TWI228041B - Highly purified ethyl EPA and EPA derivatives for psychiatric and neurological disorders - Google Patents
Highly purified ethyl EPA and EPA derivatives for psychiatric and neurological disorders Download PDFInfo
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- TWI228041B TWI228041B TW089101385A TW89101385A TWI228041B TW I228041 B TWI228041 B TW I228041B TW 089101385 A TW089101385 A TW 089101385A TW 89101385 A TW89101385 A TW 89101385A TW I228041 B TWI228041 B TW I228041B
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Description
1228041 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 Α7 Β7 五、發明說明(1 ) 即使過去二十年來已發現許多新藥,精神異常之治療仍 相當不佳。對於大部份精神病,藥物治療並不能成功地治 療所有病人。在精神分裂症,情感分裂及典型分裂 (schizotypal)異常,兩極異常(躁狂-抑鬱),單極抑修癡 呆’恐懼發作,焦慮,睡眠異常,注意力、過動性及行爲 異常,孤獨癖,人格異常,及所有其他精神病症狀爲事 實。例如,對於抑鬱,標準藥物使得約三分之二之病人之 標準抑鬱分數減少5 〇 %,而其他病人無反應。對於精神分 裂症,平均改良僅有 20_3 0%(S. Leucht et al, Schizophrenia Research 1999 ; 35 ·· 51·68),不過每位病人可能遠大於 此0 對於神經異常,如阿滋海默症及其他癡呆,巴金森氏 病,多發性硬化,中風,癲癇,及亨丁頓氏症亦爲事實。 許多病人對於目前之治療無反應,或僅有有限程度之反 應。這些疾病尚無藥物可使得徵候完全消除。因此,極需 要新穎治療方法,特別是具有新作用機制者。 在PCR申請案W0 98/16216 ,注意到一種特另U月旨肪酸,二 十碳五烯酸(EPA )及其衍生物,用於治療精神分裂症,抑 鬱,及癡呆之價値。EP A爲一種高度未飽和之脂肪酸,可 由食物必需脂肪酸泛-次亞麻油酸經由一系列三個反應所衍 生(圖1)。ΕΡΑ爲一種含有20個碳原子及5個雙鍵均爲順式 組態之脂肪酸。雙鍵係位於5,8,1 1,1 4及1 7位,完整化學 名稱均爲順式(或均爲ζ)5,8, 11,14,17-二十碳五婦酸。其 所用簡寫均爲ΕΡΑ。ΕΡΑ爲高度未飽和脂肪酸之一,主要 -4 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) --------訂---------線 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 1228041
五、發明說明(2 ) 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 種類示於圖2。以-次亞麻油酸轉化爲EPA之反應在人類緩 慢,僅有極少比例之食物α ·次亞麻油酸轉化爲EPA。EPA 亦發現爲海洋微生物,經由食物鏈,組成含油魚類及海洋 哺乳類所衍生之天然海洋油之3 %至30%之間。發現ΕΡΑ連 接於許多不同化學結構。可發現呈磷脂,三-,二-或單酸 甘油酯,醯胺,許多種類之酯,鹽,及其他化合物之形 式。在各情況中,ΕΡΑ部份一般可由複合分子裂解產生自 由酸形式,然後可再連接於其他複合分子。 PCT申請案wo 98/16216中述及非可預期地發現一種富含 ΕΡΑ之油在治療精神分裂症中有價値,而一種富含極相關 之脂肪酸二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)之油則無。這令人驚奇, 因爲大量DHA發現於人腦中,而僅有微量ΕΡΑ發現於其 中。因此,預期DHA會有效,而ΕΡΑ則無效。事實上則相 反。WO 98/16216揭示使用ΕΡΑ及其衍生物用於治療精神異 本發明提供一種醫藥製劑,包含ΕΡΑ之適當可同化形 式,製劑中存在之所有脂肪酸至少9 0 %,較佳至少9 5 %, 爲ΕΡ Α形式,及少於5 %,較佳少於3 %,爲二十二破六烯 酸之形式。該製劑可用於治療除周圍血管疾病及高三酸甘 油酯血症外之任何異常。 較佳在存在之其他脂肪酸中,有少於5 %,較佳少於3 〇/〇 之AA或DPA-n_3。同樣適用於任何其他可與epa競爭之脂 肪酸。 較佳凝集物DHA ’ A A及/或DP A _n_3含量少於所存在之 --------1--------- (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) -5-
1228041
五、發明說明()
總脂肪之1 Ο %,較佳少於5 %。 ΕΡΑ可呈ΕΡΑ乙酯,ΕΡΑ鋰,ΕΡΑ之單_,二_或三酸甘油 酯,或ΕΡΑ之任何其他酯或鹽形式,或ΕρΑ之自由酸形 式。ΕΡ Α亦可呈2 -經取代之衍生物或其他衍生物形式,其 可降低氧化速率而實質上不改變對於精神或腦異常之生物 作用(N· Willumsen et al·,Bi〇chimica Bi〇physica 八咖 1998 1369 : 193-203) 〇 ? ? 该醫藥製劑可用於治療精神或中樞神經系統異常,包 括:精神分裂症,情感分裂異常及典型分裂異常;抑鬱或 躁狂-抑鬱(兩極異常);焦慮或恐懼症或社會恐佈症,或睡 眠異常,或注意力缺乏、行爲、過動性或人格 癖;阿滋海默症,血管癡呆或另一種癡呆,包括;: 癡呆,路威(Lewy)體疾病,及尾波(pd〇n)異常之疾病;巴 金森氏症,或其他運動系統異常;多發性硬化;中風;癲 瘤,及了丁頓氏症,或任何其他神經變性異常。 本發明另提供用於精神及神經異常之調配物,其中一種 主要作用於神經傳導物代謝或受體之藥物用於與一種根據 本發明之第一方面之醫藥製劑共同施用,以及醫藥調配 物,包含一種根據本發明之第一方面之製劑與一種主要作 用於神經傳導物代謝或受體之藥物。習知藥之藥物可以習 知劑量施用,根據本發明之第一方面之EPA調配物各別施 用於病人。習知藥物可與根據本發明之第一方面之EpA調 配物合併於一種組合調配物中,或二者可以各別調配物於 一組合包裝中提供。 -6 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) .t 訂---------線· 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 1228041 Δ7 Α7 Β7 五、發明說明() (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 本發明之含EPA製劑可與任何已知具有治療精神或中樞 神經系統異常效果之藥物施用以改良該藥物之功效或降低 其副作用。 適合與本發明之第一方面之EP A製劑共同施用之藥物爲 克羅沙平(clozapine );及典型或非典型神經鬆弛劑之任一 種,包括氯普馬秦(chlorpromazine),鹵 p比醇(haloperidol) ,瑞司比同(risperidone),歐蘭沙平(olanzapine),絲丁朵 (sertindole),奇巴西同(ziprasidone ),卓貼平(zotepine ), 或安密沙普(amisulpiride )。其他如下述。 本發明另提供一種治療或預防精神或神經異常藥物之副 作用之方法,由施用該藥物及一種根據本發明之第一方面 之醫藥製劑。 在治療精神異常中重要爲使用純或幾乎純之EP A及EP A 衍生物。令人驚期之結論爲DHA及有關之脂肪酸可能不僅 無效,而且實際上可能降低EP A及其衍生物之功效。 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 嶙脂爲神經細胞膜之主要成份。在神經細胞中,嶙脂之 中間碳原子(稱爲Sn2 ) —般接於一種高度不飽和脂肪酸 (HUFA),如 DHA,花生油酸(AA),有時EPA。HUFAs 爲 含有18-26個碳原子及三或多個雙鍵之脂肪酸。當神經細 胞活化(例如以多巴胺或血清素)時,一群集合稱爲磷脂酶 A2(PLA2)之酶之活性通常增加。PLA2由Sn2位置釋放 HUFA,產生一個HUFA之自由分子及一個稱爲溶血磷脂 (LyPL)( —種磷脂無脂肪酸接於Sn2位置)之分子(圖3)。二 種分子本身可爲高度活性細胞之訊號劑,可以許多不同方 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 1228041 Δ7 A7 B7 五 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 發明說明(5 ) (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 式改變細胞功能。此外,HUFA可轉化爲前列腺素,白三 晞,經酸,及調節神經元功能之短壽命分子。例如,一種 由花生油酸衍生之分子,白三烯C 4,顯示爲正常神經細胞 生長及發生絕對需要者(E· Mayatepek and B. Flock, Leukotriene C4-synthesis deficiency : a new inborn error of metabolism linked to a fatal developmental syndrome Lancet 1998 ; 352 : 1514-7) 〇 若細胞功能正常,重要的是此活化應爲暫時且應由自由 HUFA及LyPL移除而中止。否則,膜損壞可能發生,因爲 LyPL可能具有破壞性。此外,自由HUFAs容易氧化成高度 活性自由基,其可造成極大破壞。一般看法爲該膜損壞爲 許多神經變性疾病,包括阿滋海默症及其他癡呆,巴金森 氏症,中風,亨丁頓氏症,所有種類絕血損壞,及多發性 硬化,之基本病理基礎。一些範圍之引發因素可能由相同 途徑造成損壞。磷脂裂解成LyPL s及HUFA s在癲癇亦可能 重要。 在大部份情況,涉及HUFA s及LyPL s之訊號傳導過程由 一個二序列反應中止。首先,HUFA係由一群稱爲脂肪酸 輔酶A連接酶(FACLs)之酶連接於輔酶A。這些酶亦稱爲醯 基-CoA合成酶。然後HUFA-輔酶A衍生物由一群稱爲醯基 CoA之酶溶血磷脂醯基轉移酶(ACLATs)連接於LyPL,在 過程中釋放輔酶 A(A. Yamashita et al,Acyltransferases and transacylases involved in fatty acid remodelling of phospholipids and metabolism of bioactive lipids in -8- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 1228041 7 A7 B7 發明說明() mammalian cells. J· Biochem 122 : 1-16,1997)。此序列由 神經細胞移除HUFA s及LyPL s,使得與訊號傳導有關之事 件終止,神經元準備接受下一刺激(圖3)。 現在有許多證據證明,在三種主要精神疾病中,一或多 個磷脂酶群,特別是一或多個PLA2群,活性增加。這三種 疾病爲精神分裂症,兩種異常,及嚴重抑鬱;三種異常通 常一起發現於相同家族中,通常具有重疊之徵候範圍。長 久以來認爲彼等之至少部份生化基礎相同,PLA2異常可能 爲該共同因素。在精神分裂症,血液中PLA2之循環濃度增 加。在兩極異常,鐘爲主要確立之治療,已顯示可抑制 PLA2之活性。在嚴重抑鬱,膜之n-3系列之HUFAs耗盡, 與PLA2之活性增強所發生之發炎反應活化偶合。然而,這 些疾病各涉及多於一種生化異常;雖然三者之PLA2或相關 磷脂酶異常可能相同,但是其他異常可能爲各疾病特異 者。 在精神分裂症,最近已發現第二種異常於脂肪酸循環 中。F ACL - 4之功能有缺失,該酶在人腦中連接HUF A s於 輔酶 A(Y. Cao et al,Cloning,expression and chromosomal localization of human long-chain fatty acid-CoA ligase 4 (FACL4) Genomics 1998 ; 49 : 327-330)。已知在精神分裂 症中HUF A s併入磷脂有缺失,但是精確之酶尚未知。然 而,FACL 4發現於腦中,對於HUFA s爲特異者,若缺 乏,則產生腦異常及較小身體異常,如高弓形顎,其爲精 神分裂症病人之典型症狀(M. Picini et al,FACL_4, a new -9- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) --------訂---------線 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 1228041 A7 B7 五、發明說明(7 ) gene encoding long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4,is deleted in a family with Alport Syndrome, elliptocytosis and metal retardation. Genomics 1998 ; 47 : 350-358) 〇 二種酶異常之 合併存在造成該疾病。 兩極異常及嚴重抑鬱之第二種或其他異常尚未知。另一 種磷脂酶,PLC,作用於Sn3位置以釋放肌醇磷酸酯及二醯 基甘油,可能涉及兩極異常。二種分子,如LyPL及 HUFAs,涉及細胞通訊;PLC及PLA2之過度活化可能與兩 極異常有關。 在神經變性症狀,似乎爲膜降解酶(如磷脂酶)不受控制 之活化,偶合與HUFAs之氧化有關之自由基形成增加及 LyPL所造成之膜損壞。此種現象,與過量磷脂酶活性有關 之膜損壞,已爲許多研究者充分描述於阿滋海默症及其他 癡呆,多發興硬化,中風及其他由絕血或受傷所引起之腦 疾病,巴金森氏症,癲癇,及亨丁頓氏症。在注意力缺乏 症,亦稱爲過動性,血液中缺乏磷脂酶可作用之高度不飽 和脂肪酸。 在這些情沉中,有一些磷脂酶活性及訊號傳導活性增加 不能以正常方式中止之證據。因此,磷脂酶,FACLs及醯 基轉移酶爲藥物作用之新標靶。吾等觀察富含EP A之物質 有利於精神病可以幾方面説明: EPA已知可抑制磷脂酶A2(MJ Finnen & CR Lovell, Biochem Soc Transactions,1991 ; 19 : 915),亦可有助於向 下調節最初活化過程。有趣的是,在此分析系統中,以關 -10- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) --------------------訂--------- (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 1228041 A7 B7 ^_I_ 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 發明說明() 之脂肪酸二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)無效。 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) EPA對於人腦酶FACL - 4具有不尋常之高親和力(Y. Cao et al, 1998,參見上述)。作用於HUFAs之酶,一般對於 HUFAs如EPA,DHA及AA之活性相似,或對於DHA及AA 通常較EPA更有活性。然而,FACL-4對於AA之活性爲對 於DHA之二倍以上,而對於EPA之活性較對於AA大50% (Y. Cao et al5 1998 )。其表示EPA較其他HUFAs容易進入 循環,形成EPA _ CoA衍生物,連接於LyPL,而中止自由 LyPL之活性。因此,EPA可較其他HUFAs有效停止活化, 一旦開始。 因爲EPA會與A A競爭併入磷脂之Sn2位置,EPA亦會減 少AA併入該位置之量。這在抑鬱可能特別重要,其中AA 量相當或絕對異常高。 EPA本身爲一種HUFA,其可轉化爲所欲化合物,如前列 腺素I3(PGI3)及前列腺素E3(PGE3),其具有抗發炎及抗血 栓作用,特別可用於神經變性疾病及抑鬱。EP A所衍生之 化合物顯示較AA所衍生之相等化合物無害。因此,AA以 EP A替代在上述所有神經變性疾病中可能特別有價値,該 疾病中至少部份損壞歸因於過度活性之磷脂酶,其釋放 AA,然後AA可轉變爲原發炎化合物。 EP A之純化困難且複雜。因爲其五個雙鍵必須均在碳鏈 之右邊位置。且必須均爲順式組態,故EP A難以合成。在 天然中,幾乎總是發現EP A與其他脂肪酸混合呈三酸甘油 酯及磷脂形式。EP A之純化原理爲熟習技藝人士周知,包 -11 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐)
1228041 A7 B7 五、發明說明() 括低溫結晶,脲分裂,鋰結晶,分餾,高壓液相層析,超 臨界二氧化碳層析,及使用矽膠及其他管柱填料之各種其 他形式之層析。這些已知技術之應用難以大規模實施,最 近僅有純EPA(純度大於90%,較佳大於9 5%)可用於測試 精神病及CNS疾病。在一種純化方法,富含ep a之天然备 油三酸甘油醋皂化,脂肪酸轉化爲乙@旨形式。然後以分子 蒸餾製備一種冨含EPA乙酯之製劑,收集適當餾份。然後 此餾份以脲沉澱轉化爲一種含有大於8 〇 % EP A乙酯之製 劑。然後大於9 6 %純EP A乙酯之最終製劑係由矽膠層析或 高壓液相層析獲得。 大邵份使用EPA及有關脂肪酸之研究習慣上使用部份富 含EPA但亦含有大量其他脂肪酸(特別是二十二碳六烯酸 (DHA),其與EPA—起發現於大部份天然油中)之物質。月旨 肪酸一般呈三酸甘油酯或乙酯形式,有時呈自由酸及濟脂 形式。一十一峡五缔故(DP A η-3)亦爲該物質之一種普通 成份。然而,吾等發展ΕΡΑ之可能作用機制之最新瞭解 爲:ΕΡΑ愈純,則活性可能愈佳。其不祇是劑量問題,事 實上重要方面爲使用純EP Α。由病人之觀點,特別是精神 不安之病人,給予1克EP A之9 5 %純製劑顯然較給予5克 1 9 %純製劑提供相同總量之EPA爲佳。病人可能較順從於 較小體積之高度純化化合物。 更重要者,其他脂肪酸,如AA,DPAn-3,及DHA,在 結構上相當相似於EPA,但不具相同生物活性範圍,與 EPA競爭結合於所有有關酶之活性位置。因此,這些其他 -12- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) ---------------------訂---------線 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁} 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印制衣 1228041 A7 B7 五、發明說明( 脂肪酸會與EPA競爭佔據這些活性 仅置,減少其活性。 EPA之製劑愈純,則愈可能佔據有關活性結合位晋,侖可 能具有所欲生物效果。 ^ 路 由年齡35歲之抑鬱婦女,吾等非可預期地注意 化之EPA之重要性。該婦女具有長期抑#歷史,Η—細 抑鬱評分範圍爲15至25。幾種不同抗抑鬱劑,包括傳统三 環化合物及較新選擇性血清素再吸收抑制劑,之試驗不里 衝擊性。爲了EPA對抑鬱重要之證據,該婦女進行三個月 試驗,4克/天給予富含EPA之魚油,含有25%砂八與8% DHA及10%其他高度未飽和脂肪酸。在此試驗開始時,該 婦女具有Hamilton評分在20_22範圍内,在結束時,
Hamilton評分在16-18範圍内,僅有小而不重要之改進。 繼續給予富含EP A之油二個月,無任何進一步改變。然後 獲得EP A乙g旨之9 6 %純製劑,含有少於3 % dhA,建議該婦 女服用應用4克/天25%EPA製劑改變爲1克/天90%製劑。 吾等預期這樣會較方便,並不預期任何臨除改進,因爲 EPA每曰劑量維持不變。然而,令人驚奇地,在約3 _4個星 期後,該婦女開始有很大改進,Hamiiton評分幾年來首次 低於6。由此,及由EPA結合於faCL-4及可能結合於其他 蛋白質之證據,吾等推斷爲獲得最大臨床功效重要的是施 用高度純化形式之EP A。令人驚奇地,相同每日劑量之純 化形式EPA顯示較其他可能與EpA競爭結合於有關作用位 置之脂肪酸混合者有效。 此最初經驗現在已由一些範圍精神病之許多其他病例報 -13- 本紙張尺度適用中國國豕標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公餐) --------------------訂---------線 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁)
1228041 t、發明說明() η確認。所觀察之一些實例包括下列: 後iiL分裂症:具有十年歷史之病人已由每天服用16x0.5克 膠囊含有24%EPA及8%DHA之魚油而充分控制。此提供約 1.9克/天之EPA及0.6克/天之DHA。病人未服用其他抗精 神病藥物。然而,病人不喜歡服用高劑量魚油,並嘗試降 低劑量。然而,當這樣做時,徵候又產生,故推斷病人必 須服用約2克/天之EPA以維持良好。當獲得純化之EPA乙 酉旨時,改爲4X0.5克膠囊,亦提供約2克/天。控制其徵候 極佳。因此降低劑量至1克/天。不像先前以混合魚油提供 1.9克/天之EPA及0.6克/天之DHA之情況,降低EPA乙酯之 劑量至1克/天不會導致徵候之回復。因此,1克/天之純化 形式顯示有效,可能較1.9克/天之EPA與DHA及其他脂肪 酸混合有效。 里極異常:兩極異常爲一種抑鬱或躁狂狀態呈插曲式或抑 鬱或躁狂狀態交替之疾病。標準治療爲鋰或丙基戊酸酯衍 生物,或抗精神病之神經鬆弛藥物,其特別用於控制躁狂 狀態。有時使用標準抗抑鬱劑,但是必須小心使用,因爲 彼等可能有加速躁狂狀態之危險。 已報告極高劑量(9 - 1 0克/天)混合EP A及DHA有助於治療 兩極病人,改良抑鬱,及降低復發抑鬱或躁狂狀態之危險 (A· Stoll et al, Omega-3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1999 ; 56 : 407-412 ) 0 在獲 得純EPA乙酯之前,五位具有兩極異常之病人之症狀僅部 份以鋰控制並間歇以神經鬆弛劑控制躁狂狀態,給予1 〇 -14- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) --------------------訂---------線 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 1228041 Α7 Β7 12 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製
五、發明說明( 20克/天一種含有18% ep a及1 2 % DH A之魚油。此提供每 天1·8 - 3.6克之EPA及1.2 - 2.4克之DHA。以此治療,病人 較少抑鬱,及較不易心境搖擺,如下列一年臨床期間所 示。然而,病人並不完全正常。當獲得純EPA乙酯時,由 魚油改變爲純EPA,以2克/天劑量,四顆0.5克軟明膠膠 囊。在各例中,臨床症狀有相當大改良。抑鬱變得實質上 較佳’顯示較少心境搖擺傾向。特別注意到有些難以習知 精神病評分測量者有所改良。其爲内心緊張或煩燥不安之 感’爲一種與該疾病有關之狀態,可由抗精神病藥物誇大 或改變爲混亂緊張狀態,有時以滿腦棉花之感説明,難以 直線清楚思考。病人明顯報告這種煩燥不安,緊張,及 「棉毛思想」之感一起大大減少或消失。此種效果未見於 以較高劑量之EPA以EPA/DHA混合物形式於魚油中治療 時。因此’純化之EPA具有較混合之EPA及DHA爲大及不 同之效果,此支持DHA實際上降低EPA之治療效果及高度 純化之EPA在治療上較有效之觀點。 良意力缺乏過%性異常(A^^: ADHD及極有關之症狀, 如注意力缺乏異常及行爲異常,通常發現於小孩。有時彼 等可成功地以行爲修飾及其他精神病學技術或小心注意食 物而治療。然而,在大部份情況,需以一種作用於安非他 命之刺激藥物作似是而非之治療。利他靈(Methylphenidate ) 及右旋安非他命最常使用。一個自幼兒時期具有嚴重 ADHD之七歲男孩使其父母近乎纟狂。料病學方法及食 物完全無用,利他靈僅部份控制其症狀。父母擔心長期使 -15- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(21〇 X 29Γ^ ---------------------訂-------!線 (請先閱讀背面之注咅?事項再填寫本頁) 1228041 ^__ 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 A7 B7 13 發明說明() 用刺激藥物之結果。因此,男孩嘗試每天兩顆純EPA乙酉旨 膠囊。最先二個星期極少變化,但是其後行爲發生實質改 良。男孩變得較不緊張及暴燥,較不過動,較開放於合理 討論,在家及學校極少破壞性。即使利他靈停止使用,其 行爲仍有改良。 轰: 一位7 5歲婦女發生癡呆,可能爲阿滋海默症,但可 能由於多梗塞造成,因爲結合心血管疾病。如通常發生 者’該婦女亦變得退縮及抑鬱,但是不幸地,此狀態由無 理性及劇烈性暴發所中斷,通常對於家人,有時對完全陌 生人。該婦女嘗試二種膽鹼激導藥物:雖然這些藥物對於 其認知狀態梢有改良,但是對於其抑鬱,暴躁,及生氣無 用。違婦女t试4 X 0· 5克膠囊純EP A乙酯之劑量,二顆早上 給予,二顆晚上給予。在四個星期内,有顯著改良,變得 較高興及友善,顯示暴躁實質上減少。其家人亦認爲其認 知力已經改良,但是難以確定,因爲其心境改善。 盈J灌及焦慮異常極普通。彼等結合恐懼發作,可能由於憂 #產生’完全無促進因素,或可能結合稍微壓迫狀況,該 反應不會發生於正常人。恐懼發作之特徵爲一種嚴重焦慮 感,呼吸困難,流汗,肚子不舒服感(稱爲「蝴蝶在胃 中」),及腿虛脱感。心動快速亦極常與這些精神徵候結 合,其結合心悸之主觀感覺。失眠爲普通,病人通常在半 夜由於心悸及恐懼自發地醒來。病人亦常抑鬱。普通治療 包括抗焦慮藥,如苯并二氮雜革,卢·阻斷劑,用於控制心 悸,及抗抑鬱劑。 -16 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(21〇 X 297公釐) • --------訂---------線 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) A7
1228041 五、發明說明() 吾等現在使用純化之EP A乙酯治療幾位具有恐懼及焦慮 異常之病人極有效。三個病歷如下。一位29歲婦女由於經 常及不可控制之恐懼發作及心悸而成爲無能。以苯并二氮 雜革,-阻斷劑,及抗抑鬱劑治療已證明在控制其徵候中 僅邵份有效。然後給予每天2克epa乙酯之劑量,四顆5〇〇 笔克膠囊。戎婦女之徵候極大改良,三個月期間,其幾乎 無恐懼發作及心悸,僅有二次相當溫和之發作。此治療遠 較任何先箣所接受之治療有效。一位5 6歲婦女罹患溫和焦 慮及恐懼發作於大部份生命期間,但是在前幾年變得更 壞,與其小孩之各種問題有關。解焦慮劑及抗抑鬱劑僅有 適度之效果’其心悸不可控制,即使以相當高劑量之卢-阻 斷劑。其再以EP A乙酯治療四個月。焦慮及恐懼發作變得 較不嚴重’即使發生,並無以前令其非常擔心之心悸。第 二位病人爲一位5 5歲家庭主婦,離婚二次,現在有長期關 係。其每星期有幾次恐懼發作,有時在半夜,總是伴隨強 烈心悸’令其非常擔心。這些恐懼發作伴隨抑鮝。其極不 願思外出,因爲害怕發作,此嚴重破壞其生活。抗抑鬱 劑,阻斷劑,及解焦慮劑僅有有限之有利效果。其亦以 EPA乙醋治療,四個月期間,恐懼發作及心悸急劇減少。 有時會覺得心悸發作可能發生,但是極少產生。因此,其 感覺信心增加’可以恢復較正常生活。這些觀察證明純化 之EPA乙g旨在治療恐懼症中有效。 EPA乙醋之另一用途爲在使用電痙攣治療(ECT)時作爲 治療嚴重抑鬱之佐劑。ECT係在大部份其他治療無用時使 -17- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) ---------------------訂---------線 (請先閱讀背面之注咅?事項再填寫本頁) 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 1228041 Δ7 Α7 Β7 15 五、發明說明() (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 用。其涉及施用休克於麻醉下,雖然有效,但是用於病人 及醫生願意之情況,因爲害怕可能損壞腦部及引起記憶喪 失。最好可限制所需之休克數目以達成有利效果,吾等發 現少數病人事實上於此情況。 這些觀察顯示純EPA乙酯在廣泛範圍之精神及神經異常 中具有價値,反映這些疾病共同涉及膜及嶙脂異常。 但是E-EPA(EPA乙酯)並非僅本身可用於治療。E_EPA 可與各種精神及神經疾病中所用之標準藥物共同施用,實 質上可增強對於標準治療之反應,亦可減少標準治療之許 多副作用。本發明提供涉及E - EP A與標準藥物共同施用之 合併治療,包括同一調配物或同一包裝。 吾等由一個顯著病史注意到此可能性。一位具有長期精 神分裂症歷史之中年男性病人對於「典型」神經鬆弛劑之 治療無反應。「典型」神經鬆弛劑爲對於多巴胺D2受體具 有強烈阻斷作用之藥物(B. Leonard, Fundamentals of j
Psychopharmacology, 2 edition, Wiley, New York,1997 )。 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 此機制被認爲彼等對於所謂之精神分裂症之「陽性」徵候 (如幻覺,妄想,及思想異常)迅速有效之原因。然而,這 些藥物對於所謂之精神分裂症之「陰性」徵候,如缺乏快 感,缺乏感情,及感情及社會退縮,具有極少效果。D 2阻 斷作用亦造成這些藥物之許多不利效果,包括錐體外運動 異常,過量激乳素分泌,及遲發性運動困難。此類廣泛使 用之藥物實例包括氣普馬秦(chlorpromazine),遠利他秦 (thioridazine),鹵 p比醇(haloperidol),必莫才德 18- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 1228041 A7 _B7 16 五、發明說明() (pimozide),氟潘西索(flupenthixol),及沙峨來德 (sulpiride )。 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 不論以幾種這些藥物之完全劑量治療,病人並無反應。 因此,先以所謂之「非典型」神經鬆弛劑克羅沙平 (clozapine)治療。這些非典型藥物具有對於D2受體非常低 之親和力,通常具有廣泛範圍之其他受體作用。這些可包 括阻斷一或多種其他多巴胺受體,如Di,D3,或D4,通 常亦包括阻斷一或多種血清素受體。彼等不會引發許多激 乳素分泌,極少引發錐體外運動異常。彼等亦可作用於其 他受體,包括組織胺,麩胺酸,及乙醯膽鹼受體。此類藥 物包括克羅沙平(clozapine),歐蘭沙平(olanzapine),奎替 阿平(quetiapine),瑞司比同(risperidone),奇巴西同 (ziprasidone),絲丁朵(sertindole),卓貼平(zotepine),及 安密沙普(amisulpiride)。在早期發展中,有許多此類藥 物,特徵均在對於D 2受體之親和力低於「典型」神經鬆弛 劑。 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 病人以克羅沙平(clozapine)治療,最終達到最大劑量900 毫克/天。其產生一些改良,但是病仍嚴重。病人緊張,退 縮,及多疑,具有奇怪行爲。例如,打開電視時不允許任 何聲音,因爲妄想別人對其説話。自然會對任何企圖與其 一起看電視之人發怒。嘗試給予病人歐蘭沙平 (olanzapine),奎替阿平(quetiapine),及瑞司比同 (risperidone),無實質利益。臨床上顯示以克羅沙平最 佳,以900毫克/天可維持許多月。克羅沙平困擾病人之主 -19- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) A7 B7 1228041 17 五、發明說明() 要副作用爲口水過多。 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 除了克羅沙平外,然後施用E - EP A,以2克/天之劑量。 雖然EPA可有效治療精神分裂症,但是其作用之開始緩 慢,且實質利益通常在開始治療後4 - 8個星期才可見(B· Puri et al,Sustained remission of positive and negative symptome of schizophrenia following treatment with eicosapentaenoic acid,Archives of General Psychiatry 55 : 188-189, 1998)。然而,以克羅沙平治療重病多年之病人, 幾天内開始出現效果,二星期内顯著。病人本身及其家人 及朋友均注意到此效果。特別是,病人不再抑鬱,變得高 興,不再緊張,變得輕鬆,而且不再退縮及拒絕説話,變 得外向及愛説話。對於其家人及朋友,最先及最顯著效果 之一爲電視可開至正常聲量。病人之精神病醫生表示「我 不記得曾經看過精神分裂症在少於2個星期内有這樣顯著 之改良」。此病例之特別重要方面爲克羅沙平所引發之口 水過多有相當之減少。 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 在此病人,克羅沙平及其他神經鬆弛劑,典型及非典 型,清楚地具有極有限之有利效果。在另一方面,E - EP A 具有令人驚奇之大而非可預期之迅速效果,該效果非E-EPA單獨施用時一般可見者。此建議克羅沙平及E-EPA間 具有極有利之相互作用,並建議克羅沙平及E - EP A應一起 施用於至少一些病人。 E-EPA與習知精神病藥物結合不僅對於精神分裂症,而 且對於所有其他精神及神經異常,具有加成及甚至增效效 -20- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) 1228041 A7 B7 18 發明說明() 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 果有良好理由。這是因爲大部份用於治療精神及神經異常 之藥物作用於神經傳導物之代謝或神經傳導物之受體,調 節神經傳導物(如去甲腎上腺素,血清素,多巴胺,麵胺 酸,乙醯膽鹼,及胺基丁酸(GAB A))之合成,不活化, 再吸收,或反應。然而,神經細胞中許多現象發生於一個 受體爲一種神經傳導物或阻斷劑佔據之後。佔據受體導致 細胞功能發生許多改變,該功能一般名稱爲「訊號傳導」 或「細胞通訊」,包括G蛋白質,#5移動,鋼及钟移動, 磷脂及類二十碳烷(eicosanoids)之代謝,環狀核苷酸,及 基因調節改變。這些僅爲發生於訊號傳導過程之一些實 例。PLA2循環之活化,可能跟隨多巴胺,血清素,乙醯膽 鹼,或麩胺酸受體之活化,特定實例示於圖3。 有愈來愈多證據顯示一些引起精神及神經疾病之異常不 在神經傳導物或受體層面,而在受體後訊號傳導層面。許 多有關此精神異常之證據已摘要於最近出版之書籍 (Phospholipid Spectrum Disorder in Psychiatry, ed. M. Peet, I. Glen & DF Horrobin, Marius Press, Carnforth, UK, 1999)。若是這樣,類似大部份這些目前使用之藥物,作用 於神經傳導物或受體層面,僅具有有效功效。許多種類精 神及神經異常之藥物是這樣,大部份最初作用於神經傳導 物或受體層面。目前以影響神經傳導物代謝或神經傳導物 受體之藥物治療之疾病包括精神分裂症,抑#,兩極異 常,注意力缺乏,行爲及有關異常,巴金森氏症,癡呆, 焦慮,恐懼及社會恐怖症,及經前徵候群。目前之藥物與 -21 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) :228041 A7 B7 19 1、發明說明( 作用於受體後訊號傳導面之藥物預期具有加成或增效效 果’因爲該藥物組合作用於神經元之二個不同層面。 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) E - EP A之主要效果爲調節受體後磷脂有關之訊號傳導。 然後這些作用間接调節其他過程或酶,如蛋白質激酶,趟 移動’環狀核酸代謝,或基因表現。因此,EPA及任何 這些其他種類藥物間有強烈及潛在有價値之相互作用。 該單一病人之病歷非可預期地使吾等注意到一般原則, 即Ε - EP Α或任何其他形式之生物活性ερ a與任何主要作用 於神經傳導物代謝或神經傳導物受體之精神或神經藥物共 同施用有用之觀點。 與EPA共同施用有用之藥物包括典型及非典型抗精神分 裂症藥物,所有種類之抗抑鬱劑,用於控制焦慮或恐懼之 藥物,用於調節睡眠之藥物,及用於治療巴金森氏症或癡 呆之藥物。所有這些藥物主要作用於神經傳導物或其受體 之層面。 E - EP A可加強標準藥物治療效果之一般原則可以其他病 歷説明。一位50歲之老年男性罹患嚴重抑鬱,嘗試幾種= 抑鬱劑無效。最後以一種選擇性血清素再吸收抑制^ 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 (SSRI)西他洛普蘭(citalopram)治療,令人驚奇地,減少二 些抑鬱,即使其他SSRIs無效。其產生改良,維持幾個 雖然在此期間仍有輕微抑鬱。除西他洛普蘭外,然後終7 1克/天EPA乙酯。在四個星期後,幾年來首次心境輕
再獲得許多已認爲在生命中永遠喪失之興趣。 、A 一位21歲之年輕婦女,由於精神分裂症崩潰而離開大 力一竭例爲 學 -22 私紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公爱 1228041 A7 ___B7 ' 20 ' *--- 五、發明說明() 她有聽幻覺,一直告訴她,有位敎授破壞她的大學生活, (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 變得完全不信任她的同學朋友,製作一系列奇怪的研究論 文,顯示嚴重思想異常。她以1 〇毫克/天歐蘭沙平 (olanzapine)治療,停止幻覺,減少妄想狂及思想異常,但 是她宣稱,這使她煩燥不安及「模糊不清」,不能清楚地 思考。亦使其極想睡覺,胃口極大而增重。給予2克/天 EP A乙酯,在約4個星期後,她宣稱可較清楚地思考,胃口 極小而減重。在一年後,可再回到大學,表現一致在A及B 等級。 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 一位4 0歲之男性在2 5歲罹患精神分裂症。有鮮紅幻覺及 妄想狂,亦與大部份友誼斷絕而單獨生活。其嘗試各種藥 物,一些藥物產生不喜歡之副作用。最後發現典型神經鬆 弛劑鹵吡醇(haloperidol)之劑量,可停止大部份幻覺及保 持合理範圍之妄想狂,但是似乎使其更加退縮。其單獨生 活,停止與大部份朋友聯絡,單獨進城,自言自語。其精 神病醫生聽説EPA乙酯,決定除標準藥物外嘗試該藥。在 以4克/天治療8個星期後,其外觀轉變。殘餘之幻覺消 失,變得較熱情及較友善。甚至接受勸告與家人渡假,過 传快樂並結交新朋友。因此,EPA可逆轉鹵峨醇所導致之 極端退縮。 典型神經鬆弛劑在一些病人產生痛苦症狀,稱爲遲發性 運動困難。部份由於腦部不可逆之改變,因爲若藥物治療 停止,該症狀通常不恢復。病人有不可控制之抽動及其他 運動。這些可影響身體之任何部份,但是通常影響臉部, -23- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格⑵◦ x 297公ΐ! """""""' -- 1228041 A7 B7 ^____ 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印制衣 21 - 發明說明() 特別痛苦。臉部抽動及運動,包括舌頭伸出及不可控制之 運動。以EPA治療之幾位病人之遲發性運動困難實質上減 輕。運動實質上減少,在一些病人完全消失。 克羅沙平(clozapine )被許多精神病醫生認爲特別有效之 藥物’但是其具有許多嚴重副作用。由病人之觀點,最討 厭之一爲口水過多。其可能不是極爲嚴重,但是恆定大量 口水事實上對於病人及與病人有關者極痛苦。口水過多之 機制未知。完全非可預期地,三位以克羅沙平治療之口水 過多爲主要問題之病人,以EPA乙酯治療不僅精神狀態實 免上改良,而且口水劇減至正常量,大大解救病人及其護 理人員。 ^ 肥胖症爲抗精神病藥物之另一種普通副作用。在此方 面,一些新藥,如歐蘭沙平(〇lanzapine),通常甚至似乎較 典型神經鬆弛劑更令人不愉快。一位在二十多歲早期具有 精神分裂症崩潰之年輕婦女以典型神經鬆弛劑治療約工〇 年,然後在前兩年在以歐蘭沙平治療。其較喜歡歐蘭沙 平,但仍退縮,不能與朋友或家人正常溝通。其痛苦爲增 重超過10公斤。醫生決定除歐蘭沙平外試驗砂八乙酯。在 以後六個月退縮狀態逐漸改良,開始再成爲音樂家,已有 幾年未做。同樣重要的是其本身評估已喪失大部份最先開 始使用歐蘭沙平所增加之重量。 這些病歷清楚地證明下列: 1 ·純Ep A乙酯在精神分裂症,兩極異常,抑鬱,注意力 缺乏症’及癡呆具有強治療效果。如同其他具有抗精 -24· 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) -------—訂---------線 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 1228041 A7 B7 22 五、發明說明() 神病作用之藥物,對於大部份精神病及與膜損壞有關 之神經異常可能具有一些有利效果。這些包括各種癡 呆(包括阿滋海默症,多梗塞血管癡呆,及路威(Lewy) 體疾病),多發性硬化,巴金森氏症,及亨丁頓氏舞蹈 症。 2. 純EPA乙酯增強廣泛範圍之精神及神經藥物之有利效 果。此有極大意義,因爲愈來愈明暸許多精神及神經 異常在於神經元及其他細胞之訊號傳導系統中之神經 傳導受體。EP A作用於這些訊號傳導系統,提供EP A 及其他藥物間正相互作用之合理解釋。 3. EPA可減少精神及神經藥物之不利效果完全非可預 期。此機制未知,但是顯示爲一種相當普通之現象, 因爲發現有藥物引發之肥胖症,運動異常,鎮靜,煩 燥不安及流口水。 雖然該EPA乙酯效果之病歷報告令人信服,但是在一些 病歷其功效之顯著而清楚之證明必須得自隨機安慰劑對照 之試驗。因此,吾等設計一種EP A於34位精神分裂症病人 之隨機安慰劑對照研究,根據American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition,DSM-IV)中設定之標準。這些病人 均以克羅沙平(clozapine)治療,但是均維持嚴重症狀,具 有精神分裂症徵候。如同許多精神分裂症,一些病人亦有 抑鬱。全部均在基線及在1 2個星期後使用精神分裂症之陽 性及陰性徵候尺度(PANSS )及Montgomery-Asberg抑參評分 -25- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) --------------------訂---------線 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) A7 1228041 _B7_ 23 五、發明說明() 尺度(MADRS)評估。 在獲得同意後,所有病人以雙盲基準隨機分成三組:安 慰劑,或每天1克或2克EPA乙酯以0.5克膠囊之形式。安慰 劑及EPA膠囊之外貌不可區分。 四組由基線之變化百分率示於下表中。所有病人均有一 些程度之改良,故所有變化均爲改良百分率。 評分尺度 安慰劑 1 克 EPA 2 克 EPA 總 PANSS 5.2% 18.8% 17.1% 陽性PANSS 9.5% 20.0% 25.0% 陰性PANSS 11.1% 22.7% 22.7% MADRS 13.3% 35.7% 35.7% 由表可見,於所有評分尺度,EPA組實質上較安慰劑組 爲佳。E_EPA在減少精神分裂症徵候,抑鬱徵候,及現有 藥物之副作用中有效。對於抑鬱(如MADRS尺度所示)及精 神分裂症(如PANSS尺度所示)同時有效特別重要。因此, 這些結果確認各病人之報告,並清楚地證明E - EP A具有強 治療效果。 特別注意到之事實爲無E-EPA之副作用報告,安慰劑及 有效治療於副作用之間全無差異。其有效意義爲,顯著相 反於幾乎所有其他精神病或神經學中所用之藥物,EPA完 全無重要副作用。 亨丁頓氏症在許多方面爲影響腦部之所有疾病中最具毁 -26- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) --------------------訂---------線 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 1228041 A7 B7 24 五、發明說明() 壞性者。其爲一種顯性遺傳基因疾病,通常在30至50歲之 間顯現,通常持續約1 5 - 2 5年後死亡。病人之小孩中一半 亦發生該病(W.J. Koroshetz,ρρ· 654_661, ’Office Practice of Neurology, ed MA Samuels & S· Feske, Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1996)。 被影響之基因爲一種稱爲亨丁淀(huntingtin)之蛋白質之 基因位於染色體4p 16.3上。該基因含有一個多相三核甞酸 CAG重複區域。在正常個人,CAG重複之數目通常少於 35,而在亨丁頓氏症中重複之數目高於此。重複之數目愈 長,疾病之發生可能愈早。該重複造成亨丁啶之過度表 現,形成凝集物於受影響之神經元中。該凝集物可能與膜 及細胞主幹結合,引起功能不良,最後有關之神經元死 亡。可能損壞幾乎腦之任何部份,但是特別證明於基底神 經節結構,尾部(caudate)及核部(putamen)。 現在已知幾種其他神經疾病與過多數目之三核苷酸重複 於其他基因中有關。相信可能涉及相似機制之蛋白質堆積 及神經元損壞(ST Warren, The expanding world of trinucleotide repeats,Science 1996 ; 271 : 1374-1375 ; P.
Djion et al,Coden repeats in genes associated with human diseases, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA 1996 ; 93 : 417-421 )。除亨丁頓氏症外,已知以 此方式引起之疾病包括脆弱X徵候群,弗利特莱什氏 (Friedreich)失調症,脊椎及延髓肌肉萎縮脊髓小腦失調症 第I型,齒狀核(dentato)·紅核(rubral)·蒼白球呂伊氏 -27- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) --------------------訂---------線 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 五 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 1228041 Δ7 Α7 Β7 25 發明說明() (pallidoluysian)萎縮,霍河(Haw River)徵候群,馬開多_ 約瑟夫(Machado-Joseph)疾病,及萎縮性肌強直病。 亨丁頓氏症可顯示異常廣泛範圍之徵候群及現象(W. J. Koroshetz,I"6),可顯示精神分裂症,抑#,焦慮,暴 躁,情緒失控,癲癇,巴金森氏症,及癡呆之特徵。其建 議在廣泛範圍之神經疾病,包括亨丁頓氏症,肌萎縮性側 索硬化,巴金森氏症,阿滋海默症及其他癡呆,及小腦變 性,基本最終機制爲膜及蛋白質之氧化損壞(M. F. Beal, Aging, energy and oxidative stress in neuro degenerative diseases, Annals of Neurology 1995 ; 38 : 357-366) ° 其推 測,在這些疾病中,正常或異常蛋白質凝集及破壞内膜及 外膜。疾病間之差異係關於蛋白質之本質及最受影響之神 經元之位置,但是全部過程相似。 在亨丁頓氏症之典型病人,該疾病開始於輕運動共濟不 能,健忘,行動緩慢,及情緒不安定及暴躁。然後共濟不 能進行至明顯神經損壞,有突然急衝性運動,重複不可控 制之扭動及不安靜,一般稱爲舞蹈症之型式。通常有顯著 失重,可能部份與不可控制之運動所作之「運動」有關。 最後,病人不能走路,變得癡呆而記憶嚴重喪失,需要2 4 小時護理。死亡通常係由肺炎造成,因爲不能正常吞嚥, 食物或液體吸入肺中所致。 已知之治療無任何實質價値。異常運動及精神病可能對 於標準抗精神分裂症藥物有部份反應,而抗抑鬱劑,鎮定 劑,及抗癲癇藥物可有助於暫時減輕一些徵候。並無藥物 -28- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) --------------------訂---------線 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 1228041
經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印制衣 可停止無情之衰退過程。 因爲亨丁頓氏症早期可能具有似精神分裂正之特點,故 設計一種96%純EPA乙酯之隨機試驗於七位嚴重失 人在亨丁頓氏症之最終階段。病人均需24小時護理,且有 嚴重運動異常,暴躁及部份癡呆。病人以雙盲基準隨機接 受2克/天EPA乙酯或2克/天安慰劑歷時6個月。在6個月期 間,四位病人顯示進行性損壞,而三位病人逆轉疾病過 程,顯示減少異常運動,減少情緒不安定及暴躁,及改良 記憶及認知功能。當密碼破解時,發現損壞之四位病人均 使用安慰劑,而發現有改良之三位病人均使用EpA乙酯。 在四位病人中,二位使用EPA乙酯,及二位使用安慰劑, 在研咒開始及結束時以磁力共振顯像(MRI)評估腦部變 性。MRI可準確評估侧腦室之大小,其爲大腦半球内充滿 液體之空間。當f 丁頓氏症進行時,側腦室變大,顯示腦 組織喪失。在使用安慰劑歷時6個月之二位病人,側腦室 變大,如預期者。在使用EPA乙酯之二位病人,MRI顯示 側腦室大小減小,表示腦組織喪失實際逆轉。 在以前不可治療之由於異常蛋白質堆積所引發之疾病, 病人在研究結束階段所產生之顯著結果證明EPA乙酯於神 經變性異常之價値。該異常均與膜損壞,氧化應力,及磷 脂酶之活化有關。EPA可修復膜,抑制磷脂酶,及增強抗 氧化劑防衛。因此,亨丁頓氏症之結果支持純EP A乙酯用 於與三核苷酸重複有關之神經異常,及與氧化膜有關之神 經異常,其有時可能由於異常蛋白質堆積,包括阿滋海默 -29- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) --------------------訂---------線 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 1228041 A7 B7 27 五、發明說明() 症及其他癡呆,路威(Lewy)體癡呆,巴金森氏症,癲癇, 多發性硬化,中風及頭部受傷及中風後及受傷後徵候群, 及由於尾波(prion )堆積之動物及人類之疾病,如庫魯症 (kurn),牛海棉狀腦病,庫傑(Creutzfeldt-Jacob)症,及瘋 癢病(scrapie ) 0 最近顯示亨丁頓氏症與一種稱爲卡斯酶(caspase)I之酶或 間白素轉化酶(ICE)之活化有關。此酶涉及廣泛範園之神 經變性腦疾病。其產生間白素 1 - yS,活化廣泛範圍之發炎 前細胞損壞作用(VO Ona et al, Inhibition of caspase-I slows disease progression in mouse model of Huntington?s disease. Nature 1999 ; 399 : 263-267)。因此,EPA 乙酯作用之一個 其他可能機制爲卡斯酶(caspase)I之抑制。 本發明已確認EPA乙酯高度有效。然而,可升高血液中 EP A量之高度純化EP A之任何形式在精神病中具有價値。 這些EP A化合物之純化形式在治療精神及神經異常中均具 有價値。永遠重要的是保持絕對最小量有關脂肪酸之存 在,其可能干擾EPA。以前未製備或提出純形式用於精神 病及CNS異常之已知化合物爲: 1 . EPA乙g旨,廣泛用於日本,治療心血管疾病。 2. EPA鋰,以前揭示於美國專利5,252,333,與任何其他 鋰HUF A衍生物不可區分,在精神病中特別有價値。此 衍生物之價値在於事實上鋰本身爲一種治療兩極異常 之選擇,亦已知在精神分裂症,情感分裂症,及抑鬱 具有治療效果。最近已證明抑制PLA2及PLC磷酸肌醇 -30- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) --------------------訂---------線· (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 1228041
發明說明( 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 酯循環爲1$之重要作用。因爲EPA具有有關作用,故 EPA之鋰衍生物特別有價値。 3·三酸甘油酯,單酸甘油酯,或二酸甘油酯,分子中存 在大於90%,較佳大於95%,脂肪酸爲EpA。 4*其他可輸送脂肪酸至身體之酯及化合物,其中大於 9 0 %,較佳大於9 5 °/0,存在之脂肪酸呈Ep A形式。在 上述各情況,應具有少於5%,較佳少於3%,dha, DPA或A A或他競爭性脂肪酸。在凝集物中,應具有少 於1 0 %,較佳少於5 %,這些競爭性脂肪酸。 這些化合物,以90%,較佳95%,或甚至更純形式,均 可口服施用,以熟習技藝人士已知之輸送系統,包括軟及 硬明膠膠囊,·微小膠囊,呈粉末,錠,或膠囊形式;固體 化合物EPA鋰之錠劑,·或以適當天然或合成之乳化劑,包 括磷脂或半乳糖脂,製成之乳液。該化合物亦可非經腸施 用,直接,或調配於各種油或乳液或分散液中,使用靜脈 内,腹膜内,肌肉内,或皮下途徑。使用貼片技術或陰遒 或直腸施用形式之局部施用係在本發明之範圍内。 EPA化合物可能與其他精神病及神經學中所用之藥物共 同施用對於一些病人爲有利。該等藥物可包括典型神經鬆 弛類藥物’如氣普馬秦(chlorpromazine),_卩比醇 (haloperidol) ’ 遠 p 山(thioxanthene),沙 口比來待 (sulpiride),卓吡醇(dropeddol),普芬秦(perphenazine), 維Ά平(loxapine),卩塞利他秦(thioridazine),氟芬秦 (fluphenazine),普利塞秦(pericyazine),米索崔普秦 •31 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) --------訂---------線 (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 1228041 A7 B7 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 五、發明說明( (methotrimeprazine),或必莫才德(pim〇zide),其他藥物 爲:克羅沙平(clozapine);非典型神經鬆弛類藥物,包括 歐蘭沙平(olanzapine),瑞司比同(risperid〇ne),絲丁朵 (sertindole),奇巴西同(ziprasid〇ne),奎替阿平 (quetiapine),卓貼平(zotepine),及安密沙普(amislipinde) ;具有抗抑鬱劑作用之藥物包括三環及有關之抗抑鬱劑, 去甲腎上腺素再吸收抑制劑,血清素再吸收抑制劑,單胺 氧化酶抑制劑,及具有非典型抗抑鬱劑作用之藥物;用於 睡眠运¥,焦慮症,恐懼症,社會恐怖症,行爲異常,人 格異常,及注意力缺乏過動異常之藥物;用於任何形式之 癡呆,包括阿滋海默症,血管及多梗塞性癡呆,路威 (Lewy)體疾病,及其他癡呆之藥物;用於任何形式之神經 疾病’包括巴金森氏症,多發性硬化,亨丁頓氏症,及其 他神經變性疾病之藥物。 在上述各情況中,EPA化合物及其他藥物可分別以其調 配物施用。彼等可分別包裝,或可存在於相同包裝中。或 者’使用熟習技藝人士周知之技術,EPA及其他藥物可調 配在一起,故每天Oj克至10克,較佳每天〇 5克至5克, EP A之每日劑量與其他藥物之一般每日劑量一起提供。 當單獨供給時,EPA之有用每曰劑量可在〇· 〇5克至5 〇克/ 天,較佳在0.1克至10克/天,極佳在〇 5克至5克/天之範園 内。 以前已建議Ω -3脂肪酸類似之EPA可能在治療關節,呼 吸系統’胃腸系統,腎臟,皮膚,生殖系統,及所有其他 -32- 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) --------1T---------$· (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 1228041 A7 B7 經濟部智慧財產局員工消費合作社印製 30 五、發明說明() 器官之發炎中具有價値。然而,EPA純度之重要性以前未 知。因此’本發明在這些疾病中亦具有價値。 圖1顯示二十碳五晞酸(EPA)在人體内由次亞麻油酸 合成之途徑。圖2顯示其他在結構上與ερΑ有關之必需脂肪 酸。圖3顯示嶙脂酶a 2在神經細胞訊號傳導中之角色。各 種神經傳導物,包括多巴胺,活化PLa2,導致一種溶血磷 脂及一種HUFA形成,二者均可活化該細胞。該活化係由 一種脂肪酸輔酶A連接酶(FACL),特別是FACL-4,其連 接輔酶A於該HUFA,及然後由一種醯基輔酶a轉移酶 (ACT) ’其連接HUFA·輔酶A於一種溶血嶙脂,所中止。 在該過程中,輔酶A釋放,一種安定之轉脂分子再形成, 活化過程中止。 其他可用之EPA衍生物爲2-經取代之EPA衍生物,由N. Willumsen,I. Vaagenes, H. Holmsen and R. K. Berge (Biochim Biophys Acta 1369 : 193_203, 1998)述及。這些衍 生物具有長期作用之優點,因爲彼等較不易氧化。 實例調配物 在下列各實例中,產物之純度爲至少9 0 %,較佳9 5 %或 以上。此極爲重要,因爲其他脂肪酸會與EPA競爭結合位 置,減少其功效。特別是,脂肪酸,如DHA,A A,DPA-n · 3,各以少於5 %,較佳少於3 %之濃度存在。該競爭化 合物之總凝集物必須少於1 0 %,較佳少於5 %。此純度在使 每天必須消耗物質之體積達到最小中亦具有價値,其爲協 助精神病病人順從(其中不順從爲一嚴重問題)之主要因 -33 - 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS)A4規格(210 X 297公釐) ----------------- (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) 1228041 經濟部智慧財產局員工濟費合作社印製 Α7 Β7 31 五、發明說明() 素。 1·硬或軟明膠製成之膠囊,含有250毫克,500毫克,或 1000毫克EPA乙酯,EPA三酸甘油酯,或EPA之其他 適當形式。 2.含有250毫克,500毫克,或1〇〇〇毫克EPA鋰之錠劑, 或含有相似量之硬明膠膠囊。 3 *乳液,溶液,或分散液,其中EPA鋰,EPA乙酯,EPA 三酸甘油酯,或EP A之其他適當形式製成口服施用之 可口液體形式。 4.栓劑或子宮托,其中調配1〇〇毫克至5克之一種EPA化 合物。 5 ·經靜脈内之溶液或乳液,含有1 〇毫克至5〇〇毫克/毫升 之一種EPA化合物。 5_10·如實例1-5,但使用2_經取代之epa衍生物。 1 1 _ 2 0 ·如實例1 - 1 〇,但其中Ep a化合物與任何其他用以治 療精神或神經異常之藥物之一般劑量調配。 2 1_3 0·如實例1-1〇,但其中EPA化合物與克羅沙平 (clozapine )調酉己。 圖式之摘要説明 圖1顯示二十碳五晞酸(EPA)在人體内由次亞麻油酸 合成之途徑。圖2顯示其他在結構上與ΕΡΑ有關之必需脂肪 酸。圖3顯示磷脂酶八2在神經細胞訊號傳導中之角色。 -------1 ---------^ Aw (請先閱讀背面之注意事項再填寫本頁) -34-
Claims (1)
- 年I :2 案(9 利本 專換 請參 申圍 號範肩 85^1範 1311利H08、x| 請 h第中一中 月 A BCD Y 公 告 i· 一種用於治療或預防精神分裂症、亨一丁1員氏症一r抑發、 弗利特萊什氏(Friedreich)失調症、萎縮性肌強直病、 和脆弱X徵候群之醫藥組合物,包括二十碳五烯酸(epa) 之可同化形式,組合物中存在之所有脂肪酸9〇%至 100%為EPA形式,及〇%至5%為二十二碳六婦酸(dha) 之形式。 2.根據申請專利範圍第1項之醫藥組合物,其中組合物中 存在之所有脂肪酸至少9 5 %為E P A形式。 3·根據申請專利範圍第1項之醫藥組合物,其中組合物中 存在之所有脂肪酸少於5 %為二十二礙六烯酸(DHA)之 形式。 4.根據申請專利範圍第1項之醫藥組合物,其特徵在於存 在之其他脂肪酸中,有少於5 %之A A或DPA-n-3。 5·根據申請專利範圍第1項之醫藥組合物,其特徵在於存 在之其他脂肪酸中,有少於3 %之A Α或DPA-η-3。 6·根據申請專利範圍第1項之醫藥組合物,其中凝集物 DHA ’ ΑΑ及/或DPA-n-3含量少於存在之總脂肪酸之 10〇/〇 〇 ?·根據申請專利範圍第1項之醫藥組合物,其中凝集物 DHA,AA及/或DPA-n-3含量少於存在之總脂肪酸之 5% 〇 8·根據申請專利範圍第1項之醫藥組合物,其中EPA係呈 EPA乙酯,EPA鋰,EPA之單-,二-或三酸甘油酯,或 EPA之任何其他酯或鹽形式,或EPA之自由酸形式,或 O:\62\62274-920716.DOC 5 _ 1 · 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210X297公釐) 一 ~8 8 8 8 A BCD 1228041 々、申請專利範圍 其他可升高身體内EP A量之適合生物可利用衍生物。 9.根據申請專利範圍第1項之醫藥組合物,其中EP A係呈2 -經取代之衍生物,或其他可降低氧化速率而不改變其生 物活性之衍生物。 O:\62\62274-920716.DOC 5 " 2 本紙張尺度適用中國國家標準(CNS) A4規格(210 X 297公釐)
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| GBGB9901809.5A GB9901809D0 (en) | 1999-01-27 | 1999-01-27 | Highly purified ethgyl epa and other epa derivatives for psychiatric and neurological disorderes |
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| US (10) | US6384077B1 (zh) |
| EP (2) | EP1417963A1 (zh) |
| JP (1) | JP4959055B2 (zh) |
| KR (1) | KR100760038B1 (zh) |
| CN (2) | CN1739496A (zh) |
| AT (1) | ATE300296T1 (zh) |
| AU (1) | AU3065700A (zh) |
| BR (1) | BR0007743A (zh) |
| CA (1) | CA2360776C (zh) |
| CZ (1) | CZ20012695A3 (zh) |
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1999
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