RU63635U1 - SPECIAL DEVICE FOR MAIN FERTILIZING AND STARTING NUTRIENT WORKING FLUID SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH SEEDING AND PRESOWING SOIL REDUCTION - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model relates to the field of mechanization of agricultural production, in particular to the sowing of cereal crops and grasses with seeders with disk coulters with the simultaneous application of fertilizers. The purpose of the utility model is to provide soil preparation, introducing the main dose of mineral fertilizers into the effective use zone, sowing and introducing the starting dose of nutritious working fluid in a row with seeds to reduce energy costs, increase the efficiency of fertilizer use, preserve and revive soil biota to obtain environmentally friendly products. When applying the main dose of mineral fertilizers in all known cases, their effective use is currently not ensured either due to distribution over the entire field (in which case the main part of fertilizers is bound by soil complexes, washed with moisture or used by weeds, or a high concentration of fertilizer salts inhibits seedlings , seedlings, crop plants, or removing a line of fertilizer from seeds makes it difficult to use while reducing opener couplings. eyannye seeds and seedlings developing seeds is not provided with a full range of rapidly available nutrients and trace elements. Furthermore the high concentration of salts, fertilizers, pesticides by making the entire surface of the field ruining worms soil biota. Traditional making sowing small dose of phosphate fertilizers in the row with the seeds not satisfies various

needs of seedlings. Refusal of the main application, fertilizers and attempts to replace them with increased doses of fertilizer in the row of seeds lead to inhibition of seedlings, reduce germination with subsequent loss of yield, and the lack of nutrient plants in the crop during their development. At the same time, there is a decrease in soil fertility and a further decline in productivity. To eliminate the noted drawbacks, a device is proposed for preparing soil for sowing, applying the main dose of solid mineral fertilizers, sowing two rows of seeds and introducing a starting dose of nutritious working fluid. It includes a section of working bodies with short cutters, rolling wheels with leashes, a height-adjustable chisel with a fat funnel and pressure line, with left and right openers with vas deferens, to which outlet tubes are attached with height-adjustable fuse and calibrated holes, connected pumped with a fluid manifold. The main dose of mineral fertilizers is directionally applied at a distance from the seed lines at which the negative effect of fertilizer salts on seedlings, seedlings, and wheat plants does not appear. As a result of concentrated application, the binding of fertilizer nutrients to soil complexes is significantly reduced, washing, leaching of fertilizers is reduced, the use of fertilizer by weeds is reduced, it becomes possible to suppress many weeds over fertilizers, around fertilizers with a high concentration of fertilizer salts. The main concentrated application of fertilizers significantly increases the time of their use, which significantly increases the effectiveness of fertilizers. It is equally important that a hundred-fold decrease in soil volumes with a concentration of salts dangerous for biota ensures almost unhindered development of biota, worms, and provides

environmentally friendly products. Simultaneously, from the first day of sowing, the seeds are provided with a working fluid for water absorption, followed by swelling and growth of primary seedlings. The presence of a full complex. Nutrients, the presence of microorganisms from the first day of sowing stimulates seed germination. This creates optimal conditions for the development of crop plants from the first day of sowing, provides favorable conditions for the development and production of high and environmentally friendly crops 1 s.p. f-ly, 2 ill.

Description

The utility model relates to the field of mechanization of agricultural production, in particular to the sowing of cereal crops and grasses with seeders with disk coulters with the simultaneous application of fertilizers.

Currently, sowing of cereal crops and grasses is carried out, as a rule, by grain seeders of the C3-3.6 type with disk coulters. At the same time, mineral fertilizers are sown in one furrow with seeds. In this case, it is possible to introduce small starting doses of fertilizers that do not create a concentration of salts dangerous for seedlings. Sowing the main dose of fertilizers with such seeders is unacceptable due to inhibition, and even death of seedlings in an environment of high concentration of fertilizer salts. Foreign seeders and new domestic developments are known, which provide for the sowing of fertilizers with special openers in the center of the rows of seed openers. The disadvantage of such designs is the rigid fastening of the chisel with a funnel for fertilizers on the seeder frame, which does not allow copying the nanorelief and does not ensure the fertilizer is embedded at a given depth. In addition, seed coulters are located at equal distances from each other, and the installation of bits for introducing fat through each row spacing creates conditions for clogging the coulters with plant residues, worsens the patency of the working bodies. With conventional sowing, the row spacing is the same for all row spacing of the seeder. When fertilizers are applied with known seeders, the width of the free passage between the coulters corresponds to the size bc (c is the width of the coulter) between seed coulters in the same row spacing and the size (bc) / 2 between fertilizer and seed coulters in other cases. The main thing is that with such embedding, the tuks are at a considerable distance from the seeds of the crop, since

the working bodies of these seeders are located in the centers of relatively wide row spacing. The relatively large distance between the rows of seeds and the row of fertilizers makes it difficult to use fertilizers effectively.

In a combined machine for fertilizing and sowing, according to copyright certificate No. 1230477, class. And 01 On 49/06, 1986, sowing of seeds is provided "exactly for fertilizers sprinkled with earth", which creates abnormal conditions for plant growth, as it inhibits the growth of roots down, where the sowed fertilizers create a high concentration of salts dangerous to plants.

Opener for broadband sowing and fertilizing according to patent RU 2199200 C1 7 A 01 C 7/20. 06/04/2001 does not provide for the separation of seeds and fertilizers. Therefore, as with the use of seeders of the type C3-3.6, when using such coulters, the seeding of the main dose of mineral fertilizers is unacceptable.

In the study (Report "Development of new technological methods for sowing agricultural crops and the creation of high-performance grain and row seeders (intermediate)" about research "To develop new technological methods for sowing agricultural crops and create high-performance grain and row seeders taking into account the zonal conditions of the country." Performers V. T. Zmievsky, V.I. Skorlyakov, N.K. Ushakin and other SKF VIM. VASKHNIL, Armavir, 1986, p. 64) the coulters' work carried out measurements of the depth of seeding of seeds and fertilizers. The disk - anchor coulter, specially designed for separate seeding of seeds and fertilizers, with a seed depth of 62 ± 8.6 (mm), the depth of seed placement was 84 ± 6.9 (mm), i.e. the difference between the embedment depth of fertilizers and seeds was 8.3 ... 35.5 (mm), which is completely insufficient for safe application of the main dose of mineral fertilizers.

The best foreign seeders like "Horsch ATD 18.35" are known

(The booklet "Crop production is cost-effective!", 52511, Ukraine, Dnipropetrovsk region, Sinelnikovsky district, Mayskoye village, 5 Sovkhozny lane; VA Nebavsky Experience in implementing zero tillage technologies. Krasnodar, 2003. - 136 s), foreign production, providing the introduction of liquid fertilizers (ammonia water) below the seeds of plants. To prevent burns between fertilizers and the seed horizon, a layer of soil 2-3 cm thick is created. The disadvantage of these devices is the isolation of seeds from fertilizers in the first days of seedling development. An equally serious drawback is the creation of a layer (and essentially a shield) of highly concentrated fertilizers between the seeds and the underlying moisture-containing soil. A layer of soil with a very high concentration of nutrients for plants disrupts the normal development of plants.

In traditional sowing, a small dose of phosphate fertilizers is introduced in a row with seeds, which does not provide for the diverse needs of a crop seedling.

Recently, due to the insufficient effectiveness of traditional technologies and machines for basic fertilizer application and the high cost of fertilizers, an increase in doses of sowing fertilizer is increasingly being introduced in practice when refusing basic fertilizer. With this use of fertilizers, negative consequences are inevitable. First of all, plants do not receive crops, due to the rejection of the main fertilizer application, with the development of the necessary nutrients. As a result, nutrients are removed from the soil and then removed along with the harvested crop. Soil fertility is declining, which inevitably leads to lower yields. With an increase in the doses of sowing, an increased dose of granules of solid mineral fertilizers is introduced into the row with seeds. Therefore, according to research, the concentration of soil solution in the center of the focus of nutrients formed by the granule is 100-400 times higher

concentration in the soil where fertilizers are not applied. The concentration gradually decreases from the center of the granule and remains still quite high at a distance of 1.5-2 cm from the center. Under the influence of fertilizers, the number of sprouted seeds decreases. Having received a “burn”, the sprout stops in growth or twists in the soil, and if it comes to the surface, the shoots are deformed and lag behind in growth for a long time. Ammonium nitrate (0.4 c / ha), superphosphate (1 c / ha) had the greatest retarding effect on the germination of winter wheat seeds. Field germination of wheat and rye sown in insufficiently moist soil decreased by 9–11% under the influence of superphosphate. Complete mineral fertilizer reduces field germination of wheat by 3-8%. Each percent reduction in seed germination reduces the yield by 1.2-1.5%. The introduction of sufficiently high doses of fertilizer in a row with the seeds reduces the yield by 3.6 ... 16.5%.

The purpose of the utility model is to provide soil preparation, introduction of the main dose of mineral fertilizers in the zone of effective use, sowing and introduction of the starting dose of nutrient working fluid in a row with seeds while reducing energy costs, increasing the efficiency of fertilizer use, lowering the doses, pesticides and obtaining environmentally friendly products .

To realize these advantages, a special device is proposed that provides sowing seeds with a reduced row spacing a (and less than a), the introduction of the main dose of mineral fertilizers in the center of the reduced row spacing, the introduction of a starting dose of nutrients of the working fluid on the rows of seeds. The distance between the rows of minimal fertilizers corresponds to 2c.

Figure 1 (side view) and figure 2 (top view) shows the proposed special device for applying the main fertilizer and starting nutrient working fluid simultaneously with sowing and presowing loosening of the soil.

The device includes a section of working bodies with zagrotachi 12 (figure 1), rolling wheels II with leads 1 (figure 1, 2), height-adjustable chisel 2 with fertilizer funnel and duct 3, with left and right openers 4 with vas deferens 5 ( 1), to which from the collector 8 are suitable output tubes 6 for supplying a working fluid with a height-adjustable fuse 10 and a calibrated hole 9. A bit 2 (FIGS. 1, 2) with a fat funnel 3 performs a furrow and fertilizes 13 (FIG. 1, 2) to a predetermined depth B. At the same time, the chisel paves the way for the coulters. Disc coulters 4 installed at an acute angle to each other in the drill bit alignment move along prepared soil and sow seeds 14 (Fig. 1) to a predetermined depth A with a distance between rows of seeds a and a distance between rows of fertilizers 2c. In this case, the free passage between the coulter discs increases to 2 (b-Δ) -a (Δ is the distance between the line of seeds and the edge of the coulter). The plant residues spread by the chisel are directed to the discs of the seed coulters converging at an acute angle and then to the widened aisles. Simultaneously, drops of working fluid 7 with a full set of nutrients of low concentration contributing to the development of plant seedlings are introduced into the seeds from the tank with the working fluid along the collector 8 (Fig. 1), calibrated openings 9, through the fuses 10, onto the seeds.

To achieve the required high quality of nutrition, the distance from the line of applying the main dose of fertilizers to the line of seeds (a / 2) ² + (BA) ^{2 is} chosen so that there is no burning of seedlings, their roots in an environment of high salt concentration and at the same time the roots of the crop plants reached the fertilizers in the shortest possible time, so that the distance from the row of fertilizers to the row of seeds was approximately 3 ... 7 cm (depending on the crop to the sowing conditions). For this, given the distance

between the line of seeds and fertilizers horizontally (a / 2), the depth of fertilizer placement is changed relative to the depth of seed placement (BA), adjusting the depth of fertilizer B.

Section and suspension coulters are of different lengths and form the front and rear rows of bits and disc coulters with a distance between them along the drill. The row spacing, where all plant residues are sent, increases to 2b. Clogging in this case is possible only with the length of the plant residues of more than (2B-a) ² + Δ ² , which is significantly more than in previously known seeders for sowing grain. As surveys show, with an increase in the particle length, their quantity decreases significantly. In the proposed device, the reduction of clogging also occurs due to the reorientation of the transverse plant residues to the longitudinal orientation of bits with fat funnels. The probability of a collision with longitudinally oriented residues, and hence the likelihood of clogging, is significantly lower than in the absence of orientation. As a result, clogging when using the proposed device is almost impossible.

The sowing working bodies of the proposed device are installed at such a distance from the front located chisels with fat funnels that move in the area of the groove formed by the chisels with the walls of the groove not collapsing. Such a device, simultaneously with the directed introduction of the main dose of fertilizer into the narrowed row spacing to the required depth, prepares the soil (with a chisel with a fertilizer funnel) for the movement of the coulter, sowing, introducing liquid nutrients in the form of a working bio-organomineral liquid, planting seeds and fertilizers. As a result, four operations (spreading fertilizers, planting fertilizers, pre-sowing preparation of soil and sowing) when using seeders of the SZ-3,6 type or two operations (pre-sowing preparation of soil and sowing) with foreign seeders or

seeders of domestic developments are replaced by one, which significantly reduces energy costs while significantly improving (from the point of view of plant crop nutrition) the quality of operations. In addition, another new necessary operation is being performed to introduce a starting dose of organic, liquid-based digestible nutrients. Existing seeders do not perform such an operation.

The proposed device allows from the first day of sowing to provide seeds with a working fluid for the implementation of the beginning of the first phase of germination (G.M. Buzenkov, S.A.M. Machines for sowing crops. M., Engineering. 1976-272 S.), namely liquid for water absorption, followed by swelling and growth of primary seedlings. The presence of a full complex of nutrients, the presence of microorganisms from the first day of sowing stimulates seed germination. When seedlings appear, they are provided with a complete set of nutrients for growth to development. This creates optimal conditions for the development of crop plants from the first day of sowing, which, ceteris paribus, provides such seeds - seedlings - plants with more favorable conditions for the development and obtaining a higher and higher quality crop.

The advantages of the proposed device include the ability to make a complete set of nutrients, trace elements, microorganisms in the most convenient form for seeds and seedlings. The advantage is that fertilizers are applied not in granules, creating around them a zone of high salt concentration that is harmful to seedlings, but in the form of a liquid with an equally low concentration of nutrients and salts throughout the volume. The advantage is to increase the efficiency of the process of seed germination, especially the first stages of germination - swelling due to

external moisture and seedling growth with sufficient moisture in the surrounding soil.

As a result, the advantages of early early nutrition of plant crops due to the pre-sowing application of liquid fertilizers with a full range of bio-organomineral nutrients with microelements are enhanced by full nutrition from stocks of the directionally applied main dose of fertilizers. The result exceeds the arithmetic addition of benefits.

This utility model does not provide zero treatment with increased use of herbicides. Cultivated plants in narrowed aisles, initially eating nutrients from a bio-organic-mineral working fluid, then, receiving nutrients from closely spaced rows with high doses of fertilizers throughout the growing season, develop faster, rows of narrowed aisles quickly close, shading and drowning out weeds . Rather quickly, thanks to rapid development, rows of widened row spacings close. The introduction of bio-organic-mineral fluid increases the immunity of plants to diseases, making them less attractive to pests. As a result, the need for pesticides is reduced, the negative effect of pesticides on biota is reduced, soil pollution is reduced, and the environmental friendliness of products is improved.

At the same time, the application of fertilizers at an optimal distance from the seeds of the crop avoids their negative impact on seedlings. Relatively the highest, in comparison with any of the above options, the concentration of fertilizers in the line allows to reduce nutrient fixation by soil complexes, reduces the leaching of fertilizers, reduces their transition to a gaseous state and volatilization, lengthens the time of use in fertilizers. The location of fertilizers next to rows of seeds reduces their use by weeds, inhibits development

weed versus using other opener designs. The result is increased fertilizer utilization. It becomes possible to obtain high yields with lower doses of fertilizer.

An equally important result is the ability to maintain and increase the number of biota, worms due to a decrease in soil volumes with a dangerous concentration of salts. With the generally accepted continuous application of mineral fertilizers throughout the field, followed by termination, a hazardous concentration is created throughout the field to the entire depth H of the biota habitat, along the entire transverse sectional area of this layer. When applying fertilizer in strips (rows) between rows of seeds, a dangerous concentration is created around the row of fertilizers. In cross section with a diameter of fertilizer stitches d, a high concentration of salts is created around these stitches in a circle with a diameter of D = d + 2 * (3 ... 4 cm). One such circle falls on a section of dimensions 2 * a * H. The ratio C = (100 * A * D) / (4 * 2 * a * H) determines the fraction of the cross-sectional layer with the habitat of biota with a high concentration of salts. When cultivating crops, usually a = 15 cm. The diameter of the fertilizer line does not exceed d = 1 ... 1.5 cm. According to published data, the value of the depth of the layer with a high concentration of biota can be taken H = 30 cm. In our case, the ratio of soil volumes to concentration dangerous for biota and the whole volume with the distribution of biota decreases from 100% to С≈0.8%. Such a significant decrease in soil volumes with a concentration of salts dangerous for biota ensures almost unhindered development of biota and worms at high doses of mineral fertilizers. In combination with the possibility of reducing doses of pesticides, it becomes possible to obtain environmentally friendly products.

Claims (1)

A special device for applying the main fertilizer and starting nutrient working fluid simultaneously with sowing and pre-sowing loosening of the soil includes a section of working bodies with leads, left and right openers, seed tubes, shorting and rolling wheels, characterized in that the left and right openers are located on the section of working bodies at the same level, in front of the openers in the middle of the intershell distance, a height-adjustable chisel with a fertilizer funnel and a fertilizer pipe is fixed, and behind the openers for the vas deferens odes attached outlet pipe of the working fluid with height-adjustable fuses and orifices connected to the collector.