RU2416183C1 - Method to cultivate sunflower - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. ^ SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture, namely, to plant cultivation. Method includes sowing, taking care of crops, pre-harvesting treatment. At the same time seeds are sown with the width of the space between rows making 0.5+0.5+0.5+2.1+0.5+0.5+0.5 m. When taking care of crops in the spaces between rows with the width of 0.5 m, soil is tilled with plants earthing up. Weeds are eliminated, and power and transport vehicles move in the space between rows with the width of 2.1 m. In process of pre-harvesting treatment the root system of plants is cut. ^ EFFECT: invention makes it possible to eliminate application of chemical desiccants, to reduce deflation processes and negative impact at soil. ^ 3 dwg, 2 tbl, 2 ex

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to agriculture and can be used in the cultivation of sunflower.

State of the art

A known method of cultivating sunflower seeds, including pre-sowing tillage, sowing, sowing care, pre-harvest desiccation [Recommendations for industrial technology for the cultivation of sunflower. - M .: "Ear", 1982].

The disadvantage of this method is the tillage on the entire area, the intensive use of chemicals, which negatively affects the environment.

The closest in technical essence to the achieved positive effect and adopted by the author for the prototype is a method of sunflower cultivation, including pre-sowing cultivation, sowing (with a row spacing of 0.7 m), crop care, pre-harvest chemical desiccation [Fundamentals of agricultural systems of the Stavropol Territory: Textbook / Under . general ed. V.M. Penchukova, G.R.Dorozhenko. / - Stavropol: Publishing House of the SSAU "AGRUS", 2005, p.313 ... 316.]

However, this method has several significant disadvantages. The row spacing of 0.7 m does not allow the maintenance of sowing throughout the entire growing season.

Tractors and vehicles move along the cultivated soil, which causes its compaction and leads to erosion processes.

For pre-harvest dehydration of plants and drying of sunflower seeds at the root, crops are treated with chemical desiccants. Herbicides are used in weed control, which negatively affects the environment. Sunflower baskets treated with desiccants cannot be fed to animals due to toxicity. This affects the quality of sunflower oil.

Disclosure of invention

The technical result that can be achieved using the present invention is to eliminate the use of chemical desiccants, reduce deflationary processes and negative effects on the soil.

The technical result is achieved using the method in that the sowing of seeds is carried out with a row spacing: 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 2.1 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 m, while caring for By sowing in row-spacings with a width of 0.5 m, loosening the soil with hilling of plants is carried out, and in the row-spacing with a width of 2.1 m, weeds are destroyed and the energy and vehicles are transported, and during the pre-harvest processing, the root system of the plants is trimmed.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Figure 1 - presents the scheme of sowing;

figure 2 - scheme of care for crops;

figure 3 - scheme of trimming the root system of plants.

The implementation of the invention

Sowing of sunflower seeds is carried out according to the scheme: 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 2.1 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 m (Fig. 1).

The sowing scheme is selected based on the following.

The width of the wide aisle (W _P ) along which the tractor moves must be

W _P = K _T + W _K + 2Z, m

where K _T is the track of a wheeled tractor type MTZ, m; K _T = 1.4 m;

W _K - the width of the rear wheel of the tractor, m; W _K = 0.4 m;

Z - a protective zone from the rear wheels of the tractor to the rows, m; S = 0.15 m.

Then Ш _П = 1,4 + 0,4 + 2 · 0,15 = 2,1 m.

Narrow Aisle Width (W _U )

where W _s - the width of the seeder, m; W _z = 5.6 m

H _m - the number of row-spacings between the extreme sections of the seeder, pcs;

H _m = 7 pcs.

Then

Eight-row sowing is carried out by seeders of the type SUPN-8A, the number of seeds sown, pcs./ha, remains the same as recommended for this zone. The tractor track is 1.4 m, the wheels move along a wide aisle of 2.1 m wide.

For loosening the soil and destroying weeds, inter-row cultivation is carried out with a row cultivator, while a high-clearance cultivator is used. Given the known coefficient of resistance of sunflower stems K _ST = 0.22 m and its maximum possible height _P = 2.0 m, the field clearance (clearance) from the soil surface to the bottom edge of the cultivator beam can be determined by the following formula:

П = В _Р -К _СТ · В _Р = 2,0-0,22 · 2,0 = 1,56 м.

In a wide aisle of 2.1 m, peeling of weeds is carried out, and in a narrow aisle of 0.5 m - loosening by paws and hilling of plants (Fig. 2).

The presence of wide aisles allows during the growing season to fertilize plants, protect them from diseases and pests with standard ground machines. The use of herbicides is excluded, since inter-row processing can be carried out throughout the growing season.

30 ... 40 days after the mass flowering of sunflower, when 50 ... 60% of the plants have yellow baskets in the crops, 15 ... 20% are brown, they cut the root system of the plants. Due to the fact that the bulk of the roots supplying moisture is at a depth of more than 10 ... 12 cm, trimming is carried out at a depth of 10 ... 12 cm by stringed working bodies. When the flow of moisture to plants stops, the moisture content of the seeds in a short period of time reaches 8 ... 10%, when it can be removed without subsequent artificial drying of the seeds.

Eight-row crops, separated by strips, are conveniently and more productively harvested by combines. At the same time, vehicles move along wide aisles, which reduces soil compaction.

Sowing examples

Example 1

On the sowing of sunflower seeds, the moisture content of the seeds of the pruned and not pruned plants was determined.

Table 1 The moisture content of the seeds,% Plant characteristics 7 days after pruning one 2 3 four average With no pruned root system 19.0 28.6 25.3 21.9 23,4 With clipped root system 6.9 9.7 8.8 8.7 8.5

As can be seen from the table, in plants with a trimmed root system, seed moisture reaches its optimum after seven days.

Example 2

The yield of sunflower seeds on plots of 2 × 10 m was determined, plants were grown according to the applied and new technologies. According to the new technology, the harvest was carried out on September 27, according to the applied technology, on October 19, when the seed moisture reached 8 ... 10%.

table 2 Sunflower seed yield Technology Productivity, kg / plot, by repetition one 2 3 average Applied 3.6 3.8 3.4 3.6 New 4.0 4.1 3.9 4.0

It was revealed that there is a decrease in yield when growing according to the applied technology during a longer standing time due to shedding of seeds and bite by birds.

The invention in comparison with prototypes and other known technologies has the following advantages:

- the use of chemical desiccants is excluded;

- the use of herbicides is excluded;

- significantly reduces the negative impact on the soil, its overconsolidation;

- erosion processes are reduced;

- technology is becoming more environmentally friendly.

Claims (1)

A method of cultivating sunflower, including sowing, sowing care, pre-harvest processing, characterized in that the sowing of seeds is carried out with a row spacing of 0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 2.1 + 0.5 + 0.5 + 0, 5 m, at the same time, when caring for crops in row-spacings of 0.5 m wide, the soil is loosened with hilling of plants, and in the row-spacing of 2.1 m wide, weeds are destroyed and energy and vehicles are moved, and during the pre-harvest treatment, the root system of plants is trimmed .

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