be generalized as follows: antibodies specific to the CD20 surface antigen of B cells are administered to a patient. These anti-CD20 antibodies specifically bind to the CD20 antigen of (ostensibly) both normal and malignant B cells; the antibody bound to the CD20 surface antigen may lead to the destruction and depletion of neoplastic B cells. Additionally, chemical agents or radioactive labels having the potential to destroy the tumor can be conjugated to the anti-CD20 antibody such that the agent is specifically “delivered” to the neoplastic B cells. Irrespective of the approach, a primary goal is to destroy the tumor; the specific approach can be determined by the particular anti-CD20 antibody which is utilized and, thus, the available approaches to targeting the CD20 antigen can vary considerably.
  • CD19 is another antigen that is expressed on the surface of cells of the B lineage. Like CD20, CD19 is found on cells throughout differentiation of the lineage from the stem cell stage up to a point just prior to terminal differentiation into plasma cells (Nadler, L. Lymphocyte Typing II 2: 3-37 and Appendix, Renling et al. eds. (1986) by Springer Verlag). Unlike CD20 however, antibody binding to CD19 causes internalization of the CD19 antigen. CD19 antigen is identified by the HD237-CD19 antibody (also called the “B4” antibody) (Kiesel et al. Leukemia Research II , 12: 1119 (1987)), among others.
  • HD237-CD19 antibody also called the “B4” antibody
  • the CD19 antigen is present on 4-8% of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and on greater than 90% of B cells isolated from peripheral blood, spleen, lymph node or tonsil. CD19 is not detected on peripheral blood T cells, monocytes or granulocytes.
  • Virtually all non-T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL), B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias (CLL) and B cell lymphomas express CD19 detectable by the antibody B4 (Nadler et al. J. Immunol . 131:244 (1983); and Nadler et al. in Progress in Hematology Vol. XII pp. 187-206. Brown, E. ed. (1981) by Grune & Stratton, Inc).
  • the rituximab (RITUXAN®) antibody is a genetically engineered chimeric murine/human monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 antigen.
  • Rituximab is the antibody called “C2B8” in U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,137 issued Apr. 7, 1998 (Anderson et al.).
  • RITUXAN® is indicated for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory low-grade or follicular, CD20 positive, B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. In vitro mechanism of action studies have demonstrated that RITUXAN® binds human complement and lyses lymphoid B cell lines through complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) (Reff et al.
  • CDC complement-dependent cytotoxicity
  • RITUXAN® has been shown to have anti-proliferative effects in tritiated thymidine incorporation assays and to induce apoptosis directly, while other anti-CD19 and CD20 antibodies do not (Maloney et al. Blood 88(10):637a (1996)). Synergy between RITUXAN® and chemotherapies and toxins has also been observed experimentally.
  • RITUXAN® sensitizes drug-resistant human B cell lymphoma cell lines to the cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin, CDDP, VP-16, diphtheria toxin and ricin (Demidem et al. Cancer Chemotherapy & Radiopharmaceuticals 12(3): 177-186 (1997)).
  • doxorubicin doxorubicin
  • CDDP CDDP
  • VP-16 diphtheria toxin
  • ricin diphtheria toxin
  • ricin diphtheria toxin
  • ricin diphtheria toxin and ricin
  • Patents and patent publications concerning CD20 antibodies include U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,776,456, 5,736,137, 6,399,061, and 5,843,439, as well as US patent appln Nos. US 2002/0197255A1 and US 2003/0021781A1 (Anderson et al.); U.S. Pat. No.
  • RA Rhematoid arthritis
  • NSAIDs nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
  • glucocorticoid via joint injection
  • DMARDs disease-modifying antirheumatic drug
  • RA disease-modifying antirheumatic drug
  • DMARDs commonly used in RA are hydroxycloroquine, sulfasalazine, methotrexate, leflunomide, etanercept, infliximab (plus oral and subcutaneous methrotrexate), azathioprine, D-penicillamine, Gold (oral), Gold (intramuscular), minocycline, cyclosporine, Staphylococcal protein A immunoadsorption.
  • TNF ⁇ inhibitors have used for therapy of that disease.
  • Etanercept (ENBREL®) is an injectable drug approved in the US for therapy of active RA. Etanercept binds to TNF ⁇ and serves to remove most TNF ⁇ from joints and blood, thereby preventing TNF ⁇ from promoting inflammation and other symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Etanercept is an “immunoadhesin” fusion protein consisting of the extracellular ligand binding portion of the human 75 kD (p75) tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) linked to the Fc portion of a human IgG1.
  • p75 tumor necrosis factor receptor
  • the drug has been associated with negative side effects including serious infections and sepsis, nervous system disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS). See, e.g., www.remicade-infliximab.com/pages/enbrel_embrel.html
  • Infliximab sold under the trade name REMICADE®, is an immune-suppressing drug prescribed to treat RA and Crohn's disease.
  • Infliximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that binds to TNF ⁇ and reduces inflammation in the body by targeting and binding to TNF ⁇ which produces inflammation.
  • Infliximab has been linked to a fatal reactions such as heart failure and infections including tuberculosis as well as demyelination resulting in MS.
  • Adalimumab is a human monoclonal antibody that binds to TNF ⁇ and is approved for reducing the signs and symptoms and inhibiting the progression of structural damage in adults with moderately to severely active RA who have had insufficient response to one or more traditional disease modifying DMARDs.
  • the present invention provides, in a first aspect, a method of treating an autoimmune disease in a mammal who experiences an inadequate response to a TNF ⁇ -inhibitor, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an antagonist which binds to a B cell surface marker.
  • the invention provides a method of treating rhematoid arthritis in a mammal who experiences an inadequate response to a TNF ⁇ -inhibitor, comprising administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of an antibody that binds to CD20.
  • the invention also concerns a method of reducing the risk of a negative side effect selected from the group consisting of an infection, heart failure and demyelination, comprising administering to a mammal with an autoimmune disease a therapeutically effective amount of an antagonist which binds to a B cell surface marker.
  • TNF ⁇ tumor necrosis factor alpha
  • a “TNF ⁇ inhibitor” herein is an agent that inhibits, to some extent, a biological function of TNF ⁇ , generally through binding to TNF ⁇ and neutralizing its activity.
  • TNF inhibitors specifically contemplated herein are Etanercept (ENBREL®), Infliximab (REMICADE®) and Adalimumab (HUMIRATM).
  • the term “inadequate response to a TNF ⁇ -inhibitor” refers to an inadequate response to previous or current treatment with a TNF ⁇ -inhibitor because of toxicity and/or inadequate efficacy.
  • the inadequate response can be assessed by a clinician skilled in treating the disease in question.
  • a mammal who experiences “inadequate efficacy” continues to have active disease following previous or current treatment with a TNF ⁇ -inhibitor. For instance, the patient may have active disease activity after 1 month or 3 months of therapy with the TNF ⁇ -inhibitor.
  • reducing the risk of a negative side effect is meant reducing the risk of a side effect resulting from therapy with the antagonist that binds to a B-cell surface marker to a lower extent than that seen with therapy with a TNF ⁇ -inhibitor.
  • Such side effects include infection (especially serious infections), heart failure, and demyelination (multiple sclerosis), etc.
  • a “B cell surface marker” herein is an antigen expressed on the surface of a B cell which can be targeted with an antagonist which binds thereto.
  • Exemplary B cell surface markers include the CD10, CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD23, CD24, CD37, CD40, CD53, CD72, CD73, CD74, CDw75, CDw76, CD77, CDw78, CD79a, CD79b, CD80, CD81, CD82, CD83, CDw84, CD85 and CD86 leukocyte surface markers.
  • the B cell surface marker of particular interest is preferentially expressed on B cells compared to other non-B cell tissues of a mammal and may be expressed on both precursor B cells and mature B cells.
  • the marker is one, like CD20 or CD 19, which is found on B cells throughout differentiation of the lineage from the stem cell stage up to a point just prior to terminal differentiation into plasma cells.
  • the preferred B cell surface markers herein is CD20.
  • the “CD20” antigen is a ⁇ 35 kDa, non-glycosylated phosphoprotein found on the surface of greater than 90% of B cells from peripheral blood or lymphoid organs. CD20 is expressed during early pre-B cell development and remains until plasma cell differentiation. CD20 is present on both normal B cells as well as malignant B cells. Other names for CD20 in the literature include “B-lymphocyte-restricted antigen” and “Bp35”. The CD20 antigen is described in Clark et al. PNAS (USA) 82:1766 (1985), for example.
  • autoimmune disease herein is a disease or disorder arising from and directed against an individual's own tissues.
  • autoimmune diseases or disorders include, but are not limited to arthritis (rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis), psoriasis, dermatitis, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, systemic scleroderma and sclerosis, responses associated with inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, respiratory distress syndrome, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), meningitis, encephalitis, uveitis, colitis, glomerulonephritis, allergic conditions, eczema, asthma, conditions involving infiltration of T cells and chronic inflammatory responses, atherosclerosis, autoimmune myocarditis, leukocyte adhesion deficiency, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
  • an “antagonist” is a molecule which, upon binding to a B cell surface marker, destroys or depletes B cells in a mammal and/or interferes with one or more B cell functions, e.g. by reducing or preventing a humoral response elicited by the B cell.
  • the antagonist preferably is able to deplete B cells (i.e. reduce circulating B cell levels) in a mammal treated therewith. Such depletion may be achieved via various mechanisms such antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and/or complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), inhibition of B cell proliferation and/or induction of B cell death (e.g. via apoptosis).
  • Antagonists included within the scope of the present invention include antibodies, synthetic or native sequence peptides and small molecule antagonists which bind to the B cell marker, optionally conjugated with or fused to a cytotoxic agent.
  • the preferred antagonist comprises an antibody.
  • Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and “ADCC” refer to a cell-mediated reaction in which nonspecific cytotoxic cells that express Fc receptors (FcRs) (e.g. Natural Killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, and macrophages) recognize bound antibody on a target cell and subsequently cause lysis of the target cell.
  • FcRs Fc receptors
  • FcR expression on hematopoietic cells in summarized is Table 3 on page 464 of Ravetch and Kinet, Annu. Rev. Immunol 9:457-92 (1991).
  • ADCC activity of a molecule of interest may be assessed in vitro, such as that described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,500,362 or 5,821,337.
  • Useful effector cells for such assays include peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and Natural Killer (NK) cells.
  • PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • NK Natural Killer
  • ADCC activity of the molecule of interest may be assessed in vivo, e.g., in a animal model such as that disclosed in Clynes et al. PNAS (USA) 95:652-656 (1998).
  • Human effector cells are leukocytes which express one or more FcRs and perform effector functions. Preferably, the cells express at least Fc ⁇ RIII and carry out ADCC effector function. Examples of human leukocytes which mediate ADCC include peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, cytotoxic T cells and neutrophils; with PBMCs and NK cells being preferred.
  • PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  • NK natural killer cells
  • monocytes monocytes
  • cytotoxic T cells and neutrophils cytotoxic T cells and neutrophils
  • Fc receptor or “FcR” are used to describe a receptor that binds to the Fc region of an antibody.
  • the preferred FcR is a native sequence human FcR.
  • a preferred FcR is one which binds an IgG antibody (a gamma receptor) and includes receptors of the Fc ⁇ RI, Fc ⁇ RII, and Fc ⁇ RIII subclasses, including allelic variants and alternatively spliced forms of these receptors.
  • Fc ⁇ RII receptors include Fc ⁇ RIIA (an “activating receptor”) and Fc ⁇ RIIB (an “inhibiting receptor”), which have similar amino acid sequences that differ primarily in the cytoplasmic domains thereof.
  • Activating receptor Fc ⁇ RIIA contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in its cytoplasmic domain.
  • Inhibiting receptor Fc ⁇ RIIB contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM) in its cytoplasmic domain.
  • ITAM immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif
  • ITIM immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif
  • FcR FcR
  • FcRn neonatal receptor
  • “Complement dependent cytotoxicity” or “CDC” refer to the ability of a molecule to lyse a target in the presence of complement.
  • the complement activation pathway is initiated by the binding of the first component of the complement system (C1q) to a molecule (e.g. an antibody) complexed with a cognate antigen.
  • a CDC assay e.g. as described in Gazzano-Santoro et al., J. Immunol. Methods 202:163 (1996), may be performed.
  • “Growth inhibitory” antagonists are those which prevent or reduce proliferation of a cell expressing an antigen to which the antagonist binds.
  • the antagonist may prevent or reduce proliferation of B cells in vitro and/or in vivo.
  • Antagonists which “induce apoptosis” are those which induce programmed cell death, e.g. of a B cell, as determined by standard apoptosis assays, such as binding of annexin V, fragmentation of DNA, cell shrinkage, dilation of endoplasmic reticulum, cell fragmentation, and/or formation of membrane vesicles (called apoptotic bodies).
  • antibody herein is used in the broadest sense and specifically covers intact monoclonal antibodies, polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (e.g. bispecific antibodies) formed from at least two intact antibodies, and antibody fragments so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity.
  • Antibody fragments comprise a portion of an intact antibody, preferably comprising the antigen-binding or variable region thereof.
  • antibody fragments include Fab, Fab′, F(ab′) 2 , and Fv fragments; diabodies; linear antibodies; single-chain antibody molecules; and multispecific antibodies formed from antibody fragments.
  • “Native antibodies” are usually heterotetrameric glycoproteins of about 150,000 daltons, composed of two identical light (L) chains and two identical heavy (H) chains. Each light chain is linked to a heavy chain by one covalent disulfide bond, while the number of disulfide linkages varies among the heavy chains of different immunoglobulin isotypes. Each heavy and light chain also has regularly spaced intrachain disulfide bridges. Each heavy chain has at one end a variable domain (V H ) followed by a number of constant domains.
  • V H variable domain
  • Each light chain has a variable domain at one end (V L ) and a constant domain at its other end; the constant domain of the light chain is aligned with the first constant domain of the heavy chain, and the light-chain variable domain is aligned with the variable domain of the heavy chain. Particular amino acid residues are believed to form an interface between the light chain and heavy chain variable domains.
  • variable refers to the fact that certain portions of the variable domains differ extensively in sequence among antibodies and are used in the binding and specificity of each particular antibody for its particular antigen. However, the variability is not evenly distributed throughout the variable domains of antibodies. It is concentrated in three segments called hypervariable regions both in the light chain and the heavy chain variable domains. The more highly conserved portions of variable domains are called the framework regions (FRs).
  • the variable domains of native heavy and light chains each comprise four FRs, largely adopting a ⁇ -sheet configuration, connected by three hypervariable regions, which form loops connecting, and in some cases forming part of, the ⁇ -sheet structure.
  • the hypervariable regions in each chain are held together in close proximity by the FRs and, with the hypervariable regions from the other chain, contribute to the formation of the antigen-binding site of antibodies (see Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest , 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991)).
  • the constant domains are not involved directly in binding an antibody to an antigen, but exhibit various effector functions, such as participation of the antibody in antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
  • Papain digestion of antibodies produces two identical antigen-binding fragments, called “Fab” fragments, each with a single antigen-binding site, and a residual “Fc” fragment, whose name reflects its ability to crystallize readily.
  • Pepsin treatment yields an F(ab′) 2 fragment that has two antigen-binding sites and is still capable of cross-linking antigen.
  • Fv is the minimum antibody fragment which contains a complete antigen-recognition and antigen-binding site. This region consists of a dimer of one heavy chain and one light chain variable domain in tight, non-covalent association. It is in this configuration that the three hypervariable regions of each variable domain interact to define an antigen-binding site on the surface of the V H -V L dimer. Collectively, the six hypervariable regions confer antigen-binding specificity to the antibody. However, even a single variable domain (or half of an Fv comprising only three hypervariable regions specific for an antigen) has the ability to recognize and bind antigen, although at a lower affinity than the entire binding site.
  • the Fab fragment also contains the constant domain of the light chain and the first constant domain (CH1) of the heavy chain.
  • Fab′ fragments differ from Fab fragments by the addition of a few residues at the carboxy terminus of the heavy chain CH1 domain including one or more cysteines from the antibody hinge region.
  • Fab′-SH is the designation herein for Fab′ in which the cysteine residue(s) of the constant domains bear at least one free thiol group.
  • F(ab′) 2 antibody fragments originally were produced as pairs of Fab′ fragments which have hinge cysteines between them. Other chemical couplings of antibody fragments are also known.
  • the “light chains” of antibodies (immunoglobulins) from any vertebrate species can be assigned to one of two clearly distinct types, called kappa ( ⁇ ) and lambda ( ⁇ ), based on the amino acid sequences of their constant domains.
  • antibodies can be assigned to different classes. There are five major classes of intact antibodies: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, and several of these may be further divided into subclasses (isotypes), e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, and IgA2.
  • the heavy-chain constant domains that correspond to the different classes of antibodies are called ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , ⁇ , and ⁇ , respectively.
  • the subunit structures and three-dimensional configurations of different classes of immunoglobulins are well known.
  • Single-chain Fv or “scFv” antibody fragments comprise the V H and V L domains of antibody, wherein these domains are present in a single polypeptide chain.
  • the Fv polypeptide further comprises a polypeptide linker between the V H and V L domains which enables the scFv to form the desired structure for antigen binding.
  • diabodies refers to small antibody fragments with two antigen-binding sites, which fragments comprise a heavy-chain variable domain (V H ) connected to a light-chain variable domain (V L ) in the same polypeptide chain (V H -V L ).
  • V H heavy-chain variable domain
  • V L light-chain variable domain
  • the domains are forced to pair with the complementary domains of another chain and create two antigen-binding sites.
  • Diabodies are described more fully in, for example, EP 404,097; WO 93/11161; and Hollinger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 90:6444-6448 (1993).
  • the term “monoclonal antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being directed against a single antigenic site. Furthermore, in contrast to conventional (polyclonal) antibody preparations which typically include different antibodies directed against different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonal antibody is directed against a single determinant on the antigen. In addition to their specificity, the monoclonal antibodies are advantageous in that they are synthesized by the hybridoma culture, uncontaminated by other immunoglobulins.
  • the modifier “monoclonal” indicates the character of the antibody as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particular method.
  • the monoclonal antibodies to be used in accordance with the present invention may be made by the hybridoma method first described by Kohler et al., Nature , 256:495 (1975), or may be made by recombinant DNA methods (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567).
  • the “monoclonal antibodies” may also be isolated from phage antibody libraries using the techniques described in Clackson et al., Nature , 352:624-628 (1991) and Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol ., 222:581-597 (1991), for example.
  • the monoclonal antibodies herein specifically include “chimeric” antibodies (immunoglobulins) in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from another species or belonging to another antibody class or subclass, as well as fragments of such antibodies, so long as they exhibit the desired biological activity (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; Morrison et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 81:6851-6855 (1984)).
  • chimeric antibodies immunoglobulins in which a portion of the heavy and/or light chain is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequences in antibodies derived from a particular species or belonging to a particular antibody class or subclass, while the remainder of the chain(s) is identical with or homologous to corresponding sequence
  • Chimeric antibodies of interest herein include “primatized” antibodies comprising variable domain antigen-binding sequences derived from a non-human primate (e.g. Old World Monkey, such as baboon, rhesus or cynomolgus monkey) and human constant region sequences (U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,780).
  • a non-human primate e.g. Old World Monkey, such as baboon, rhesus or cynomolgus monkey
  • human constant region sequences U.S. Pat. No. 5,693,780
  • “Humanized” forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies are chimeric antibodies that contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin.
  • humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which residues from a hypervariable region of the recipient are replaced by residues from a hypervariable region of a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat, rabbit or nonhuman primate having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity.
  • donor antibody such as mouse, rat, rabbit or nonhuman primate having the desired specificity, affinity, and capacity.
  • framework region (FR) residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human residues.
  • humanized antibodies may comprise residues that are not found in the recipient antibody or in the donor antibody. These modifications are made to further refine antibody performance.
  • the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the hypervariable loops correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FRs are those of a human immunoglobulin sequence.
  • the humanized antibody optionally also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin.
  • Fc immunoglobulin constant region
  • hypervariable region when used herein refers to the amino acid residues of an antibody which are responsible for antigen-binding.
  • the hypervariable region comprises amino acid residues from a “complementarity determining region” or “CDR” (e.g. residues 24-34 (L1), 50-56 (L2) and 89-97 (L3) in the light chain variable domain and 31-35 (H1), 50-65 (H2) and 95-102 (H3) in the heavy chain variable domain; Kabat et al., Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest , 5th Ed. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
  • CDR complementarity determining region
  • residues from a “hypervariable loop” e.g. residues 26-32 (L1), 50-52 (L2) and 91-96 (L3) in the light chain variable domain and 26-32 (H1), 53-55 (H2) and 96-101 (H3) in the heavy chain variable domain; Chothia and Lesk J. Mol. Biol . 196:901-917 (1987)).
  • “Framework” or “FR” residues are those variable domain residues other than the hypervariable region residues as herein defined.
  • An antagonist “which binds” an antigen of interest e.g. a B cell surface marker, is one capable of binding that antigen with sufficient affinity and/or avidity such that the antagonist is useful as a therapeutic agent for targeting a cell expressing the antigen.
  • Examples of antibodies which bind the CD20 antigen include: “C2B8” which is now called “rituximab” (“RITUXAN®”) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,137, expressly incorporated herein by reference); the yttrium-[90]-labeled 2B8 murine antibody designated “Y2B8” (U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,137, expressly incorporated herein by reference); murine IgG2a “B1” optionally labeled with 131 I to generate the “ 131 I-B1” antibody (BEXXARTM) (U.S. Pat. No.
  • Examples of antibodies which bind the CD19 antigen include the anti-CD19 antibodies in Hekman et al. Cancer Immunol. Immunother . 32:364-372 (1991) and Vlasveld et al. Cancer Immunol. Immunother . 40:37-47 (1995); and the B4 antibody in Kiesel et al. Leukemia Research II , 12: 1119 (1987).
  • rituximab or “RIYTUXAN®” herein refer to the genetically engineered chimeric murine/human monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 antigen and designated “C2B8” in U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,137, expressly incorporated herein by reference.
  • the antibody is an IgG 1 kappa immunoglobulin containing murine light and heavy chain variable region sequences and human constant region sequences.
  • Rituximab has a binding affinity for the CD20 antigen of approximately 8.0 nM.
  • humanized 2H7 v16 refers to an antibody comprising the variable light and variable heavy sequences shown below.
  • humanized 2H7 v16 comprises the light chain amino acid sequence DIQMTQSPSSLSASVGDRVTITCRASSSVSYMHWYQ (SEQ ID NO: 3) QKPGKAPKPLIYAPSNLASGVPSRFSGSGSGTDFTL TISSLQPEDFATYYCQQWSFNPPTFGQGTKVEIKRT VAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLKSGTASVVCLLNNFYPREAK VQWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQDSKDSTYSLSSTLTL SKADYEKHKVYACEVTHQGLSSPVTKSFNRGEC;
  • an “isolated” antagonist is one which has been identified and separated and/or recovered from a component of its natural environment. Contaminant components of its natural environment are materials which would interfere with diagnostic or therapeutic uses for the antagonist, and may include enzymes, hormones, and other proteinaceous or nonproteinaceous solutes.
  • the antagonist will be purified (1) to greater than 95% by weight of antagonist as determined by the Lowry method, and most preferably more than 99% by weight, (2) to a degree sufficient to obtain at least 15 residues of N-terminal or internal amino acid sequence by use of a spinning cup sequenator, or (3) to homogeneity by SDS-PAGE under reducing or nonreducing conditions using Coomassie blue or, preferably, silver stain.
  • Isolated antagonist includes the antagonist in situ within recombinant cells since at least one component of the antagonist's natural environment will not be present. Ordinarily, however, isolated antagonist will be prepared by at least one purification step.
  • “Mammal” for purposes of treatment refers to any animal classified as a mammal, including humans, domestic and farm animals, and zoo, sports, or pet animals, such as dogs, horses, cats, cows, etc. Preferably, the mammal is human.
  • Treatment refers to both therapeutic treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures. Those in need of treatment include those already with the disease or disorder as well as those in which the disease or disorder is to be prevented. Hence, the mammal may have been diagnosed as having the disease or disorder or may be predisposed or susceptible to the disease.
  • terapéuticaally effective amount refers to an amount of the antagonist which is effective for preventing, ameliorating or treating the autoimmune disease in question.
  • immunosuppressive agent refers to substances that act to suppress or mask the immune system of the mammal being treated herein. This would include substances that suppress cytokine production, downregulate or suppress self-antigen expression, or mask the MHC antigens. Examples of such agents include 2-amino-6-aryl-5-substituted pyrimidines (see U.S. Pat. No.
  • NSAIDs nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
  • azathioprine cyclophosphamide
  • bromocryptine danazol
  • dapsone glutaraldehyde (which masks the MHC antigens, as described in U.S. Pat. No.
  • anti-idiotypic antibodies for MHC antigens and MHC fragments include cyclosporin A; steroids such as glucocorticosteroids, e.g., prednisone, methylprednisolone, and dexamethasone; methotrexate (oral or subcutaneous); hydroxycloroquine; sulfasalazine; leflunomide; cytokine or cytokine receptor antagonists including anti-interferon- ⁇ , - ⁇ , or - 60 antibodies, anti-tumor necrosis factor- ⁇ antibodies (infliximab or adalimumab), anti-TNF ⁇ immunoahesin (etanercept), anti-tumor necrosis factor- ⁇ antibodies, anti-interleukin-2 antibodies and anti-IL-2 receptor antibodies; anti-LFA-1 antibodies, including anti-CD11a and anti-CD18 antibodies; anti-L3T4 antibodies; heterologous anti-lymphocyte globulin; pan
  • T-cell receptor Cohen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,114,721
  • T-cell receptor fragments Offner et al., Science , 251: 430-432 (1991); WO 90/11294; laneway, Nature , 341: 482 (1989); and WO 91/01133
  • T cell receptor antibodies EP 340,109
  • cytotoxic agent refers to a substance that inhibits or prevents the function of cells and/or causes destruction of cells.
  • the term is intended to include radioactive isotopes (e.g. At 211 , I 131 , I 125 , Y 90 , Re 186 , Re 188 , Sm 153 , Bi 212 , P 32 and radioactive isotopes of Lu), chemotherapeutic agents, and toxins such as small molecule toxins or enzymatically active toxins of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal origin, or fragments thereof.
  • radioactive isotopes e.g. At 211 , I 131 , I 125 , Y 90 , Re 186 , Re 188 , Sm 153 , Bi 212 , P 32 and radioactive isotopes of Lu
  • chemotherapeutic agents e.g. At 211 , I 131 , I 125 , Y 90 , Re 186 , Re 188
  • a “chemotherapeutic agent” is a chemical compound useful in the treatment of cancer.
  • chemotherapeutic agents include alkylating agents such as thiotepa and cyclosphosphamide (CYTOXANTM); alkyl sulfonates such as busulfan, improsulfan and piposulfan; aziridines such as benzodopa, carboquone, meturedopa, and uredopa; ethylenimines and methylamelamines including altretamine, triethylenemelamine, trietylenephosphoramide, triethylenethiophosphaoramide and trimethylolomelamine; nitrogen mustards such as chlorambucil, chlornaphazine, cholophosphamide, estramustine, ifosfamide, mechlorethamine, mechlorethamine oxide hydrochloride, melphalan, novembichin, phenesterine, prednimustine, tro
  • paclitaxel TAXOL®, Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology, Princeton, N.J.
  • doxetaxel TAXOTERE®, Rhône-Poulenc Rorer, Antony, France
  • chlorambucil gemcitabine
  • 6-thioguanine mercaptopurine
  • methotrexate platinum analogs such as cisplatin and carboplatin; vinblastine; platinum; etoposide (VP-16); ifosfamide; mitomycin C; mitoxantrone; vincristine; vinorelbine; navelbine; novantrone; teniposide; daunomycin; aminopterin; xeloda; ibandronate; CPT-11; topoisomerase inhibitor RFS 2000; difluoromethylomithine (DMFO); retinoic acid; esperamicins; capecitabine; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of the above.
  • anti-hormonal agents that act to regulate or inhibit hormone action on tumors
  • anti-estrogens including for example tamoxifen, raloxifene, aromatase inhibiting 4(5)-imidazoles, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, trioxifene, keoxifene, LY117018, onapristone, and toremifene (Fareston); and anti-androgens such as flutamide, nilutainide, bicalutamide, leuprolide, and goserelin; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, acids or derivatives of any of the above.
  • cytokine is a generic term for proteins released by one cell population which act on another cell as intercellular mediators.
  • cytokines are lymphokines, monokines, and traditional polypeptide hormones. Included among the cytokines are growth hormone such as human growth hormone, N-methionyl human growth hormone, and bovine growth hormone; parathyroid hormone; thyroxine; insulin; proinsulin; relaxin; prorelaxin; glycoprotein hormones such as follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH); hepatic growth factor; fibroblast growth factor; prolactin; placental lactogen; tumor necrosis factor- ⁇ and - ⁇ ; mullerian-inhibiting substance; mouse gonadotropin-associated peptide; inhibin; activin; vascular endothelial growth factor; integrin; thrombopoietin (TPO); nerve growth factors such as NGF- ⁇ ; platelet
  • prodrug refers to a precursor or derivative form of a pharmaceutically active substance that is less cytotoxic to tumor cells compared to the parent drug and is capable of being enzymatically activated or converted into the more active parent form. See, e.g., Wilman, “Prodrugs in Cancer Chemotherapy” Biochemical Society Transactions , 14, pp. 375-382, 615th Meeting Harbor (1986) and Stella et al., “Prodrugs: A Chemical Approach to Targeted Drug Delivery,” Directed Drug Delivery , Borchardt et al, (ed.), pp. 247-267, Humana Press (1985).
  • the prodrugs of this invention include, but are not limited to, phosphate-containing prodrugs, thiophosphate-containing prodrugs, sulfate-containing prodrugs, peptide-containing prodrugs, D-amino acid-modified prodrugs, glycosylated prodrugs, ⁇ -lactam-containing prodrugs, optionally substituted phenoxyacetamide-containing prodrugs or optionally substituted phenylacetamide-containing prodrugs, 5-fluorocytosine and other 5-fluorouridine prodrugs which can be converted into the more active cytotoxic free drug.
  • cytotoxic drugs that can be derivatized into a prodrug form for use in this invention include, but are not limited to, those chemotherapeutic agents described above.
  • a “liposome” is a small vesicle composed of various types of lipids, phospholipids and/or surfactant which is useful for delivery of a drug (such as the antagonists disclosed herein and, optionally, a chemotherapeutic agent) to a mammal.
  • a drug such as the antagonists disclosed herein and, optionally, a chemotherapeutic agent
  • the components of the liposome are commonly arranged in a bilayer formation, similar to the lipid arrangement of biological membranes.
  • the B cell surface marker to be used for production of, or screening for, antagonist(s) may be, e.g., a soluble form of the antigen or a portion thereof, containing the desired epitope.
  • cells expressing the B cell surface marker at their cell surface can be used to generate, or screen for, antagonist(s).
  • Other forms of the B cell surface marker useful for generating antagonists will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
  • the B cell surface marker is the CD20 antigen.
  • the preferred antagonist is an antibody
  • antagonists other than antibodies are contemplated herein.
  • the antagonist may comprise a small molecule antagonist optionally fused to, or conjugated with, a cytotoxic agent (such as those described herein).
  • Libraries of small molecules may be screened against the B cell surface marker of interest herein in order to identify a small molecule which binds to that antigen.
  • the small molecule may further be screened for its antagonistic properties and/or conjugated with a cytotoxic agent.
  • the antagonist may also be a peptide generated by rational design or by phage display (see, e.g., WO98/35036 published 13 Aug. 1998).
  • the molecule of choice may be a “CDR mimic” or antibody analogue designed based on the CDRs of an antibody. While such peptides may be antagonistic by themselves, the peptide may optionally be fused to a cytotoxic agent so as to add or enhance antagonistic properties of the peptide.
  • Polyclonal antibodies are preferably raised in animals by multiple subcutaneous (sc) or intraperitoneal (ip) injections of the relevant antigen and an adjuvant. It may be useful to conjugate the relevant antigen to a protein that is immunogenic in the species to be immunized, e.g., keyhole limpet hemocyanin, serum albumin, bovine thyroglobulin, or soybean trypsin inhibitor using a bifunctional or derivatizing agent, for example, maleimidobenzoyl sulfosuccinimide ester (conjugation through cysteine residues), N-hydroxysuccinimide (through lysine residues), glutaraldehyde, succinic anhydride, SOCl 2 , or R 1 N ⁇ C ⁇ NR, where R and R 1 are different alkyl groups.
  • a protein that is immunogenic in the species to be immunized e.g., keyhole limpet hemocyanin, serum albumin, bovine thy
  • Animals are immunized against the antigen, immunogenic conjugates, or derivatives by combining, e.g., 100 ⁇ g or 5 ⁇ g of the protein or conjugate (for rabbits or mice, respectively) with 3 volumes of Freund's complete adjuvant and injecting the solution intradermally at multiple sites.
  • the animals are boosted with 1 ⁇ 5 to ⁇ fraction (1/10) ⁇ the original amount of peptide or conjugate in Freund's complete adjuvant by subcutaneous injection at multiple sites.
  • Seven to 14 days later the animals are bled and the serum is assayed for antibody titer. Animals are boosted until the titer plateaus.
  • the animal is boosted with the conjugate of the same antigen, but conjugated to a different protein and/or through a different cross-linking reagent.
  • Conjugates also can be made in recombinant cell culture as protein fusions.
  • aggregating agents such as alum are suitably used to enhance the immune response.
  • Monoclonal antibodies are obtained from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies comprising the population are identical except for possible naturally occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts.
  • the modifier “monoclonal” indicates the character of the antibody as not being a mixture of discrete antibodies.
  • the monoclonal antibodies may be made using the hybridoma method first described by Kohler et al., Nature , 256:495 (1975), or may be made by recombinant DNA methods (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567).
  • a mouse or other appropriate host animal such as a hamster
  • lymphocytes that produce or are capable of producing antibodies that will specifically bind to the protein used for immunization.
  • lymphocytes may be immunized in vitro. Lymphocytes then are fused with myeloma cells using a suitable fusing agent, such as polyethylene glycol, to form a hybridoma cell (Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice , pp. 59-103 (Academic Press, 1986)).
  • the hybridoma cells thus prepared are seeded and grown in a suitable culture medium that preferably contains one or more substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the unfused, parental myeloma cells.
  • a suitable culture medium that preferably contains one or more substances that inhibit the growth or survival of the unfused, parental myeloma cells.
  • the culture medium for the hybridomas typically will include hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine (HAT medium), which substances prevent the growth of HGPRT-deficient cells.
  • Preferred myeloma cells are those that fuse efficiently, support stable high-level production of antibody by the selected antibody-producing cells, and are sensitive to a medium such as HAT medium.
  • preferred myeloma cell lines are murine myeloma lines, such as those derived from MOPC-21 and MPC-11 mouse tumors available from the Salk Institute Cell Distribution Center, San Diego, Calif. USA, and SP-2 or X63-Ag8-653 cells available from the American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, Md. USA.
  • Human myeloma and mouse-human heteromyeloma cell lines also have been described for the production of human monoclonal antibodies (Kozbor, J. Immunol ., 133:3001 (1984); Brodeur et al., Monoclonal Antibody Production Techniques and Applications , pp. 51-63 (Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1987)).
  • Culture medium in which hybridoma cells are growing is assayed for production of monoclonal antibodies directed against the antigen.
  • the binding specificity of monoclonal antibodies produced by hybridoma cells is determined by immunoprecipitation or by an in vitro binding assay, such as radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA).
  • RIA radioimmunoassay
  • ELISA enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay
  • the binding affinity of the monoclonal antibody can, for example, be determined by the Scatchard analysis of Munson et al., Anal. Biochem ., 107:220 (1980).
  • the clones may be subcloned by limiting dilution procedures and grown by standard methods (Goding, Monoclonal Antibodies: Principles and Practice , pp. 59-103 (Academic Press, 1986)). Suitable culture media for this purpose include, for example, D-MEM or RPMI-1640 medium.
  • the hybridoma cells may be grown in vivo as ascites tumors in an animal.
  • the monoclonal antibodies secreted by the subclones are suitably separated from the culture medium, ascites fluid, or serum by conventional immunoglobulin purification procedures such as, for example, protein A-Sepharose, hydroxylapatite chromatography, gel electrophoresis, dialysis, or affinity chromatography.
  • DNA encoding the monoclonal antibodies is readily isolated and sequenced using conventional procedures (e.g., by using oligonucleotide probes that are capable of binding specifically to genes encoding the heavy and light chains of murine antibodies).
  • the hybridoma cells serve as a preferred source of such DNA.
  • the DNA may be placed into expression vectors, which are then transfected into host cells such as E. coli cells, simian COS cells, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, or myeloma cells that do not otherwise produce immunoglobulin protein, to obtain the synthesis of monoclonal antibodies in the recombinant host cells.
  • antibodies or antibody fragments can be isolated from antibody phage libraries generated using the techniques described in McCafferty et al., Nature , 348:552-554 (1990). Clackson et al., Nature , 352:624-628 (1991) and Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol ., 222:581-597 (1991) describe the isolation of murine and human antibodies, respectively, using phage libraries.
  • the DNA also may be modified, for example, by substituting the coding sequence for human heavy- and light-chain constant domains in place of the homologous murine sequences (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567; Morrison, et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , 81:6851 (1984)), or by covalently joining to the immunoglobulin coding sequence all or part of the coding sequence for a non-immunoglobulin polypeptide.
  • non-immunoglobulin polypeptides are substituted for the constant domains of an antibody, or they are substituted for the variable domains of one antigen-combining site of an antibody to create a chimeric bivalent antibody comprising one antigen-combining site having specificity for an antigen and another antigen-combining site having specificity for a different antigen.
  • a humanized antibody has one or more amino acid residues introduced into it from a source which is non-human. These non-human amino acid residues are often referred to as “import” residues, which are typically taken from an “import” variable domain.
  • Humanization can be essentially performed following the method of Winter and co-workers (Jones et al., Nature , 321:522-525 (1986); Riechmann et al., Nature , 332:323-327 (1988); Verhoeyen et al., Science , 239:1534-1536 (1988)), by substituting hypervariable region sequences for the corresponding sequences of a human antibody.
  • such “humanized” antibodies are chimeric antibodies (U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567) wherein substantially less than an intact human variable domain has been substituted by the corresponding sequence from a non-human species.
  • humanized antibodies are typically human antibodies in which some hypervariable region residues and possibly some FR residues are substituted by residues from analogous sites in rodent antibodies.
  • variable domains both light and heavy
  • the choice of human variable domains, both light and heavy, to be used in making the humanized antibodies is very important to reduce antigenicity.
  • the sequence of the variable domain of a rodent antibody is screened against the entire library of known human variable-domain sequences.
  • the human sequence which is closest to that of the rodent is then accepted as the human framework region (FR) for the humanized antibody (Sims et al., J. Immunol ., 151:2296 (1993); Chothia et al, J. Mol. Biol ., 196:901 (1987)).
  • Another method uses a particular framework region derived from the consensus sequence of all human antibodies of a particular subgroup of light or heavy chains.
  • the same framework may be used for several different humanized antibodies (Carter et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 89:4285 (1992); Presta et al, J. Immunol ., 151:2623 (1993)).
  • humanized antibodies are prepared by a process of analysis of the parental sequences and various conceptual humanized products using three-dimensional models of the parental and humanized sequences.
  • Three-dimensional immunoglobulin models are commonly available and are familiar to those skilled in the art.
  • Computer programs are available which illustrate and display probable three-dimensional conformational structures of selected candidate immunoglobulin sequences. Inspection of these displays permits analysis of the likely role of the residues in the functioning of the candidate immunoglobulin sequence, i.e., the analysis of residues that influence the ability of the candidate immunoglobulin to bind its antigen.
  • FR residues can be selected and combined from the recipient and import sequences so that the desired antibody characteristic, such as increased affinity for the target antigen(s), is achieved.
  • the hypervariable region residues are directly and most substantially involved in influencing antigen binding.
  • human antibodies can be generated.
  • transgenic animals e.g., mice
  • transgenic animals e.g., mice
  • J H antibody heavy-chain joining region
  • transfer of the human germ-line immunoglobulin gene array in such germ-line mutant mice will result in the production of human antibodies upon antigen challenge. See, e.g., Jakobovits et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • phage display technology can be used to produce human antibodies and antibody fragments in vitro, from immunoglobulin variable (V) domain gene repertoires from unimmunized donors.
  • V domain genes are cloned in-frame into either a major or minor coat protein gene of a filamentous bacteriophage, such as M13 or fd, and displayed as functional antibody fragments on the surface of the phage particle. Because the filamentous particle contains a single-stranded. DNA copy of the phage genome, selections based on the functional properties of the antibody also result in selection of the gene encoding the antibody exhibiting those properties.
  • the phage mimics some of the properties of the B cell.
  • Phage display can be performed in a variety of formats; for their review see, e.g., Johnson, Kevin S. and Chiswell, David J., Current Opinion in Structural Biology 3:564-571 (1993).
  • V-gene segments can be used for phage display. Clackson et al., Nature , 352:624-628 (1991) isolated a diverse array of anti-oxazolone antibodies from a small random combinatorial library of V genes derived from the spleens of immunized mice.
  • a repertoire of V genes from unimmunized human donors can be constructed and antibodies to a diverse array of antigens (including self-antigens) can be isolated essentially following the techniques described by Marks et al., J. Mol. Biol . 222:581-597 (1991), or Griffith et al., EMBO J . 12:725-734 (1993). See, also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,565,332 and 5,573,905.
  • Human antibodies may also be generated by in vitro activated B cells (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,567,610 and 5,229,275).
  • F(ab′) 2 fragments can be isolated directly from recombinant host cell culture.
  • the antibody of choice is a single chain Fv fragment (scFv). See WO 93/16185; U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,894; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,587,458.
  • the antibody fragment may also be a “linear antibody”, e.g., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,641,870 for example. Such linear antibody fragments may be monospecific or bispecific.
  • Bispecific antibodies are antibodies that have binding specificities for at least two different epitopes. Exemplary bispecific antibodies may bind to two different epitopes of the B cell surface marker. Other such antibodies may bind a first B cell marker and further bind a second B cell surface marker. Alternatively, an anti-B cell marker binding arm may be combined with an arm which binds to a triggering molecule on a leukocyte such as a T-cell receptor molecule (e.g. CD2 or CD3), or Fc receptors for IgG (Fc ⁇ R), such as Fc ⁇ RI (CD64), Fc ⁇ RII (CD32) and Fc ⁇ RIII (CD16) so as to focus cellular defense mechanisms to the B cell.
  • a triggering molecule such as a T-cell receptor molecule (e.g. CD2 or CD3), or Fc receptors for IgG (Fc ⁇ R), such as Fc ⁇ RI (CD64), Fc ⁇ RII (CD32) and Fc ⁇ RIII (CD16) so as to
  • Bispecific antibodies may also be used to localize cytotoxic agents to the B cell. These antibodies possess a B cell marker-binding arm and an arm which binds the cytotoxic agent (e.g. saporin, anti-interferon- ⁇ , vinca alkaloid, ricin A chain, methotrexate or radioactive isotope hapten). Bispecific antibodies can be prepared as full length antibodies or antibody fragments (e.g. F(ab′) 2 bispecific antibodies).
  • cytotoxic agent e.g. saporin, anti-interferon- ⁇ , vinca alkaloid, ricin A chain, methotrexate or radioactive isotope hapten.
  • Bispecific antibodies can be prepared as full length antibodies or antibody fragments (e.g. F(ab′) 2 bispecific antibodies).
  • antibody variable domains with the desired binding specificities are fused to immunoglobulin constant domain sequences.
  • the fusion preferably is with an immunoglobulin heavy chain constant domain, comprising at least part of the hinge, CH2, and CH3 regions. It is preferred to have the first heavy-chain constant region (CH1) containing the site necessary for light chain binding, present in at least one of the fusions.
  • DNAs encoding the immunoglobulin heavy chain fusions and, if desired, the immunoglobulin light chain are inserted into separate expression vectors, and are co-transfected into a suitable host organism.
  • the bispecific antibodies are composed of a hybrid immunoglobulin heavy chain with a first binding specificity in one arm, and a hybrid immunoglobulin heavy chain-light chain pair (providing a second binding specificity) in the other arm. It was found that this asymmetric structure facilitates the separation of the desired bispecific compound from unwanted immunoglobulin chain combinations, as the presence of an immunoglobulin light chain in only one half of the bispecific molecule provides for a facile way of separation. This approach is disclosed in WO 94/04690. For further details of generating bispecific antibodies see, for example, Suresh et al., Methods in Enzymology , 121:210 (1986).
  • the interface between a pair of antibody molecules can be engineered to maximize the percentage of heterodimers which are recovered from recombinant cell culture.
  • the preferred interface comprises at least a part of the C H 3 domain of an antibody constant domain.
  • one or more small amino acid side chains from the interface of the first antibody molecule are replaced with larger side chains (e.g. tyrosine or tryptophan).
  • Compensatory “cavities” of identical or similar size to the large side chain(s) are created on the interface of the second antibody molecule by replacing large amino acid side chains with smaller ones (e.g. alanine or threonine). This provides a mechanism for increasing the yield of the heterodimer over other unwanted end-products such as homodimers.
  • Bispecific antibodies include cross-linked or “heteroconjugate” antibodies.
  • one of the antibodies in the heteroconjugate can be coupled to avidin, the other to biotin.
  • Such antibodies have, for example, been proposed to target immune system cells to unwanted cells (U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980), and for treatment of HIV infection (WO 91/00360, WO 92/200373, and EP 03089).
  • Heteroconjugate antibodies may be made using any convenient cross-linking methods. Suitable cross-linking agents are well known in the art, and are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980, along with a number of cross-linking techniques.
  • bispecific antibodies can be prepared using chemical linkage.
  • Brennan et al., Science , 229: 81 (1985) describe a procedure wherein intact antibodies are proteolytically cleaved to generate F(ab′) 2 fragments. These fragments are reduced in the presence of the dithiol complexing agent sodium arsenite to stabilize vicinal dithiols and prevent intermolecular disulfide formation.
  • the Fab′ fragments generated are then converted to thionitrobenzoate (TNB) derivatives.
  • One of the Fab′-TNB derivatives is then reconverted to the Fab′-thiol by reduction with mercaptoethylamine and is mixed with an equimolar amount of the other Fab′-TNB derivative to form the bispecific antibody.
  • the bispecific antibodies produced can be used as agents for the selective immobilization of enzymes.
  • bispecific antibodies have been produced using leucine zippers.
  • the leucine zipper peptides from the Fos and Jun proteins were linked to the Fab′ portions of two different antibodies by gene fusion.
  • the antibody homodimers were reduced at the hinge region to form monomers and then re-oxidized to form the antibody heterodimers. This method can also be utilized for the production of antibody homodimers.
  • the fragments comprise a heavy-chain variable domain (V H ) connected to a light-chain variable domain (V L ) by a linker which is too short to allow pairing between the two domains on the same chain. Accordingly, the V H and V L domains of one fragment are forced to pair with the complementary V L and V H domains of another fragment, thereby forming two antigen-binding sites.
  • V H and V L domains of one fragment are forced to pair with the complementary V L and V H domains of another fragment, thereby forming two antigen-binding sites.
  • sFv single-chain Fv
  • Antibodies with more than two valencies are contemplated.
  • trispecific antibodies can be prepared. Tutt et al. J. Immunol . 147: 60 (1991).
  • the antagonist used in the methods or included in the articles of manufacture herein is optionally conjugated to a cytotoxic agent.
  • Conjugates of an antagonist and one or more small molecule toxins such as a calicheamicin, a maytansine (U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,020), a trichothene, and CC1065 are also contemplated herein.
  • the antagonist is conjugated to one or more maytansine molecules (e.g. about 1 to about 10 maytansine molecules per antagonist molecule).
  • Maytansine may, for example, be converted to May-SS-Me which may be reduced to May-SH3 and reacted with modified antagonist (Chari et al. Cancer Research 52: 127-131 (1992)) to generate a maytansinoid-antagonist conjugate.
  • the antagonist is conjugated to one or more calicheamicin molecules.
  • the calicheamicin family of antibiotics are capable of producing double-stranded DNA breaks at sub-picomolar concentrations.
  • Structural analogues of calicheamicin which may be used include, but are not limited to, ⁇ 1 I , ⁇ 2 I , ⁇ 3 I , N-acetyl- ⁇ 1 I , PSAG and ⁇ 1 I , (Hinman et al. Cancer Research 53: 3336-3342 (1993) and Lode et al. Cancer Research 58: 2925-2928 (1998)).
  • Enzymatically active toxins and fragments thereof which can be used include diphtheria A chain, nonbinding active fragments of diphtheria toxin, exotoxin A chain (from Pseudomonas aeruginosa ), ricin A chain, abrin A chain, modeccin A chain, alpha-sarcin, Aleurites fordii proteins, dianthin proteins, Phytolaca americana proteins (PAPI, PAPII, and PAP-S), momordica charantia inhibitor, curcin, crotin, sapaonaria officinalis inhibitor, gelonin, mitogellin, restrictocin, phenomycin, enomycin and the tricothecenes. See, for example, WO 93/21232 published Oct. 28, 1993.
  • the present invention further contemplates antagonist conjugated with a compound with nucleolytic activity (e.g. a ribonuclease or a DNA endonuclease such as a deoxyribonuclease; DNase).
  • a compound with nucleolytic activity e.g. a ribonuclease or a DNA endonuclease such as a deoxyribonuclease; DNase.
  • radioactive isotopes are available for the production of radioconjugated antagonists. Examples include At 211 , I 131 , I 125 , Y 90 , Re 188 , Sm 153 , Bi 212 , P 32 and radioactive isotopes of Lu.
  • Conjugates of the antagonist and cytotoxic agent may be made using a variety of bifunctional protein coupling agents such as N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithiol) propionate (SPDP), succinimidyl-4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate, iminothiolane (IT), bifunctional derivatives of imidoesters (such as dimethyl adipimidate HCL), active esters (such as disuccinimidyl suberate), aldehydes (such as glutareldehyde), bis-azido compounds (such as bis (p-azidobenzoyl) hexanediamine), bis-diazonium derivatives (such as bis-(p-diazoniumbenzoyl)-ethylenediamine), diisocyanates (such as tolyene 2,6-diisocyanate), and bis-active fluorine compounds (such as 1,5), N-
  • a ricin immunotoxin can be prepared as described in Vitetta et al. Science 238: 1098 (1987).
  • Carbon-14-labeled 1-isothiocyanatobenzyl-3-methyldiethylene triaminepentaacetic acid (MX-DTPA) is an exemplary chelating agent for conjugation of radionucleotide to the antagonist. See WO094/11026.
  • the linker may be a “cleavable linker” facilitating release of the cytotoxic drug in the cell.
  • an acid-labile linker, peptidase-sensitive linker, dimethyl linker or disulfide-containing linker (Chari et al. Cancer Research 52: 127-131 (1992)) may be used.
  • a fusion protein comprising the antagonist and cytotoxic agent may be made, e.g. by recombinant techniques or peptide synthesis.
  • the antagonist may be conjugated to a “receptor” (such streptavidin) for utilization in tumor pretargeting wherein the antagonist-receptor conjugate is administered to the patient, followed by removal of unbound conjugate from the circulation using a clearing agent and then administration of a “ligand” (e.g. avidin) which is conjugated to a cytotoxic agent (e.g. a radionucleotide).
  • a “receptor” such streptavidin
  • a ligand e.g. avidin
  • cytotoxic agent e.g. a radionucleotide
  • the antagonists of the present invention may also be conjugated with a prodrug-activating enzyme which converts a prodrug (e.g. a peptidyl chemotherapeutic agent, see WO81/01145) to an active anti-cancer drug.
  • a prodrug e.g. a peptidyl chemotherapeutic agent, see WO81/01145
  • WO 88/07378 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,278 See, for example, WO 88/07378 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,278.
  • the enzyme component of such conjugates includes any enzyme capable of acting on a prodrug in such a way so as to covert it into its more active, cytotoxic form.
  • Enzymes that are useful in the method of this invention include, but are not limited to, alkaline phosphatase useful for converting phosphate-containing prodrugs into free drugs; arylsulfatase useful for converting sulfate-containing prodrugs into free drugs; cytosine deaminase useful for converting non-toxic 5-fluorocytosine into the anti-cancer drug, 5-fluorouracil; proteases, such as serratia protease, thermolysin, subtilisin, carboxypeptidases and cathepsins (such as cathepsins B and L), that are useful for converting peptide-containing prodrugs into free drugs; D-alanylcarboxypeptidases, useful for converting prodrugs that contain D-amino acid substituents; carbohydrate-cleaving enzymes such as ⁇ -galactosidase and neuraminidase useful for converting glycosylated prodrugs into free drugs
  • antibodies with enzymatic activity can be used to convert the prodrugs of the invention into free active drugs (see, e.g., Massey, Nature 328: 457-458 (1987)).
  • Antagonist-abzyme conjugates can be prepared as described herein for delivery of the abzyme to a tumor cell population.
  • the enzymes of this invention can be covalently bound to the antagonist by techniques well known in the art such as the use of the heterobifunctional crosslinking reagents discussed above.
  • fusion proteins comprising at least the antigen binding region of an antagonist of the invention linked to at least a functionally active portion of an enzyme of the invention can be constructed using recombinant DNA techniques well known in the art (see, e.g., Neuberger et al., Nature , 312: 604-608 (1984)).
  • the antagonist may be linked to one of a variety of nonproteinaceous polymers, e.g., polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyoxyalkylenes, or copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol.
  • nonproteinaceous polymers e.g., polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polyoxyalkylenes, or copolymers of polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycol.
  • the antagonists disclosed herein may also be formulated as liposomes.
  • Liposomes containing the antagonist are prepared by methods known in the art, such as described in Epstein et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 82:3688 (1985); Hwang et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , 77:4030 (1980); U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,485,045 and 4,544,545; and WO97/38731 published Oct. 23, 1997. Liposomes with enhanced circulation time are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,013,556.
  • Particularly useful liposomes can be generated by the reverse phase evaporation method with a lipid composition comprising phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol and PEG-derivatized phosphatidylethanolamine (PEG-PE). Liposomes are extruded through filters of defined pore size to yield liposomes with the desired diameter.
  • Fab′ fragments of an antibody of the present invention can be conjugated to the liposomes as described in Martin et al. J. Biol. Chem . 257: 286-288 (1982) via a disulfide interchange reaction. A chemotherapeutic agent is optionally contained within the liposome. See Gabizon et al. J. National Cancer Inst . 81(19)1484 (1989).
  • Amino acid sequence modification(s) of protein or peptide antagonists described herein are contemplated. For example, it may be desirable to improve the binding affinity and/or other biological properties of the antagonist.
  • Amino acid sequence variants of the antagonist are prepared by introducing appropriate nucleotide changes into the antagonist nucleic acid, or by peptide synthesis. Such modifications include, for example, deletions from, and/or insertions into and/or substitutions of, residues within the amino acid sequences of the antagonist. Any combination of deletion, insertion, and substitution is made to arrive at the final construct, provided that the final construct possesses the desired characteristics.
  • the amino acid changes also may alter post-translational processes of the antagonist, such as changing the number or position of glycosylation sites.
  • a useful method for identification of certain residues or regions of the antagonist that are preferred locations for mutagenesis is called “alanine scanning mutagenesis” as described by Cunningham and Wells Science , 244:1081-1085 (1989).
  • a residue or group of target residues are identified (e.g., charged residues such as arg, asp, his, lys, and glu) and replaced by a neutral or negatively charged amino acid (most preferably alanine or polyalanine) to affect the interaction of the amino acids with antigen.
  • Those amino acid locations demonstrating functional sensitivity to the substitutions then are refined by introducing further or other variants at, or for, the sites of substitution.
  • the site for introducing an amino acid sequence variation is predetermined, the nature of the mutation per se need not be predetermined. For example, to analyze the performance of a mutation at a given site, ala scanning or random mutagenesis is conducted at the target codon or region and the expressed antagonist variants are screened for the desired activity.
  • Amino acid sequence insertions include amino- and/or carboxyl-terminal fusions ranging in length from one residue to polypeptides containing a hundred or more residues, as well as intrasequence insertions of single or multiple amino acid residues.
  • terminal insertions include an antagonist with an N-terminal methionyl residue or the antagonist fused to a cytotoxic polypeptide.
  • Other insertional variants of the antagonist molecule include the fusion to the N- or C-terminus of the antagonist of an enzyme, or a polypeptide which increases the serum half-life of the antagonist.
  • variants are an amino acid substitution variant. These variants have at least one amino acid residue in the antagonist molecule replaced by different residue.
  • the sites of greatest interest for substitutional mutagenesis of antibody antagonists include the hypervariable regions, but FR alterations are also contemplated. Conservative substitutions are shown in Table 1 under the heading of “preferred substitutions”. If such substitutions result in a change in biological activity, then more substantial changes, denominated “exemplary substitutions” in Table 1, or as further described below in reference to amino acid classes, may be introduced and the products screened.
  • Substantial modifications in the biological properties of the antagonist are accomplished by selecting substitutions that differ significantly in their effect on maintaining (a) the structure of the polypeptide backbone in the area of the substitution, for example, as a sheet or helical conformation, (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site, or (c) the bulk of the side chain.
  • Naturally occurring residues are divided into groups based on common side-chain properties:
  • Non-conservative substitutions will entail exchanging a member of one of these classes for another class.
  • cysteine residue not involved in maintaining the proper conformation of the antagonist also may be substituted, generally with serine, to improve the oxidative stability of the molecule and prevent aberrant crosslinking.
  • cysteine bond(s) may be added to the antagonist to improve its stability (particularly where the antagonist is an antibody fragment such as an Fv fragment).
  • a particularly preferred type of substitutional variant involves substituting one or more hypervariable region residues of a parent antibody.
  • the resulting variant(s) selected for further development will have improved biological properties relative to the parent antibody from which they are generated.
  • a convenient way for generating such substitutional variants is affinity maturation using phage display. Briefly, several hypervariable region sites (e.g. 6-7 sites) are mutated to generate all possible amino substitutions at each site.
  • the antibody variants thus generated are displayed in a monovalent fashion from filamentous phage particles as fusions to the gene III product of M13 packaged within each particle. The phage-displayed variants are then screened for their biological activity (e.g. binding affinity) as herein disclosed.
  • alanine scanning mutagenesis can be performed to identify hypervariable region residues contributing significantly to antigen binding.
  • Another type of amino acid variant of the antagonist alters the original glycosylation pattern of the antagonist. By altering is meant deleting one or more carbohydrate moieties found in the antagonist, and/or adding one or more glycosylation sites that are not present in the antagonist.
  • Glycosylation of polypeptides is typically either N-linked or O-linked.
  • N-linked refers to the attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the side chain of an asparagine residue.
  • the tripeptide sequences asparagine-X-serine and asparagine-X-threonine, where X is any amino acid except proline, are the recognition sequences for enzymatic attachment of the carbohydrate moiety to the asparagine side chain.
  • X is any amino acid except proline
  • O-linked glycosylation refers to the attachment of one of the sugars N-aceylgalactosamine, galactose, or xylose to a hydroxyamino acid, most commonly serine or threonine, although 5-hydroxyproline or 5-hydroxylysine may also be used.
  • Addition of glycosylation sites to the antagonist is conveniently accomplished by altering the amino acid sequence such that it contains one or more of the above-described tripeptide sequences (for N-linked glycosylation sites).
  • the alteration may also be made by the addition of, or substitution by, one or more serine or threonine residues to the sequence of the original antagonist (for O-linked glycosylation sites).
  • Nucleic acid molecules encoding amino acid sequence variants of the antagonist are prepared by a variety of methods known in the art. These methods include, but are not limited to, isolation from a natural source (in the case of naturally occurring amino acid sequence variants) or preparation by oligonucleotide-mediated (or site-directed) mutagenesis, PCR mutagenesis, and cassette mutagenesis of an earlier prepared variant or a non-variant version of the antagonist.
  • ADCC antigen-dependent cell-mediated cyotoxicity
  • CDC complement dependent cytotoxicity
  • This may be achieved by introducing one or more amino acid substitutions in an Fc region of an antibody antagonist.
  • cysteine residue(s) may be introduced in the Fc region, thereby allowing interchain disulfide bond formation in this region.
  • the homodimeric antibody thus generated may have improved internalization capability and/or increased complement-mediated cell killing and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). See Caron et al, J. Exp Med . 176:1191-1195 (1992) and Shopes, B.
  • Homodimeric antibodies with enhanced anti-tumor activity may also be prepared using heterobifunctional cross-linkers as described in Wolff et al. Cancer Research 53:2560-2565 (1993).
  • an antibody can be engineered which has dual Fc regions and may thereby have enhanced complement lysis and ADCC capabilities. See Stevenson et al. Anti-Cancer Drug Design 3:219-230 (1989).
  • a salvage receptor binding epitope into the antagonist (especially an antibody fragment) as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,739,277, for example.
  • the term “salvage receptor binding epitope” refers to an epitope of the Fc region of an IgG molecule (e.g., IgG 1 , IgG 2 , IgG 3 , or IgG 4 ) that is responsible for increasing the in vivo serum half-life of the IgG molecule.
  • Therapeutic formulations of the antagonists used in accordance with the present invention are prepared for storage by mixing an antagonist having the desired degree of purity with optional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients or stabilizers ( Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 16th edition, Osol, A. Ed. (1980)), in the form of lyophilized formulations or aqueous solutions.
  • Acceptable carriers, excipients, or stabilizers are nontoxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employed, and include buffers such as phosphate, citrate, and other organic acids; antioxidants including ascorbic acid and methionine; preservatives (such as octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride; hexamethonium chloride; benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride; phenol, butyl or benzyl alcohol; alkyl parabens such as methyl or propyl paraben; catechol; resorcinol; cyclohexanol; 3-pentanol; and m-cresol); low molecular weight (less than about 10 residues) polypeptides; proteins, such as serum albumin, gelatin, or immunoglobulins; hydrophilic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone; amino acids such as glycine, glutamine, asparagine, histidine,
  • anti-CD20 antibody formulations are described in WO98/56418, expressly incorporated herein by reference.
  • This publication describes a liquid multidose formulation comprising 40 mg/mL rituximab, 25 mM acetate, 150 mM trehalose, 0.9% benzyl alcohol, 0.02% polysorbate 20 at pH 5.0 that has a minimum shelf life of two years storage at 2-8° C.
  • Another anti-CD20 formulation of interest comprises 10mg/mL rituximab in 9.0 mg/mL sodium chloride, 7.35 mg/mL sodium citrate dihydrate, 0.7 mg/mL polysorbate 80, and Sterile Water for Injection, pH 6.5.
  • Lyophilized formulations adapted for subcutaneous administration are described in WO97/04801. Such lyophilized formulations may be reconstituted with a suitable diluent to a high protein concentration and the reconstituted formulation may be administered subcutaneously to the mammal to be treated herein.
  • the formulation herein may also contain more than one active compound as necessary for the particular indication being treated, preferably those with complementary activities that do not adversely affect each other.
  • a cytotoxic agent, chemotherapeutic agent, cytokine or immunosuppressive agent e.g. one which acts on T cells, such as cyclosporin or an antibody that binds T cells, e.g. one which binds LFA-1).
  • the effective amount of such other agents depends on the amount of antagonist present in the formulation, the type of disease or disorder or treatment, and other factors discussed above. These are generally used in the same dosages and with administration routes as used hereinbefore or about from 1 to 99% of the heretofore employed dosages.
  • the active ingredients may also be entrapped in microcapsules prepared, for example, by coacervation techniques or by interfacial polymerization, for example, hydroxymethylcellulose or gelatin-microcapsules and poly-(methylmethacylate) microcapsules, respectively, in colloidal drug delivery systems (for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules) or in macroemulsions.
  • colloidal drug delivery systems for example, liposomes, albumin microspheres, microemulsions, nano-particles and nanocapsules
  • Sustained-release preparations may be prepared. Suitable examples of sustained-release preparations include semipermeable matrices of solid hydrophobic polymers containing the antagonist, which matrices are in the form of shaped articles, e.g. films, or microcapsules. Examples of sustained-release matrices include polyesters, hydrogels (for example, poly(2-hydroxyethyl-methacrylate), or poly(vinylalcohol)), polylactides (U.S. Pat. No.
  • copolymers of L-glutamic acid and ⁇ ethyl-L-glutamate copolymers of L-glutamic acid and ⁇ ethyl-L-glutamate, non-degradable ethylene-vinyl acetate, degradable lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymers such as the LUPRON DEPOTTM (injectable microspheres composed of lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer and leuprolide acetate), and poly-D-( ⁇ )-3-hydroxybutyric acid.
  • LUPRON DEPOTTM injectable microspheres composed of lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer and leuprolide acetate
  • poly-D-( ⁇ )-3-hydroxybutyric acid poly-D-( ⁇ )-3-hydroxybutyric acid.
  • formulations to be used for in vivo administration must be sterile. This is readily accomplished by filtration through sterile filtration membranes.
  • the present invention concerns therapy of a subpopulation of mammals, especially humans, with, or susceptible to, an autoimmune disease, who experience an inadequate response to previous or current treatment with a TNF ⁇ -inhibitor.
  • the mammal to be treated herein will be identified following therapy with one or more treatments with one or more TNF ⁇ -inhibitor(s) such as Etanercept (ENBREL®), Infliximab (REMICADE®) or Adalimumab (HUMIRATM), as experiencing an inadequate response to previous or current treatment with a TNF ⁇ -inhibitor because of toxicity and/or inadequate efficacy.
  • TNF ⁇ -inhibitor(s) such as Etanercept (ENBREL®), Infliximab (REMICADE®) or Adalimumab (HUMIRATM
  • the invention is not limited to a prior therapy step with such a TNF ⁇ -inhibitor; for instance, the patient may be considered to be prone to experience a toxicity, e.g. cardiac toxicity, with a TNF ⁇ -inhibitor before therapy therewith has begun, or the patient may be determined to be one who is unlikely to respond to therapy with a TNF ⁇ -inhibitor.
  • a toxicity e.g. cardiac toxicity
  • the mammal treated herein will not be suffering from a B-cell malignancy.
  • the therapeutic approach will reduce negative side effects (such as infections, heart failure and demyelination) associated with therapy with a TNF ⁇ -inhibitor.
  • composition comprising an antagonist which binds to a B cell surface marker will be formulated, dosed, and administered in a fashion consistent with good medical practice.
  • Factors for consideration in this context include the particular disease or disorder being treated, the particular mammal being treated, the clinical condition of the individual patient, the cause of the disease or disorder, the site of delivery of the agent, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration, and other factors known to medical practitioners.
  • the therapeutically effective amount of the antagonist to be administered will be governed by such considerations.
  • the therapeutically effective amount of the antagonist administered parenterally per dose will be in the range of about 0.1 to 20 mg/kg of patient body weight per day, with the typical initial range of antagonist used being in the range of about 2 to 10 mg/kg.
  • the preferred antagonist is an antibody, e.g. an antibody such as RITUXAN®, which is not conjugated to a cytotoxic agent.
  • Suitable dosages for an unconjugated antibody are, for example, in the range from about 20 mg/m 2 to about 1000 mg/m 2 .
  • the dosage of the antibody differs from that presently recommended for RITUXAN®.
  • Exemplary dosage regimens include 375 mg/m2 weekly ⁇ 4; or 1000 mg ⁇ 2 (e.g. on days 1 and 15).
  • one may administer one or more initial dose(s) of the antibody followed by one or more subsequent dose(s), wherein the mg/m 2 dose of the antibody in the subsequent dose(s) exceeds the mg/m 2 dose of the antibody in the initial dose(s).
  • the initial dose may be in the range from about 20 mg/m 2 to about 250 mg/m 2 (e.g. from about 50 mg/m 2 to about 200 mg/m 2 ) and the subsequent dose may be in the range from about 250 mg/m 2 to about 1000 mg/m 2 .
  • the antagonist is administered by any suitable means, including parenteral, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intrapulmonary, and intranasal, and, if desired for local immunosuppressive treatment, intralesional administration.
  • Parenteral infusions include intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous administration.
  • the antagonist may suitably be administered by pulse infusion, e.g., with declining doses of the antagonist.
  • the dosing is given by injections, most preferably intravenous or subcutaneous injections, depending in part on whether the administration is brief or chronic.
  • the combined administration includes coadministration, using separate formulations or a single pharmaceutical formulation, and consecutive administration in either order, wherein preferably there is a time period while both (or all) active agents simultaneously exert their biological activities.
  • the antagonist e.g.
  • CD20 antibody may be combined with any one or more of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as hydroxycloroquine, sulfasalazine, methotrexate, leflunomide, azathioprine, D-penicillamine, Gold (oral), Gold (intramuscular), minocycline, cyclosporine, Staphylococcal protein A immunoadsorption; intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG); nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs); glucocorticoid (e.g. via joint injection); corticosteroid (e.g. methylprednisolone and/or prednisone); folate etc.
  • DMARDs disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs
  • a TNF ⁇ -inhibitor is not administered to the mammal during the period of treatment with the CD20 antagonist.
  • nucleic acid (optionally contained in a vector) into the patient's cells; in vivo and ex vivo.
  • in vivo delivery the nucleic acid is injected directly into the patient, usually at the site where the antagonist is required.
  • ex vivo treatment the patient's cells are removed, the nucleic acid is introduced into these isolated cells and the modified cells are administered to the patient either directly or, for example, encapsulated within porous membranes which are implanted into the patient (see, e.g. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,892,538 and 5,283,187).
  • porous membranes which are implanted into the patient
  • the techniques vary depending upon whether the nucleic acid is transferred into cultured cells in vitro, or in vivo in the cells of the intended host.
  • Techniques suitable for the transfer of nucleic acid into mammalian cells in vitro include the use of liposomes, electroporation, microinjection, cell fusion, DEAE-dextran, the calcium phosphate precipitation method, etc.
  • a commonly used vector for ex vivo delivery of the gene is a retrovirus.
  • the currently preferred in vivo nucleic acid transfer techniques include transfection with viral vectors (such as adenovirus, Herpes simplex I virus, or adeno-associated virus) and lipid-based systems (useful lipids for lipid-mediated transfer of the gene are DOTMA, DOPE and DC-Chol, for example).
  • viral vectors such as adenovirus, Herpes simplex I virus, or adeno-associated virus
  • lipid-based systems useful lipids for lipid-mediated transfer of the gene are DOTMA, DOPE and DC-Chol, for example.
  • an agent that targets the target cells such as an antibody specific for a cell surface membrane protein or the target cell, a ligand for a receptor on the target cell, etc.
  • proteins which bind to a cell surface membrane protein associated with endocytosis may be used for targeting and/or to facilitate uptake, e.g.
  • capsid proteins or fragments thereof tropic for a particular cell type antibodies for proteins which undergo internalization in cycling, and proteins that target intracellular localization and enhance intracellular half-life.
  • the technique of receptor-mediated endocytosis is described, for example, by Wu et al, J. Biol. Chem . 262:4429-4432 (1987); and Wagner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:3410-3414 (1990).
  • Wu et al J. Biol. Chem . 262:4429-4432 (1987); and Wagner et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:3410-3414 (1990).
  • a patient with active rheumatoid arthritis who has an inadequate response to one or more TNF ⁇ -inhibitor therapies is treated with an antibody that binds the B-cell surface antigen, CD20.
  • Candidates for therapy according to this example include those who have experienced an inadequate response to previous or current treatment with etanercept, infliximab and/or adalimumab because of toxicity or inadequate efficacy (etanercept for ⁇ 3 months at 25 mg twice a week or at least 4 infusions of infliximab at ⁇ 3 mg/kg).
  • Patients may have swollen joint count (SJC) ⁇ 8 (66 joint count), and tender joint count (TJC) ⁇ 8 (68 joint count) at screening and randomization; either CRP ⁇ 1.5 mg/dl (15 mg/L) or ESR ⁇ 28 mm/h; and/or radiographic evidence of at least one joint with definite erosion attributable to rheumatoid arthritis, as determined by the central reading site (any joint of the hands, wrists or feet can be considered with the exception of the DIP joints of the hands).
  • SJC swollen joint count
  • TJC tender joint count
  • the CD20 antibody used for therapy may be Rituximab (commercially available from Genentech, Inc.) or humanized 2H7 v16.
  • Patients are treated with a therapeutically effective dose of the CD20 antibody, for instance, 1000 mg i.v. on Days 1 and 15, or 375 mg/m2 i.v. weekly ⁇ 4.
  • Patients may also receive concomitant MTX (10-25 mg/week per oral (p.o.) or parenteral), together with a corticosteroid regimen consisting of methylprednisolone 100 mg i.v. 30 minutes prior to infusions of the CD20 antibody and prednisone 60 mg p.o. on Days 2-7, 30 mg p.o. Days 8-14, returning to baseline dose by Day 16.
  • Patients may also receive folate (5 mg/week) given as either a single dose or as divided daily doses. Patients optionally continue to receive any background corticosteroid ( ⁇ 10 mg/d prednisone or equivalent) throughout the treatment period.
  • the primary endpoint may be the proportion of patients with an ACR20 response at Week 24 using a Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) test for comparing group differences, adjusted for rheumatoid factor and region.
  • CSH Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel
  • Potential secondary endpoints include:
  • DAS Change in Disease Activity Score
  • Categorical DAS responders (EULAR response) at Week 24. These may be assessed using a CMH test adjusted for rheumatoid factor.
  • Exploratory endpoints and analysis may involve:
  • ACR(20/50/70 and ACR n) and change in DAS responses over Weeks 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 and beyond will be assessed using a binary or continuous repeated measures model, as appropriate. Exploratory radiographic analyses including proportion of patients with no erosive progression may be assessed at weeks 24 and beyond.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Diabetes (AREA)
  • Pulmonology (AREA)
  • Cardiology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Oncology (AREA)
  • Communicable Diseases (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
  • Dermatology (AREA)
  • Neurology (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Endocrinology (AREA)
  • Rheumatology (AREA)
  • Pain & Pain Management (AREA)
  • Obesity (AREA)
  • Virology (AREA)
  • Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Neurosurgery (AREA)
US10/818,765 2003-04-09 2004-04-06 Therapy of autoimmune disease in a patient with an inadequate response to TNF-alpha inhibitor Abandoned US20040202658A1 (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US10/818,765 US20040202658A1 (en) 2003-04-09 2004-04-06 Therapy of autoimmune disease in a patient with an inadequate response to TNF-alpha inhibitor
US11/439,906 US7708994B2 (en) 2003-04-09 2006-05-24 Therapy of autoimmune disease in a patient with an inadequate response to a TNF-α inhibitor
US12/052,606 US7976838B2 (en) 2003-04-09 2008-03-20 Therapy of autoimmune disease in a patient with an inadequate response to a TNF-α inhibitor
US13/108,134 US20110300136A1 (en) 2003-04-09 2011-05-16 Therapy of autoimmune disease in a patient with an inadequate response to a tnf-alpha inhibitor

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US46148103P 2003-04-09 2003-04-09
US10/818,765 US20040202658A1 (en) 2003-04-09 2004-04-06 Therapy of autoimmune disease in a patient with an inadequate response to TNF-alpha inhibitor

Related Child Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US11/439,906 Continuation US7708994B2 (en) 2003-04-09 2006-05-24 Therapy of autoimmune disease in a patient with an inadequate response to a TNF-α inhibitor
US12/052,606 Continuation US7976838B2 (en) 2003-04-09 2008-03-20 Therapy of autoimmune disease in a patient with an inadequate response to a TNF-α inhibitor

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20040202658A1 true US20040202658A1 (en) 2004-10-14

Family

ID=33299824

Family Applications (4)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US10/818,765 Abandoned US20040202658A1 (en) 2003-04-09 2004-04-06 Therapy of autoimmune disease in a patient with an inadequate response to TNF-alpha inhibitor
US11/439,906 Active 2026-01-11 US7708994B2 (en) 2003-04-09 2006-05-24 Therapy of autoimmune disease in a patient with an inadequate response to a TNF-α inhibitor
US12/052,606 Expired - Lifetime US7976838B2 (en) 2003-04-09 2008-03-20 Therapy of autoimmune disease in a patient with an inadequate response to a TNF-α inhibitor
US13/108,134 Abandoned US20110300136A1 (en) 2003-04-09 2011-05-16 Therapy of autoimmune disease in a patient with an inadequate response to a tnf-alpha inhibitor

Family Applications After (3)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US11/439,906 Active 2026-01-11 US7708994B2 (en) 2003-04-09 2006-05-24 Therapy of autoimmune disease in a patient with an inadequate response to a TNF-α inhibitor
US12/052,606 Expired - Lifetime US7976838B2 (en) 2003-04-09 2008-03-20 Therapy of autoimmune disease in a patient with an inadequate response to a TNF-α inhibitor
US13/108,134 Abandoned US20110300136A1 (en) 2003-04-09 2011-05-16 Therapy of autoimmune disease in a patient with an inadequate response to a tnf-alpha inhibitor

Country Status (31)

Country Link
US (4) US20040202658A1 (fr)
EP (2) EP2062916A3 (fr)
JP (3) JP2006522811A (fr)
KR (2) KR20110044809A (fr)
CN (2) CN101371924A (fr)
AT (1) ATE425766T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2004229376B2 (fr)
BR (1) BRPI0409534A (fr)
CA (1) CA2519870A1 (fr)
CR (1) CR8033A (fr)
CY (1) CY1109127T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE602004020061D1 (fr)
DK (1) DK1613350T3 (fr)
EC (1) ECSP056082A (fr)
ES (1) ES2322267T3 (fr)
HR (2) HRP20090325T1 (fr)
IL (2) IL171038A (fr)
MA (1) MA27838A1 (fr)
ME (1) ME00426B (fr)
MX (1) MXPA05010778A (fr)
NO (1) NO20055253L (fr)
NZ (2) NZ587776A (fr)
PL (1) PL1613350T3 (fr)
PT (1) PT1613350E (fr)
RS (1) RS51686B (fr)
RU (1) RU2358762C9 (fr)
SI (1) SI1613350T1 (fr)
TN (1) TNSN05234A1 (fr)
UA (2) UA91961C2 (fr)
WO (1) WO2004091657A2 (fr)
ZA (1) ZA200507805B (fr)

Cited By (67)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20050123546A1 (en) * 2003-11-05 2005-06-09 Glycart Biotechnology Ag Antigen binding molecules with increased Fc receptor binding affinity and effector function
US20060002930A1 (en) * 2004-04-16 2006-01-05 Genentech, Inc. Treatment of disorders
US20060051345A1 (en) * 2004-06-04 2006-03-09 Genentech, Inc. Method for treating multiple sclerosis
US20060062787A1 (en) * 2004-07-22 2006-03-23 Genentech, Inc. Method for treating Sjogren's syndrome
US20060110387A1 (en) * 2004-10-05 2006-05-25 Genentech, Inc. Method for treating vasculitis
US20060188495A1 (en) * 2005-01-13 2006-08-24 Genentech, Inc. Treatment method
US20060233791A1 (en) * 2005-02-15 2006-10-19 Duke University Anti-CD19 antibodies and uses in oncology
US20060233797A1 (en) * 2005-04-15 2006-10-19 Genentech, Inc. Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
US20060263349A1 (en) * 2005-05-20 2006-11-23 Genentech, Inc. Pretreatment of a biological sample from an autoimmune disease subject
US20060263357A1 (en) * 2005-05-05 2006-11-23 Tedder Thomas F Anti-CD19 antibody therapy for autoimmune disease
US20060280738A1 (en) * 2005-06-08 2006-12-14 Tedder Thomas F Anti-CD19 antibody therapy for transplantation
US20060294604A1 (en) * 2003-02-17 2006-12-28 Fridman Jordan S Model for studying the role of genes in tumor resistance to chemotherapy
WO2007059188A1 (fr) * 2005-11-15 2007-05-24 F. Hoffman - La Roche Ag Procede destine a traiter une lesion articulaire
US20070264260A1 (en) * 2002-02-21 2007-11-15 The Regents Of The University Of California Treatment methods using anti-CD22 antibodies
US20080138336A1 (en) * 2006-09-08 2008-06-12 Medlmmune, Inc. Humanized Anti-CD19 Antibodies And Their Use In Treatment Of Oncology, Transplantation And Autoimmune Disease
US20090029872A1 (en) * 2005-01-03 2009-01-29 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Orthotopic and genetically tractable non-human animal model for liver cancer and the uses thereof
US20090082298A1 (en) * 2005-05-31 2009-03-26 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Methods for producing microRNAs
US20090136516A1 (en) * 2003-05-09 2009-05-28 Tedder Thomas F Cd-20 specific antibodies and methods of employing same
US20090186839A1 (en) * 2003-02-17 2009-07-23 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Model for studying the role of genes in chemoresistance
US20090217404A1 (en) * 2002-09-27 2009-08-27 Lowe Scott W Cell-based RNA interference and related methods and compositions
US20100003252A1 (en) * 1999-07-12 2010-01-07 Genentech, Inc. Blocking immune response to a graft
WO2010057109A1 (fr) * 2008-11-17 2010-05-20 Genentech, Inc. Procédé et formulation pour réduire l'agrégation d'une macromolécule dans des conditions physiologiques
WO2010057107A1 (fr) * 2008-11-17 2010-05-20 Genentech, Inc. Procédé et formulation pour réduire l'agrégation d'une macromolécule dans des conditions physiologiques
WO2010075249A2 (fr) 2008-12-22 2010-07-01 Genentech, Inc. Méthode de traitement de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde avec des antagonistes de cellules b
WO2010079161A1 (fr) 2009-01-06 2010-07-15 INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Agent de déplétion des lymphocytes b pour le traitement de l'athérosclérose
US20100189714A1 (en) * 2005-11-07 2010-07-29 The Rockefeller University Polypeptides with enhanced anti-inflammatory and decreased cytotoxic properties and relating methods
WO2010054288A3 (fr) * 2008-11-07 2010-08-19 National Jewish Health Diagnostic et traitement des maladies auto-immunes par ciblage des cellules b auto-immunes (« cbai »)
US7820161B1 (en) 1999-05-07 2010-10-26 Biogen Idec, Inc. Treatment of autoimmune diseases
US20100278808A1 (en) * 2006-04-05 2010-11-04 Ravetch Jeffrey V Polypeptides with enhanced anti-inflammatory and decreased cytotoxic properties and relating methods
US7829086B2 (en) 2006-03-06 2010-11-09 Medimmune, Llc Humanized anti-CD22 antibodies and their use in treatment of oncology, transplantation and autoimmune disease
US20100303810A1 (en) * 2004-06-04 2010-12-02 Genentech, Inc. Method for treating lupus
US20110076273A1 (en) * 2009-09-11 2011-03-31 Genentech, Inc. Highly Concentrated Pharmaceutical Formulations
US20110104150A1 (en) * 2005-02-15 2011-05-05 Duke University Anti-cd19 antibodies and uses in b cell disorders
WO2011100403A1 (fr) 2010-02-10 2011-08-18 Immunogen, Inc Anticorps anti-cd20 et utilisations de ceux-ci
RU2442606C2 (ru) * 2005-11-01 2012-02-20 Новартис Аг Применение анти-cd40-антител
WO2013012478A1 (fr) * 2011-07-15 2013-01-24 Lipes Myra A Diagnostic et traitement d'une maladie cardiaque liée à la présence d'autoanticorps
US8389688B2 (en) 2006-03-06 2013-03-05 Aeres Biomedical, Ltd. Humanized anti-CD22 antibodies and their use in treatment of oncology, transplantation and autoimmune disease
EP2563385A4 (fr) * 2010-04-28 2013-10-02 Oncoimmune Inc Procédés d'utilisation de cd24 soluble pour la thérapie de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde
US20140075585A1 (en) * 2012-09-12 2014-03-13 Futwan Al-Mohanna Tetraspanin CD82 as a Diagnostic and/or Therapeutic Module for Xenograft Recognition and/or Rejection
WO2015028662A1 (fr) * 2013-08-30 2015-03-05 Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Cientificas (Csic) Compositions et méthodes de caractérisation et de traitement de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde
US8980864B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2015-03-17 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Compositions and methods of altering cholesterol levels
US8999380B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2015-04-07 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified polynucleotides for the production of biologics and proteins associated with human disease
US9107886B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2015-08-18 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified polynucleotides encoding basic helix-loop-helix family member E41
US9181319B2 (en) 2010-08-06 2015-11-10 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Engineered nucleic acids and methods of use thereof
US9186372B2 (en) 2011-12-16 2015-11-17 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Split dose administration
US9283287B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2016-03-15 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified polynucleotides for the production of nuclear proteins
US9334328B2 (en) 2010-10-01 2016-05-10 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleic acids, and uses thereof
US9428535B2 (en) 2011-10-03 2016-08-30 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleic acids, and uses thereof
US9464124B2 (en) 2011-09-12 2016-10-11 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Engineered nucleic acids and methods of use thereof
EP3095463A2 (fr) 2008-09-16 2016-11-23 F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG Procédés pour traiter la sclérose en plaques progressive
US9533047B2 (en) 2011-03-31 2017-01-03 Modernatx, Inc. Delivery and formulation of engineered nucleic acids
US9572897B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2017-02-21 Modernatx, Inc. Modified polynucleotides for the production of cytoplasmic and cytoskeletal proteins
US9597380B2 (en) 2012-11-26 2017-03-21 Modernatx, Inc. Terminally modified RNA
US9943594B2 (en) 2011-10-11 2018-04-17 Sanofi Biotechnology Methods for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
US9951146B2 (en) 2015-04-03 2018-04-24 Eli Lilly And Company Anti-CD20− / anti-BAFF bispecific antibodies
US10323076B2 (en) 2013-10-03 2019-06-18 Modernatx, Inc. Polynucleotides encoding low density lipoprotein receptor
US10525137B2 (en) 2015-12-30 2020-01-07 Genentech, Inc. Formulations with reduced degradation of polysorbate
US10815291B2 (en) 2013-09-30 2020-10-27 Modernatx, Inc. Polynucleotides encoding immune modulating polypeptides
US10927435B2 (en) 2011-10-11 2021-02-23 Sanofi Biotechnology Compositions for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and methods of using same
EA037929B1 (ru) * 2005-03-23 2021-06-08 Генмаб А/С Антитела к cd38 человека и их применение
US11098127B2 (en) 2010-01-08 2021-08-24 Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Stabilized formulations containing anti-interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) antibodies
US11319375B2 (en) 2018-08-29 2022-05-03 Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Methods and compositions for treating subjects having rheumatoid arthritis
EP4014993A1 (fr) * 2020-12-21 2022-06-22 Stichting Sint Maartenskliniek Rituximab pour le traitement de la pseudopolyarthrite rhizomélique
US11498969B2 (en) 2019-01-31 2022-11-15 Sanofi Biotechnology Compositions and methods for treating juvenile idiopathic arthritis
US11692042B2 (en) 2018-03-09 2023-07-04 Agenus Inc. Anti-CD73 antibodies and methods of use thereof
US12297279B2 (en) 2019-06-04 2025-05-13 Sanofi Biotechnology Compositions and methods for treating pain in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis
US12440561B2 (en) 2019-04-24 2025-10-14 Sanofi Biotechnology Method of diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis

Families Citing this family (45)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2004056312A2 (fr) * 2002-12-16 2004-07-08 Genentech, Inc. Variants d'immunoglobuline et utilisations
EP1460088A1 (fr) 2003-03-21 2004-09-22 Biotest AG Anticorps humanisé contre CD4 avec des caractéristiques immunosuppressives
PT1613350E (pt) 2003-04-09 2009-06-24 Genentech Inc Terapia de doença auto-imune num paciente com uma resposta inadequada a um inibidor de tnf-alfa
AR044388A1 (es) * 2003-05-20 2005-09-07 Applied Molecular Evolution Moleculas de union a cd20
BRPI0412629A (pt) * 2003-08-29 2006-09-26 Genentech Inc método de tratamento de disfunção ocular em mamìferos
EA012464B1 (ru) 2004-08-04 2009-10-30 Эпплайд Молекьюлар Эволюшн, Инк. Антитело против cd20 и его применение
RU2478709C2 (ru) * 2005-07-21 2013-04-10 Эбботт Лэборетриз ЭКСПРЕССИЯ МНОЖЕСТВА ГЕНОВ, ВКЛЮЧАЯ sORF-КОНСТРУКЦИИ, И СПОСОБЫ ЭКСПРЕССИРОВАНИЯ ИММУНОГЛОБУЛИНА
AU2007253740A1 (en) 2006-05-18 2007-11-29 Molecular Profiling Institute, Inc. System and method for determining individualized medical intervention for a disease state
US8768629B2 (en) * 2009-02-11 2014-07-01 Caris Mpi, Inc. Molecular profiling of tumors
GB0707208D0 (en) * 2007-04-13 2007-05-23 Istituto Superiore Di Sanito Novel disease treatments
EP2174667B1 (fr) * 2007-07-26 2017-01-04 Osaka University Agent pour le traitement de l'ophtalmie contenant un inhibiteur du récepteur de l'interleukine 6 en tant qu'ingrédient actif
AU2008311815B2 (en) 2007-10-19 2014-02-06 Seagen Inc. CD19 binding agents and uses thereof
WO2009121690A1 (fr) * 2008-03-13 2009-10-08 Biotest Ag Agent pour traiter une maladie
MX2010010026A (es) * 2008-03-13 2011-03-21 Biotest Ag Agente para tratar enfermedad.
ES2610327T3 (es) * 2008-03-13 2017-04-27 Biotest Ag Régimen de dosificación de anticuerpos anti-CD4 para el tratamiento de enfermedades autoinmunitarias
CN102215867B (zh) * 2008-09-29 2017-04-19 生物测试股份公司 疾病治疗用组合物
CN106153918A (zh) * 2008-10-14 2016-11-23 卡里斯Mpi公司 描绘肿瘤类型生物标志模式和特征集的基因靶和基因表达的蛋白靶
EP3181705A1 (fr) * 2008-11-12 2017-06-21 Caris Life Sciences Switzerland Holdings GmbH Procédés et systèmes permettant d'utiliser des exosomes pour déterminer des phénotypes
JP5246709B2 (ja) * 2009-06-09 2013-07-24 独立行政法人医薬基盤研究所 自己免疫疾患検査用バイオマーカー及び検査方法
US20120237472A1 (en) * 2009-07-24 2012-09-20 The Johns Hopkins University Methods and compositions for treating or preventing autoimmune diseases using immunomodulatory agents
EP2501800A4 (fr) 2009-11-17 2013-05-22 Musc Found For Res Dev Anticorps monoclonaux humains pour nucléoline humaine
GB0920944D0 (en) 2009-11-30 2010-01-13 Biotest Ag Agents for treating disease
KR20130056855A (ko) 2010-03-01 2013-05-30 카리스 라이프 사이언스 룩셈부르크 홀딩스 치료진단용 생물학적 지표들
WO2011127219A1 (fr) 2010-04-06 2011-10-13 Caris Life Sciences Luxembourg Holdings Biomarqueurs circulants pour une maladie
EP2580593A4 (fr) * 2010-06-10 2014-04-16 Myra Lipes Diagnostic d'une auto-immunité myocardique dans une maladie cardiaque
US9823246B2 (en) 2011-12-28 2017-11-21 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Fluorescence enhancing plasmonic nanoscopic gold films and assays based thereon
HU230680B1 (hu) * 2012-10-19 2017-08-28 Egis Gyogyszergyar Nyilvanosan Muekoedoe Reszvenytarsasag Diagnosztikai eljárás
US20160146799A1 (en) 2014-11-05 2016-05-26 Nirmidas Biotech, Inc. Metal composites for enhanced imaging
IT201700110784A1 (it) * 2017-10-03 2019-04-03 Fidia Farm Spa Composizioni farmaceutiche contenenti Acido Ialuronico e Carnosina e relativo uso
EP3520803A1 (fr) * 2018-01-31 2019-08-07 Zarodex Therapeutics Limited Nouvelles utilisations
CR20200441A (es) 2018-02-27 2021-03-15 Incyte Corp Imidazopirimidinas y triazolopirimidinas como inhibidores de a2a / a2b
CN110090228A (zh) * 2018-04-18 2019-08-06 浙江大学 人羊膜上皮细胞在自身免疫性疾病中的治疗用途
US11180547B2 (en) 2018-05-08 2021-11-23 Ten Peaks LLC Methods for reducing drug-induced liver injury
US11124566B2 (en) 2018-05-08 2021-09-21 Ten Peaks LLC Methods for reducing drug-induced liver injury
US10519227B2 (en) 2018-05-08 2019-12-31 Ten Peaks LLC Methods for reducing drug-induced liver injury
MX2020012376A (es) 2018-05-18 2021-03-09 Incyte Corp Derivados de pirimidina fusionados como inhibidores de los receptores de adenosina a2a/a2b.
IL279829B2 (en) 2018-07-05 2025-05-01 Incyte Holdings Corp Fused pyrazine derivatives as A2A/A2B inhibitors
WO2020054979A1 (fr) * 2018-09-12 2020-03-19 아주대학교산학협력단 Composition comprenant comme principe actif un inhibiteur du cd83, pour la prévention ou le traitement de la maladie de behçet
RU2724469C2 (ru) 2018-10-31 2020-06-23 Закрытое Акционерное Общество "Биокад" Моноклональное антитело, которое специфически связывается с cd20
TWI829857B (zh) 2019-01-29 2024-01-21 美商英塞特公司 作為a2a / a2b抑制劑之吡唑并吡啶及三唑并吡啶
CN118546960A (zh) 2019-03-05 2024-08-27 恩卡尔塔公司 Cd19定向性嵌合抗原受体及其在免疫疗法中的用途
US11634500B2 (en) 2019-09-06 2023-04-25 Les Laboratoires Servier Anti-CD73 antibodies and compositions
PH12022551621A1 (en) 2020-01-03 2023-10-23 Incyte Corp Cd73 inhibitor and a2a/a2b adenosine receptor inhibitor combination therapy
US12018089B2 (en) 2020-01-03 2024-06-25 Incyte Corporation Anti-CD73 antibodies and uses thereof
MX2023007850A (es) 2020-12-29 2023-09-11 Incyte Corp Terapia combinada que comprende inhibidores de adora2a/adora2b (a2a/a2b), inhibidores de muerte programada/ligando 1 de muerte programada (pd-1/pd-l1) y anticuerpos de cumulo de diferenciacion 73 (anti-cd73).

Citations (24)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4861579A (en) * 1988-03-17 1989-08-29 American Cyanamid Company Suppression of B-lymphocytes in mammals by administration of anti-B-lymphocyte antibodies
US5500362A (en) * 1987-01-08 1996-03-19 Xoma Corporation Chimeric antibody with specificity to human B cell surface antigen
US5595721A (en) * 1993-09-16 1997-01-21 Coulter Pharmaceutical, Inc. Radioimmunotherapy of lymphoma using anti-CD20
US5645817A (en) * 1992-08-05 1997-07-08 Behringwerke Aktiengesellschaft Granulocyte-binding antibody constructs, their preparation and use
US5736137A (en) * 1992-11-13 1998-04-07 Idec Pharmaceuticals Corporation Therapeutic application of chimeric and radiolabeled antibodies to human B lymphocyte restricted differentiation antigen for treatment of B cell lymphoma
US5776456A (en) * 1992-11-13 1998-07-07 Idec Pharmaceuticals Corporation Therapeutic application of chimeric and radiolabeled antibodies to human B lymphocyte restricted differentiation antigen for treatment of B cell lymphoma
US5849898A (en) * 1988-02-25 1998-12-15 The General Hospital Corporation CD40 coding sequences
US6171586B1 (en) * 1997-06-13 2001-01-09 Genentech, Inc. Antibody formulation
US6194551B1 (en) * 1998-04-02 2001-02-27 Genentech, Inc. Polypeptide variants
US6224866B1 (en) * 1998-10-07 2001-05-01 Biocrystal Ltd. Immunotherapy of B cell involvement in progression of solid, nonlymphoid tumors
US6242195B1 (en) * 1998-04-02 2001-06-05 Genentech, Inc. Methods for determining binding of an analyte to a receptor
US20020004587A1 (en) * 2000-04-11 2002-01-10 Genentech, Inc. Multivalent antibodies and uses therefor
US20020006404A1 (en) * 1999-11-08 2002-01-17 Idec Pharmaceuticals Corporation Treatment of cell malignancies using combination of B cell depleting antibody and immune modulating antibody related applications
US20020009444A1 (en) * 2000-04-25 2002-01-24 Idec Pharmaceuticals Corporation Intrathecal administration of rituximab for treatment of central nervous system lymphomas
US20020012665A1 (en) * 2000-03-31 2002-01-31 Nabil Hanna Combined use of anti-cytokine antibodies or antagonists and anti-CD20 for treatment of B cell lymphoma
US6368596B1 (en) * 1997-07-08 2002-04-09 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Compositions and methods for homoconjugates of antibodies which induce growth arrest or apoptosis of tumor cells
US20020041847A1 (en) * 1998-03-12 2002-04-11 Goldenberg David M. Immunotherapy of malignant and autoimmune disorders in domestic animals using naked antibodies, immunoconjugates and fusion proteins
US6410391B1 (en) * 1999-07-02 2002-06-25 Infineon Technologies Ag Method for producing an EEPROM memory cell with a trench capacitor
US20020128488A1 (en) * 1999-03-12 2002-09-12 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Azomethine compound and oily magenta ink
US6455043B1 (en) * 1998-08-11 2002-09-24 Idec Pharmaceuticals Corporation Combination therapies for B-cell lymphomas comprising administration of anti-CD20 antibody
US20020197256A1 (en) * 2001-04-02 2002-12-26 Genentech, Inc. Combination therapy
US20030026801A1 (en) * 2000-06-22 2003-02-06 George Weiner Methods for enhancing antibody-induced cell lysis and treating cancer
US6528624B1 (en) * 1998-04-02 2003-03-04 Genentech, Inc. Polypeptide variants
US20060024300A1 (en) * 2002-12-16 2006-02-02 Genentech, Inc. Immunoglobulin variants and uses thereof

Family Cites Families (82)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3773919A (en) 1969-10-23 1973-11-20 Du Pont Polylactide-drug mixtures
IL47062A (en) 1975-04-10 1979-07-25 Yeda Res & Dev Process for diminishing antigenicity of tissues to be usedas transplants by treatment with glutaraldehyde
US4665077A (en) 1979-03-19 1987-05-12 The Upjohn Company Method for treating rejection of organ or skin grafts with 6-aryl pyrimidine compounds
WO1981001145A1 (fr) 1979-10-18 1981-04-30 Univ Illinois Medicaments "pro-drugs" pouvant etre actives par des enzymes hydrolytiques
US4485045A (en) 1981-07-06 1984-11-27 Research Corporation Synthetic phosphatidyl cholines useful in forming liposomes
US4816567A (en) 1983-04-08 1989-03-28 Genentech, Inc. Recombinant immunoglobin preparations
US4544545A (en) 1983-06-20 1985-10-01 Trustees University Of Massachusetts Liposomes containing modified cholesterol for organ targeting
US4676980A (en) 1985-09-23 1987-06-30 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services Target specific cross-linked heteroantibodies
US5567610A (en) 1986-09-04 1996-10-22 Bioinvent International Ab Method of producing human monoclonal antibodies and kit therefor
GB8705477D0 (en) 1987-03-09 1987-04-15 Carlton Med Prod Drug delivery systems
US4975278A (en) 1988-02-26 1990-12-04 Bristol-Myers Company Antibody-enzyme conjugates in combination with prodrugs for the delivery of cytotoxic agents to tumor cells
EP0308936B1 (fr) 1987-09-23 1994-07-06 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Hétéroconjugués d'anticorps pour tuer des cellules infectées par VIH
US5283187A (en) 1987-11-17 1994-02-01 Brown University Research Foundation Cell culture-containing tubular capsule produced by co-extrusion
US4892538A (en) 1987-11-17 1990-01-09 Brown University Research Foundation In vivo delivery of neurotransmitters by implanted, encapsulated cells
HUT53672A (en) 1988-02-25 1990-11-28 Gen Hospital Corp Quick immunoselective cloning process
IL85746A (en) 1988-03-15 1994-05-30 Yeda Res & Dev Preparations comprising t-lymphocyte cells treated with 8-methoxypsoralen or cell membranes separated therefrom for preventing or treating autoimmune diseases
FI891226A7 (fi) 1988-04-28 1989-10-29 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Anti-T-solun reseptorideterminantit autoimmuunisairauden hoitoon
GB8823869D0 (en) 1988-10-12 1988-11-16 Medical Res Council Production of antibodies
US5175384A (en) 1988-12-05 1992-12-29 Genpharm International Transgenic mice depleted in mature t-cells and methods for making transgenic mice
WO1990008187A1 (fr) 1989-01-19 1990-07-26 Dana Farber Cancer Institute Proteine cd2 soluble a deux domaines
KR920700674A (ko) 1989-03-21 1992-08-10 원본미기재 특정 t세포 집단에 의한 발명 반응으로부터 야기되는 질병에 대한 예방접종 및 방법
DE3920358A1 (de) 1989-06-22 1991-01-17 Behringwerke Ag Bispezifische und oligospezifische, mono- und oligovalente antikoerperkonstrukte, ihre herstellung und verwendung
EP0739904A1 (fr) 1989-06-29 1996-10-30 Medarex, Inc. Réactifs bispécifiques pour le traitement du SIDA
JP3072330B2 (ja) 1989-07-19 2000-07-31 ジ・イミューン・レスポンス・コーポレーション 自己免疫疾患および悪性疾患の治療のためのｔ細胞リセプターペプチド
US5013556A (en) 1989-10-20 1991-05-07 Liposome Technology, Inc. Liposomes with enhanced circulation time
US5208020A (en) 1989-10-25 1993-05-04 Immunogen Inc. Cytotoxic agents comprising maytansinoids and their therapeutic use
US5229275A (en) 1990-04-26 1993-07-20 Akzo N.V. In-vitro method for producing antigen-specific human monoclonal antibodies
US5571894A (en) 1991-02-05 1996-11-05 Ciba-Geigy Corporation Recombinant antibodies specific for a growth factor receptor
WO1992020373A1 (fr) 1991-05-14 1992-11-26 Repligen Corporation Anticorps d'heteroconjugues pour le traitement des infections a l'hiv
WO1992022653A1 (fr) * 1991-06-14 1992-12-23 Genentech, Inc. Procede de production d'anticorps humanises
IE922437A1 (en) 1991-07-25 1993-01-27 Idec Pharma Corp Recombinant antibodies for human therapy
ES2136092T3 (es) 1991-09-23 1999-11-16 Medical Res Council Procedimientos para la produccion de anticuerpos humanizados.
FI941572L (fi) 1991-10-07 1994-05-27 Oncologix Inc Anti-erbB-2-monoklonaalisten vasta-aineiden yhdistelmä ja käyttömenetelmä
WO1993008829A1 (fr) 1991-11-04 1993-05-13 The Regents Of The University Of California Compositions induisant la destruction de cellules infectees par l'hiv
ATE207080T1 (de) 1991-11-25 2001-11-15 Enzon Inc Multivalente antigen-bindende proteine
DE69334255D1 (de) 1992-02-06 2009-02-12 Novartis Vaccines & Diagnostic Marker für Krebs und biosynthetisches Bindeprotein dafür
DE69333082T2 (de) 1992-02-11 2004-05-06 Cell Genesys, Inc., Foster City Erzielen von homozygotem durch zielgerichtete genetische ereignisse
US5573905A (en) 1992-03-30 1996-11-12 The Scripps Research Institute Encoded combinatorial chemical libraries
ZA932522B (en) 1992-04-10 1993-12-20 Res Dev Foundation Immunotoxins directed against c-erbB-2(HER/neu) related surface antigens
WO1993025673A1 (fr) 1992-06-04 1993-12-23 The Regents Of The University Of California Therapie genique in vivo a l'aide d'une sequence significative sans intron
DE69308573T2 (de) 1992-08-17 1997-08-07 Genentech Inc Bispezifische immunoadhesine
US5417972A (en) 1993-08-02 1995-05-23 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Method of killing B-cells in a complement independent and an ADCC independent manner using antibodies which specifically bind CDIM
GB9413127D0 (en) 1994-06-30 1994-08-24 Philips Electronics Uk Ltd Data processing apparatus
US5910486A (en) 1994-09-06 1999-06-08 Uab Research Foundation Methods for modulating protein function in cells using, intracellular antibody homologues
WO1996012742A1 (fr) * 1994-10-25 1996-05-02 Glaxo Group Limited Agents de fixation pour le traitement des maladies inflammatoires, auto-immunes ou allergiques
US6214388B1 (en) 1994-11-09 2001-04-10 The Regents Of The University Of California Immunoliposomes that optimize internalization into target cells
US5731168A (en) 1995-03-01 1998-03-24 Genentech, Inc. Method for making heteromultimeric polypeptides
US5641870A (en) 1995-04-20 1997-06-24 Genentech, Inc. Low pH hydrophobic interaction chromatography for antibody purification
US5739277A (en) 1995-04-14 1998-04-14 Genentech Inc. Altered polypeptides with increased half-life
US5677189A (en) * 1995-06-29 1997-10-14 Oncomembrane, Inc. Method for quantifying sphingosine and for diagnosing platelet activation
EP1516628B1 (fr) 1995-07-27 2013-08-21 Genentech, Inc. Formulation de protéine stabile, lyophilisée et isotonique
JP4515542B2 (ja) 1997-02-10 2010-08-04 ジェネンテック， インコーポレイテッド ヒレグリン変異体
EP0999853B1 (fr) 1997-06-13 2003-01-02 Genentech, Inc. Formulation stabilisee renfermant un anticorps
CA2293829C (fr) 1997-06-24 2011-06-14 Genentech, Inc. Procedes et compositions concernant des glycoproteines galactosylees
JP2001521909A (ja) 1997-10-31 2001-11-13 ジェネンテク・インコーポレイテッド 糖タンパク質グリコフォームを含む方法及び組成物
ES2292236T3 (es) 1998-04-02 2008-03-01 Genentech, Inc. Variantes de anticuerpos y sus fragmentos.
MXPA01004649A (es) 1998-11-09 2002-05-06 Idec Pharma Corp Tratamiento con anticuerpo quimerico anti-cd20 para pacientes que reciben transplantes de medula osea o celulas madre de sangre periferica.
DK2055313T3 (en) 1998-11-09 2015-07-27 Biogen Inc Treatment of Hematologic Malignancies Related to Circulating Tumor Cells Using Chimeric Anti-CD20 Antibody
CN1763097B (zh) 1999-01-15 2011-04-13 杰南技术公司 具有改变的效应功能的多肽变体
US6897044B1 (en) 1999-01-28 2005-05-24 Biogen Idec, Inc. Production of tetravalent antibodies
HK1043312B (en) 1999-05-07 2006-07-28 Genentech, Inc. Treatment of autoimmune diseases with antagonists which bind to b cell surface markers
DK1194167T3 (da) 1999-06-09 2009-11-16 Immunomedics Inc Immunoterapi af autoimmune sygdomme under anvendelse af B-cellespecifikke antistoffer
ITMI991299A1 (it) 1999-06-11 2000-12-11 Consiglio Nazionale Ricerche Uso di anticorpi contro antigeni di superficie per il trattamento della malattia trapianto contro ospite
CN1373672A (zh) 1999-07-12 2002-10-09 杰南技术公司 应用结合cd20的拮抗剂阻断对外来抗原的免疫应答
US6451284B1 (en) 1999-08-11 2002-09-17 Idec Pharmaceuticals Corporation Clinical parameters for determining hematologic toxicity prior to radioimmunotheraphy
MXPA02001398A (es) 1999-08-11 2002-08-12 Idec Pharma Corp Tratamiento de pacientes que tienen linfoma no hodgkins con lesion de medula osea con anticuerpos anti-cd20.
US8557244B1 (en) 1999-08-11 2013-10-15 Biogen Idec Inc. Treatment of aggressive non-Hodgkins lymphoma with anti-CD20 antibody
JP2001058956A (ja) * 1999-08-19 2001-03-06 Welfide Corp 自己免疫疾患予防・治療剤
AU6929100A (en) 1999-08-23 2001-03-19 Biocrystal Limited Methods and compositions for immunotherapy of b cell involvement in promotion ofa disease condition comprising multiple sclerosis
US20020009427A1 (en) 2000-03-24 2002-01-24 Wolin Maurice J. Methods of therapy for non-hodgkin's lymphoma
CA2411102A1 (fr) * 2000-06-20 2001-12-27 Idec Pharmaceutical Corporation Traitement de maladies associees aux cellules beta telles que les maladies auto-immunes a caractere malin par combinaison anticorps anti-cd20 froid/anticorps anti-cd22 radiomarque
MXPA03000306A (es) 2000-07-12 2004-04-05 Idec Pharma Corp Tratamiento de malignidades de celulas b que usan una combinacion de anticuerpos supresores de celulas b y aplicaciones relacionadas con anticuerpos moduladores inmunes.
AU2002213357A1 (en) 2000-10-20 2002-05-06 Idec Pharmaceuticals Corporation Variant igg3 rituxan r and therapeutic use thereof
AU2002240120B2 (en) 2001-01-29 2008-05-08 Biogen Idec Inc. Modified antibodies and methods of use
WO2002096948A2 (fr) 2001-01-29 2002-12-05 Idec Pharmaceuticals Corporation Anticorps tetravalents modifies et procedes d'utilisation
US20030003097A1 (en) 2001-04-02 2003-01-02 Idec Pharmaceutical Corporation Recombinant antibodies coexpressed with GnTIII
JP2005515161A (ja) 2001-06-14 2005-05-26 インターミューン インコーポレイテッド γ−インターフェロンおよびＢ細胞特異的抗体の併用療法
WO2003029296A1 (fr) 2001-10-02 2003-04-10 Chiron Corporation Anticorps humains diriges contre le cd40
EP1519959B1 (fr) 2002-02-14 2014-04-02 Immunomedics, Inc. Anticorps anti-cd20 et proteines hybrides desdits anticorps, et methodes d'utilisation
CA2490659C (fr) 2002-06-28 2014-08-19 Syed V. S. Kashmiri Les cc49, anti-tag-72 humanises servant au diagnostic et au traitement de tumeurs chez l'homme
PT1613350E (pt) 2003-04-09 2009-06-24 Genentech Inc Terapia de doença auto-imune num paciente com uma resposta inadequada a um inibidor de tnf-alfa
MY149159A (en) 2005-11-15 2013-07-31 Hoffmann La Roche Method for treating joint damage

Patent Citations (36)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6120767A (en) * 1986-10-27 2000-09-19 Pharmaceutical Royalties, L.L.C. Chimeric antibody with specificity to human B cell surface antigen
US5500362A (en) * 1987-01-08 1996-03-19 Xoma Corporation Chimeric antibody with specificity to human B cell surface antigen
US5677180A (en) * 1987-01-08 1997-10-14 Xoma Corporation Chimeric antibody with specificity to human B cell surface antigen
US5721108A (en) * 1987-01-08 1998-02-24 Xoma Corporation Chimeric antibody with specificity to human B cell surface antigen
US5849898A (en) * 1988-02-25 1998-12-15 The General Hospital Corporation CD40 coding sequences
US4861579A (en) * 1988-03-17 1989-08-29 American Cyanamid Company Suppression of B-lymphocytes in mammals by administration of anti-B-lymphocyte antibodies
US5645817A (en) * 1992-08-05 1997-07-08 Behringwerke Aktiengesellschaft Granulocyte-binding antibody constructs, their preparation and use
US5736137A (en) * 1992-11-13 1998-04-07 Idec Pharmaceuticals Corporation Therapeutic application of chimeric and radiolabeled antibodies to human B lymphocyte restricted differentiation antigen for treatment of B cell lymphoma
US20020197255A1 (en) * 1992-11-13 2002-12-26 Idec Pharmaceuticals Corporation Therapeutic application of chimeric and radiolabelled antibodies to human B lymphocyte restricted differentiation antigen for treatment of B cell lymphoma
US5843439A (en) * 1992-11-13 1998-12-01 Anderson; Darrell R. Therapeutic application of chimeric and radiolabeled antibodies to human B lymphocyte restricted differentiation antigen for treatment of B cell lymphoma
US5776456A (en) * 1992-11-13 1998-07-07 Idec Pharmaceuticals Corporation Therapeutic application of chimeric and radiolabeled antibodies to human B lymphocyte restricted differentiation antigen for treatment of B cell lymphoma
US6399061B1 (en) * 1992-11-13 2002-06-04 Idec Pharmaceutical Corporation Chimeric and radiolabelled antibodies specific to human CD20 antigen and use thereof for treatment of B-cell lymphoma
US20030021781A1 (en) * 1992-11-13 2003-01-30 Idec Pharmaceuticals Corporation Therapeutic application of chimeric and radiolabelled antibodies to human B lymphocyte restricted differentiation antigen for treatment of B cell lymphoma
US6287537B1 (en) * 1993-09-16 2001-09-11 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Radioimmunotherapy of lymphoma using anti-CD20 antibodies
US5595721A (en) * 1993-09-16 1997-01-21 Coulter Pharmaceutical, Inc. Radioimmunotherapy of lymphoma using anti-CD20
US5843398A (en) * 1993-09-16 1998-12-01 Coulter Pharmaceutical, Inc. Radioimmunotherapy of lymphoma using anti-CD20 antibodies
US6015542A (en) * 1993-09-16 2000-01-18 Coulter Pharmaceutical, Inc. Radioimmunotherapy of lymphoma using anti-CD20 antibodies
US6090365A (en) * 1993-09-16 2000-07-18 Coulter Pharmaceutical, Inc. Radioimmunotherapy of lymphoma using anti-CD20 antibodies
US6171586B1 (en) * 1997-06-13 2001-01-09 Genentech, Inc. Antibody formulation
US6368596B1 (en) * 1997-07-08 2002-04-09 Board Of Regents, The University Of Texas System Compositions and methods for homoconjugates of antibodies which induce growth arrest or apoptosis of tumor cells
US20020041847A1 (en) * 1998-03-12 2002-04-11 Goldenberg David M. Immunotherapy of malignant and autoimmune disorders in domestic animals using naked antibodies, immunoconjugates and fusion proteins
US6194551B1 (en) * 1998-04-02 2001-02-27 Genentech, Inc. Polypeptide variants
US6538124B1 (en) * 1998-04-02 2003-03-25 Genentech, Inc. Polypeptide variants
US6242195B1 (en) * 1998-04-02 2001-06-05 Genentech, Inc. Methods for determining binding of an analyte to a receptor
US6528624B1 (en) * 1998-04-02 2003-03-04 Genentech, Inc. Polypeptide variants
US6455043B1 (en) * 1998-08-11 2002-09-24 Idec Pharmaceuticals Corporation Combination therapies for B-cell lymphomas comprising administration of anti-CD20 antibody
US6224866B1 (en) * 1998-10-07 2001-05-01 Biocrystal Ltd. Immunotherapy of B cell involvement in progression of solid, nonlymphoid tumors
US20020128488A1 (en) * 1999-03-12 2002-09-12 Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. Azomethine compound and oily magenta ink
US6410391B1 (en) * 1999-07-02 2002-06-25 Infineon Technologies Ag Method for producing an EEPROM memory cell with a trench capacitor
US20020006404A1 (en) * 1999-11-08 2002-01-17 Idec Pharmaceuticals Corporation Treatment of cell malignancies using combination of B cell depleting antibody and immune modulating antibody related applications
US20020012665A1 (en) * 2000-03-31 2002-01-31 Nabil Hanna Combined use of anti-cytokine antibodies or antagonists and anti-CD20 for treatment of B cell lymphoma
US20020004587A1 (en) * 2000-04-11 2002-01-10 Genentech, Inc. Multivalent antibodies and uses therefor
US20020009444A1 (en) * 2000-04-25 2002-01-24 Idec Pharmaceuticals Corporation Intrathecal administration of rituximab for treatment of central nervous system lymphomas
US20030026801A1 (en) * 2000-06-22 2003-02-06 George Weiner Methods for enhancing antibody-induced cell lysis and treating cancer
US20020197256A1 (en) * 2001-04-02 2002-12-26 Genentech, Inc. Combination therapy
US20060024300A1 (en) * 2002-12-16 2006-02-02 Genentech, Inc. Immunoglobulin variants and uses thereof

Cited By (150)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8545843B2 (en) 1999-05-07 2013-10-01 Genentech, Inc. Treatment of vasculitis
US7820161B1 (en) 1999-05-07 2010-10-26 Biogen Idec, Inc. Treatment of autoimmune diseases
US9993550B2 (en) 1999-05-07 2018-06-12 Genentech, Inc. Treatment of pemphigus
US20100003252A1 (en) * 1999-07-12 2010-01-07 Genentech, Inc. Blocking immune response to a graft
US8734792B2 (en) 2002-02-21 2014-05-27 Duke University Reagents and treatment methods for autoimmune diseases
US20070264260A1 (en) * 2002-02-21 2007-11-15 The Regents Of The University Of California Treatment methods using anti-CD22 antibodies
US20090217404A1 (en) * 2002-09-27 2009-08-27 Lowe Scott W Cell-based RNA interference and related methods and compositions
US20090186839A1 (en) * 2003-02-17 2009-07-23 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Model for studying the role of genes in chemoresistance
US20060294604A1 (en) * 2003-02-17 2006-12-28 Fridman Jordan S Model for studying the role of genes in tumor resistance to chemotherapy
US20090136516A1 (en) * 2003-05-09 2009-05-28 Tedder Thomas F Cd-20 specific antibodies and methods of employing same
US9416187B2 (en) 2003-05-09 2016-08-16 Duke University CD-20 specific antibodies and methods of employing same
US8883980B2 (en) 2003-11-05 2014-11-11 Roche Glycart Ag Antigen binding molecules with increased Fc receptor binding affinity and effector function
US9296820B2 (en) 2003-11-05 2016-03-29 Roche Glycart Ag Polynucleotides encoding anti-CD20 antigen binding molecules with increased Fc receptor binding affinity and effector function
US20050123546A1 (en) * 2003-11-05 2005-06-09 Glycart Biotechnology Ag Antigen binding molecules with increased Fc receptor binding affinity and effector function
US20070031331A1 (en) * 2004-04-16 2007-02-08 Genentech, Inc. Treatment of Disorders
US20060002930A1 (en) * 2004-04-16 2006-01-05 Genentech, Inc. Treatment of disorders
US20100303810A1 (en) * 2004-06-04 2010-12-02 Genentech, Inc. Method for treating lupus
US20100233121A1 (en) * 2004-06-04 2010-09-16 Genentech, Inc. Method for treating multiple sclerosis
US20060051345A1 (en) * 2004-06-04 2006-03-09 Genentech, Inc. Method for treating multiple sclerosis
EP3130349A1 (fr) 2004-06-04 2017-02-15 Genentech, Inc. Methode de traitement de la sclerose en plaques
US20060062787A1 (en) * 2004-07-22 2006-03-23 Genentech, Inc. Method for treating Sjogren's syndrome
US20060110387A1 (en) * 2004-10-05 2006-05-25 Genentech, Inc. Method for treating vasculitis
US20070025987A1 (en) * 2004-10-05 2007-02-01 Genentech, Inc. Method for Treating Vasculitis
US20090029872A1 (en) * 2005-01-03 2009-01-29 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Orthotopic and genetically tractable non-human animal model for liver cancer and the uses thereof
US8137907B2 (en) 2005-01-03 2012-03-20 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Orthotopic and genetically tractable non-human animal model for liver cancer and the uses thereof
WO2006076651A3 (fr) * 2005-01-13 2006-11-30 Genentech Inc Procede de traitement
US20060188495A1 (en) * 2005-01-13 2006-08-24 Genentech, Inc. Treatment method
US8444973B2 (en) 2005-02-15 2013-05-21 Duke University Anti-CD19 antibodies and uses in B cell disorders
US20090285808A1 (en) * 2005-02-15 2009-11-19 Duke University Anti-cd19 antibodies and uses in oncology
US20110104150A1 (en) * 2005-02-15 2011-05-05 Duke University Anti-cd19 antibodies and uses in b cell disorders
US20060233791A1 (en) * 2005-02-15 2006-10-19 Duke University Anti-CD19 antibodies and uses in oncology
US9260530B2 (en) 2005-02-15 2016-02-16 Duke University Anti-CD19 antibodies and uses in B cell disorders
EA037929B1 (ru) * 2005-03-23 2021-06-08 Генмаб А/С Антитела к cd38 человека и их применение
US20060233797A1 (en) * 2005-04-15 2006-10-19 Genentech, Inc. Treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
US20100158901A1 (en) * 2005-05-05 2010-06-24 Duke University Anti-cd19 antibody therapy for autoimmune disease
US20060263357A1 (en) * 2005-05-05 2006-11-23 Tedder Thomas F Anti-CD19 antibody therapy for autoimmune disease
US20060263349A1 (en) * 2005-05-20 2006-11-23 Genentech, Inc. Pretreatment of a biological sample from an autoimmune disease subject
US7601335B2 (en) 2005-05-20 2009-10-13 Genentech, Inc. Pretreatment of a biological sample from an autoimmune disease subject
US20100015055A1 (en) * 2005-05-20 2010-01-21 Genentech, Inc. Pretreatment of a biological sample from an autoimmune disease subject
US7993925B2 (en) 2005-05-31 2011-08-09 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Methods for producing microRNAs
US20090082298A1 (en) * 2005-05-31 2009-03-26 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Methods for producing microRNAs
US8426675B2 (en) 2005-05-31 2013-04-23 Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Methods for producing microRNAs
US20090246195A1 (en) * 2005-06-08 2009-10-01 Duke University Anti-cd19 antibody therapy for transplantation
US20060280738A1 (en) * 2005-06-08 2006-12-14 Tedder Thomas F Anti-CD19 antibody therapy for transplantation
RU2442606C2 (ru) * 2005-11-01 2012-02-20 Новартис Аг Применение анти-cd40-антител
US20100189714A1 (en) * 2005-11-07 2010-07-29 The Rockefeller University Polypeptides with enhanced anti-inflammatory and decreased cytotoxic properties and relating methods
US8470318B2 (en) * 2005-11-07 2013-06-25 The Rockefeller University Polypeptides with enhanced anti-inflammatory and decreased cytotoxic properties and relating methods
US10654940B2 (en) 2005-11-15 2020-05-19 Genentech, Inc. Method for treating joint damage
US10450379B2 (en) 2005-11-15 2019-10-22 Genetech, Inc. Method for treating joint damage
TWI380826B (zh) * 2005-11-15 2013-01-01 Hoffmann La Roche 治療關節損傷的方法
CN103212070A (zh) * 2005-11-15 2013-07-24 霍夫曼-拉罗奇有限公司 用于治疗关节损伤的方法
WO2007059188A1 (fr) * 2005-11-15 2007-05-24 F. Hoffman - La Roche Ag Procede destine a traiter une lesion articulaire
US20160176974A1 (en) * 2005-11-15 2016-06-23 Genentech, Inc. Method for treating joint damage
CN101365487B (zh) * 2005-11-15 2013-04-17 霍夫曼-拉罗奇有限公司 用于治疗关节损伤的方法
US8389688B2 (en) 2006-03-06 2013-03-05 Aeres Biomedical, Ltd. Humanized anti-CD22 antibodies and their use in treatment of oncology, transplantation and autoimmune disease
US20110182887A1 (en) * 2006-03-06 2011-07-28 Medimmune, Llc. Humanized anti-cd22 antibodies and their use in treatment of oncology, transplantation and autoimmune disease
US7829086B2 (en) 2006-03-06 2010-11-09 Medimmune, Llc Humanized anti-CD22 antibodies and their use in treatment of oncology, transplantation and autoimmune disease
US8664363B2 (en) 2006-03-06 2014-03-04 Medimmune, Llc Humanized anti-CD22 antibodies and their use in treatment of oncology, transplantation and autoimmune disease
US20100278808A1 (en) * 2006-04-05 2010-11-04 Ravetch Jeffrey V Polypeptides with enhanced anti-inflammatory and decreased cytotoxic properties and relating methods
US10167332B2 (en) 2006-04-05 2019-01-01 The Rockefeller University Polypeptides with enhanced anti-inflammatory and decreased cytotoxic properties and relating methods
US9896505B2 (en) 2006-09-08 2018-02-20 Medimmune, Llc Humanized anti-CD19 antibodies and their use in treatment of oncology, transplantation and autoimmune disease
US20080138336A1 (en) * 2006-09-08 2008-06-12 Medlmmune, Inc. Humanized Anti-CD19 Antibodies And Their Use In Treatment Of Oncology, Transplantation And Autoimmune Disease
US8883992B2 (en) 2006-09-08 2014-11-11 Medimmune, Llc Humanized anti-CD19 antibodies
US8323653B2 (en) 2006-09-08 2012-12-04 Medimmune, Llc Humanized anti-CD19 antibodies and their use in treatment of oncology, transplantation and autoimmune disease
EP3747464A1 (fr) 2008-09-16 2020-12-09 F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG Procédés pour traiter la sclérose en plaques progressive avec un anticorps contre cd20
EP3095463A2 (fr) 2008-09-16 2016-11-23 F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG Procédés pour traiter la sclérose en plaques progressive
EP4364800A2 (fr) 2008-09-16 2024-05-08 F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG Méthodes de traitement de la sclérose en plaques progressive
US9683047B2 (en) 2008-09-16 2017-06-20 Genentech, Inc. Methods for treating progressive multiple sclerosis
US9994642B2 (en) 2008-09-16 2018-06-12 Genentech, Inc. Methods for treating progressive multiple sclerosis
EP2359139A4 (fr) * 2008-11-07 2012-10-10 Nat Jewish Health Diagnostic et traitement des maladies auto-immunes par ciblage des cellules b auto-immunes (« cbai »)
WO2010054288A3 (fr) * 2008-11-07 2010-08-19 National Jewish Health Diagnostic et traitement des maladies auto-immunes par ciblage des cellules b auto-immunes (« cbai »)
CN102281902B (zh) * 2008-11-17 2013-11-13 弗·哈夫曼-拉罗切有限公司 用于减少大分子在生理条件下聚集的方法和制剂
WO2010057107A1 (fr) * 2008-11-17 2010-05-20 Genentech, Inc. Procédé et formulation pour réduire l'agrégation d'une macromolécule dans des conditions physiologiques
WO2010057109A1 (fr) * 2008-11-17 2010-05-20 Genentech, Inc. Procédé et formulation pour réduire l'agrégation d'une macromolécule dans des conditions physiologiques
WO2010075249A2 (fr) 2008-12-22 2010-07-01 Genentech, Inc. Méthode de traitement de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde avec des antagonistes de cellules b
WO2010079161A1 (fr) 2009-01-06 2010-07-15 INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Agent de déplétion des lymphocytes b pour le traitement de l'athérosclérose
EP2373339B1 (fr) * 2009-01-06 2017-04-19 INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale) Agent de déplétion de lymphocytes B pour le traitement de l'athérosclérose
US10280227B2 (en) 2009-09-11 2019-05-07 Genentech, Inc. Highly concentrated pharmaceutical formulations
US20110076273A1 (en) * 2009-09-11 2011-03-31 Genentech, Inc. Highly Concentrated Pharmaceutical Formulations
US10377831B2 (en) 2009-09-11 2019-08-13 Genentech, Inc. Highly concentrated pharmaceutical formulations
US10752696B2 (en) 2009-09-11 2020-08-25 Genentech, Inc. Highly concentrated pharmaceutical formulations
US12077593B2 (en) 2010-01-08 2024-09-03 Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Stabilized formulations containing anti-interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) antibodies
US11098127B2 (en) 2010-01-08 2021-08-24 Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Stabilized formulations containing anti-interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) antibodies
WO2011100403A1 (fr) 2010-02-10 2011-08-18 Immunogen, Inc Anticorps anti-cd20 et utilisations de ceux-ci
EP3260128A1 (fr) * 2010-04-28 2017-12-27 Oncoimmune Inc. Procédés d'utilisation de cd24 soluble pour le traitement de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde
EP2563385A4 (fr) * 2010-04-28 2013-10-02 Oncoimmune Inc Procédés d'utilisation de cd24 soluble pour la thérapie de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde
EP3845238A1 (fr) * 2010-04-28 2021-07-07 Oncolmmune, Inc. Procédés d'utilisation de cd24 soluble pour le traitement de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde
US9447164B2 (en) 2010-08-06 2016-09-20 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Engineered nucleic acids and methods of use thereof
US9937233B2 (en) 2010-08-06 2018-04-10 Modernatx, Inc. Engineered nucleic acids and methods of use thereof
US9181319B2 (en) 2010-08-06 2015-11-10 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Engineered nucleic acids and methods of use thereof
US10064959B2 (en) 2010-10-01 2018-09-04 Modernatx, Inc. Modified nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleic acids, and uses thereof
US9657295B2 (en) 2010-10-01 2017-05-23 Modernatx, Inc. Modified nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleic acids, and uses thereof
US9701965B2 (en) 2010-10-01 2017-07-11 Modernatx, Inc. Engineered nucleic acids and methods of use thereof
US9334328B2 (en) 2010-10-01 2016-05-10 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleic acids, and uses thereof
US9950068B2 (en) 2011-03-31 2018-04-24 Modernatx, Inc. Delivery and formulation of engineered nucleic acids
US9533047B2 (en) 2011-03-31 2017-01-03 Modernatx, Inc. Delivery and formulation of engineered nucleic acids
WO2013012478A1 (fr) * 2011-07-15 2013-01-24 Lipes Myra A Diagnostic et traitement d'une maladie cardiaque liée à la présence d'autoanticorps
US8420330B2 (en) 2011-07-15 2013-04-16 Myra A. Lipes Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac troponin 1 (cTn1) autoantibody-mediated heart disease
US9464124B2 (en) 2011-09-12 2016-10-11 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Engineered nucleic acids and methods of use thereof
US10022425B2 (en) 2011-09-12 2018-07-17 Modernatx, Inc. Engineered nucleic acids and methods of use thereof
US10751386B2 (en) 2011-09-12 2020-08-25 Modernatx, Inc. Engineered nucleic acids and methods of use thereof
US9428535B2 (en) 2011-10-03 2016-08-30 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified nucleosides, nucleotides, and nucleic acids, and uses thereof
US9943594B2 (en) 2011-10-11 2018-04-17 Sanofi Biotechnology Methods for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
US10927435B2 (en) 2011-10-11 2021-02-23 Sanofi Biotechnology Compositions for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and methods of using same
US9295689B2 (en) 2011-12-16 2016-03-29 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Formulation and delivery of PLGA microspheres
US9186372B2 (en) 2011-12-16 2015-11-17 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Split dose administration
US9271996B2 (en) 2011-12-16 2016-03-01 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Formulation and delivery of PLGA microspheres
US9114113B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2015-08-25 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified polynucleotides encoding citeD4
US9216205B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2015-12-22 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified polynucleotides encoding granulysin
US8999380B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2015-04-07 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified polynucleotides for the production of biologics and proteins associated with human disease
US9782462B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2017-10-10 Modernatx, Inc. Modified polynucleotides for the production of proteins associated with human disease
US9814760B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2017-11-14 Modernatx, Inc. Modified polynucleotides for the production of biologics and proteins associated with human disease
US9827332B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2017-11-28 Modernatx, Inc. Modified polynucleotides for the production of proteins
US9828416B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2017-11-28 Modernatx, Inc. Modified polynucleotides for the production of secreted proteins
US9587003B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2017-03-07 Modernatx, Inc. Modified polynucleotides for the production of oncology-related proteins and peptides
US9878056B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2018-01-30 Modernatx, Inc. Modified polynucleotides for the production of cosmetic proteins and peptides
US9572897B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2017-02-21 Modernatx, Inc. Modified polynucleotides for the production of cytoplasmic and cytoskeletal proteins
US9303079B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2016-04-05 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified polynucleotides for the production of cytoplasmic and cytoskeletal proteins
US9301993B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2016-04-05 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified polynucleotides encoding apoptosis inducing factor 1
US9050297B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2015-06-09 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified polynucleotides encoding aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator
US9283287B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2016-03-15 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified polynucleotides for the production of nuclear proteins
US9255129B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2016-02-09 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified polynucleotides encoding SIAH E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1
US9254311B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2016-02-09 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified polynucleotides for the production of proteins
US9233141B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2016-01-12 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified polynucleotides for the production of proteins associated with blood and lymphatic disorders
US9220792B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2015-12-29 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified polynucleotides encoding aquaporin-5
US9221891B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2015-12-29 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. In vivo production of proteins
US9220755B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2015-12-29 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified polynucleotides for the production of proteins associated with blood and lymphatic disorders
US9061059B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2015-06-23 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified polynucleotides for treating protein deficiency
US9675668B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2017-06-13 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified polynucleotides encoding hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2
US9192651B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2015-11-24 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified polynucleotides for the production of secreted proteins
US10501512B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2019-12-10 Modernatx, Inc. Modified polynucleotides
US9089604B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2015-07-28 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified polynucleotides for treating galactosylceramidase protein deficiency
US9149506B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2015-10-06 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified polynucleotides encoding septin-4
US9107886B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2015-08-18 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified polynucleotides encoding basic helix-loop-helix family member E41
US9095552B2 (en) 2012-04-02 2015-08-04 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Modified polynucleotides encoding copper metabolism (MURR1) domain containing 1
US20140075585A1 (en) * 2012-09-12 2014-03-13 Futwan Al-Mohanna Tetraspanin CD82 as a Diagnostic and/or Therapeutic Module for Xenograft Recognition and/or Rejection
US9597380B2 (en) 2012-11-26 2017-03-21 Modernatx, Inc. Terminally modified RNA
US8980864B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2015-03-17 Moderna Therapeutics, Inc. Compositions and methods of altering cholesterol levels
WO2015028662A1 (fr) * 2013-08-30 2015-03-05 Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Cientificas (Csic) Compositions et méthodes de caractérisation et de traitement de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde
US10815291B2 (en) 2013-09-30 2020-10-27 Modernatx, Inc. Polynucleotides encoding immune modulating polypeptides
US10323076B2 (en) 2013-10-03 2019-06-18 Modernatx, Inc. Polynucleotides encoding low density lipoprotein receptor
US9951146B2 (en) 2015-04-03 2018-04-24 Eli Lilly And Company Anti-CD20− / anti-BAFF bispecific antibodies
US10933141B2 (en) 2015-12-30 2021-03-02 Genentech, Inc. Formulations with reduced degradation of polysorbate
US10525137B2 (en) 2015-12-30 2020-01-07 Genentech, Inc. Formulations with reduced degradation of polysorbate
US11692042B2 (en) 2018-03-09 2023-07-04 Agenus Inc. Anti-CD73 antibodies and methods of use thereof
US11319375B2 (en) 2018-08-29 2022-05-03 Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Methods and compositions for treating subjects having rheumatoid arthritis
US11498969B2 (en) 2019-01-31 2022-11-15 Sanofi Biotechnology Compositions and methods for treating juvenile idiopathic arthritis
US12440561B2 (en) 2019-04-24 2025-10-14 Sanofi Biotechnology Method of diagnosis and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
US12297279B2 (en) 2019-06-04 2025-05-13 Sanofi Biotechnology Compositions and methods for treating pain in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis
EP4014993A1 (fr) * 2020-12-21 2022-06-22 Stichting Sint Maartenskliniek Rituximab pour le traitement de la pseudopolyarthrite rhizomélique

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2322267T3 (es) 2009-06-18
KR20110044809A (ko) 2011-04-29
US20060240008A1 (en) 2006-10-26
KR20050114273A (ko) 2005-12-05
TNSN05234A1 (en) 2007-06-11
KR101092171B1 (ko) 2011-12-13
EP1613350A2 (fr) 2006-01-11
RU2358762C2 (ru) 2009-06-20
US7708994B2 (en) 2010-05-04
ME00426B (me) 2011-10-10
JP2006522811A (ja) 2006-10-05
JP2010047586A (ja) 2010-03-04
EP2062916A3 (fr) 2009-08-19
AU2004229376A1 (en) 2004-10-28
SI1613350T1 (sl) 2009-08-31
DK1613350T3 (da) 2009-06-22
ATE425766T1 (de) 2009-04-15
JP5746243B2 (ja) 2015-07-08
PL1613350T3 (pl) 2009-08-31
RU2005134394A (ru) 2006-05-27
WO2004091657A3 (fr) 2005-02-10
DE602004020061D1 (de) 2009-04-30
CY1109127T1 (el) 2014-07-02
AU2004229376B2 (en) 2007-12-13
UA91961C2 (ru) 2010-09-27
US20110300136A1 (en) 2011-12-08
CA2519870A1 (fr) 2004-10-28
BRPI0409534A (pt) 2006-04-18
IL203019A (en) 2012-02-29
EP1613350B1 (fr) 2009-03-18
RU2358762C9 (ru) 2016-10-10
JP2013151515A (ja) 2013-08-08
NZ580116A (en) 2011-06-30
MXPA05010778A (es) 2005-12-12
NZ587776A (en) 2012-03-30
RS51686B (sr) 2011-10-31
EP2062916A2 (fr) 2009-05-27
PT1613350E (pt) 2009-06-24
US20080213280A1 (en) 2008-09-04
HK1086480A1 (en) 2006-09-22
WO2004091657A2 (fr) 2004-10-28
CN1802176A (zh) 2006-07-12
HRP20050940A2 (en) 2005-12-31
CN101371924A (zh) 2009-02-25
MA27838A1 (fr) 2006-04-03
UA99933C2 (ru) 2012-10-25
ZA200507805B (en) 2006-12-27
ECSP056082A (es) 2006-04-19
HRP20090325T1 (en) 2009-07-31
RS20050761A (sr) 2007-11-15
IL171038A (en) 2010-06-30
US7976838B2 (en) 2011-07-12
CR8033A (es) 2006-08-18
NO20055253L (no) 2005-11-08

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US7708994B2 (en) Therapy of autoimmune disease in a patient with an inadequate response to a TNF-α inhibitor
US8545843B2 (en) Treatment of vasculitis
US20090136492A1 (en) Therapy of ocular disorders
AU2009201932A1 (en) Detection of CD20 in therapy of autoimmune diseases
AU2007242919A1 (en) Therapy of autoimmune disease in a patient with an inadequate response to a TNF-alpha inhibitor
HK1131164A (en) Therapy of autoimmune disease in a patient with an inadequate response to a tnf-alpha inhibitor
HK1086480B (en) Therapy of autoimmune disease in a patient with an inadequate response to a tnf-alpha inhibitor

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: GENENTECH, INC., CALIFORNIA

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:BENYUNES, MARK C.;REEL/FRAME:018238/0852

Effective date: 20060908

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION