TWI636995B - 抗pd1抗體及其作爲治療與診斷之用途 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本發明提供特異性結合至程序性死亡-1(PD1、Pdcd-1或CD279)及抑制免疫細胞中PD1媒介的細胞訊息傳導及活性的抗體,結合至需要配位體結合之胺基酸殘基之集合的抗體,及該等抗體治療或診斷由PD1媒介功能所調變的癌症、傳染性疾病或其他病理失調症之用途。
Description
本發明係關於抗PD1抗體及其作為治療與診斷之用途。
程序性死亡-1(Programmed Death-1;PD-1,亦稱為CD279)係一種與CD28/CTLA4共同刺激/抑制受器族相關的55KD受器蛋白質(Blank等人,2005 Cancer Immunol Immunother 54:307-314)。在小鼠及人類中選殖及特性化PD-1的基因及cDNA編碼(Ishida等人,1992 EMBO J 11:3887-3395;Shinohara等人,1994 Genomics 23:704-706)。全長PD-1含有288個胺基酸殘基(NCBI登錄號:NP_005009)。該PD-1的胞外域由胺基酸殘基1-167組成,及細胞質C末端尾部包含殘基191-288,該尾部具有兩個假設性免疫調節基元(motif)、一基於免疫受器酪胺酸的抑制基元(ITIM;Vivier等人,1997 Immunol Today 18:286-291)及一免疫受器酪胺酸轉換基元(ITSM;Chemnitz等人,2004 J Immunol 173:945-954)。
迄今為止,兩個序列相關配位體PD-L1(B7-H1)與PD-L2(B7-DC)已被辨識為與PD-1特異性互動,誘發細胞內訊息轉導,該細胞內訊息轉導抑制CD3及CD28媒介的T細胞活化(Riley,2009 Immunol Rev 229:114-125),從而削弱T細胞活性(例如,減少細胞增殖、IL-2與IFN-γ分泌,以及減少其他生長因子及細胞激素分泌)。
經常在諸如T細胞、B細胞、單核細胞及自然殺手(natural killer;NK)細胞之免疫細胞中發現PD-1之表現。PD-1很少在諸如肌肉、上皮、神經元組織等其他人類組織中表現。此外,高水平PD-1表現常常與免疫細胞之活化關聯。舉例而言,當藉由植物血球凝集素(phytohaemagglutinin;PHA)或佛波醇酯(12-O-十四醯基佛波醇-13-乙酸酯或TPA)活化人類T細胞株Jurkat時,用西方墨點法(Western Blot)將PD-1之表現上調為可見(Vibharka等人,1997 Exp Cell Res 232:25-28)。在被抗CD3抗體刺激後,在受刺激鼠類T淋巴細胞及B淋巴細胞中及在原代人類CD4+ T細胞中觀察到相同現象(Agata等人,1996 Int Immunol 8:765-772;Bennett等人,2003 J Immunol 170:711-118)。T作用細胞刺激後的PD-1表現增強使得朝耗竭及減少免疫活性方向再導向活化T作用細胞。因此,PD-1媒介抑制訊息在免疫耐受性方面起到重要作用(Bour-Jordan等人,2011 Immunol Rev 241:180-205)。
在各種涉及不同類型組織及器官的癌症方面,報告了腫瘤浸潤淋巴細胞(tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes;TILs)中的PD-1表現及腫瘤細胞中的PD-1配位體表現之增強,關於
該等組織及器官之文獻諸如肺(Konishi等人,2004 Clin Cancer Res 10:5094-5100)、肝(Shi等人,2008 Int J Cancer 128:887-896;Gao等人,2009 Clin Cancer Res 15:971-979)、胃(Wu等人,2006 Acta Histochem 108:19-24)、腎(Thompson等人,2004 Proc Natl Acad Sci 101:17174-17179;Thompson等人,2007 Clin Cancer Res 13:1757-1761)、乳腺(Ghebeh等人,2006 Neoplasia 8:190-198)、卵巢(Hamanishi等人,2007 Proc Natl Acad Sci 104:3360-3365)、胰腺(Nomi等人,2007 Clin Cancer Res 13:2151-2157)、黑素細胞(Hino等人,2010 Cancer 116:1757-1766)及食道(Ohigashi等人,2005 Clin Cancer Res 11:2947-2953)。更經常地,彼等癌症中的PD-1及PD-L1增強表現與患者生存結果之不良預報關聯。具有PD-1基因剔除抑制異體移植癌細胞生長的轉殖基因小鼠進一步闡明在癌症根治或耐受性的免疫系統調變中PD-1訊息傳導之重要性(Zhang等人,2009 Blood 114:1545-1552)。
PD-1訊息傳導上調不僅導致對癌性生長的免疫耐受,而且導致人類病毒感染及放大。流行性肝感染病毒HBV及HCV誘發肝細胞中的PD-1配位體之過度表現及活化T作用細胞中的PD-1訊息傳導,從而引起T細胞耗竭及對病毒感染耐受(Boni等人,2007 J Virol 81:4215-4225;Golden-Mason等人,2008 J Immunol 180:3637-3641)。同樣地,HIV感染常常藉由類似機制避開人類免疫系統。由拮抗劑分子引起的PD-1訊息傳導之治療調變可從耐受中反轉免疫細胞,並經再活化以根治癌症及慢性病毒感染(Blank等人,2005 Cancer
Immunol Immunother 54:307-314;Okazaki等人,2007 Int Immunol 19:813-824)。
本發明提供PD-1之免疫抑制之方法及組合物。在一個態樣中,本發明提供一種抗體抗原結合域,該抗體抗原結合域特異性結合人類PD-1,且包含具有選自序列編號11-22、31-42及59-63之序列的互補決定區(complementarity determining region;CDR)。
CDR可經歷重組成為重鏈可變區(Vh)及輕鏈可變區(Vk),該等區分別包含(CDR-H1、CDR-H2及CDR-H3)及(CDR-L1、CDR-L2及CDR-L3)序列,且保持特定於PD-1的結合及/或功能。
在特定實施例中,域包含重鏈可變區(Vh)或輕鏈可變區(Vk),可變區包含:
在特定實施例中,域包含重鏈可變區(Vh)及/或輕鏈可變區(Vk),可變區包含:a)mu317 CDR-H1、CDR-H2及CDR-H3(序列編號11-13);CDR-L1、CDR-L2及CDR-L3(序列編號14-16);
b)mu326 CDR-H1、CDR-H2及CDR-H3(序列編號17-19);CDR-L1、CDR-L2及CDR-L3(序列編號20-22);c)317-4B6 CDR-H1、CDR-H2及CDR-H3(序列編號31-33);CDR-L1、CDR-L2及CDR-L3(序列編號34-36);d)326-4A3 CDR-H1、CDR-H2及CDR-H3(序列編號37-39);CDR-L1、CDR-L2及CDR-L3(序列編號40-42);e)317-1 CDR-H1、CDR-H2及CDR-H3(序列編號11、59、13);CDR-L1、CDR-L2及CDR-L3(序列編號14-16);f)317-4B2 CDR-H1、CDR-H2及CDR-H3(序列編號11、60、13);CDR-L1、CDR-L2及CDR-L3(序列編號61、15、16);g)317-4B5 CDR-H1、CDR-H2及CDR-H3(序列編號11、60、13);CDR-L1、CDR-L2及CDR-L3(序列編號61、15、16);
h)317-4B6 CDR-H1、CDR-H2及CDR-H3(序列編號11、32、13);CDR-L1、CDR-L2及CDR-L3(序列編號61、15、16);i)326-1 CDR-H1、CDR-H2及CDR-H3(序列編號17、62、19);CDR-L1、CDR-L2及CDR-L3(序列編號20-22);j)326-3B1 CDR-H1、CDR-H2及CDR-H3(序列編號17、62、19);CDR-L1、CDR-L2及CDR-L3(序列編號20-22);k)326-3G1 CDR-H1、CDR-H2及CDR-H3(序列編號17、62、19);或CDR-L1、CDR-L2及CDR-L3(序列編號20-22)。
在特定實施例中,域包含重鏈可變區(Vh)及輕鏈可變區(Vk),可變區包含:(a)CDR-H1(序列編號31)、CDR-H2(序列編號12、32、59或60)及CDR-H3(序列編號33),CDR-L1(序列編號14、34或61)、CDR-L2(序列編號35)及CDR-L3(序列編號36);或(b)CDR-H1(序列編號37)、CDR-H2(序列編號18、38或62)及CDR-H3(序列編號39),
CDR-L1(序列編號40)、CDR-L2(序列編號41)及CDR-L3(序列編號42)。
在特定實施例中,域包含重鏈可變區(Vh)或輕鏈可變區(Vk),可變區包含:
在特定實施例中,域包含重鏈可變區(Vh)及輕鏈可變區(Vk),可變區包含:
在特定實施例中,域特異性結合PD1殘基:(a)K45及I93(基於2008 PNAS,105:10483進行AA編號;相當於序列編號2中的K58及I106);或(b)I93、L95及P97(基於2008 PNAS,105:10483進行AA編號;相當於序列編號2中的I106、L108及P110)。
在特定實施例中,域誘發與HEK293/OS8/PD-L1細胞或與EK293/OS8/PD-L2細胞共同培養的HuT78/PD-1細胞中的IL-2釋放,及/或域抑制與HEK293/PD-L1細胞或與HEK293/PD-L2細胞共同培養的HuT78/P3Z細胞中的IL-2分泌。
本發明亦提供一種抗體IgG4重鏈作用子(effector)或恆定域,該作用子或恆定域包含序列編號83-88中的任一者,尤其是序列編號87或88。
本發明亦提供包含標的PD-1結合域的抗體F(ab)或F(ab)2。
本發明亦提供抗體,該等抗體包含標的PD-1結合域及IgG4重鏈作用子或恆定域,該作用子或恆定域包含序列編號83-88中的任一者,尤其是序列編號87或88。
本發明亦提供一種編碼標的PD-1結合域的聚核苷酸,尤其是cDNA序列。
本發明提供使用標的域之方法,該方法藉由向確定患有癌症或病毒感染或確定需要另外PD-1拮抗作用的個人施用該標的域。
本發明亦提供融合蛋白質,該等融合蛋白質包含:(a)融合至小鼠CD8α之C末端域(113-220)的抗人類CD3 mAb OKT3之單鏈可變片段(single chain variable fragment;scFv)(序列編號89);或(b)融合至人類CD3ζ鏈之細胞質域的人類PD-1之胞外域及跨膜域(序列編號90)。
本發明亦提供使用標的融合蛋白質之方法,該方法包含用表現融合蛋白質的細胞株檢定、篩選或選擇抗PD-1抗體。
第1圖:PD-1/Fc(上圖)及PD-1/His(下圖)之示意性呈現。ECD:胞外域。L:連接子。H:His標籤。Fc:人
類IgG4中的γ4Fc片段。N:N末端。C:C末端。
第2圖:在ELISA中結合至人類PD-1的鼠類mAb之劑量依賴型反應曲線。各圖之左上角指示鼠類mAb。mAb 317及517共享重鏈及輕鏈之可變區之高度同源性。藉由直接OD450讀數指示結合訊息強度。抗原PD-1/His以50微升之體積中每孔(well)增加濃度,至高達70毫微克來被覆(coated)。在實例1中描述該方法。
第3圖:藉由FACS分析產生的結合至活細胞上所表現的人類PD-1之鼠類mAb之劑量依賴型反應曲線。在各個圖上指示鼠類抗體編碼及EC50。MFI代表平均螢光強度。使HuT78/PD-1細胞以每孔5×104個細胞懸浮於96孔盤中用於FACS。如實例1中所描述執行PD-1 mAb結合至細胞表面靶及FACS偵測。
第4圖:用於檢定抗PD-1 mAb之功能活性的細胞共同培養系統之示意性表示。T細胞(CD4+或CD8+)表示HuT78/PD-1或PBMC中的原代T細胞(primary T-cell)。TCR:T細胞受器。N:核。C:細胞質。
第5圖:與HEK293/OS8/PD-L1細胞共同培養之HuT78/PD-1細胞中的鼠類mAb誘發IL-2分泌之劑量依賴型反應曲線。基線:在所有受測試濃度下由mIgG所誘發的平均IL-2釋放。頂線:基於Prizm Software回歸計算所得的最高IL-2釋放。
第6圖:(A)圖示與細胞株HEK293/OS8/PD-L1共同培養之PBMC(供體19)中的抗PD-1 mAb所誘發的IFN-γ
分泌之直方圖。(B)圖示與細胞株HEK293/OS8/PD-L1共同培養之PBMC(供體20)中的抗PD-1 mAb所誘發的IFN-γ分泌之直方圖。
第7圖:(A)與(B)藉由共同培養作用細胞(NK92MI/PD-1)及靶細胞(HuT78/PD-1)所得的抗PD-1 mAb之ADCC活性。由代表性實驗之兩個資料點計算平均值。將mAb添加到10μg/ml之濃度。如實例9中所描述執行實驗。
第8圖:藉由ELISA(上圖)及西方墨點法(下圖)定位抗PD-1 mAb之結合抗原決定部位。使用含有WT或Mt PD-1的條件培養基藉由ELISA及西方墨點法評估結合活性。**指示mAb結合活性降低至WT PD-1的25-50%之AA殘基。***指示mAb結合活性降低至WT PD-1的25%以下之AA殘基。
第9圖:由來自不同健康供體之原代人類PBMC中的人源化抗PD-1 mAb所誘發的IFN-γ釋放,原代人類PBMC與HEK293/OS8/PD-L1細胞共同培養人源化。
第10圖:由人源化抗PD-1 mAb、hu317(A)及hu326(B)增強的NK92MI/PD-1細胞之細胞毒性。如實例12所描述的,靶肺癌細胞SK-MES-1/PD-L1以1:2之(T比E)比率與作用細胞共同培養以及檢定該等細胞。
第11圖:三個治療群組:媒劑(PBS)、人類IgGs(huIgGs)及抗PD-1 mAb(hu317-1/IgG4mt2)中的個別腫瘤生長曲線。各個曲線表示腫瘤生長路徑,藉由各圖右側指示數字對負有腫瘤小鼠編碼。在第1天時接種Hep3B/OS8/PD-L1細
胞(自肝細胞癌細胞株Hep3B建立),在第15天時植入PBMC,及在第18天、第28天及第38天時分別注射三個劑量hu317-1/IgG4mt2。在實例12中描述方法。
當被PD-1之配位體PD-L1或PD-L2接合時,PD-1啟動免疫細胞中的抑制訊息傳導。在癌症生長及病毒感染的情況下,PD-1訊息傳導之啟動促進了免疫耐受性,導致癌症或病毒感染細胞逃避免疫監測及癌症轉移或病毒負荷增長。藉由治療劑抑制PD-1媒介的細胞訊息傳導可活化包括T細胞、B細胞及NK細胞的免疫細胞,並因此增強抑制癌細胞生長或病毒感染的免疫細胞功能,及恢復免疫監測及免疫記憶功能以治療該等人類疾病。
本發明提供抗體,該等抗體之功能對抗免疫細胞中的配位體誘發及PD-1媒介的細胞訊息傳導。鼠類抗PD-1抗體經人源化為高度類似構架區內的人類抗體。以經修飾之人類IgG4變異體形式產生的全抗體在作用子功能及物理化學特性之態樣中具有獨特的特徵集合。所揭露抗PD-1抗體適合於癌症治療、控制病毒感染及機制上涉及加劇免疫耐受性的其他人類疾病中的治療用途。
定義
除非上下文另有指示,否則術語「抗體」係用於廣義上,且具體覆蓋抗體(包括全長單株抗體)及抗體片段,只要該等抗體識別PD-1即可。抗體分子通常為單特異性,但亦可描述為專有特異性、異種特異性或多特異性。抗體分子
經由特異性結合位點結合至抗原上的特異性抗原決定子或抗原決定部位。「抗體片段」包含全長抗體的一部分,大體而言為全長抗體的抗原結合或可變區。抗體片段之實例包括Fab、Fab'、F(ab')2及Fv片段;雙抗體;線性抗體;單鏈抗體分子;及由抗體片段形成的多特異性抗體。
可藉由熟習此項技術者已知的方法獲得單株抗體(Monoclonal antibodies;mAb)。請參看例如,Kohler等人(1975);美國專利案第4,376,110號;Ausubel等人(1987-1999);Harlow等人(1988);及Colligan等人(1993)。本發明之mAb可具有任何免疫球蛋白質類別,包括IgG、IgM、IgE、IgA及上述之任何子類別。可在活體外或活體內培養產生mAb的融合瘤。在活體內產生中可獲得高滴度之mAb,其中將來自個別融合瘤中的細胞經腹腔內注射至小鼠(諸如原始預致敏Balb/c小鼠)體內以產生含有高濃度所欲mAb的腹水液。可使用熟習此項技術者所熟知的管柱層析法自此類腹水液或自培養上澄液中純化同型IgM或IgG之mAb。
「經分離聚核苷酸」係指已與天然產生狀態下位於側面之序列分離的聚核苷酸區段或片段,例如已自正常鄰接於片段的序列移除之DNA片段,例如在天然產生片段的基因體中鄰接於片段之序列。因此,該術語包括(例如)併入載體中、併入自主複製質體或病毒中或併入原核生物或真核生物之基因組DNA中的重組DNA,或作為獨立於其他序列的單獨分子存在(例如,作為由PCR或限制酶消化產生的cDNA或基因組或cDNA片段)的重組DNA。亦包括一種重組DNA,
該重組DNA為編碼額外多肽序列的混合基因中的一部分。
「建構體」意謂任何重組聚核苷酸分子(諸如質體、黏質體、病毒、自主複製聚核苷酸分子、噬菌體或線性或環狀單股或雙股DNA或RNA聚核苷酸分子),該重組聚核苷酸分子衍生自任何源,能夠基因整合或自主複製,包含一聚核苷酸分子,其中已經以功能操作的方式連接(亦即,可操作地連接)一或更多個聚核苷酸分子。重組建構體將通常包含可操作地連接至轉錄起始調節序列的本發明之聚核苷酸,該等序列將導引所欲宿主細胞中的聚核苷酸轉錄。可使用異源及非異源(亦即,內源性)啟動子兩者導引本發明之核酸之表現。
「載體」係指任何重組聚核苷酸建構體,該建構體可用於轉化之目的(亦即,將異源DNA引入到宿主細胞中)。一種類型之載體為「質體」,係指環狀雙股DNA環,可將額外DNA區段配位至該環中。另一類型之載體為病毒載體,其中可將額外DNA區段配位至病毒基因體中。某些載體能夠在被引入到的宿主細胞中自主複製(例如,具有複製之細菌源的細菌載體及遊離型哺乳動物載體)。在引入到宿主細胞中後,將其他載體(例如,非遊離型哺乳動物載體)整合至宿主細胞之基因體中,且因此與宿主基因組一起複製。此外,某些載體能夠導引被操作性連接的基因之表現。本文將此類載體稱為「表現載體」。
本文所使用之「表現載體」係指能夠複製及在轉化、轉染或轉導至宿主細胞中時表現所感興趣之基因的核酸分
子。表現載體包含一或更多個表型可選擇標記物及複製源,以確保維護載體及以在需要的情況下於宿主內提供放大。表現載體進一步包含啟動子,以驅動細胞內的多肽之表現。適宜表現載體可為例如衍生自pBR322的質體或各種pUC質體,該等質體為市售。其他表現載體可衍生自噬菌體、噬菌粒或黏質體表現載體。
本發明之額外實施例
在特定實施例中,本發明提供自本文所揭露之篩選鼠類融合瘤純系所辨識的小鼠單株抗體。
在其他實施例中,本發明提供以下聚核苷酸及蛋白質序列之組合物:a)編碼鼠類mAb 317之重鏈可變區的cDNA序列,序列編號3;b)mu317_Vh或鼠類mAb 317之重鏈可變區之蛋白質序列(序列編號4);c)編碼鼠類mAb 317之輕鏈可變區的cDNA序列,序列編號5;d)mu317_Vk或鼠類mAb 317之輕鏈可變區之蛋白質序列(序列編號6);e)編碼鼠類mAb 326之重鏈可變區的cDNA序列,序列編號7;f)mu326_Vh或鼠類mAb 326之重鏈可變區之蛋白質序列(序列編號8);g)編碼鼠類mAb 326之輕鏈可變區的cDNA序列,
序列編號9;h)mu326_Vk或鼠類mAb 326之輕鏈可變區之蛋白質序列(序列編號10)。
在一個態樣中,本發明提供包含互補決定區(CDR)序列的組合物,該等序列媒介結合至靶抗原PD-1,包括mu317及mu326之CDR序列:a)mu317重鏈之CDR1(mu317 H-CDR1)含有胺基酸序列GFSLTSYGVH(序列編號11);b)mu317 H-CDR2含有胺基酸序列VIWAGGSTNYNSALMS(序列編號12);c)mu317 H-CDR3含有胺基酸序列ARAYGNYWYIDV(序列編號13);d)mu317輕鏈之CDR1(mu317 L-CDR1)含有胺基酸序列KASQSVSNDVA(序列編號14);e)mu317 L-CDR2含有胺基酸序列YAFHRFT(序列編號15);f)mu317 L-CDR3含有胺基酸序列HQAYSSPYT(序列編號16);g)mu326 H-CDR1含有胺基酸序列GYTFTNYGMN(序列編號17);h)mu326 H-CDR2含有胺基酸序列WINNNNGEPTYAEEFKG(序列編號18);i)mu326 H-CDR3含有胺基酸序列ARDVMDY(序列編號19);
j)mu326 L-CDR1含有胺基酸序列RASESVDNYGYSFMH(序列編號20);k)mu326 L-CDR2含有胺基酸序列RASNLES(序列編號21);l)mu326 L-CDR3含有胺基酸序列QQSKEYPT(序列編號22)。
在另一實施例中,本發明提供包含源自鼠類mAb mu317及mu326的人源化單株抗體之序列的組合物,包括:a)人源化mAb hu317-4B6包含作為序列編號24的重鏈可變區(Vh)之蛋白質序列,該重鏈可變區由以下編碼:b)hu317-4B6_Vh之cDNA(序列編號23);c)人源化mAb hu317-4B6亦包含作為序列編號26的輕鏈可變區(Vk)之蛋白質序列,該輕鏈可變區由以下編碼:d)hu317-4B6之cDNA(序列編號25);e)人源化mAb hu326-4A3包含作為序列編號28的Vh之蛋白質序列,該Vh由以下編碼:f)hu326-4A3-Vh之cDNA(序列編號27);g)人源化mAb hu326-4A3亦包含作為序列編號30的Vk之蛋白質序列,該Vk由以下編碼:h)hu326-4A3_Vk之cDNA(序列編號29);i)hu317-4B2_Vh之蛋白質序列(序列編號43)與hu317-4B2_Vk之蛋白質序列(序列編號44);j)hu317-4B5_Vh之蛋白質序列(序列編號45)與hu317-4B5_Vk之蛋白質序列(序列編號46);
k)hu317-1_Vh之蛋白質序列(序列編號48)與對hu317-1_Vh編碼的cDNA(序列編號47);l)hu317-1_Vk之蛋白質序列(序列編號50)與hu317-1_Vk的cDNA編碼(序列編號49);m)hu326-3B1_Vh之蛋白質序列(序列編號51)與hu326-3B1_Vk之蛋白質序列(序列編號52);n)hu326-3G1_Vh之蛋白質序列(序列編號53)與hu326-3G1_Vk之蛋白質序列(序列編號54);o)hu326-1_Vh之蛋白質序列(序列編號56)與hu326-1_Vh的cDNA編碼(序列編號55);p)hu326-1_Vk之蛋白質序列(序列編號58)與hu326-1_Vk的cDNA編碼(序列編號57);q)源自mu317的其他人源化mAb之蛋白質序列(序列編號63-74);r)源自mu326的其他人源化mAb之蛋白質序列(序列編號75-82)。
在一個態樣中,本發明提供包含人源化單株抗體之CDR序列的組合物。在相同系列之人源化mAb(諸如hu317或hu326)中可共享CDR(參看表15-16)。以下列出非冗餘CDR:a)H-CDR1序列GFSLTSYGVH(序列編號31),共享整段重鏈中的人源化mAb hu317及mu317;b)H-CDR3序列ARAYGNYWYIDV(序列編號33),共享整段重鏈中的人源化mAb hu317及mu317;
c)L-CDR1序列KSSESVSNDVA(序列編號34),共享整段輕鏈中的人源化mAb hu317-4B2、hu317-4B5及hu317-4B6;d)L-CDR2序列YAFHRFT(序列編號35),共享整段輕鏈中的人源化mAb hu317及mu317;e)L-CDR3序列HQAYSSPYT(序列編號36),共享整段輕鏈中的人源化mAb hu317及mu317;f)hu317-4B6_Vh中的H-CDR2序列VIYADGSTNYNPSLKS(序列編號32);g)hu317-4B2_Vh與hu317-4B5_Vh中的H-CDR2序列VIYAGGSTNYNPSLKS(序列編號60);h)hu317-1_Vh中的H-CDR2序列VIWAGGSTNYNPSLKS(序列編號59);i)hu317-1_Vk中的L-CDR1序列KASQSVSNDVA(序列編號11);j)H-CDR1序列GYTFTNYGMN(序列編號37),共享整段重鏈中的人源化mAb hu326及mu326;k)H-CDR3序列ARDVMDY(序列編號39),共享整段重鏈中的人源化mAb hu326及mu326;l)L-CDR1序列RASESVDNYGYSFMH(序列編號40),共享整段輕鏈中的人源化mAb hu326及mu326;m)L-CDR2序列RASNLES(序列編號41),共享整段輕鏈中的人源化mAb hu326及mu326;n)L-CDR3序列QQSKEYPT(序列編號42),共享
整段輕鏈中的人源化mAb hu326及mu326共享;o)hu326_4A3_Vh中的H-CDR2序列WINNNNAEPTYAQDFRG(序列編號38);p)hu326_1及其他hu317 mAb之Vh中的H-CDR2序列WINNNNGEPTYAQGFRG(序列編號62)。
在另一態樣中,本發明提供抗原上的人源化抗PD-1 mAb之特定結合抗原決定部位及其功能用途。使需要配位體結合之PD-1中的六個關鍵胺基酸(amino acid;AA)殘基個別突變,及使用突變與野生型PD-1蛋白質評估結合抗原決定部位。將突變使抗體結合明顯異常的殘基視為關鍵或明顯結合抗原決定部位。mAb hu317-4B5及hu317-4B6之明顯結合抗原決定部位為K45及I93(基於2008 PNAS,105:10483進行AA編號;相當於序列編號2中的K58及I106);及mAb hu326-3B1及hu317-4A3之明顯結合抗原決定部位為I93、L95及P97(基於2008 PNAS,105:10483進行AA編號;相當於序列編號2中的I106、L108及P110)。
在又一態樣中,本發明提供包含重組人類IgG4變異體之恆定區序列的組合物,該恆定區序列可連接至標的抗體之可變區,包括人源化抗PD-1 mAb,該等抗體展示出較佳作用功能及物理化學特性。序列如下:IgG4mt10之恆定區序列(序列編號88);a)IgG4mt1之參考序列(序列編號83);b)IgG4mt2之參考序列(序列編號84);c)IgG4mt6之參考序列(序列編號85);
d)IgG4mt8之參考序列(序列編號86);e)IgG4mt9之參考序列(序列編號87)。
在另一實施例中,本發明提供檢定抗PD-1抗體功能之方法,該方法使用表現重組融合蛋白質OS8的質體產生穩定細胞株HEK293/OS8/PD-L1或HEK293/OS8/PD-L2,該穩定細胞株共同表現OS8(T細胞活化分子)及PD-1配位體。使用細胞株藉由共同培養接合T細胞及PBMC,以評估抗PD-1 mAb之功能(參看實例3及實例4)。或者,使用表現重組融合蛋白質P3Z的另一質體產生穩定細胞株HuT78/P3Z,其中P3Z用作分子感測器及訊息轉導介體。當由PD-1配位體接合P3Z時,P3Z將傳導細胞內訊息以活化HuT78細胞中的IL-2釋放。該等系統可用於評估抗PD-1 mAb之抑制效果(參看實例3)。
在一個態樣中,本發明提供包含重組融合蛋白質之胺基酸序列的組合物,該等序列如下:a)OS8之蛋白質序列(序列編號89);b)P3Z之蛋白質序列(序列編號90)。
在另一態樣中,本發明提供產生表現本文所描述之重組融合蛋白質的穩定細胞株之方法,及使用該系統定量檢定抗PD-1 mAb之功能活性的方法。
在另一實施例中,本發明提供編碼標的蛋白質的聚核苷酸。可將聚核苷酸可操作地連接至異源轉錄調節序列用於表現及可併入載體、細胞等中。
在另一實施例中,本發明提供鼠類抗PD-1抗體及人
源化版本的抗PD-1抗體,該等人源化版本的抗PD-1抗體包括hu317-4B6、hu317-4B5、hu317-4B2等及hu326-4A3、hu326-3B1、hu326-3G1等,該等抗體具有抑制PD-1媒介的訊息轉導及活化免疫細胞之功能,該等功能觸發包括細胞激素分泌及對靶細胞(諸如癌細胞)之細胞毒性的級聯免疫反應,及提供該等抗體之此功能用途。
在一個態樣中,本發明提供活化表現PD-1的若干類型免疫細胞之人源化抗PD-1抗體,該等免疫細胞包括人類T細胞、NK細胞及PBMC,該等抗體之功能為放大免疫反應訊息,調動免疫系統,及充當免疫作用細胞以便清除癌細胞及病毒感染,及提供該等抗體之此功能性用途。
在另一態樣中,將人源化抗PD-1 mAb用作治療劑來治療涉及由PD-1媒介的細胞內訊息傳導抑制免疫細胞而導致病情惡化的人類疾病,尤其是癌症及病毒感染。
本發明之組合物係用於治療癌症、神經退化性疾病及傳染性疾病(尤其是病毒性疾病)及其他症狀,在該等症狀中存在人類PD-1之不適宜或不利表現及/或係該症狀之病因學或病理學之組份。因此,本發明提供用標的抗PD-1蛋白質在需要治療之受試者中治療癌症或抑制腫瘤發展之方法。本發明進一步提供標的聚核苷酸之用途以便製造在受試者中治療癌症或抑制腫瘤發展的藥劑。
本發明包括所敍述特定實施例之所有組合。本發明之進一步實施例及可應用性之完整範疇將自下文所提供之詳細描述變得顯而易見。然而,應理解,儘管詳細描述及特定
實例指示本發明之較佳實施例,但僅以說明之方式提供該等描述及實例,因為本發明之精神及範疇內的各種改變及修改將自此詳細描述對熟習此項技術者變得顯而易見。出於所有目的,包括引文在內的本文所引用之所有公開案、專利案及專利申請案將以引用之方式全部併入本文。
實例1 抗PD-1單株抗體之產生
基於習知融合瘤融合技術(Kohler與Milstein 1976 Eur J Immunol 6:511-519;de St Groth與Sheidegger 1980,J Immunol Methods 35:1-21;Mechetner 2007 Methods Mol Biol 378:1-13)及少量修飾產生抗PD-1單株抗體(mAb)。選擇在酶聯結免疫吸附檢定(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay;ELISA)及螢光活化細胞分類(fluorescence-activated cell sorting;FACS)檢定中具有高結合活性的mAb以便進一步作特性分析。
用於免疫及結合檢定的PD-1重組蛋白質
含有全長人類PD-1 cDNA的表現質體購自Origene(產品編號SC117011,NCBI登錄號:NM_005018.1,中國,北京)。在基於pcDNA3.1的表現載體(Invitrogen,美國加利福利亞州,卡爾斯巴德)中PCR放大及次選殖由PD-1之胺基酸(AA)1-168(序列編號1、序列編號2)組成的胞外域,其中C末端融合至His6標籤或者融合至人類IgG4重鏈之γ Fc域,從而產生兩個重組融合蛋白質表現質體PD-1-EC/His與PD-1-EC/Fc(縮寫為PD-1/His與PD-1/Fc)。第1圖圖示
免疫原/抗原蛋白質之示意性呈現。針對重組融合蛋白質產生,在1-3公升培養基(Invitrogen)中將PD-1/His與PD-1/Fc質體瞬時轉染成293-F細胞,及在配備有旋轉振動器的CO2培育箱中培養5-7天。收集含有重組蛋白質的上澄液及在15000g下離心處理30分鐘使該上澄液透明。經由使用Ni-Sepharose Fast Flow(產品編號17531801,GE Lifesciences,中國,上海)的固定金屬親和層析法,然後使用HiLoad 16/60 Superdex 200管柱(產品編號17106901,GE Lifesciences,中國,上海)執行尺寸排阻層析法純化PD-1/His。使用Protein G Sepharose Fast Flow管柱(產品編號17061805,GE Lifesciences)純化PD-1/Fc。用磷酸鹽緩衝鹽水(phosphate buffered saline;PBS)透析PD-1/His與PD-1/Fc蛋白質兩者,並以小等分試樣儲存於-80℃冷凍箱中。
基於已公開序列(NCBI登錄號:NM_014143),藉由Genescript(中國,南京)化學合成人類PD-L1之cDNA的編碼。PD-L2表現質體購自Origene(產品編號SC108873,NCBI登錄號:NM_025239.2,中國,北京)。在pcDNA3.1/Hygromycin(產品編號V870-20,Invitrogen)及pcDNA3.1/V5-His(產品編號V810-20,Invitrogen)中分別選殖兩個cDNA。
穩定表現細胞株
藉由分別將含有PD-1、PD-L1及PD-L2的pcDNA3.1質體轉染至HUT78(ATCC,美國,弗吉尼亞州,馬納薩斯)及HEK293(ATCC),及然後用含有每毫升200微克溼球菌素
(產品編號10687-010,Invitrogen)或1mg G418(Sigma)的培養基選擇來建立表現人類PD-1、PD-L1或PD-L2的穩定細胞株。藉由習知方法分離單個純系,該方法為受限稀釋或從培養孔表面採集單個群落。分別使用抗PD-1、PD-L1及PD-L2抗體(產品編號12-9969、17-5983、12-5888,eBioscience,美國,聖地牙哥)藉由西方墨點法及FACS分析篩選所有純系,及選擇頂級表現純系用於FACS結合檢定以篩選融合瘤單株抗體,或在功能性檢定中使用該等表現純系。
免疫、融合瘤融合及選殖
用含有5微克PD-1/Fc的100μl佐劑(產品編號KX0210041,康碧泉公司,中國,北京)皮下注射使八至十二周大Balb/c小鼠(購自北京華阜康生物科技股份有限公司,中國,北京)免疫。間隔三周注射上述免疫原兩次來實施免疫。在第二次免疫兩周後,藉由FACS(下文中)評估小鼠血清的PD-1結合。選擇血清中具有高抗PD-1抗體滴度的小鼠及在腹腔內推入無任何佐劑的50微克PD-1/Fc。在推入三天后,使用標準技術(Gefter,M.L.等人,1977 Somat Cell Genet,3:231-236)使脾細胞分離及與鼠類骨髓瘤細胞株SP2/0細胞(ATCC)融合。
藉由ELISA及FACS評估抗體之PD-1結合活性
如在「Flanagan,M.L.等人,2007 Methods in Molecular Biology 378:33-52」及一些修改中所描述的,最初藉由酶聯結免疫吸附檢定(ELISA)篩選融合瘤純系之上澄液。簡而言之,在96孔盤(深圳市金燦華實業有限公司,中
國,深圳)中的每個孔基底上被覆50微升磷酸鹽緩衝鹽水(PBS)中50-200毫微克PD-1/His或PD-1/Fc蛋白質。使用HRP聯抗小鼠IgG抗體(產品編號7076S,Cell Signaling Technology,美國與中國上海)及化學發光試劑(產品編號PA107-01,TIANGEN,中國)偵測及顯現ELISA訊息,該訊息在450nm之波長處由讀盤儀(PHREAstar FS,BMG LABTECH,德國)讀取。使用習知方法藉由螢光活化細胞分類(FACS)進一步驗證ELISA陽性抗體產生者純系。用V形底96孔盤(產品編號3897,Corning,美國與中國上海)中的抗PD-1融合瘤之上澄液染色上文所描述之PD-1穩定表現細胞株HuT78/PD-1(105個細胞/孔)。為了阻斷人類Fc受器,用人類IgG(20μg/ml)(產品編號H11296,LifeHolder,美國與中國上海)預培育細胞。用DylightTM 649標記山羊抗小鼠IgG抗體(產品編號405312,Biolegend,美國,聖地牙哥)偵測PD-1抗體及使用流式細胞儀(Guava easyCyte 8HT,Merck-Millipore,美國與中國上海)監測細胞螢光。
在ELISA與FACS檢定兩者中展示陽性訊息的融合瘤細胞之條件培養基經受功能性檢定以辨識在基於人類免疫細胞的檢定中(在本文中)具有良好功能活性的抗體。進一步次選殖及特性化具有陽性功能活性的抗體。
對無血清或低血清培養基次選殖及調適
藉由受限稀釋之習知方法次選殖經由ELISA、FACS及功能性檢定初級篩選的陽性融合瘤純系。在96孔盤中析出陽性純系之各者,在CO2培育箱中,在具有10%胎牛血清(fetal
bovine serum;FBS,產品編號SH30084.03,Hyclone,中國,北京)的RPMI1640培養基(產品編號SH30809.01B,Hyclone,中國,上海)中培養各個陽性純系。選擇各個受限稀釋盤中的三個次純系及藉由FACS及功能性檢定特性化該等次純系。將經由功能性檢定所選擇的次純系定義為單株抗體。頂級次純系經調適在具有1-3% FBS的CDM4MAb培養基(產品編號SH30801.02,Hyclone)中生長。
單株抗體之表現及純化
在37℃下的CO2培育箱中,在CDM4MAb培養基(產品編號SH30801.02,Hyclone)或Freestyle293 Expression培養基(產品編號12338018,Invitrogen)內培養鼠類單株抗體產生融合瘤細胞或重組抗體質體轉染293-F細胞(產品編號R79007,Invitrogen)5至7天。經由在10,000g下離心處理30分鐘移除所有細胞及細胞碎片收集條件培養基,並在純化前經由0.22μm薄膜過濾。遵循製造商規則,將鼠類或重組抗體應用及結合至Protein A管柱(產品編號17127901,GE Life Sciences),用PBS洗滌,在含有20mM檸檬酸鹽、150mM NaCl的緩衝液(pH3.5)中溶離。用1M Tris pH8.0中和所溶離物質,且該等物質通常含有90%以上純度之抗體。用PBS透析或使用HiLoad 16/60 Superdex200管柱(產品編號17531801,GE Life Sciences)進一步純化Protein A親和純化抗體以移除凝聚體。藉由在280nm處量測吸收率或藉由使用所界定濃度之牛IgG(產品編號23212,Thermo Scientific,美國,伊利诺伊州,羅克福德)作為標準的Bradford檢定(產
品編號1856210,Thermo Scientific)決定蛋白質濃度。在-80℃的冷凍箱中以等分試樣儲存純化抗體。
實例2 抗PD-1抗體中的結合活性之比較
經由篩選數千種融合瘤純系,發明人辨識出一些頂級單株抗體(mAb),該等單株抗體結合至具有高特異性及強度的人類PD-1。如ELISA檢定(第2圖)所示,頂級抗體中的三者引發此結合強度及特異性。FACS分析結果表明,選定單株抗體結合至表現於細胞表面上的天然PD-1蛋白質。鼠類mAb317(mu317)、mu326及mu150展示出濃度依賴型結合活性,且其結合EC50(50%活性處的有效濃度)明顯比對照mu55更低(第3圖)。
藉由表面電漿共振(Surface Plasmon Resonance;SPR)評定mAb結合親合性
對在ELISA及FACS中具有高結合活性以及在基於細胞的檢定中(在本文中)具有有效功能活性的mAb檢查實時結合反應中的結合動力學常數。使用蛋白質A Flow管柱(產品編號17531801,GE Life Sciences),然後使用HiLoad 16/60 Superdex200管柱(產品編號17106901,GE Life Sciences)執行排阻層析法從融合瘤上澄液中純化鼠類抗PD-1 mAb。將純化抗PD-1抗體濃縮至PBS中0.5-1mg/mL及以等份試樣儲存於-80℃冷凍箱中。
為了決定PD-1 mAb之結合親和性,使用BIAcoreTM T-200儀器(GE Life Sciences)在HBS-N緩衝液(10mM HEPES pH 7.4,0.15M NaCl,3mM EDTA,0.005% v/v介面活性劑
P20,GE Healthcare)中執行SPR量測。使用標準一級胺耦合規程產生抗小鼠Fc CM5生物感測器晶片(GE Healthcare)。以10μl/分鐘在抗小鼠Fc表面上擷取0.3μg/ml的PD-1 mAb達1分鐘。以30μl/分鐘在抗體結合表面上注射自3.3nM連續稀釋至120nM的PD-1/Fc達3分鐘,然後經歷10分鐘解離階段。使用一對一朗謬(Langmuir)結合模型(BIA Evaluation Software,GE Life Sciences)計算締合速率(Ka或kon)及解離速率(Kd或koff)。將平衡解離常數(KD)計算為比率koff/kon。
如表1所示,與mu317相關的同源序列家族成員mu326及mu517兩者具有分別等於0.324nM及0.289nM的次毫微莫耳KD,此情況明顯比mu134更佳。表1中所列出的三個mAb之中的Kon速率相似,但Koff速率明顯不同,mu134中所觀察到的解離速率更快。
藉由SPR親和決定抗PD-1 Fab
藉由PCR將抗PD-1 mAb轉換成Fab版本以使重鏈及輕鏈之可變區分別融合至人類IgG2-CH1之N末端及κ鏈之恆定區,及在pcDNA3.1載體(Invitrogen)中次選殖該等抗PD-1 mAb。使用與整個抗體之瞬時表現類似的瞬時轉染規程在293-F細胞中共同表現兩個表現載體。簡而言之,在基於pcDNA3.1的表現載體(Invitrogen,美國,加利福尼亞州,卡
爾斯巴德)中PCR放大及次選殖Fab κ鏈。在單獨質體中,藉由重疊PCR將重鏈可變區(VH)以及來自人類IgG2中的CH1編碼序列與C末端c-Myc-His8標籤融合,及隨後在表現載體中次選殖該重鏈可變區(VH)以及來自人類IgG2中的CH1編碼序列。在IgG2重鏈中引入C232S及C233S(Kabat殘基編號,Kabat等人,Sequence of proteins of immunologic interest,第5版,Bethesda,MD,NIH 1991)突變以防止二硫鍵交換及穩定IgG2-A構造中的人類IgG2(Lightle等人,2010 Protein Sci 19(4):753-762)。兩個建構體含有Fab成熟序列之訊息肽上游。藉由超過2個質體共同轉染至293-F細胞實現Fab之分泌表現及在轉染6-7天后收穫細胞培養上澄液。使用Ni-Sepharose Fast Flow管柱(產品編號17531801,GE Life Sciences),然後使用HiLoad 16/60 Superdex200管柱(產品編號17106901,GE Life Sciences)執行尺寸排阻層析法從細胞培養上澄液中純化His8標籤Fab。將純化Fab濃縮至PBS中0.5-5mg/mL及以等份試樣儲存於-80℃冷凍箱中。
針對抗PD-1 Fab之親和性決定,使用BIAcoreTM T-200儀器(GE Life Sciences)進行SPR檢定。簡而言之,將人類PD-1/His或食蟹猴PD-1/His耦合至已啟動的CM5生物感測器晶片(產品編號BR100530,GE Life Sciences)以實現大約100-200個反應單元(response units;RU),然後用1M乙醇胺阻斷未反應群組。以30μL/分鐘在SPR電泳緩衝液(10mM HEPES,150mM NaCl,0.05% Tween20,pH7.4)中注射自0.12nM至90nM增加濃度之Fab樣本,且從空白流動細胞中減去
RU來計算人類PD-1/His或猴PD-1/His上的結合反應。使用一對一朗謬結合模型(BIA Evaluation Software,GE Life Sciences)計算締合速率(kon)及解離速率(koff)。將平衡解離常數(Kd)計算為比率koff/kon。
表18中列出SPR決定的抗PD-1 Fab之結合親和性。各個抗PD-1 Fab在高親和性(Kd=0.15-1nM)下結合至人類PD-1。除326-3G1外的所有Fab在略微較低但可相當(Kd的5倍內)親和性下結合至食蟹猴PD-1。
實例3 人類T細胞中的抗PD-1抗體之功能活性
穩定細胞株之產生
反轉錄病毒封裝細胞株PT67、人類T細胞株HuT78及HEK293購自American Type Culture Collection(ATCC,Rockville,MD)。根據先前所描述之規程(Zhang等人,2005 Blood 106:1544-1551),使用含有PD-1基因的新pFB(pFB-neo)載體(Strategene/Agilent Tech,聖克拉拉,CA)藉由反轉錄病毒轉導產生表現PD-1的HuT78子株HuT78/PD-1。藉由將抗人類CD3 mAb OKT3之單鏈可變片段(scFv)(Kipriyanov等人,1997,PEDS 10:445-453)融合至小鼠CD8α之C末端域(113-220)(NCBI登錄號:NP_001074579.1)建構T細胞接合子,薄膜錨定嵌合Ab(OS8),該小鼠CD8α之C末端域包括鉸鏈、跨膜及細胞質域。藉由此舉,將抗CD3 scFv錨定至細胞表面作為T細胞活化子。將人類PD-L1、PD-L2及OS8 cDNA次選殖成pcDNA3.1載體。藉由與成對質體共同轉染HEK293及Hep3B細胞
(ATCC),然後溼球菌素或G418選擇10-14天來產生共同表現OS8與PD-L1或PD-L2 cDNA兩者的穩定細胞株HEK293/OS8/PD-L1、Hep3B/OS8/PD-L1及HEK293/OS8/PD-L2。隨後藉由如先前所描述之限制稀釋選殖細胞株(Fuller SA等人,Curr Protoc Mol Biol.,第11章:第11.8.單元,2001)。藉由將人類PD-1之胞外域及跨膜域融合至人類CD3ζ鏈之細胞質域(NCBI登錄號:NP_932170.1)建構稱為P3Z的嵌合PD-1受器。將P3Z編碼cDNA序列選殖成新pFB及經由反轉錄病毒轉導輸送至HuT78細胞中以產生HuT78/P3Z細胞。
藉由HuT78/PD-1細胞中的IL-2釋放決定PD-1抗體功能
為了決定抗PD-1抗體是否可阻斷PD-L1誘發的PD-1訊息傳導之互動,用融合瘤上澄液或PD-1抗體預培育HuT78/PD-1細胞(在96孔盤中每孔1.5×104個細胞)15分鐘,之後在37℃下於平底盤中與HEK293/OS8/PD-L1或HEK293/OS8/PD-L2細胞(每孔4×104)共同培養,每孔以200μl RPMI1640生長培養基供給營養。在16-18小時後,收集共同培養液之上澄液。藉由ELISA使用人類IL-2 Ready-Set-Go!ELISA套組(產品編號88-7025,eBiosciences,加利福尼亞州,聖地牙哥)檢定IL-2。在此檢定中,用抗PD-1抗體阻擋PD-1訊息傳導從而引發增強的TCR訊息傳導及IL-2產生(第4圖)。
如第5圖及表2所示,鼠類抗PD-1 mAb mu317及
mu326引發比mu30明顯更高的功能活性,抑制PD-L1誘發的PD-1訊息傳導,從而導致IL-2分泌增加。兩者比mu30抗體皆具有較高IL-2分泌(頂線,表2),分別為675及634pg/ml,且兩者皆具有更低的EC50(在IL-2分泌誘發之50%水平上的mAb之有效濃度)。
由抗PD-1 mAb接合HuT78/PD-1細胞不僅阻斷了PD-L1誘發的T細胞活化,而且阻斷了PD-L2誘發的IL-2釋放。表3呈現資料,該等資料展示,mu317及mu326在活化T細胞中具有比mu476更高的效能,如IL-2分泌之參數(EC50)所指示。
藉由HuT78/P3Z細胞中的IL-2釋放之反向訊息傳導決定PD-1抗體功能
在嵌合受器P3Z中,用CD3ζ之細胞質域替代PD-1訊息傳導域。因此,P3Z在與PD-L1接合後媒介活化,而與原始PD-1受器一樣抑制。在此檢定中,用融合瘤上澄液或PD-1抗體預培育HuT78/P3Z細胞(3×104/孔)15分鐘,之後在37℃下於96孔平底盤(總體積200μl/孔)中與HEK293/PD-L1或HEK293/PD-L2細胞(5×104/孔)共同培養。在16-18小時後,收集上澄液及藉由如上文所描述之ELISA檢定IL-2產生。
藉由在上文所描述之反向訊息傳導檢定中直接讀出T細胞活化進一步證實鼠類抗PD-1 mAb之功能活性。與上文所描述之結果一致,mu317及mu326在發明人所篩選的mAb之中具有最佳功能活性。如表4及表5所示,就IC50及最大抑制兩方面而言,mu317及mu326比低活性mAb之一的mu37更有效。
表5藉由在與HEK293/PD-L2細胞共同培養之
實例4 藉由與HEK293/OS8/PD-L1細胞共同培養之原代人類PBMC中的抗PD-1 mAb活化IFN-γ分泌
為了驗證對抗PD-1的選定頂級mAb是否亦對原代人類免疫細胞施加功能性效果,發明人藉由使用新鮮分離的周邊血液單核細胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cells;PBMCs)檢定抗體功能,該等PBMC主要由T細胞(50-70%)、B細胞及NK細胞(15-30%)及單核細胞(2-10%)組成。根據製造商說明書,藉由使用聚蔗糖淋巴細胞分離介質(Histopaque-1077;Sigma-Aldrich,密蘇里州)的密度梯度離心處理而從健康供體中分離人類PBMC。所有人類血液採集遵循Beigene之內部程序。隨後用抗CD3 mAb(40ng/mL)OKT3(產品編號16-0037,eBioscience,加利福尼亞州)刺激PBMC達3天,之後進行檢定。FACS分析(實例1)展示,活化PBMC(原代T細胞)上的PD-1表現增至取決於個別供體的可變程度(表6)。為了在接合TCR/CD3錯合物後決定預活化T細胞對PD-1配位體陽性腫瘤細胞之反應,在96孔平底盤中將PBMC(1×104)與HEK293/OS8/PD-L1或
HEK293/OS8/PD-L2細胞(3×104)共同培養15-18小時。藉由ELISA使用Ready-Set-Go!ELISA套組(產品編號88-7316,eBiosciences)對無細胞上澄液檢定IFN-γ水平,此IFN-γ水平為T細胞活化以及其他免疫細胞活化之最突出指標(Thakur A.等人,2012 Vaccine,30:4907-4920)。
第6圖表明預活化PBMC與HEK293/OS8/PD-L1細胞之共同培養液中存在mAb mu317及mu326導致以劑量依賴型方式增加IFN-γ累積。儘管具有對照鼠類IgG治療的IFN-γ之基礎水平在不同供體間變化,但在0.1至10μg/ml抗體治療之範圍內由mu317或mu326治療之PBMC中的IFN-γ分泌增加在統計學上為明顯的。與mIgG治療的PBMC之對應水平相比,由介於0.1至10μg/ml濃度水平之間的mu317及mu326所誘發的IFN-γ分泌分別在供體-19的PBMC中增加2.5至3.2倍及在供體-20之PBMC中增加1.4至2.3倍。
實例5 藉由抗PD1 mAb活化人類NK細胞
NK細胞中用於功能性檢定的穩定細胞株
先前報告了原代人類NK細胞回應於IL-2治療表現
PD-1蛋白質及抑制PD-1媒介的訊息傳導增強了NK細胞之細胞毒性(2010 Blood,116:2286)。為了定量檢定由NK細胞中的抗PD-1 mAb所施加的功能效果,人類NK細胞株NK92MI(ATCC)及肺癌細胞株SK-Mes-1(ATCC)經工程設計以根據先前所描述之規程藉由反轉錄病毒轉導分別穩定表現人類PD-1及PD-L1(Zhang等人,2005,Blood 106:1544-1551;Zhang等人,2006,Cancer Res,66:5927)。兩個穩定細胞株被命名為NK92MI/PD-1及SK-Mes-1/PD-L1。
抗PD-1 Ab促進NK92MI/PD-1細胞中的IFN-γ產生及分泌
藉由定量量測NK92MI/PD-1細胞中的IFN-γ產生及分泌檢定NK細胞上的抗PD-1 mAb之功能活性,在96孔平底盤中將該等NK92MI/PD-1細胞與肺癌細胞株SK-MES-1/PD-L1以1:2之比率共同培養,每孔總計6×104個細胞。在共同培養開始15分鐘前,將抗PD-1 mAb添加至NK92MI/PD-1細胞,隨後在CO2培育箱中將該等細胞共同培養隔夜。藉由實例4中所描述之ELISA對無細胞上澄液檢定IFN-γ水平。
所有抗PD-1 mAb觸發IFN-γ產生自具有低濃度抗體治療的基線明顯增加至具有高濃度抗體治療的頂線。兩個頂級抗體mu317及mu326具有比比較抗體5C更低的EC50,指示該等抗體具有對NK細胞更有效的活化效果(表7)。
表7在抗PD-1 mAb及SK-MES-1/PD-L1細胞存在下,NK92MI/PD-1細胞在培養基中(pg/ml)分泌的IFN-γ
抗PD-1抗體增強由NK92MI/PD-1細胞所媒介的癌細胞殺死
藉由使用CytoTox 96 Non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay套組(Promega,威斯康辛州,麥迪遜)的乳酸脫氫酶(lactate dehydrogenase;LDH)釋放檢定決定NK92MI/PD-1細胞對抗SK-MES-1/PD-L1細胞之細胞毒性。簡言之,用抗PD-1 mAb以0.004-10μg/ml之範圍內的最終濃度將NK92MI/PD-1細胞(105)預培育15分鐘,並以作用子與腫瘤細胞(E:T)成5:1之比率將SK-MES-1/PD-L1細胞(2×104)添加至96孔V形底盤中的免疫細胞培養液中,隨後共同培養5小時。將完全腫瘤細胞分解設定為最大細胞殺死,將各個樣本之LDH釋放檢定讀值計算為最大細胞殺死之百分比。使用10%之基線作為常見標準跨盤正規化所有樣本之細胞殺死(%)。
在上文所設定之特定細胞毒性檢定中,所選定抗PD-1 mAb以高濃度之mAb輸入引發淨腫瘤細胞殺死(=頂線-基線),範圍自19%至20.2%。Mu317及mu326具有比mu336更低的EC50,指示觸發NK92MI/PD-1細胞媒介的腫瘤細胞殺死之較佳藥效(表8)。
實例6 PD-1 mAb之選殖及序列分析
在100mm組織培養皿中將分泌特定mAb的鼠類融合瘤純系培養至3×106至10×106個細胞之密度,及經由在搖擺桶旋轉器中以1500rpm離心處理來收穫細胞。遵循製造商規程,使用Ultrapure RNA套組(產品編號CW0581,CWBIOTECH,中國,北京)分離總細胞RNA。在雙去離子水中再懸浮RNA,藉由NanoDrop(ThermoFisher,中國,上海)量測濃度。
基於先前所報告的序列(Brocks等人,2001 Mol Med 7:461-469),藉由Invitrogen(中國,北京)合成用於mAb cDNA選殖的PCR引子。使用逆轉錄酶(產品編號AH301-02,全式金生物,中國,北京)合成第一股cDNA。使用PCR試劑套組(產品編號Ap221-12,全式金生物,中國,北京)且遵循製造商規程執行特異性mAb cDNA之PCR放大。由服務提供商對PCR產物直接排序(GeneWiz,中國,北京)或將PCR產物次選殖成pCR載體(Invitrogen),隨後排序(GeneWiz)。
藉由序列同源性對準分析鼠類mAb之蛋白質序列。
基於序列同源性及抗原決定部位定位結果(實例13)將MAb分組。基於Kabat(Wu,T.T.及Kabat,E.A.,1970 J.Exp.Med.132:211-250)及IMGT系統(Lefranc M.-P.等人,1999 Nucleic Acids Research,27,209-212),藉由序列註解及藉由基於網際網路的序列分析(http://www.imgt.org/IMGT_vquest/share/textes/index.html與http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/igblast/)辨識互補決定區(CDR)。如表9所示,mu317及mu326之CDR在序列長度及同源性上極為不同。
實例7 鼠類mAb之人源化
抗體3D結構之模擬
針對mu317及mu326之可變域模擬三維結構,以便辨識對於支持CDR環結構可為重要的構架殘基。在第一輪抗體人源化中將潛在重要的構架殘基保持為原始鼠類殘基。採用針對抗體的先前建立之結構模型化方法(Morea等人,Methods 2000 20:267-279)以基於抗體之已知典型結構模擬抗
PD-1 mAb之3D結構(Al-Lazikani等人,1997 Journal of Molecular Biology 273:927-948)。簡而言之,在PDB資料庫(Protein Data Bank,http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)中比對鼠類抗體之各個可變域(Vk及Vh)之序列以辨識具有已知高解析度結構(解析度小於2.5埃)的最同源抗體序列。針對模型化mu317及mu326的選定結構模板(表10中列出)在L-CDR1、L-CDR2、L-CDR3、H-CDR1及H-CDR2中具有與待模型化之靶抗體相同類別之典型環結構。若Vk及Vh的模板來自不同的免疫球蛋白質,則藉由主鏈原子之最小平方擬合將該等模板封裝在一起,以形成Vk-Vh介面殘基之混合結構,該結構被瑞士模型程式用作結構同源性模型化的模板(Kiefer等人,2009 Nucleic Acids Research 37,D387-D392)。在保持主鏈構造的同時,調整某些側鏈構造。在母結構與模型化結構具有相同殘基的位點處,保持側鏈構造。在殘基為不同的位點處,在模板結構、旋轉異構體庫及封裝考慮之基礎上模型化側鏈構造。在同源性模型化後,使用PLOP程式(Jacobson等人,2002 Journal of Physical Chemistry 106:11673-11680)細化同源性模型以最小化所有原子能量及最佳化Vk及Vh介面。執行此步驟以改良立體化學,尤其是在來自不同抗體的結構之區段已被接合在一起的彼等區域中。
亦針對CDR接枝317-1及326-1模擬該等結構,以便導引更多輪抗體工程設計以增強人源化之程度及/或增強抗體穩定性。表10亦列出選定結構模板。以與上文程序類似的方式實行結構模擬,所不同的是分別從針對317-1的PDB模板1AY1及針對326-1的模板3CXD中取得H-CDR3之可能構造,該等構造含有相似大小及軀幹區域之H-CDR3。使用PLOP實行接枝H-CDR3殘基的能量最小化。
人源化
對於抗PD-1 mAb之人源化,發明人藉由比對IMGT(http://www.imgt.org/IMGT_vquest/share/textes/index.html)及NCBI(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/igblast/)網站中的人類免疫球蛋白質基因資料庫搜尋與mu317及mu326可變區之cDNA序列同源的人類生殖系IgG基因。將具有與PD-1 mAb高同源性的人類IGVH及IGVκ選為人源化模板。
原則上藉由CDR接枝實施人源化。在第一輪人源化中,藉由模擬3D結構導引可變區之構架序列中的鼠類至人類胺基酸殘基之突變,且僅使得其變化保持了總體抗體及CDR環結構的鼠類胺基酸殘基突變至如上文所描述之人類序列。
人源化mAb之初始版本為hu317-1(序列編號47-50)及hu326-1(序列編號55-58),該等人源化mAb包含:重鏈,其中人源化可變重鏈(Vh)經融合至人類IgG2恆定區(NCBI登錄號:P01859);及輕鏈,其中人源化可變輕鏈κ(Vκ)經融合至人類Ig κ C區(NCBI登錄號:P01834)。同樣地,發明人從mu317及mu326中產生嵌合抗體,該等抗體由融合至人類IgG2恆定區的鼠類VH及融合至人類Ig κ C區的鼠類Vκ組成。將全嵌合抗體分別命名為ch317及ch326。如實例1所描述表現及純化所有重組mAb。
FACS及功能性檢定表明,mAb hu317-1幾乎保持了與mu317及ch317相同的結合及功能活性。可藉由在FACS中使用兩個不同偵測抗體(山羊抗小鼠IgG及山羊抗人類IgG)的事實解讀mu317對比ch317與hu317-1之間在FACS分析中的EC50差異。在兩個功能性檢定中,更同等地治療317之所有三個版本,且結果亦接近於彼此(表11)。
作為針對mu326的初輪人源化之結果,mAb hu326-1保持了與母ch326及mu326相似的功能特徵,儘管FACS結合檢定及基於HuT78/PD-1細胞的IL-2釋放檢定中的功能活性可比ch326略微更弱(表12)。
基於第一輪人源化,發明人進一步使hu317-1_Vh及_Vκ之構架(framework;FR)中的其他鼠類胺基酸(AA)殘基個別突變,以評估對抗體功能的影響。如表13所示,所有hu317-1之Vh中的七個個體突變及Vκ中的一個突變皆具有相似功能活性。在一些Vh突變中觀察到僅較小變化,諸如
hu317-2_K71V在突變中具有略微較弱的抑制功能。然而,當所有鼠類胺基酸殘基一起突變至人類(hu317-3A)時,在FACS及IL-2釋放檢定中該功能比其餘突變明顯更弱。
在上文所描述之初期試驗中,除留下數個鼠類AA殘基外,hu326-1在FR中達到明顯的人源化水平。然而,hu326-1具有比mu326更弱的功能。因此,發明人實行更個別之突變,該等突變返回到鼠類殘基或者朝向人類殘基,以探索各個個體AA對mAb326功能之貢獻。表14呈現基於hu326-1_Vh模板(序列編號56、序列編號57)產生的所有單個AA突變及其功能性檢定結果。大部分突變展示出比hu326-1更好的功能活性,從而匹配原始mu326 mAb。一對突變(E46K及F95Y)展示出EC50或IC50上略微較少的藥效,指示抗體結構及功能中的彼等殘基之作用。
為了探索可在人類中用作治療劑之mAb 317及326的最可能VH及Vκ序列組合物,發明人考慮到抗體特徵實行各種組合突變(包括在CDR序列中的一些突變),該等抗體特徵諸如FR中的人源化水平、功能活性、物理化學特性、抗體依賴型細胞媒介的細胞毒性(antibody-dependent
cell-mediated cytotoxicy;ADCC)及互補依賴型細胞毒性(complement-dependent cytotoxicity;CDC)。認為突變中的大部分未通過合格標準。經由工程設計過程,為獲得潛在治療效用選擇人源化重組mAb中的六個:hu317-4B 2(序列編號43-44)、hu317-4B5(序列編號45-46)、hu317-4B6(序列編號23-26)、hu326-3B1(序列編號51-52)、hu326-3G1(序列編號53-54)及hu326-4A3(序列編號27-30)。將mAb之CDR與原始鼠類抗體相比較,展示於表15及表16中。
在六個mAb中,hu317-4B2、hu317-4B5及hu317-4B6在序列上彼此密切相關且在功能活性及強度上極為相似。另一方面,hu326-3B1、hu326-3G1及hu326-4A3在序列及功能上彼此相當接近(表17-18)。在兩個群組mAb之各者內,儘管存在一些較小差異,但該等群組亦共享除序列及功能外的許多其他特徵,諸如物理化學特性及結合抗原決定部位(實例10及11中所描述)。
藉由SPR之人源化抗PD-1 Fab的親和決定
藉由PCR將抗PD-1 mAb轉換成Fab版本以使重鏈及輕鏈之可變區分別融合至人類IgG2-CH1之N末端及κ鏈之恆定區,及在pcDNA3.1載體(Invitrogen)中次選殖該等抗PD-1 mAb。使用與整個抗體之瞬時表現類似的瞬時轉染規程在293-F細胞中共同表現兩個表現載體。簡而言之,在基於pcDNA3.1的表現載體(Invitrogen,美國,加利福尼亞州,卡爾斯巴德)中PCR放大及次選殖Fab κ鏈。在單獨質體中,藉由重疊PCR將重鏈可變區(VH)以及來自人類IgG2中的CH1編碼序列與C末端c-Myc-His8標籤融合,及隨後在表現載體中次選殖該重鏈可變區(VH)以及來自人類IgG2中的CH1編碼序列。在IgG2重鏈中引入C232S及C233S(Kabat殘基編號,Kabat等人,Sequence of proteins of immunologic interest,第5版,Bethesda,MD,NIH 1991)突變以防止二硫鍵交換及穩定IgG2-A構造中的人類IgG2(Lightle等人,2010 Protein Sci 19(4):753-762)。兩個建構體含有Fab成熟序列之訊息肽上游。藉由超過2個質體共同轉染成293-F細胞實現Fab之分泌表現及在轉染6-7天后收穫細胞培養上澄液。使
用Ni-Sepharose Fast Flow管柱(產品編號17531801,GE Life Sciences),然後使用HiLoad 16/60 Superdex200管柱(產品編號17106901,GE Life Sciences)執行尺寸排阻層析法從細胞培養上澄液中純化His8標籤Fab。將純化Fab濃縮至PBS中0.5-5mg/mL及以等份試樣儲存於-80℃冷凍箱中。
為了抗PD-1 Fab之親和性決定,使用BIAcoreTM T-200儀器(GE Life Sciences)進行SPR檢定。簡而言之,將人類PD-1/His或食蟹猴PD-1/His耦合至已啟動的CM5生物感測器晶片(產品編號BR100530,GE Life Sciences)以實現大約100-200個反應單元(response units;RU),然後用1M乙醇胺阻斷未反應群組。以30μL/分鐘在SPR電泳緩衝液(10mM HEPES,150mM NaCl,0.05% Tween20,pH7.4)中注射自0.12nM至90nM增加濃度之Fab樣本,且從空白流動細胞中減去RU來計算在人類PD-1/His或猴PD-1/His上的結合反應。使用一對一朗謬結合模型(BIA Evaluation Software,GE Life Sciences)計算締合速率(kon)及解離速率(koff)。將平衡解離常數(Kd)計算為比率koff/kon。
表18中列出SPR決定的抗PD-1 Fab之結合親和性。各個抗PD-1 Fab在高親和性(Kd=0.15-1nM)下結合至人類PD-1。除326-3G1外的所有Fab在略微較低但可相當(Kd的5倍內)親和性下結合至食蟹猴PD-1。
實例8 具有經修飾人類IgG4恆定區的重組抗PD-1 mAb之產生及表現
由於PD-1主要表現於活化T細胞中,連接至天然
產生類型IgG-γFc部分的PD-1阻斷抗體預期取決於IgG子類別將γ Fc媒介的作用功能(諸如ADCC及CDC)誘發至可變程度,從而導致消除活化T細胞(Natsume A等人,2009 Drug Des Devel Ther.3:7-16)。在許多先前報告中已展示人類抗體子類別IgG4,IgG4具有適度ADCC且幾乎沒有CDC作用功能(Moore GL等人,2010 MAbs,2:181-189)。另一方面,已發現天然IgG4在逆境下(諸如在酸性緩衝液或上升的溫度下)不太穩定(Angal,S.1993 Mol Immunol,30:105-108;Dall'Acqua,W.等人,1998 Biochemistry,37:9266-9273;Aalberse等人,2002 Immunol,105:9-19)。為了使PD-1+ T細胞免遭殺死及改良抗PD-1抗體之物理化學特性,將人源化mAb連接至由突變組合所設計的IgG4以具有減小的或零FcγR結合或C1q結合活性,因此減弱或消除ADCC及CDC作用功能。考慮到抗體作為生物學藥物的物理化學特性,IgG4之不太理想的固有特性之一為其在溶液中動態分離兩個重鏈而形成半抗體,此舉導致經由稱為「Fab臂交換」的過程在活體內產生雙特異性抗體(Van der Neut Kolfschoten M等人,2007 Science,317:1554-157)。在位置228(EU編號系統)處的絲胺酸至脯胺酸之突變呈現對IgG4重鏈分離的抑制(Angal,S.1993 Mol Immunol,30:105-108;Aalberse等人,2002 Immunol,105:9-19)。已報告鉸鏈及γ Fc區中的一些胺基酸殘基對與Fcγ受器的抗體互動具有影響(Chappel SM等人,1991 Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,88:9036-9040;Mukherjee,J.等人,1995 FASEB J,9:115-119;Armour,K.L.等人,1999
Eur J Immunol,29:2613-2624;Clynes,R.A.等人,2000 Nature Medicine,6:443-446;Arnold J.N.,2007 Annu Rev Immunol,25:21-50)。此外,人類群體中一些罕見發生的IgG4同功異型物亦可引發不同的物理化學特性(Brusco,A.等人,1998 Eur J Immunogenet,25:349-55;Aalberse等人,2002 Immunol,105:9-19)。然而,將先前發現的所有突變及同功異型物集中成特異性抗體並不保證理想抗體分子共享諸如上文所描述之用於治療的所有特徵,此原因可為組合突變之矛盾效果及起因於可變區對抗體之作用功能及物理化學特性的影響(Igawa T.等人,2010 Prot Eng Design Select,23:385-392;Perchiacca J.M.與Tessier P.M.,2012 Ann Rev Biomol Eng 3:263-286)。
為了產生具有最小ADCC、CDC及不穩定性的抗PD-1 mAb,發明人藉由引入建立IgG4mt1至IgG4mt12的一定數量個突變組合來修飾人類IgG4之鉸鏈及γ Fc區。如檢定結果所指示,一些經修飾之IgG4變異體顯然不太理想,表19中列出若干相關IgG4變異體及修飾後序列。本文描述該等抗體之評估。
實例9 IgG4mt10未與FcγR結合、ADCC及CDC作用功能最低
當抗體結合至細胞表面靶蛋白質,然後配位至作用細胞上所表現的Fcγ受器(FcγR)時,啟動ADCC。文獻很清楚地記載了人類IgG1對FcγR具有比IgG2及IgG4明顯較高的結合親和性,尤其是結合至FcγR-I及FcγR-IIIA,該親和性與活化ADCC的IgG1之強度相關聯。聯想到ADCC,當抗體交聯細胞表面靶及C1q蛋白質,繼之以互補錯合物形成及靶細胞分解之級聯反應時,活化CDC。作為ADCC及CDC的代理,抗體結合至FcγR及C1q的檢定可充當ADCC及CDC之基本指標。因此,發明人系統地評估結合至所有主要FcγR的mAb。
FcγR結合
藉由流式細胞計數決定各種IgG4突變體至FcγR之結合。簡言之,建立表現人類FcγR的一系列HEK293轉染子。該等轉染子表現FcγRI、FcγRIIA、FcγRIIB或FcγRIIIA。與FcRγ共同表現多子單元FcγR(亦即,FcγRI及FcγRIIIA)。亦包括多形變異體(亦即,FcγRIIA H131與R131、FcγRIIIA F158與V158)。使用第二抗體(山羊抗人類IgG F(ab)'2-Alexa Fluor 488,Jackson Immuno Research,West Grove,美國,賓夕法尼亞州)偵測抗PD-1 mAb與經修飾IgG4變異體(表19)至FcγR+ HEK293細胞之結合。如預期,IgG1格式的抗PD-1 mAb(hu317-1/IgG1及hu317-4B6/IgG1)強有力地結合至所有FcγR,該等FcγR包括FcγRI、FcγRIIA(H131及R131等位基因)、FcγRIIB及FcγRIIIA(V158及F158等位基因)(表
20)。有趣的是,當以相同IgG4變異體格式(諸如IgG4mt1或者IgG4mt6格式)產生兩個不同版本的人源化mAb,即hu317-1及hu317-4B6(在Vh及Vκ兩者中具有差異)時,該等mAb之結合強度(MFI)自2倍至接近於100倍之範圍變化(例如,455.2/115.7=3.9倍;13.6/1.0=13.6倍;434.6/4.9=88.7倍;等等,參看表20)。與其他人的先前發現一致的是,抗體之可變區對與FcR的結合具有明顯影響,因此,對諸如ADCC之作用功能施加影響(Igawa T.等人,2010 Prot Eng Design Select,23:385-392;Perchiacca J.M.與Tessier P.M.,2012 Ann Rev Biomol Eng 3:263-286)。
如表20中所表明,當以IgG4mt10格式產生hu317-4B6及hu326-4A3時,hu317-4B6及hu326-4A3在表中所列出的PD-1 mAb及IgG變異體格式中以及研究中已測試的許多其他人源化mAb及IgG格式中具有對FcγR的最低結合活性。就此而言,IgG4mt10格式的hu317-4B6及hu326-4A3之唯一性可不被延伸至具有某些遠序列同源性的人源化mAb之相同家族(諸如hu317-1),如上文所描述。
ADCC
典型ADCC涉及藉由接合至FcγRIIIA或CD16的抗體活化NK細胞。為了驗證人源化抗PD-1 mAb是否誘發ADCC,將NK92MI/CD16V細胞用作作用細胞,該等NK92MI/CD16V細胞藉由共同轉導含有CD16(V158等位基因)與FcRγ基因的表現質體自NK92MI細胞(ATCC)產生,及將PD-1表現T細胞株HUT78/PD-1用作靶細胞。在96孔V形底盤中將NK92MI/CD16V細胞(4×104)與相等數目之HuT78/PD-1細胞共同培養5小時。由前文中所描述之LDH釋放檢定決定細胞毒性。結果證實,與陽性對照相比較,hu317-4B2/IgG4mt6、hu317-4B6/IgG4mt6、hu317-4B6/IgG4mt10及hu326-4A3/IgG4mt10全部具有ADCC之基礎水平(第7圖)。彼等4個mAb之間的ADCC較小差異可歸因於實驗誤差(參看第7圖中的誤差槓)。
CDC
大體而言,人類IgG4抗體並未經由典型路徑誘發任何CDC。使用PD-1表現T細胞株Hut78/PD-1及來自健康供
體的新鮮人類血清評估IgG4mt10格式的抗PD-1 mAb是否將觸發CDC。藉由Celltiter血清球蛋白質檢定套組(Promega,中國,北京)決定CDC的細胞分解。簡言之,在37℃下的具有抗PD-1 Ab(10μg/ml)的無血清RPMI1640(Invitrogen)中培育HuT78/PD-1細胞(2×104)15分鐘,隨後在96孔平底盤中添加總體積為120μl的正常人類血清(normal human serum;NHS)至15%或50%之最終濃度。在37℃下隔夜培育,細胞經分解及經檢定出ATP濃度。為了測試IgG4mt10的人源化抗PD-1 mAb是否可經由CDC殺死PD-1+原代T細胞,用抗CD3 Ab OKT3(40ng/ml)預活化自健康供體分離的PBMC達3天,隨後與抗PD-1 Ab加NHS共同培養。ATP量與培養液中存在的細胞數目成正比。使用96孔螢光計(PHERA Star FS,BMG LABTECH)讀取螢光度。以與活細胞數目成比例的相對螢光單位(relative fluoresence units;RFU)表達該等結果。百分比CDC活性計算如下:%CDC活性=[(RFU測試-RFU背景)/(總細胞分解下的RFU-RFU背景)]×100。大體而言,發明人不能偵測由結合至活化PBMC之IgG4mt10格式的抗PD-1 mAb所媒介的任何ADCC。在過敏性實驗條件下,諸如使用PD-1高表現細胞株、高血清與抗體濃度,發明人在一些場合中偵測到極低水平之CDC,且不同版本與抗PD-1 mAb之間不存在太多差異,此指示IgG4變異體格式的抗PD-1 mAb保持與常見形式之IgG4相同的低CDC活性或無CDC活性之特徵。
實例10 IgG4mt10格式的人源化抗PD-1 mAb在逆境(stress conditions)下具有增強穩定性
在高溫及酸性條件中抗PD-1抗體之穩定性
用於穩定性研究的抗PD-1抗體全部自前文中所描述的蛋白質A管柱及隨後的尺寸排阻層析法(SEC)純化。在純化後,在分析尺寸排阻層析法-高效能液體層析法(size exclusion chromatography-high performance liquid chromatography;SEC-HPLC)中監測純化抗體樣本之凝聚含量,該等含量處於0%-0.5%之範圍內。
對於SEC-HPLC分析,在等度溶離條件下(溶離緩衝液0.2M磷酸鈉,pH7.2),使用TSKgel G3000 SWXL管柱(7.8×300mm,產品編號08541,Tosoh Bioscience,中國,上海)分析抗體樣本,及隨後在UV-215nm處偵測。在各次執行中,將10微升抗體樣本裝至管柱上及以1mL/分鐘之流動速率溶離。將抗體之二聚體或較大凝聚物質與單體物質分離,並基於UV線的整合峰值區域決定二聚體及凝聚體之百分比。
對於速度增強的貯存穩定性研究,將抗PD-1抗體(PBS中10-40mg/mL)保存於40-50℃的培育箱中長達4-7天,以便測試抗體在高溫條件中的穩定性。隨後針對SEC-HPLC中熱誘發形成二聚體及凝聚體分析抗體樣本。對於所分析的抗PD-1抗體之各者,2%以下變成較高分子量物質(二聚體及凝聚體),指示抗PD-1抗體在高溫條件下具有良好穩定性。
在下游製造過程中,酸性條件中的抗體穩定性已成為關鍵性挑戰(Liu等人,2010 mAbs 2:480-499)。自蛋白質
A的抗體溶離及病毒之失活通常需要在低pH(2.5-4)條件中培育抗體。然而,此類酸性條件可潛在引發抗體變性及凝聚。已知人類IgG4比IgG1及IgG2穩定性低(2002 Immunology 105:9)。因此,發明人檢定用各種IgG4突變形式所產生的人源化mAb。簡而言之,藉由1:1體積之各個抗體樣本(PBS中10mg/mL)與低pH緩衝液混合研究低pH條件中的抗體穩定性,該等緩衝液含有50mM檸檬酸鈉,100mM NaCl,pH分別為3.6、3.3、3.0或2.7。在室溫下培育1小時後,藉由1:5稀釋成含有0.2M磷酸鈉(pH7.2)的SEC-HPLC溶離緩衝液中和低pH條件中的抗體樣本。如上文所描述進行SEC-HPLC分析及量化由低pH條件所誘發的二聚體及凝聚體之百分比。IgG1格式的抗PD-1 mAb 317-4B6在生物過程相關的酸性條件中最穩定,即使當pH值低到2.7時亦如此。在若干IgG4變異體中產生的抗PD-1 mAb之中,hu317-4B6/IgG4mt10與hu326-4A3/IgG4mt10在酸性緩衝液條件下最穩定(表21),因為酸誘發的凝聚體明顯減少到與IgG1格式之抗PD-1 mAb 317-4B6及326-4A3相當的水平(亦即,可溶解凝聚體小於2%(表21))。
實例11 定位抗PD-1 mAb之結合抗原決定部位
關於PD-1/PD-L1及PD-1/PD-L2錯合物之晶體結構的先前報告已經闡明而理解PD-1上需要配位體結合的關鍵胺基酸(AA)殘基(Zhang等人,2004 Immunity,20:337-347;Lin D.Y.等人,2008 PNAS 105:3011-3016;Lazar-Molnar E.等人,2008 PNAS,105:10483-10488)。事實上,在受器上經由點突變分析辨識此類AA殘基中的六個需要PD-L1結合。六個AA殘基中的五個亦需要PD-L2結合(Lin D.Y.等人,2008 PNAS 105:3011-3016)。基於結構導引突變分析中的資訊,發明人假設,功能性mAb阻斷PD-1媒介的訊息傳導之最有效方式為藉由結合至六個關鍵AA殘基,從而佔據需要配位體結合的結合抗原決定部位而與PD-1配位體競爭。為了探索該假設及理解功能性PD-1抗體的作用機制,發明人已藉由將六個關鍵AA之各者個別地替換至Ala產生PD-1之六個突變體,該六個關鍵AA即K45A、I93A、L95A、P97A、I101A及E103A(基於Lin D.Y.等人,2008 PNAS 105:3011-3016進行的AA殘基編號)。將突變PD-1/Fc及PD-1/His(第1圖)用作使用Fast Mutagenesis System(產品編號FM111,全式金生物,中國,北京)的PCR導引誘變或滾環誘變之模板。在
基於pcDNA的表現載體中次選殖所有突變體,並藉由排序驗證。藉由瞬時轉染(實例1中所描述)表現經突變及野生型PD-1蛋白質,並在培養4-6天后製備該等蛋白質。藉由西方墨點法分析條件培養基(CM),以就品質與數量而言驗證PD-1蛋白質表現。在清除細胞碎片後,在ELISA分析或西方墨點法中直接使用上澄液(CM)以用於抗原決定部位定位。
為了研究人源化抗PD-1 mAb之結合抗原決定部位,執行使用野生型(WT)及突變體(Mt)PD-1的ELISA檢定以評估hu317-4B5、hu317-4B6、hu326-3B1及hu326-4A3之結合活性。為了進行比較以檢查抗體結合簽名之唯一性,在研究中包括兩個參考抗體(分別來自US8008449B2及US8168757B2的參考AB-1與參考AB-2)。在相同ELISA檢定中,在針對所有mAb的96孔盤中被覆相等體積之含有WT或Mt PD-1的CM。使用WT PD-1結合訊息之平均ELISA讀數作為標準正規化所有ELISA結果。對比對特異性Mt PD-1的最高抗體結合讀數(設定為100%)進一步正規化對特異性Mt PD-1的ELISA結合訊息。為了便於資料分析,當針對特異性突變體的mAb之ELISA結合訊息相對於WT PD-1下降到50%以下時,將該胺基酸殘基定義為明顯結合抗原決定部位,因為其突變明顯廢棄了抗體結合。同樣地,若針對特異性突變體的mAb之ELISA結合訊息下降到25%以下,則定義為極其明顯。如第8圖所示,PD-1中關鍵AA殘基中之兩者K45及I93為mAb hu317-4B5及hu317-4B6結合的明顯或極其明顯抗原決定部位,且三個AA殘基I93、L95及P97為
hu326-3B1及hu326-4A3的明顯或極其明顯抗原決定部位。另一方面,兩個參考抗體具有區別性結合抗原決定部位,P97對於參考Ab-1明顯,而L95及P97對於參考Ab-2明顯。
有趣的是,當PD-1蛋白質在西方墨點法中變性後,mAb hu317-4B5及hu317-4B6仍然能夠結合到WT PD-1,但關鍵結合抗原決定部位(K45及I93)不接近於彼此(非線性)。此指示,在西方墨點法過程之SDS-PAGE中變性後,PD-1蛋白質在某種程度上復原,從而允許抗PD-1 mAb識別及結合到該PD-1蛋白質。利用此觀察結果,發明人針對上文ELISA研究中所使用的所有六個抗體執行西方墨點法分析。西方墨點法之總體結果很好地確證了ELISA結果(亦即,明顯或極其明顯抗原決定部位),其突變在ELISA中引發弱結合訊息,此亦提供與其他突變PD-1的結合相比最弱的西方墨點帶(第8圖)。亦觀察到ELISA與西方墨點法之間的一些較小差異,例如,由參考Ab-2的I93A及E103A上的ELISA結合訊息比西方墨點法中的結合訊息相對更強。可指示出,彼等AA殘基亦可幫助結合,因為彼等AA殘基突變影響結合,但僅在逆境下(亦即,變性或損失天然構造)。如表22中所歸納的,本發明中的抗PD-1 mAb具有與其他抗PD-1抗體不同的可辨識結合抗原決定部位。
實例12 抗PD-1 mAb在異體移植小鼠模型中活化原代人類PBMC及抑制腫瘤生長
人源化抗PD-1 mAb活化人類PBMC
貫穿人源化過程,人源化抗PD-1 mAb在各種階段處保持相似功能活性,由ELISA、FACS及基於免疫細胞的細胞激素釋放檢定評估該功能活性。為了證實人源化mAb之最終版本之功能,發明人使用原代人類PBMC檢定了hu317-4B5、hu317-4B6、hu326-3B1及hu326-4A3之活化功能。結果表明,儘管因個體遺傳背景不同造成四個供體之間的活化程度不同,但貫穿人源化的彼等mAb維持了活化原代PBMC的原始鼠類mAb功能(第9圖)。
人源化抗PD-1 mAb增強對抗癌細胞之基於NK細胞的細胞毒性
考慮到原始鼠類mAb,人源化抗PD-1 mAb hu317-4B5、hu317-4B6、hu326-3B1及hu326-3G1以劑量依賴型方式增強對抗靶肺癌細胞SK-MES-1/PD-L1之NK92MI/PD-1細胞媒介的細胞毒性(第10圖,表23)。很明顯,原則上人源化抗PD-1 mAb可用以破壞由PD-1訊息傳導所媒介的免疫細胞耐受性,從而增強免疫細胞(例如,NK細胞及細胞毒性T淋巴細胞)之殺癌活性。
人源化抗PD-1 mAb在小鼠異體移植癌症模型中活
體內活化人類PBMC及抑制腫瘤生長
所有上述實驗證據指示,抗PD-1 mAb可在小鼠癌症模型中作用,該等模型利用異體移植有人類癌細胞的免疫缺陷小鼠,隨後植入人類PBMC及應用mAb治療,以抑制活體內癌細胞生長。實驗設計如下。在七至八周大SCID雄性小鼠(維通利華實驗動物技術有限公司,中國)右側腹處皮下接種50% Matrigel(BD Biosciences,美國,紐澤西州)中的3×106個Hep3B/OS8-PD-L1細胞。在腫瘤接種十五天后,使帶腫瘤大小100-250mm3的小鼠隨機化及分為三個治療群組。瘤內注射來自2個健康供體的100微升彙集PBMC(5×105)。在PBMC植入三天后,經由皮下注射以10mg/kg之劑量分別施用抗PD-1抗體(Hu317-IgG4mt2)及人類IgG。抗體治療每10天重複一次,共計3次。在平行群組中注射PBS作為負對照。在第7天開始,使用測徑規每週兩次量測腫瘤。使用以下公式計算腫瘤體積:[D×(d2)]/2,其中D表示腫瘤之大直徑,及d表示小直徑。所有動物研究皆遵循Beigene動物護理及使用程序執行。
在活體內研究中,儘管對照群組中的60%腫瘤為自動消退,但活體內實驗之剩餘部分仍相當具有參考性,此呈現於第11圖中。在對照群組中,媒劑治療群組或人類IgG(huIgG)治療群組在起始點處各個具有40%的腫瘤(5隻小鼠中的2隻)比基線生長更大。PBS治療群組中的兩個腫瘤生長得更大(2000mm3以上,由於超過規程之腫瘤大小限制,提前終止一隻帶腫瘤小鼠)。huIgG治療群組中的兩個腫瘤生
長到800及1370mm3之大小,明顯超過164mm3之平均基線,但比PBS治療的腫瘤小。另一方面,在抗PD-1 mAb(hu317-1/IgG4mt2)治療群組中,腫瘤完全消退或者接近於基線大小(一個腫瘤=200mm3,該腫瘤在自PBMC植入兩周時消退到基線的50%後緩慢重新生長)。結果指示,上文所描述之抗PD-1 mAb可在小鼠活體內癌症模型中活化抑制腫瘤細胞生長的人類免疫細胞,該結果與上文所描述之活體外實驗結果一致。
<110> 開曼群島商.百濟神州生物科技有限公司 李康(Li,Kang) 張佟(Zhang,Tong) 宋靜(Song,Jing) 蘇蘭蘭(Xu,Lanlan) 劉奇(Liu,Qi) 彭浩(Peng,Hao)
<120> 抗PD1抗體及其作為治療與診斷之用途
<130> BGB 108
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<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 317-4B5 pro-Vh
<400> 45
<210> 46
<211> 107
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 317-4B5 pro-Vk
<400> 46
<210> 47
<211> 354
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 317-1 cDNA-Vh
<400> 47
<210> 48
<211> 118
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 317-1 pro-Vh
<400> 48
<210> 49
<211> 321
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 317-1 cDNA-Vk
<400> 49
<210> 50
<211> 107
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 317-1 pro-Vk
<400> 50
<210> 51
<211> 114
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 326-3B1 pro-Vh
<400> 51
<210> 52
<211> 110
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 326-3B1 pro-Vk
<400> 52
<210> 53
<211> 114
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 326-3G1 pro-Vh
<400> 53
<210> 54
<211> 110
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 326-3G1 pro-Vk
<400> 54
<210> 55
<211> 342
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 326-1 cDNA-Vh
<400> 55
<210> 56
<211> 114
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 326-1 pro-Vh
<400> 56
<210> 57
<211> 330
<212> DNA
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 326-1 cDNA-Vk
<400> 57
<210> 58
<211> 110
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 326-1 pro-Vk
<400> 58
<210> 59
<211> 16
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 317-1 H-CDR2 or CDR-H2
<400> 59
<210> 60
<211> 16
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 317-4B2 H-CDR2 or CDR-H2
<400> 60
<210> 61
<211> 11
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 317-4B2 L-CDR1 or CDR-L1
<400> 61
<210> 62
<211> 17
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 326-1 H-CDR2 or CDR-H2
<400> 62
<210> 63
<211> 17
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 326-3G1 H-CDR2 or CDR-H2
<400> 63
<210> 64
<211> 118
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 317-3A1 pro-Vh
<400> 64
<210> 65
<211> 118
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 317-3C1 pro-Vh
<400> 65
<210> 66
<211> 118
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 317-3E1 pro-Vh
<400> 66
<210> 67
<211> 118
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 317-3F1 pro-Vh
<400> 67
<210> 68
<211> 118
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 317-3G1 pro-Vh
<400> 68
<210> 69
<211> 118
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 317-3H1 pro-Vh
<400> 69
<210> 70
<211> 118
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 317-3I1 pro-Vh
<400> 70
<210> 71
<211> 118
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 317-4B1 pro-Vh
<400> 71
<210> 72
<211> 118
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 317-4B3 pro-Vh
<400> 72
<210> 73
<211> 118
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 317-4B4 pro-Vh
<400> 73
<210> 74
<211> 107
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 317-4A2 pro-Vk
<400> 74
<210> 75
<211> 114
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 326-3A1 pro-Vh
<400> 75
<210> 76
<211> 114
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 326-3C1 pro-Vh
<400> 76
<210> 77
<211> 114
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 326-3D1 pro-Vh
<400> 77
<210> 78
<211> 114
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 326-3E1 pro-Vh
<400> 78
<210> 79
<211> 114
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 326-3F1 pro-Vh
<400> 79
<210> 80
<211> 114
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 326-3B N55D pro-Vh
<400> 80
<210> 81
<211> 110
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 326-4A1 pro-Vk
<400> 81
<210> 82
<211> 110
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> 326-4A2 pro-Vk
<400> 82
<210> 83
<211> 327
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> huIgG4mt1 pro
<400> 83
<210> 84
<211> 327
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> huIgG4mt2 pro
<400> 84
<210> 85
<211> 327
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> huIgG4mt6 pro
<400> 85
<210> 86
<211> 327
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> huIgG4mt8 pro
<400> 86
<210> 87
<211> 327
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> huIgG4mt9 pro
<400> 87
<210> 88
<211> 327
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> huIgG4mt10 pro
<400> 88
<210> 89
<211> 367
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> OS8 pro
<400> 89
<210> 90
<211> 304
<212> PRT
<213> 人工序列
<220>
<223> P3Z pro
<400> 90
Claims (10)
- 一種包含一抗原結合域之抗體,該抗體抗原結合域特異性結合人類PD-1,且該抗體抗原結合域包含:包含以下三個互補決定區(CDR)之重鏈可變區(Vh):具有序列編號31之胺基酸序列之CDR-H1,具有序列編號32之胺基酸序列之CDR-H2,和具有序列編號33之胺基酸序列之CDR-H3;以及包含以下三個互補決定區(CDR)之輕鏈可變區(Vk):具有序列編號34之胺基酸序列之CDR-L1,具有序列編號35之胺基酸序列之CDR-L2,和具有序列編號36之胺基酸序列之CDR-L3。
- 如請求項1所述之抗體,該抗體包含一重鏈可變區(Vh),該重鏈可變區包含序列編號24之胺基酸序列。
- 如請求項1所述之抗體,該抗體包含一輕鏈可變區(Vk),該輕鏈可變區包含序列編號26之胺基酸序列。
- 如請求項1所述之抗體,該抗體包含一重鏈可變區(Vh)及一輕鏈可變區(Vk),該重鏈可變區(Vh)及輕鏈可變區(Vk)分別包含序列編號24之胺基酸序列及序列編號26之胺基酸序列。
- 如請求項1至4任一項所述之抗體,該抗體結合PD1殘基:K45及I93,相當於序列編號2中的K58及I106。
- 如請求項1所述之抗體,該抗體誘發與HEK293/OS8/PD-L1細胞或與EK293/OS8/PD-L2細胞共同培養的HuT78/PD-1細胞中的IL-2釋放,及/或該抗體抑制與HEK293/PD-L1細胞或與HEK293/PD-L2細胞共同培養的HuT78/P3Z細胞中的IL-2分泌,其中:OS8包含序列編號89之胺基酸序列,並且是藉由將抗人類CD3 mAb OKT3之一單鏈可變片段(scFv)融合至小鼠CD8α之C末端域建構之薄膜錨定嵌合Ab;且P3Z包含序列編號90之胺基酸序列,並且是藉由將人類PD-1之胞外域及跨膜域融合至人類CD3ζ鏈之細胞質域建構之嵌合PD-1受器。
- 如請求項1至4或6中任一項所述之抗體之F(ab)或F(ab)2。
- 如請求項5所述之抗體之F(ab)或F(ab)2。
- 如請求項1至4或6中任一項所述之抗體,其用於在確定患有癌症或病毒感染或確定另外需要PD-1拮抗作用的患者中治療癌症及病毒感染。
- 如請求項5所述之抗體,其用於在確定患有癌症或病毒感染或確定另外需要PD-1拮抗作用的患者中治療癌症及病毒感染。
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|---|---|---|---|
| ??PCT/CN2013/083467 | 2013-09-13 | ||
| PCT/CN2013/083467 WO2015035606A1 (en) | 2013-09-13 | 2013-09-13 | Anti-pd1 antibodies and their use as therapeutics and diagnostics |
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| TW201538525A TW201538525A (zh) | 2015-10-16 |
| TWI636995B true TWI636995B (zh) | 2018-10-01 |
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| CN (6) | CN108715615B (zh) |
| AU (3) | AU2013400609B9 (zh) |
| BR (1) | BR112016005408B1 (zh) |
| CA (3) | CA2924172C (zh) |
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| DK (2) | DK3702373T3 (zh) |
| EA (1) | EA034666B1 (zh) |
| ES (2) | ES2792183T3 (zh) |
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