RU2822763C1 - Method for environmentally safe cultivation of potatoes - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to potato cultivation. Method includes placing potatoes on a predecessor, disking, winter tillage, spring cultivation, preparation of seed material for two weeks before planting by air-and-heat warming up to sprouts pecking, planting of tubers with simultaneous treatment of tubers and furrow bottom with preparation by means of nozzle spraying, inter-row treatment when weeds are in the "white threads" stage, formation of ridges with a cutter with active working elements, protection of potato plants from pests by means of preparations by spraying tops during vegetation in dry calm weather, pre-harvest removal of tops by mechanical method and harvesting of potatoes. Steam field is used as precursor. In spring after physical ripening of soil one performs tillage with heavy harrows in 2 traces, calculated dose of mineral fertilizers is applied, calculated for production of planned crop of tubers. Spring pre-planting cultivation is carried out in layers at depth of 12–14 cm and in 3 days at depth of 16–18 cm. Bulkhead and sorting of potatoes begin 1.5 months before planting into fractions by size or weight of 30–50, 50–80 and 80–100 g. Light germination of seed material of higher reproductions is carried out for 2–3 weeks at temperature of 10–15 °C in the daytime. Planting is started as soon as soil temperature at depth of 10 cm rises to 5–7 °C, in the first decade of May—to depth of 5–6 cm, in the second decade of May—6–8 cm, in the third decade of May—8–10 cm, with late planting—at depth of 10–12 cm, for food purposes with density of 40–60 thousand tubers/ha, for seed purposes—70–95 thousand tubers/ha. Preparation is represented by a phytogenic biopesticide at a consumption rate of 0.1 l/t. First pre-emergence cultivation for weeds control at the stage of "white threads" is carried out in 6–7 days after planting, in 7–8 days the second one with simultaneous formation of ridges. Plant protection against pathogens and pests is performed by application of “Phytogenix” biopesticide at consumption rate of 0.3 l/ha.

EFFECT: method provides a good harvest of food and seed potatoes with high consumer properties against the background of complete exclusion of chemical agents for protecting plants from diseases and pests using safe for personnel methods and means of weed suppression, preventing pollution of environment and potato crop with toxic substances.

1 cl, 2 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to the cultivation of potatoes.

There are known methods for cultivating potatoes using intensive technology, including placing potatoes after their predecessors, autumn tillage with the application of organic and mineral fertilizers, spring pre-planting tillage, planting potatoes, inter-row cultivation, weed control with herbicides, protection against diseases and pests with the help of drugs , pre-harvest removal of tops by spraying them with preparations, harvesting tubers (Khlevnoy B.F. Agronomic notebook. Cultivation of potatoes using intensive technology, M.: Rosselkhozizdat, 1986, p. 61; Intensive technologies for potato production. Recommendations, M.: Rosagropromizdt, 1990 ).

The disadvantage of the known technologies is the use of chemicals for plant protection and weed control, which cause environmental pollution and deterioration in the consumer qualities of potatoes. When working with drugs, it is necessary to use techniques that are safe for personnel. The method is quite expensive due to the use of a large number of expensive drugs, which affects the cost of agricultural products.

There is a known method of cultivating potatoes (RF Patent No. 2286666, class A01G 1/00, 2005), including placing potatoes in crop rotation according to predecessors, autumn tillage with the application of organic and mineral fertilizers, spring pre-planting soil preparation, planting potatoes, inter-row cultivation and weed control, pre-harvest removal of tops and tuber harvesting. Organic fertilizers in the form of granulated vermicompost treated with a film former are applied locally to the ridges under the seed tubers. Mineral combined fertilizers with microelements are applied locally on the sides and below the tubers, which before planting are treated with preparations - planriz mixed with extrasol. Inter-row cultivation is carried out with a cultivator-hiller until the potato tops close. To combat the Colorado potato beetle, a pneumatic collector is used.

The known method of cultivating potatoes is quite expensive due to the use of a large number of expensive preparations, as well as new technological methods using new equipment and machines, which affects the cost of agricultural products. When working with drugs, it is necessary to use techniques that are safe for personnel.

There is a known method of cultivating potatoes (RF Patent No. 2041585, class A01B 79/02, A01G 1/00, A01C 1/00, A01M 21/02, 1993), including placing potatoes according to predecessors, peeling stubble, applying organic fertilizers, autumn plowing the soil, harrowing or cultivation followed by non-moldboard plowing, pre-planting treatment of tubers with a microbiological preparation, planting tubers in ridges, inter-row cultivation, weed control, protection against diseases with the help of drugs, pre-harvest removal of tops mechanically and harvesting potatoes.

The known method of cultivating potatoes is quite expensive due to the use of a large number of expensive preparations for various treatments: tubers before planting, tops during the potato growing season, which cannot but affect the cost of potatoes. When working with drugs, it is necessary to use techniques that are safe for personnel.

The closest to the declared one is an environmentally safe method of cultivating potatoes (RF Patent No. 2556902, class AO1B 79/02, A01G 1/00, 2014, prototype), including placing potatoes on a predecessor, disking, autumn plowing of the soil, spring cultivation, preparation seed material before planting by air-thermal heating until the sprouts peck, planting tubers with simultaneous treatment of the tubers and the bottom of the furrow with the drug by spraying with a nozzle, inter-row cultivation when the weeds are in the “white thread” stage, formation of ridges with a milling cutter with active working parts, protection potato plants from pests using drugs by spraying tops during the growing season in dry, windless weather, pre-harvest removal of tops mechanically and harvesting potatoes.

The disadvantage of this known method is the use of two drugs for different treatments: Fitosparin M for disease control, Fitoverm M for pest control, which cannot but affect the cost of potatoes. Fitoverm M is toxic and when working with drugs it is necessary to use methods that are safe for personnel.

The problem solved by this invention is to develop a method for environmentally safe cultivation of potatoes, reducing costs and improving safety for personnel.

The technical result of solving the problem lies in the possibility of obtaining a good harvest of food and seed potatoes with high consumer qualities against the background of the complete exclusion of chemical plant protection products from diseases and pests using methods and means of weed suppression that are safe for personnel and prevent pollution of the environment: and crops potatoes with toxic substances, and, in addition, has a low cost due to the use of only one biopesticide.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method of environmentally safe cultivation of potatoes, including placing potatoes according to their predecessor, disking, autumn plowing of the soil, spring cultivation, preparation of seed material two weeks before planting by air-thermal heating until sprouts peck, planting tubers with simultaneous processing tubers and the bottom of the furrow with a preparation by spraying with a nozzle, inter-row cultivation when weeds are in the “white threads” stage, formation of ridges with a milling cutter with active working parts, protection of potato plants from pests with the help of preparations by spraying the tops during the growing season in dry, windless weather, pre-harvest removal tops mechanically and potato harvesting, a fallow field is used as a precursor, in the spring, after physical maturation of the soil, loosening is carried out with heavy harrows in 2 tracks, a calculated dose of mineral fertilizers is applied, calculated to obtain the planned tuber harvest, spring pre-planting cultivation is carried out in layers to a depth of 12...14 cm and after 3 days to a depth of 16...18 cm, sorting and sorting of seed potatoes begins 1.3 months before planting into fractions by size or weight of 30-50, 50-80 and 80-100 g, light germination of seed material is carried out higher reproductions for 2-3 weeks at a temperature of 10-15 ° C in the daytime, planting begins as soon as the soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm rises to 5-7 ° C, in the first ten days of May to a depth of 5-6 cm, in the second ten days of May - 6-8 cm, in the third ten days of May - 8-10 cm, at a late planting date - to a depth of 10-12 cm, for food purposes with a density of 40 -60 thousand tubers/ha, for seed purposes - 70-95 thousand tubers/ha, plant-derived bnopesticide "Phytogenix" is used as a preparation at a consumption rate of 0.1 l/t, the first pre-emergence cultivation to destroy weeds in the "white thread" stage is carried out 6-7 days after planting, after 7-8 days, the second with the simultaneous formation of ridges, protection of plants from pathogens and pests is carried out using the biopesticide "Phytogenix" at a consumption rate of 0.3 l/ha.

The essence of the proposed method for environmentally safe cultivation of potatoes lies in the combination of known technological methods and the use of the new biopesticide “Phytogenix”, which is safe for people and animals, pollinating insects, allows to reduce the cost of potatoes, improve the quality of cultivated potatoes, its yield due to a decrease in its incidence, as well as damage from Colorado potato beetle and improve safety for personnel.

The use of a fallow field as a precursor helps to provide the soil with moisture, nutrients, and reduce the soil infestation with weeds.

Phytogenix Biopesticide is a three-in-one product: insecticide, fungicide, bactericide. It is a mixture of essential oils, organic acids and additional plant components of the product. The action of Phytogenix@ products is based on the synergy of the individual components of the formula: the components of essential oils are combined in such a way that each individual component, in reaction with others, helps to increase the effectiveness of the final product. The addition of organic acids multiplies the effect of biological products against the most resistant pathogens due to the synergism of organic acids and certain terpenes.

Phytogenix Biopesticide is a physiological biostimulant at all stages of plant ontogenesis, has a protective function against adverse environmental factors and phytopathogens, and also optimizes the plant immune system.

Treatment of tubers when planting -0.1 liter of “Phytogenix” concentrate per 1 ton ensures a significant reduction in fungal, viral and bacterial invasions on sown areas and tubers (rhizoctoniosis, late blight, fusarium, fomoz, common scab, black, silver, etc.). It is allowed to apply the drug together with fertilizers (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, etc.), which provides significant savings when using equipment.

Vegetation treatment - 0.3 l of Phytogenix concentrate per 1 ha provides a significant reduction in fungal, viral and bacterial invasions on plants and tubers (rhizoctoniosis, late blight, fusarium, phomosis, common scab, black, silver, etc.), reduction in infection , increased yield and significant improvement in potato quality. Prevents oviposition and fertilization, incubation of eggs of insect pests, prevents the growth and development of most herbivorous insects (Colorado beetle).

To prepare the working solution, it is recommended to dilute the required amount of Phytogenix biopesticide in a small amount of water at a temperature of +35°C +38°C in order to improve solubility, followed by adding the “mother solution” into the container of a potato planter or sprayer.

Biopesticide "Phytogenix" is safe for people and animals. Therefore, refueling points may be located in close proximity to residential buildings, livestock yards, water supplies, fodder storage areas and food crops. Does not carry a toxic load on pollinating insects.

The invention is illustrated by tables.

Table 1 shows the effectiveness of using the drug “Phytogenix” on potatoes; Table 2 shows the effect of the drug “Phytogenix” on the number of adults and larvae of the Colorado potato beetle on potato plants.

The method of environmentally safe cultivation of potatoes consists in placing potatoes on a fallow field, disking, autumn plowing of the soil, in the spring after the physical maturation of the soil, loosening with heavy harrows in 2 traces, applying a calculated dose of mineral fertilizers designed to obtain the planned harvest of tubers, layer-by-layer pre-planting cultivation to a depth 12...14 cm and after 3 days to a depth of 16...18 cm, sorting and sorting potatoes 1.5 months before planting into fractions by size or weight of 30-50, 50-80 and 80-100 g, preparing seed material for food purposes two weeks before planting by air-thermal heating until sprouts peck and light germination of seed material of higher reproductions at a temperature of 10-15 ° C in the daytime, planting tubers, at a soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm of 5-7 ° C, at soil surface in the first ten days of May to a depth of 5-6 cm, in the second ten days of May - 6-8 cm, in the third ten days of May - 8-10 cm, at a late planting date - to a depth of 10-12 cm, for food purposes with density 40-60 thousand tubers/ha, for seed purposes - 70-95 thousand tubers/ha with simultaneous treatment of tubers and the bottom of the furrow with biopesticide of plant origin "Phytogenix" at a consumption rate of 0.1 l/t by spraying with a nozzle, carrying out the first pre-emergence cultivation to destroy weeds in the “white threads” stage 6-7 days after planting, after 7-8 days the second with the simultaneous formation of ridges with a milling cutter with active working parts, protecting plants from pathogens and pests using the biopesticide Phytogenics at a consumption rate of 0 .3 l/ha by spraying tops during the growing season in dry, windless weather, pre-harvest removal of tops mechanically and harvesting potatoes.

The method of environmentally safe cultivation of potatoes is carried out as follows. Potatoes are placed on a fallow field, where the issues of providing the crop with moisture and nutrients are resolved, the contamination of the soil by weeds is reduced, during the summer weeds are destroyed by disking and the growth of new weeds is provoked, and in the fall, sprouted weeds are embedded in the soil by autumn plowing. In the spring, after the physical maturation of the soil, loosening is carried out with heavy harrows in 2 tracks. The calculated dose of mineral fertilizers is applied in anticipation of the planned harvest; environmental pollution does not occur, since the water regime is non-flushing. Pre-planting cultivation is carried out in layers to a depth of 12...14 cm and after 3 days to a depth of 16...18 cm. 1.5 months before. planters begin sorting and sorting potatoes into fractions by size or weight of 30-50, 50-80 and 80-100 g. Two weeks before planting, they begin to prepare seed material intended for food purposes by air-thermal heating until sprouts peck and light germination of seed material of higher reproductions at a temperature of 10-15°C in the daytime. Tubers are planted when the soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm is 5-7 °C, on a smooth soil surface. Due to the evaporation of moisture from the soil, the planting depth increases over time. In the first ten days of May, planting is carried out to a depth of 5-6 cm, in the second ten days of May - 6-8 cm, in the third ten days of May - 8-10 cm, and in late planting - to a depth of 10-12 cm. Planting density for food purposes 40-60 thousand tubers/ha, for seed purposes - 70-95 thousand tubers/ha. Planting is carried out simultaneously with the treatment of tubers and the bottom of the furrow with a biopesticide of plant origin "Phytogenix" at a consumption rate of 0.1 l/t by spraying with a nozzle. To destroy weeds in the “white threads” stage, the first pre-emergence cultivation is carried out 6-7 days after planting, and the second 7-8 days later, with the simultaneous formation of ridges using a milling cutter with active working parts (KFG -2.8). Plant protection from pathogens and pests is carried out using the biopesticide "Phytogenix" at a consumption rate of 0.3 l/ha by spraying the tops during the growing season in dry, windless weather (OP - 3000). 10 days before harvesting, remove the tops mechanically (BM - 300). Potatoes are harvested using a DR-1500 combine.

Thus, the proposed invention of a method for environmentally safe cultivation of potatoes is industrially feasible, contributes to obtaining a good harvest of food and seed potatoes with high consumer qualities against the background of the complete exclusion of chemical plant protection products from diseases and pests using methods and weed suppression that are safe for personnel and prevent pollution environment and the potato crop with toxic substances, and, in addition, having a low cost due to the use of only one biopesticide, increases the safety of personnel when in contact with the biopesticide.

Claims (1)

A method for environmentally safe cultivation of potatoes, including placing potatoes on a predecessor, disking, autumn plowing of the soil, spring cultivation, preparing seed material two weeks before planting by air-thermal heating until sprouts peck, planting tubers with simultaneous treatment of tubers and the bottom of the furrow with a preparation by spraying nozzle, inter-row cultivation when weeds are in the “white thread” stage, formation of ridges with a milling cutter with active working parts, protection of potato plants from pests using drugs by spraying tops during the growing season in dry, windless weather, pre-harvest removal of tops mechanically and harvesting potatoes, characterized in that a fallow field is used as a precursor, in the spring after physical maturation of the soil, loosening is carried out with heavy harrows in 2 traces, a calculated dose of mineral fertilizers is applied, calculated to obtain the planned tuber harvest, spring pre-planting cultivation is carried out in layers to a depth of 12-14 cm and through 3 days to a depth of 16-18 cm, sorting and sorting of potatoes begins 1.5 months before planting into fractions by size or weight of 30-50, 50-80 and 80-100 g, light germination of seed material of higher reproductions is carried out within 2-3 weeks at a temperature of 10-15°C in the daytime, planting begins as soon as the soil temperature at a depth of 10 cm rises to 5-7°C, in the first ten days of May - to a depth of 5-6 cm, in the second ten days May - 6-8 cm, in the third ten days of May - 8-10 cm, with late planting - to a depth of 10-12 cm, for food purposes with a density of 40-60 thousand tubers/ha, for seed purposes - 70-95 thousand tubers/ha, the biopesticide of plant origin “Phytogenix” is used as a preparation at a consumption rate of 0.1 l/t, the first pre-emergence cultivation to destroy weeds in the “white threads” stage is carried out 6-7 days after planting, 7- 8 days the second with the simultaneous formation of ridges, plant protection from pathogens and pests is carried out using the biopesticide "Phytogenix" at a consumption rate of 0.3 l/ha.