RU2846709C1 - Method of recultivation of ash dump for construction of cemetery on it - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to technical reclamation of waste ash and slag dumps remaining after filling the allocated areas and to their rational use in economic activities, in particular, to construction of cemeteries. Method of reclamation of the ash dump for construction of a cemetery on it includes use of the draining layer of the waste ash dump with a drainage system, dumping of an intermediate layer on it which is carried out layer-by-layer with compaction of each layer and levelling. When levelling the last layer of the intermediate layer, it is simultaneously broken into parallel strips, between which a distance is left for surface drainage strips, then a fertile layer is poured. Before the construction of the cemetery, preliminary preparation of the soil mixture for the intermediate layer is carried out, including at least sand, peat and silt deposits taken at the place of their occurrence, for which fractions of the soil are removed and mixed, then ash from the ash dump is added to the prepared mixture and mixed. Produced mixture is transported and stored in separate belt dumps, intermediate layer is formed up to the border of upper level of ground waters, using the obtained mixture the produced mixture is conditioned for its settling. Fertile soil layer is backfilled layer by layer into each of parallel strips of intermediate layer till complete filling of ash dump surface, including slopes of dam, and simultaneously surface drain strips are backfilled with sand. Fertile layer used is a mixture consisting of soil mixture and seeds of perennial grasses of meadow grass or from a fertile mixture in form of vegetable soil with addition of sandy loam and seeds of perennial grasses.

EFFECT: reclamation of the ash dump for the construction of the cemetery, providing higher safety from environmental contamination from biodegradable objects.

11 cl, 3 dwg, 1 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the technical reclamation of waste ash dumps remaining after the designated areas have been filled, and to their rational use in economic activities, particularly in the construction (development) of cemeteries. The scope of application also includes the decontamination of potentially hazardous areas through the reclamation of disturbed lands, with the potential for their use for utilitarian and beautification purposes.

The purpose of the invention is to apply the technology to the construction of cemeteries. A cemetery is an industrial, public utility facility that impacts the environment. Cemetery development is possible only after a safety assessment as an infrastructure facility, and only if the facility is integrated (placed without harm) into the ecological system of the surrounding environment.

The prior art includes the invention "Cemetery as an Ecological Structure," patent RU 11560 U1, October 16, 1999, IPC E04H 13/00. It includes a soil massif consisting of two components—soil composed of fine-grained sand and a silt fraction—and vegetation placed on top of the soil for landscaping. This allows for the selection of a soil massif within which to construct a reliable structure, preventing negative impacts during the site selection stage for the cemetery. However, in difficult soils, such as wet clay soil, where a cemetery has a significant negative impact on the environment due to its low self-cleaning capacity, the task of reclamation while simultaneously using the land remains unresolved.

A known invention is "Method for Sodding Ash Disposals," application RU 2005110469 A1, October 20, 2006, IPC A01B 79/02, A01B 79/00. This involves leveling the ash disposal area, covering it with soil, applying mineral and organic fertilizers, and planting, while also creating a water-retaining layer or applying a clay slurry layer. This method improves the efficiency of the sodding process, but does not address the issue of ensuring the cemetery's environmental safety by utilizing the existing hydraulic structure.

The invention, "A Method for Restoring Depleted Quarries for the Construction of a Cemetery-Museum," patent RU 2491423 C1, May 10, 2013, Bulletin No. 13, IPC E21C 41/32, involves defining sediment sections in the mined-out quarry space, backfilling the mined-out quarry space layer by layer to the upper water table, followed by compaction of each layer, laying a drainage layer, installing a drainage system, constructing retaining walls, and constructing burial sites on terraces for remains. This allows for the rational use of reclaimed land and eliminates the shortage of land for burial. It reduces the cost of restoration work by utilizing construction waste generated during the reconstruction, demolition, and repair of buildings and structures, and eliminates the need to extract large volumes of soil to create a fertile layer. It also allows for the use of quarry slopes and the economic benefit of restoring disturbed land without significant costs. However, quarry pits left over from the extraction of building stone and other near-surface minerals are used for these purposes, but ash dumps are not used. An ecological approach to hazardous hydraulic structures such as ash dumps is not used, considering the interactions between pollutants and vegetation, rather than viewing them in isolation, as separate natural, technological, and environmental masses, but as systems that interact with each other.

The closest technical solution to the proposed solution is the invention "Method for Restoring Depleted Quarries for Cemetery Construction," patent RU 2654906, May 14, 2018, Bulletin No. 14, IPC E21C 41/32, which was selected as the prototype. The method involves laying a drainage layer in layers, compacting each layer. An intermediate layer is laid on top of the drainage layer, followed by final backfill in successive parallel rows. The backfill is then filled with a mixture consisting of mixed soil components. The layer is then compacted and leveled with a bulldozer, followed by a layer of a mixture consisting of sandy loam, soil mixture, and perennial meadow weed seeds. This method reduces labor costs and the cost of restoration work, and also protects the soil from wind and water erosion. However, it is only used for technical reclamation of quarry pits left after the extraction of building stone and other near-surface minerals, not for ash dumps. Furthermore, it does not ensure the safe environmental impact of a cemetery-type facility due to the use of the existing hydraulic structure and the structural and physical-chemical properties of that structure.

A major issue is the disposal of solid industrial waste and the containment of its storage facilities. One of the most dangerous sources of water and air pollution in Severodvinsk is the ash dump of Thermal Power Plant No. 1. The ash dump has a harmful impact on the environment, polluting the atmosphere through dusting its surface and the hydrosphere through the migration of toxic elements into groundwater. Since ash dumps from thermal power plants are hazardous sources of environmental pollution, they require phytoremediation or liquidation in accordance with established regulations.

However, constructing a cemetery on the site of an ash dump solves several problems at once: the reclamation of the ash dump during the cemetery's construction process and the possibility of using elements of a hydraulic structure for the facility, which also requires ensuring safety from environmental contamination from biodegradable materials.

Thus, the optimal solution is not simply to mothball the hazardous facility, but also to build a new city cemetery on the site of the ash dump.

Solving this problem requires reducing labor costs and the cost of ash dump reclamation, as well as protecting its surface from wind and water erosion. Furthermore, if necessary, it is necessary to reduce the accumulation (quantity) of waste stored in separate landfills and to significantly reduce waste by using it in the construction of cemeteries located on the ash dump.

It's important to obtain lightweight soil for a cemetery, which makes it possible to use a mixture of equal parts ash and peat for backfilling the cemetery landfill. This, along with a layer of sand, creates a lighter soil composition that accelerates the mineralization of waste (remains). At the same time, settling and unevenness are minimized by adding sandy loam to the mixture, for example.

In this case, the site is practically ready for cemetery construction, accounting for almost 40% of the project's cost. Furthermore, there is no need for backfilling on the ash dump site. There is also no need to build access roads for construction equipment to the site or establish infrastructure. Furthermore, by constructing a cemetery on this site, reclamation solves the environmental problem in Severodvinsk by preventing dust storms after the water in the ash dump dries, eliminating the need for mothballing the site. This addresses environmental protection and the rational use of natural resources.

The proposed method allows achieving the following technical result:

- ensuring the safety of the facility's impact on the environment through the use of the existing hydraulic structure, which significantly simplifies and reduces the cost of cemetery construction, and also reduces labor costs during cemetery construction;

- allows for the conservation and reclamation of a harmful hydraulic structure by meeting the requirements for landscaping cemeteries;

- reduce the existing land shortage in the region.

This technical result is achieved by implementing a method for constructing a cemetery using a spent ash disposal site. This method involves creating a drainage layer, constructing an intermediate layer over the drainage layer. This layer consists of laying or using a layer, then compacting these layers with a mixture consisting of soil, and finally backfilling or creating a final intermediate layer on the plateau. Backfilling or use is performed sequentially in parallel rows. Each final intermediate layer is compacted and graded, followed by backfilling a fertile layer consisting of a soil mixture and perennial meadow grass seeds, particularly sandy loam. A novel feature is the preliminary preparation of the soil mixture for the intermediate layer, consisting of soil in the form of at least sand, peat, and silt deposits located in their location, prior to cemetery construction. Individual soil fractions are removed, mixed, moved, and stored. This phase can be performed at the location of sand and peat deposits. Layers from the filled section of the used ash dump, along with its existing drainage system, are used as the drainage layer. The residual depth of the ash dump layers for the drainage layer is preferably at least 5 meters to ensure adequate drainage. Ash from the ash dump is added to the soil mixture. This process can be accomplished in several ways. For example, ash can be used by excavating or loosening (plowing) it from a depth of 0.20 to 1 meter from section one (the used and filled section of the ash dump) of the used ash dump, without disturbing the ash dump drainage system or its dam. Ash from the ash dump is added to the prepared soil mixture for the intermediate layer and mixed, and the resulting soil mixture is transferred and stored in separate belt waste piles. An intermediate layer of soil mixture is placed on the drainage layer to a minimum height of 3 meters, but not higher than the ash disposal area's protective dam. Alternatively, the existing topsoil of the ash disposal area is used. The intermediate layer's soil mixture includes ash from the ash disposal area, peat, silt, and sand mixed in equal parts. The intermediate layer is placed or created on the ash disposal area's plateau in layers, each layer being at least one meter thick. Each layer is compacted successively. A single layer is permitted. Before laying the final layer of the intermediate layer, planning work is carried out in two stages: first, the surfaces of the lower layers of the intermediate layer are compacted and leveled; in the second stage, the final layer of the intermediate layer is leveled, simultaneously dividing it into parallel strips at least 4 meters wide, with a distance of, for example, at least 2 meters between them for surface drainage strips; then, the resulting intermediate layer is allowed to settle, and fertile soil is added. Depending on its thickness, the soil layer can be added layer by layer into each of the parallel strips of the intermediate layer until the surface of the ash dump is completely filled, for example, with a thickness of 0.8 to 1.5 meters, including the slopes of the enclosing dam. At the same time, On the plateau of the ash disposal area, surface drainage strips are formed by the distance between parallel strips of sand, for example, 0.8 to 1.0 meters thick, and can be used as paths and/or walkways. The soil mixture for the intermediate layer can consist of soil, and the soil includes ash and sand, or the soil mixture can include ash, sand, and silt. In a particular case, for the preliminary preparation of the soil mixture for the intermediate layer, sand, for example, is added to a mixture consisting of peat and silt deposits. It is also possible to move the resulting soil mixture and store it in separate belt dumps located on the ash disposal area's protective dam. For example, ash from the ash disposal area can be added (used) to the prepared soil mixture for the intermediate layer by loosening the top layer of ash in the exhausted filled section. (for example, section one see Fig. 1) ash dump to a depth of 0.20 to 1 meter, followed by mixing it with a pre-prepared mixture for the intermediate layer of sand, silt and peat, obtaining a soil mixture, which They are moved and stored, for example, in separate belt dumps located directly on the surface (plateau) of the processed section of the ash dump. In this case, the intermediate layers are compacted by rolling with compacting machines, and the fertile soil layer can consist of a fertile mixture of topsoil with the addition of sandy loam and perennial grass seeds.

An example of the implementation of the proposed method is illustrated by drawings, which explain, but do not cover all the variants of implementing the method.

In FIG. 1 - shows a diagram of the ash dump of the Severodvinsk CHPP-1.

Fig. 2 shows a cross-section of the ash dump dam, section 1 of Severodvinsk CHPP-1

Fig. 3 shows how the material balance of the cemetery will be carried out using an ash disposal site.

The examples given do not cover all the options for using ash dumps in cemetery construction.

To implement the method, the following characteristics of the ash dump and requirements for the environmental massifs under the cemetery should be taken into account.

Firstly, these are issues of environmental protection and the rational use of natural resources. Secondly, environmental protection requires consideration of zero-waste and low-waste technologies. Thirdly, the interaction between toxic emissions and vegetation must be considered. All of this allows for more complete utilization of the natural world's potential to neutralize industrial pollutants and have a beneficial effect on the environment.

An example of the implementation of the claimed method using the physical, chemical and design features of a used ash dump is illustrated based on an existing used ash dump in the Arkhangelsk region.

Thus, the ash disposal site for the combined heat and power plant has a complex hydraulic structure. The design of the ash disposal site is shown in Fig. 1 and includes: 1 - the axis of the enclosing dam, 2 - the axis of the dividing dam, 3 - slurry outlets that are no longer operational, 4 - a drainage ditch, 5 - a slurry pipeline, which is also not operational, 6 - operational water collection wells, 7 - a water-diverting valve, 8 - water collection wells that require de-mothballing, I - section 1, which requires reclamation, II - the working section, which is mothballed and not operational. The ash disposal site is surrounded by embankments made of fine and medium-grained sand along the perimeter.

Its structure allows the ash dump to be used for cemetery drainage and as an intermediate layer under the cemetery.

For example, the ash dump of CHPP-1, the first section of which is now full, is a dangerous source of water and air pollution in Severodvinsk. The problem of preventing harmful contaminants from entering the environment has already been solved. However, if the ash dump is not remediated, the risk of a dam breach and an emergency discharge of ash and slag pulp into the Nikolskoye estuary of the Northern Dvina remains. Furthermore, the ash dump will have a harmful impact on the environment, polluting the atmosphere through dusting its surface and the hydrosphere through the migration of toxic elements into groundwater. A device using the cemetery's ash dump solves this problem without additional remediation.

The ash disposal area is large enough to meet sanitary requirements for cemeteries. For example, a protective dam is created around the perimeter of the ash disposal area using hydro-alumina and is designed to drain surface water from the ash disposal area. The ash disposal area is equipped with water collection wells and, at the bottom, a pipeline that drains clarified water into a drainage channel and from there into a stream. A drainage system ensures water drainage and filtration throughout the ash disposal area.

The infrastructure is equipped with bypass roads and an inspection road, which make it convenient to deliver washed sand, significantly simplifying the construction of the cemetery.

For example, the example implementation of the method used involves the ash disposal site of Thermal Power Plant No. 1, which has a 7-8 meter high dam. It utilizes a direct-flow moisture drainage system with water discharge into a stream. The clarified (purified) water is discharged through standard shaft-type collection wells into a drainage channel. The ash disposal site covers 80 hectares, and the first section covers 26 hectares, which allows the cemetery to meet sanitary requirements for its area.

The traditional method of sealing ash dumps and other industrial waste storage facilities is to cover their surface with natural topsoil and then sow perennial grasses. Due to the shortage of fertile soil and its high cost, this method of reclamation is unacceptable.

The material balance of the CHPP-1 ash dump consists of atmospheric precipitation, which accumulates on the surface at a rate of up to 79,000 cubic meters per year, and approximately 73,000 cubic meters per year evaporates. Approximately 720,000 cubic meters per year are washed into the ash dump along with industrial waste, which requires filtration. The remainder is drained (approximately 116,000 cubic meters per year), and approximately 18,988 tons of dust are removed from the ash dump surface annually. Consequently, approximately 610,000 cubic meters per year require filtration. These characteristics allow for the material balance of a cemetery constructed on the ash dump, covering an area of up to 40 hectares.

Since the ash and slag generated during fuel combustion are removed hydraulically from the thermal power plant and stored in an ash dump, the ash dump will also solve the problem of isolating the decomposition products of biological waste from the cemetery.

For example, ash and slag are dusty, heterogeneous substances, primarily with particles smaller than 0.25 mm. Therefore, the filtration rate of such particles ranges from 0.34 to 0.8 meters per day, while for slag, it can reach up to 64.08 meters per day, which can ensure the filtration of biodegradation products. The majority of the ash water is filtered through the bottom of the ash dump in the direction of natural drainage.

The characteristics of ash and slag deposits are presented in Table 1.

Table 1

Type of characteristic Deposits ash ash and slag slags Particle density, g/ ^cm3 2.31-2.45 2.41-2.55 2.4-2.47 Density of deposits, g/ ^cm3 1.22-1.68 1.32-1.64 - Density, g/ ^cm3
in a loose state
in a compacted state -
- -
- 0.73-0.93
0.9-1.15 Porosity coefficient 0.934-1.884 1.318-1.94 - Natural humidity, % 32.2-53.8 48.1-70.4 - Angle of internal friction 21° 19° - Specific adhesion, kPa 9.5 25.1 -

Since the depleted ash dump requires reclamation and poses a threat to the environment, it makes sense to build a cemetery instead of reclamation. This is because the depleted ash dump has already been drained through its drainage system, and its lower layers are free of harmful contaminants. Without a cemetery or reclamation, the upper layers pose a risk of dust deposits and runoff from the upper layers contaminated with hazardous elements, which can be washed away by surface flows.

A cemetery is an environmental massif of up to 40 hectares, with the addition of biomass, divided into zones with fundamentally different decomposition conditions: disposal, saponification, and mummification, up to the standards of a self-cleaning process through engineering preparation of the territory. Soil profiles (geological sections for depths from 0 to 5 m) must be taken into account. Anaerobic and aerobic conditions in specific soils must be considered. Soil moisture, its mechanical composition, water-physical properties, water-holding capacity (filtration coefficient), soil waterlogging, the botanical composition of the vegetation, and meteorological conditions must be taken into account.

Thus, at humidity levels of up to 6%, mummification occurs; at humidity levels of 6-16%, organic matter decomposes into carbon dioxide and water, which are safe for life, requiring access to oxygen; at humidity levels above 16%, a prolonged process of organic decomposition occurs, mineralization with the formation of ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptan, and a number of aromatic compounds, saponification of the biomass, and its decay.

In Severodvinsk, the waste heaps of TPP-1 are characterized by ash, slag, and enrichment tailings, which form a plateau approximately 15 meters deep relative to the natural surface, while the dam slopes are up to 35 meters deep. The soil is dry and highly permeable. Therefore, they are characterized by soils consisting of ancient alluvial loams, sandy loams, and sand, characterized by the following: At a depth of 0.6-1 m, the silt mass accumulates and transforms the main pollutants, preventing their migration. Such soils are saturated with bases of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium, and their pH is slightly acidic. This means that most pollutants—nitrates, nitrites, ammonium compounds, and phosphates—will be retained in the upper soil horizons.

Consequently, the characteristics of the soil under the ash dump may be most favorable for anaerobic and aerobic processes of decomposition of biomaterial.

Soil biocenosis is influenced by mechanical composition, porosity, hygroscopicity, and temperature. The end products of mineralization are transformed into more complex nutrients that feed plants. Plants absorb carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ethanol, such as birch, maple, oak, and elm.

It is necessary to evaluate the characteristics of the burial site and the soil as a natural body. Together with vegetation, they form a natural habitat. Since the ash dump has already neutralized harmful substances, such as copper, zinc, and iron, as well as possibly petroleum products, sulfates, chlorides, nickel, and arsenic, harmful biodegradation products from the cemetery will also be neutralized through the use of ash and slag.

The proposed method, by mixing ash and sludge and dewatering them, produces a soil material with fundamentally new properties, optimally balancing heat, water, air, and nutrient conditions. The resulting material has a reduced filtration coefficient, is resistant to wind erosion, and can create a humus surface.

To fill the mined-out waste area, a lighter soil composition is obtained in combination with a layer of sand, which promotes the acceleration of mineralization of the remains.

Using the example of the ash disposal site of TPP-1, the method is implemented as follows.

First, they prepare it in advance A mixture of topsoil and silt deposits in situ, for which individual soil fractions are removed, moved, stored, and processed. At the same time, the waste surface is rationally formed (surface formation and planning; formation of a potentially fertile root zone).

The layers of the spent ash dump together with the drainage system existing in it are used as a drainage layer.

Natural topsoil, overburden peat from the Yuzhny quarry, waste from local production processes, such as sewage treatment plant (STP) sludge, and carbide sludge, can be used for the intermediate layer.

For example, dewatered activated sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) requires preliminary biochemical treatment because it is rich in microorganisms, just like the biomaterial from a cemetery. Its organic content is similar to the biodegradable remains of a cemetery. WWTP sludge is 80% carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, and 20% lignohumus compounds. WWTP sludge is typically treated by anaerobic digestion in metathesis tents before it is added to the intermediate layer during cemetery construction. However, when it is added to the intermediate layer during cemetery construction, treatment occurs through anaerobic processes in the intermediate layer.

Peat and locally produced waste are used as a soil mixture, mixed with ash and fine-grained sand. To prepare the soil mixture for the intermediate layer, the soil layer, initially consisting of silt and sand, is first moved and stored in separate belt dumps. Ash is then added, either removed from the top layer of the ash dump or simply recycled from a section of the spent ash dump during mixing. It is important not to disturb the ash dump drainage system. This results in a soil mixture. Ash can either be removed from the top 0.20-1 meter of the ash dump plateau or simply loosened in situ and then combined with the pre-prepared soil mixture. The prepared mixture is either stored in piles on the dam or in belt dumps along the surface of the section plateau. Ash dump layers, the combined residual height of which is, for example, at least 5 meters, are used as a drainage layer. An intermediate layer is laid or used up to the upper water table, but not above the dam slopes. A soil mixture of ash and peat mixed in equal parts with a soil layer consisting of sand and silt forms the intermediate layer.

Alternatively, crushed construction waste can be added to the intermediate layer mixture. An optimally selected combination of the above wastes allows for the restoration of areas damaged by human activity.

The intermediate layer is laid layer by layer or in a single layer, with each layer being, for example, 1 meter thick. After the intermediate layer has settled (cured), grading is performed in two stages: first, the solid surfaces of the intermediate layer layers are compacted and leveled. In the second stage, the intermediate layer layers are leveled and simultaneously divided into parallel strips, preferably 4 meters wide, with at least 2 meters between them for drainage strips. Various grading and placement options are possible for the intermediate layer. After this, it is left to settle. After settlement, grading and compaction can be performed again.

The site is graded with a slight slope toward the overall lower ground level. Each layer is compacted using compaction machines and mechanisms. Surface drainage strips are needed to remove surface precipitation—rain, snow, and fog. Groundwater and filtered (clarified) runoff are removed by the ash disposal system. One option is to use drainage systems. Surface strips are made in the form of a distance between parallel strips, which are filled with sand with a thickness of 0.8 to 1.0 meters and used as paths (passages) in the cemetery.

A fertile layer is formed. This is done by mixing a fertile soil mixture with perennial grass seeds. It is also beneficial to add excess activated sludge from wastewater treatment plants. It is known that wastewater treatment plant sludge contains significant amounts of organic matter necessary for plant growth. The fertile layer is added layer by layer in each parallel strip until the ash dump surface is completely filled, for example, to a thickness of 0.8 to 1.5 meters.

Generally, the entire process involves leveling the ash pond section during ash disposal site reclamation, mixing waste from the treatment plant with ash and slag, preferably to a depth of 20-25 cm, for example by plowing, then harrowing and sowing. Thus, cemetery construction replaces this stage and solves two problems simultaneously: reclamation and cemetery construction.

Thus, the combined utilization of ash, activated sludge, and carbide sludge makes it possible to reduce the volume of waste storage facilities, prevent pollution of the atmosphere and hydrosphere, and restore the natural landscape of disturbed areas.

It is recommended to create a fertile soil layer on the ash dump in the spring after the snow cover has melted.

It is proposed to transport the wastewater treatment plant sludge and distribute it directly over the surface of the ash dump in the winter, using a snow road. The existing infrastructure of the ash dump will also be used during the construction of the cemetery.

After the snow has melted and water has filtered through the ash disposal area, soil preparation for seeding begins. Before seeding, the surface of the storage pond (ash disposal section) is already prepared and formed into a fertile soil layer. After wintering and curing, the intermediate layer strips may require further compaction and leveling. After the fertile soil layer is laid, it is harrowed, which, after compaction, breaks up the soil crust and thereby loosens the topsoil. Seeds are sown either mechanically or manually. The seeds are embedded in the soil with light harrows or tires and brushes. If soil cultivation is carried out in winter, the most favorable time for seeding is very early spring, when the soil has sufficient moisture for seed germination and emergence of seedlings with root systems located close to the surface. If soil cultivation is carried out in spring, it is advisable to sow either simultaneously with plowing and harrowing or immediately after them. During the first growing season, irrigation should be provided. In early autumn, the grass should be mown due to its high heavy metal content and then buried.

This ensures the rational use of natural resources, a beneficial interaction between toxic emissions and vegetation, and an additional solution to land shortages. The constructed facility (cemetery), which is also environmentally hazardous, can be located in areas that cannot be used for agriculture, allowing for the use of existing infrastructure and its complementary greenery. This optimal interaction allows for the simultaneous protection of two facilities.

Thus, the technical result is achieved by ensuring the safety of the impact of the facility (cemetery and ash dump) on the environment through the use of the existing hydraulic structure, as well as the use of stored industrial and household waste, reducing the land deficit and meeting the requirements for the reclamation of hydraulic structures and landscaping of cemeteries.

All together, this significantly reduces labor costs, and therefore the expenses for both reclamation and cemetery construction.

Claims (11)

1. A method for reclaiming an ash dump for the construction of a cemetery on it, which includes the use of a drainage layer of a used ash dump with a drainage system, pouring an intermediate layer onto it, which is carried out layer by layer with compaction of each layer and leveling, when leveling the last layer of the intermediate layer, it is simultaneously divided into parallel strips, between which a distance is left for surface drainage strips, then a fertile layer is poured, characterized in that before the construction of the cemetery, a preliminary preparation of a soil mixture for the intermediate layer is carried out, including at least sand, peat and silt deposits taken at the place of their occurrence, for which soil fractions are removed and mixed, then ash from the ash dump is added to the prepared mixture and mixed, the resulting mixture is moved and stored in separate belt dumps, an intermediate layer is formed up to the boundary of the upper level of groundwater, using the resulting mixture, the resulting intermediate layer is aged for its sediments, fill the fertile soil layer layer by layer into each of the parallel strips of the intermediate layer until the surface of the ash dump is completely filled, including the slopes of the enclosing dam, and at the same time fill the surface drainage strips with sand, as a fertile layer use a mixture consisting of a soil mixture and seeds of perennial meadow grasses or a fertile mixture in the form of plant soil with the addition of sandy loam and seeds of perennial grasses. 2. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the residual height of the ash dump layers for the drainage layer is left at least 5 m. 3. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the intermediate layer is laid at a height of at least 3 m up to the boundary of the upper level of groundwater, but not higher than the protective dam of the ash dump. 4. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the drainage layer uses the top layer of ash from a depth of 0.20 to 1 m from the filled section of the used ash dump. 5. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the thickness of each layer of the intermediate layer is not less than one meter. 6. The method according to paragraph 2, characterized in that, when preparing the soil mixture for the intermediate layer, construction or household waste in the form of sludge from sewage treatment plants (STP), pre-processed, is added to the mixture. 7. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that individual belt dumps are located on the heaps of the enclosing dam of the ash dump. 8. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the ash for adding to the prepared soil mixture is taken from the ash dump by loosening the upper layer of ash in the worked-out section of the ash dump to a depth of 0.25 to 1 m, and after mixing the mixture, it is moved and stored in separate belt dumps located directly on the plateau of the worked-out section of the ash dump. 9. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the layers of the intermediate layer are compacted by rolling with compacting machines. 10. The method according to paragraph 1, characterized in that the thickness of the filling of the parallel strips of the intermediate layer is from 0.8 to 1.5 m. 11. The method according to paragraph 11, characterized in that at the same time, surface drainage strips with sand of a thickness from 0.8 to 1.0 m are filled onto the ash dump and they are used as paths and/or passages.