RU2663144C1 - Method of gasification of solid fuel and device for its implementation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: technological processes.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to chemical technology and heat power engineering based on the processing of local low-grade carbon-containing raw materials, including bituminous (wood, peat, brown coals, various wastes), by gasification to produce a combustible gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen, for subsequent use as a power gas in transport and power plants. Method involves processing solid particulate fuel in a gasifier as part of two co-operating inclined rotating cylindrical reactors, in each of which a process of gasification is carried out in a dense layer with a successive alternation of phases (regimes) – the phase of the reversed process and the phase of the direct process, the reactors working in phase. Reactors operate in a two-cycle operating cycle with a synchronous phase change. Phase change in the reactors is effected by rotating them in a vertical plane to ensure reversible movement of the fuel. Each reactor is equipped with a steam-water jacket with a perforated inner wall of the working chamber for injecting superheated steam into the activation zone, as well as an expansion piston to maintain the fuel layer and regulate the volume of the buffer zone with a hollow stem for gas extraction. Cooling of the fuel gas is carried out by means of heat exchangers for water evaporative and air cooling of the gas. Obtained activated carbon is accumulated in the buffer zone, and the vapor-gas mixture is transported to the anti-phase reactor, where the gasification of the activated carbon layer reversibly moving from its buffer zone is completed in a direct process with counter filtration of the produced gas, which is withdrawn from the reactor and after the cooling is supplied to the consumer.EFFECT: technical result consists in increasing the completeness of fuel processing, the quality and calorific value of the resulting fuel gas, reducing heat losses, as well as increasing the compactness, economy, reliability and durability of the gasifier.10 cl, 9 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of chemical technology and power engineering based on the use of renewable energy sources and local fuels, in particular biomass and local low-grade carbon-containing raw materials, including bituminous (wood, peat, brown coal, various agricultural waste), including utilization of solid household and industrial carbon-containing wastes, by gasification to produce combustible fuel gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen, for subsequent use as the power gas in vehicles and power plants.

The priority area of scientific and technological progress in the energy sector is the creation and development of effective technologies for the use of local energy resources to build a sustainable decentralized energy supply system with a concomitant solution to the increasingly urgent problem of recycling solid urban (household) waste.

Thus, the “Energy Strategy of Russia for the Period until 2030” provides for “... the development of small energy in the decentralized energy supply zone by increasing the efficiency of the use of local energy resources, including new fuels derived from various types of biomass”, which refers to low-grade fuels with high humidity (up to 85% and more), low energy density, low heat of combustion, heterogeneity of the fractional composition, but it has significant advantages compared to the spark relevant carbon-containing raw materials: renewability, almost complete absence of sulfur, as well as other chemical elements and compounds harmful to equipment and the environment, prevalence and availability. Unrefined substandard biomass (wood waste, agricultural waste, production and consumption waste, including municipal solid waste.), As well as other local fuels, primarily based on low-grade solid carbon-containing raw materials (peat and its processed products, brown coal) , together constitute fuel resources, the use of which is potentially possible in the areas (territories) of their formation, production, production and economic efficiency of consumption of which are limited ene areas (territories) of origin / RF Government Resolution of 22.022012 N 154 "On the requirements for heating circuits, the order of their development and approval" /. They are a cheap (with low, zero or negative cost) and practically not currently used source of local energy resources.

The most universal way to use these types of raw materials is their high-temperature thermochemical conversion, or gasification - burning at temperatures of 800-1300 ° C in the presence of air or oxygen and water vapor to produce fuel (aka generator) gas - a mixture of H ₂ , CO, СО ₂ , NO _x , СН ₄ / GOST R 54531-2011 Non-traditional technologies. Renewable and alternative energy sources. Terms and definitions / carried out in gasifiers (otherwise: gasification reactors, gas generators, converters), which, depending on its quality, is used in the future in a power plant (burned in a boiler unit or used as power gas, i.e., for direct energy in the engine - gas piston or gas turbine installation).

In this regard, the urgent problem is the creation of high-tech compact gasification equipment for modular autonomous small power plants for use in local small-scale energy, as sources of deep reserve electricity in territories with possible long-term emergency situations, for equipping electric vehicle charging stations in environmental and other territories, environmentally friendly waste management (as an alternative to incineration technologies).

Existing technologies and designs for gasification of solid (condensed) carbon-containing fuels are very diverse / A. Samylin, M. Yashin. Modern designs of gas generating units. - LesPromInform, No. 1, 2009, p. 78-85; Zheleznaya T.A., Geletukha G.G. Overview of modern biomass gasification technologies. - Prom. heat engineering, 2006, v. 28, No. 2, p. 61-75; Kopytov V.V. Gasification of condensed fuels: a retrospective review, current state of affairs and development prospects - M: Infra-Engineering, 2012 - 504 p., P. 263-271 /. From an environmental point of view, their main advantage is the relatively low level of negative impact on the environment. This, first of all, is caused by the rather long (especially for gasification in a dense layer) presence of gaseous products of gasification of condensed fuels, first in the oxidation (combustion) zone at temperatures from 1000 ... 1200 ° C and higher, and then in the reduction (oxygen-free) formation zone combustible fuel gas. Under such conditions, thermal decomposition and reductive dechlorination of the most dangerous substances - dioxins, furans, polychlorobiphenyls, benzo (a) pyrenes and other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons occur.

The experience of long-term use of fuel (generator) gas in engines or turbines is still small. From the point of view of capital expenditures, which are higher in comparison with stations operating on fossil fuels, economically viable operation of a gasification plant in many cases is possible only when using very cheap raw materials. Interest in gasification technologies is increasingly shifting from the production of only thermal energy to the possibility of combined generation of thermal and electric energy.

Despite the significant progress made in recent years in the field of gas purification, the purification system is a critical component of any gasification plant. The search continues for optimal solutions to achieve the required cleaning levels at the lowest cost. In addition, the existing gasification equipment (plants, reactors ...) has low energy efficiency, does not meet modern requirements for a number of operational and technical characteristics, and first of all, for compactness, simplicity and ease of maintenance, reliability, work resource, versatility in raw materials, and also environmental safety, which limits its competitiveness in the global energy market.

Known technologies (schemes) for gasification / Reference. “Boiler houses and biofuel power plants. Modern technologies for producing heat and electric energy using various types of biomass. ” Ovsyanko A.D., Pechnikov S.A., St. Petersburg, Biofuel portal WOOD-PELLETS.COM. 2008 360 s. with ill .; Biomass as a source of energy. Ed. S. Soufer, O. Zaborski. - M., Mir, 1985; G.G. Tokarev. Gas generating cars. Gos. scientific publishing house lit., M., 1955; Kolerov L.K. Gas engine installations. M., Mashgiz 1951 / differ in the place of air supply and selection of combustible fuel gas in gasifiers and are divided into technologies and, accordingly, gasification reactors of direct, reverse (reverse) and horizontal processes.

In direct process gasifiers, the movement of solid carbon-containing fuel (hereinafter referred to as fuel) and a gaseous oxygen carrier (air, air with a high content of oxygen, oxygen) occurs in opposite directions. Gasifiers of this type are quite widespread [1, 2] and are, as a rule, a shaft, the inner walls of which are lined with refractory material, fuel is loaded on top of this shaft, and a gaseous oxygen carrier is supplied below. The fuel layer is supported either by a grate or a layer of solid gasification residues - ash. Combustible fuel gas is discharged in the upper zone of the mine. The design of gasifiers of this type is distinguished by the execution of individual structural elements, the mutual arrangement of which, as a rule, remains unchanged. The processes of gas formation in the fuel layer in such gasifiers proceed as follows. The gaseous oxygen carrier supplied through the lower zone of the gas generator first passes through the ash zone, where it is slightly warmed up, and then enters the red-hot layer of fuel (oxidizing zone), where oxygen reacts with combustible fuel elements. The resulting combustion products, rising up and meeting with hot fuel (reduction zone), are reduced to carbon monoxide and hydrogen. With further upward movement of strongly heated reduction products, thermal decomposition (dry distillation) of the fuel (pyrolysis zone) occurs and the reduction products are enriched with decomposition products (gases, tar and water vapor). As a result of the decomposition of fuel, first semi-coke and then coke are formed, on the surface of which, when they are lowered, the combustion products are restored. When lowering even lower, coke burns. In the upper part of the gasifier, the fuel is dried by the heat of rising gases and vapors; during the selection of hot gas (with temperatures up to 300 ° C and above), gasification products are mixed with products obtained in the zones of drying and dry distillation (pyrolysis).

The direct process almost does not impose restrictions on the type and humidity of the fuel, but the resulting gas is very polluted and contains a large number of pyrolysis resins, water vapor, dust particles, etc. For its further use, deep cleaning using expensive equipment is required.

Thus, the process in the gasifier as a whole is a combination of two independent processes - dry distillation and gasification proper. In the direct gasification process, some types of fuel (the so-called bituminous fuel) produce gas with a high tar content. This makes the gas unacceptable for use as a fuel in internal combustion engines without their special purification. When this method of gasifying wood and peat, the products of dry distillation also contain acetic acid and other undesirable impurities (phenols, etc.). Gas purification from resins is fundamentally possible with the use of disintegrators, electrostatic precipitators, which complicates and increases the cost of the entire process.

In connection with the foregoing, a direct gasification process is used when using fuels with a small yield of volatile (anthracite, coke, semi-coke, charcoal).

In the reversed gasification process, fuel and a gaseous oxygen carrier move in the associated direction. Gasifiers of the reversed process, as a rule, also represent a mine, the inner walls of which are lined with refractory material, fuel is loaded on top of this mine, and in the vertical middle zone, as a rule, a gaseous oxygen carrier is supplied through the tuyeres. The fuel layer is supported by either a grate or a layer of ash. Fuel gas is discharged in the lower zone of the mine. The design of gasifiers of this type is distinguished by the execution of individual structural elements, the mutual arrangement of which, as a rule, remains unchanged. Since the evacuation of the formed gas (with a temperature of 400 ... 500 ° C) is carried out through the lower zone of the gasifier, the combustion zone (oxidative) is in the tuyere plane, below this zone there is a reduction zone, above the combustion zone there is a zone of pyrogenetic decomposition of fuel due to heat of burning hot coke. Drying of the uppermost layer of fuel in such gasifiers occurs due to heat transfer from the zone of pyrogenetic decomposition of fuel. The main disadvantage is that the reversed process imposes restrictions on the humidity of the fuel (due to the absence of an active drying zone), which necessitates fuel preparation, but at the same time provides a cleaner gas with a relatively low content of pyrolysis resins and other impurities, because all dry distillation products pass through a high temperature reaction zone.

In a horizontal process, air is supplied through a lance located laterally in the lower part of the gasifier, the gas sampling lattice is located on the opposite side, and the active or reaction zone (oxidation / reduction) is concentrated in a small space between them, above which there is a dry distillation zone and above it is a zone drying fuel. This gasifier has a fairly simple design and flexibility, but cannot provide the formation of tar without gas and is not suitable for gasification of bituminous as well as multi-ash fuels.

The most promising from the point of view of increasing efficiency are combined technologies (schemes) and, accordingly, gasifiers, which allow you to take advantage of both direct and reverse gasification processes, in particular, on the basis of a two-zone gasification process / Kolerov L.K. Gas engine installations. M .: Mashgiz 1951, p. 12-15 /. The gasifier has two reaction zones (each includes an oxidation zone and a reduction zone), and in the upper part of the reactor (upper reaction zone) the fuel is gasified by the reverse process, and in the lower part (lower reaction zone), coke formed during the passage is gasified fuel through the upper zone. Gas is taken between the recovery zones, and the ash is removed during reactor operation. The process is favorable for the gasification of bituminous fuels with high ash content, however, while not sufficiently eliminating the shortcomings of the direct and inverse processes, it also has specific disadvantages associated with the high temperature of the produced gas (up to 700 ° C) and the difficulty of adjusting the air and steam blast.

Low-grade carbon-containing raw materials that are intended to be used as fuel in the present invention are typically characterized by a high content of ash and / or resins, as well as moisture. In this regard, combustible fuel gas obtained from such raw materials using existing gasification technologies (schemes) has properties that do not allow its use as a power gas, i.e. for direct energy in the engine - a gas piston or gas turbine installation, namely:

- high temperature (300 ... 700 ° C) and, accordingly, low density, which leads to a deterioration in the filling of the engine and a drop in its power;

- low volume calorific value due to the high content of ballast (nitrogen, air, moisture, carbon dioxide); so, for the most high-calorific gas produced by air blasting, less than 4000 kJ / m ^{3 of} dry gas, for the most high-calorific gas using steam-oxygen blast under pressure, about 15000 kJ / m ³ ;

- high content of harmful impurities (ash, coal dust, soot, tarry substances, sulfur compounds, moisture), which interfere with the normal operation of the engine, cause premature wear of rubbing parts and engine failure.

In addition, for the most common hardware solutions of gasification reactors (shaft type), which are based on the movement (movement) of gasified solid lump (ground) fuel under its own weight, the stability of the flow of combustion remains an unsolved problem. Since the processed materials (especially with regard to low-grade raw materials) often have uneven gas permeability and are prone to sticking together during pyrolysis, arching, and freezing on the walls of the reactor, the pyrolysis and gasification front can spread unevenly over the reactor cross section. In the layer of the processed raw materials, “burnouts” can occur, through which the gas stream mainly flows, material collapses in the cavities formed during combustion, and almost gas-tight regions can form at the same time. As a result, the temperature distribution in the combustion zone is heterogeneous and poorly controlled, which leads to a decrease in gas quality.

Thus, for the practical use of fuel power gas, especially obtained from low-grade raw materials, it is necessary in one form or another to use its conditioning system, as a rule, multi-stage and including rather complicated and expensive gas cooling, drying and purification equipment (scrubbers, cyclones, electrostatic precipitators filters, neutralizers, etc.) / Kolerov L.K. Gas engine installations. M., Mashgiz 1951, with. 15-17; Directory. “Boiler houses and biofuel power plants. Modern technologies for producing heat and electric energy using various types of biomass. ” Ovsyanko A.D., Pechnikov S.A., St. Petersburg, Biofuel portal WOOD-PELLETS.COM. 2008, p. 248-249 /, which significantly limits the area of efficient use of gasification plants and reduces their technical, economic and operational-technical characteristics.

A number of technical solutions are known aimed at increasing the efficiency of gasification of carbon-containing, and in particular, low-grade raw materials.

Thus, the “Method for controlling the production of combustible gas and a device for producing combustible gas” is known (Eurasian patent 000184 B1, published date 12.24.1998), where to increase the purity of the gas and more fully use the carbon of the feed, the gasifying agent is fed from below to the vertical zone of the reactor through the grate and / or from above and from the side, and the gas is discharged on the side opposite the side supply of gasifying means, which helps to mix the layers of gasified raw materials, while adjusting the vertical th speed position of the reaction zone ash withdrawal, the optimum gasification temperature through the flow of the gasifying agent, the reaction efficiency by setting the band width through coordinated regulation of the gasifying means and outputting the ash. To implement the method, a grate-type step grate is provided with a drive for its repulsive movement and compaction of partially gasified fuel, and the reactor casing is provided with thermal insulation in the form of a two-layer insulating-cooling system with a perforated partition between the outer and inner layers, and the cooling agent is air used as gasifying facilities. The proposed solution is not sufficiently reliable and complicated due to the need for sorting and preparation of raw materials and the presence of moving parts in the high-temperature zone (grate), and the achieved effect is insufficient.

Also known is the “Gasifier and method for gasifying solid fuels" (Eurasian patent 009349 B1, published on December 28, 2007) based on a two-zone gasification scheme containing the stages of partial oxidation of fuel from biomass in the first oxidation zone for the production of vegetable coal, the restoration of vegetable coal in the zone reduction for the formation of ash, additional oxidation of any residue of vegetable coal in the ash in the second oxidation zone, extraction of the fuel stream produced in the above stages, through the exhaust pipe loss, moreover, in the first oxidation zone, the gas stream has the same direction as the fuel stream, and in the second oxidation zone, the gas stream has a direction opposite to the fuel stream. A fuel stream at a temperature of about 850 ° C., produced in both zones, passes through a perforated conical ring that is filled with a microporous polymer catalyst in order to crack the residual distillation liquid product before it leaves the gasifier. Thus, it is supposed to carry out gas purification, however, this leads to a complication and higher cost of the installation, and also increases operating costs

The well-known "Method for the gasification of solid carbon-containing fuel, including carbon-containing waste and a gas generator" (Eurasian patent 014373, published date 10/29/2010) involves supplying a vertically oriented carbon-containing fuel from top to bottom and a gaseous oxygen carrier flow in the direction of carbon-containing fuel movement and removal combustible gas from the lower zone of the gas generator. The flow of the gaseous oxygen carrier is fed into the vertically middle zone of the gas generator along the entire perimeter with the simultaneous formation of downward-directed streams of carbon-containing fuel and directed upward against the direction of movement of the carbon-containing fuel, while additionally the combustible gas is removed from the upper zone of the gas generator. The specified technical solution combines the advantages of the direct and reverse gasification process, but does not exclude the disadvantages of the dual-zone process.

In the well-known “Method for preparing fuel, including for burning and a device for its implementation” (patent RU 2301374, Kondra E.I. et al., Publication date 20.06.2007), fuel is fed into the reactor, it is moved towards the gaseous oxidizing agent containing oxygen, and get coke in the area of pyrolysis and coking of the fuel located in the reactor between the places of entry into the reactor of fuel and oxidizer. Coke is treated with steam generated when water is supplied to a reactor such as a tunnel furnace to cool a solid residue or target product before it is discharged from the reactor. The water gas resulting from the interaction of coke with water vapor is either taken out of the reactor to be used as a fuel gas of a heat engine, or directed towards the coke transported through the reactor to the place where the oxidizer is introduced into the reactor, and it is burned there, obtaining the fuel needed for coking, pyrolysis and drying of the fuel heat and removing generated gas from the reactor. Depending on the type of source fuel and the processing mode, the solid target product may be coke, charcoal or activated carbon. The technical solution seems to be very difficult to implement and does not imply a complete cycle of raw material processing.

The well-known “Solid fuel gasifier” (patent RU 2315083, Knyazev A.E., published on 08/10/2007) is multi-stage, while in the first stage drying, pyrolysis and partial combustion of fuel occurs, on the upper boundary of the heat spot of the second stage, all burn out of oxygen generated as a result of steam splitting, at the third stage, carbon residues are burned and absorbed. Each stage is equipped with a device for supplying steam, located below the device for ignition and stabilization of combustion. The invention provides for the complete combustion of lump fuel without preliminary preparation, however, it is rather complicated, and the resulting fuel gas requires conditioning.

Significant advantages in the development of effective technical solutions are gasification technology according to the direct process scheme in a dense layer with a counter flow of a gasifying agent (in particular, air) and fuel, since it makes it possible to use low-calorific fuels with humidity up to 40 ... 50% with high efficiency . thermal process (up to 95%). /Directory. “Boiler houses and biofuel power plants. Modern technologies for producing heat and electric energy using various types of biomass. ” Ovsyanko A.D., Pechnikov S.A., St. Petersburg, Biofuel portal WOOD-PELLETS.COM. 2008 360 s. with ill., p. 111-151; Biomass as a source of energy. Ed. S. Soufer, O. Zaborski. - M., Mir, 1985; Kopytov V.V. Gasification of condensed fuels: a retrospective review, current state of affairs and development prospects - M .: Infra-Engineering, 2012. - 504 s /.

Such a solution is proposed in the "Condensed fuel processing method and device for its implementation. (Patent RU 2376527, Zhirnov, Zaichenko, Manelis, Polyanchik, published date 12/20/2009). This method implements a scheme for the gasification of solid organic fuels, including biomass fuel, in countercurrent gasification agent (direct gasification process), and differs in that the vapor-air gasification in a dense layer is carried out in the filtration combustion mode with super-adiabatic heating in a cylindrical inclined rotating gasifier reactor / Kislov V.M. Gasification of wood and its components in a filtration mode. Abstract of dissertation for the degree of KFMN. IPCP RAS, Chernogolovka, 2008; Zaichenko A.Yu. The effect of the motion of the solid phase on the nature of filtration combustion. Abstract of dissertation for the degree of candidate of physical and mathematical sciences Chernogolovka - 2008. IPCP RAS.

It involves loading fuel (crushed to ensure mixing and gas permeability) into a cylindrical reactor, supplying a gasifying agent containing oxygen to the reactor from the side of the reactor, where solid refined products are accumulated, loaded fuel moves along the axis of the reactor, and solid refined products are removed from the reactor, conclusion from the reactor of products of drying, pyrolysis and combustion in the form of combustible fuel gas (product gas), so that gasification is carried out by means of the fuel remains in the heating and drying zone, the pyrolysis zone, the combustion zone (oxidation / reduction reaction zone) and the cooling zone, and the gas stream is filtered through the loaded fuel layer, passing through the cooling zone, the combustion zone, the pyrolysis zone and the heating and drying zone.

In the reactor, in the zone where the temperature is maximum / exceeds 400 ° C, water is supplied in liquid form. To ensure uniform distribution over the reactor cross section of water vapor evaporated on heated solid materials of the mixture, the process is carried out in an inclined rotating reactor installed at an angle to the horizon in the range from 22 to 65 °. The temperature in the core is limited by evaporative internal cooling in conjunction with passive cooling due to endothermic reactions. The advantages of this method is the high efficiency of the process of gasification of fuels, including finely dispersed and prone to sintering, namely, stability and high efficiency gasification, the absence of unreacted fuel in the waste, low levels of harmful emissions into the atmosphere.

At the same time, the specified method has inherent disadvantages of the technological scheme of the direct process associated with a high content of tar and ballast substances in the resulting gas. Also significant disadvantages of the method are the complexity and unreliability due to the presence of additional devices in the high-temperature zone (water supply pipe; temperature sensors to control the operating parameters of gasification; seals ensuring the tightness of the reactor during rotation). With changes in the parameters of raw materials (bulk density, fractional composition, etc.), the gas permeability of the layer of processed products (ash) may be deteriorated due to sintering and unreacted fuel, which does not allow maintaining the optimal parameters of the steam-air blast and complicates the operation of the unloading device.

Also, the problem of thermal protection of the reactor structure (side wall, unloading device) has not been solved to reduce heat loss and ensure its reliability and durability. Typically, shell lining is used from the inside with insulating masonry, however, such protection is insufficient, reliability, maintainability and the service life of such structures are low, insufficient compactness, high mass and dimensional characteristics limit the use of reactors in small-sized, mobile and semi-stationary power plants designed for decentralized power supply. In addition, the presence of only one water supply point prevents the uniform distribution of steam, especially with a large reactor, which reduces the ability to control the operating parameters of gasification in order to optimize them for various types of fuels.

These shortcomings were partially eliminated in the technical solution “Method of gasification of fuel biomass and a device for its implementation” (Application for invention RU 2015156390 A, Zabegaev, Tikhomirov et al., Date of publication of the application 06/29/2017, bull. No. 19), which is the closest to the claimed invention in the aggregate of essential features.

The method involves gasification of fuel biomass in a dense layer moving along the axis of a cylindrical reactor installed at an angle to the horizon in the range from 22 to 65 ° and rotating around its axis. It includes loading into the reactor fuel biomass, which is used as solid crushed biofuel, supplying to the reactor a gasifying agent containing oxygen from the side of the reactor, where the solid products of combustion residues accumulate from the reactor, and the withdrawal of combustible fuel gas from the reactor, while gasification is carried out by consecutive stay of fuel biomass in the heating and drying zone, pyrolysis zone, active oxidation / reduction zone (reaction zone) and cooling zone, and gas flow formed by the supply of a gasifying agent containing oxygen passes successively a cooling zone, a reaction zone, a pyrolysis zone and a heating and drying zone, the final gasification product — combustible fuel gas — being filtered through a layer of loaded fuel biomass, and the water being supplied to the reactor in the form of steam, the formation of which occurs in the evaporation cavities of a steam-water jacket (belt of a steam-water curtain), directly adjacent to the inner wall of the working chamber of the reactor, due to pilaf stream from the reaction zone, wherein the injection of superheated steam is carried into the reaction zone through the perforated inner wall of the working chamber of the reactor, providing heat protection of the working chamber of the reactor inner wall with the localization of the high-temperature zone in the center of the reaction zone.

However, the proposed technical solutions do not eliminate the shortcomings of the technological scheme of the direct process associated with the high content of resinous and ballast substances and the high temperature of the resulting gas.

The present invention is aimed at solving the technical problems of increasing the efficiency of gasification of solid carbon-containing, and primarily low-grade raw materials, and ensuring the quality of power gas for direct use in propulsion systems, and above all, high calorific value and low levels of harmful impurities, as well as reducing heat losses in the gasifier reactor and ensuring its compactness, as well as efficiency, reliability and durability.

To solve the tasks, a method for gasification of solid fuel in a dense layer moving along the axis of a cylindrical reactor, installed at an angle to the horizon in the range from 22 to 65 ° and rotating around its axis, including loading prepared - ground, compacted - solid fuel into the reactor, is proposed, which use solid biofuel (GOST 33104-2014. Solid biofuel. Terms and definitions /, obtained directly or through intermediate steps from biomass (primary biomass and solid waste from its processing, the organic part of solid urban (household) waste), and / or solid low-grade fossil carbon-containing raw materials (peat, brown coals), supplying gasification agent to the reactor - air from the side of the reactor, where the accumulation of solid gasification residues takes place, and movement of the loaded solid fuel along the axis of the reactor, the withdrawal of solid gasification residues from the reactor, the withdrawal of combustible fuel gas from the reactor, the supply of water to the reactor. Gasification is carried out in a reactor equipped with a steam-jacket, built into the space inside the double side wall, consisting of an outer wall - a casing and an inner wall of the working chamber of the reactor, water is supplied to the reactor by injection of water vapor superheated by the heat flux from the working chamber of the reactor, from the steam-water jacket through the perforated inner wall of the working chamber of the reactor, and the resulting combustible fuel gas is filtered through a layer of loaded solid fuel.

In contrast to the known prototype, the gasification process is carried out in a two-reactor gasifier as part of two jointly operating (adjacent) reactors. In each of the reactors, the gasification process is carried out with a sequential alternation of phases (modes) - the phases of the reverse process and the phases of the direct process, the reactors simultaneously operating in different phases (out of phase), and the phase change in both reactors is carried out simultaneously (synchronously) by turning the reactor in a vertical plane (with a mutual change of position of the upper and lower parts of the reactor with the reverse movement of gasified solid fuel inside the reactor).

At the same time, the reactor operating in the phase of the reversed process provides for the supply of a gasifying agent - air (air blasting) directly to the reaction zone, where solid fuel in the form of coke partially oxidizes (burns out) through the heating and drying zone and the pyrolysis (coking) zone and partially gasified, and its main part moves further (lower) to the activation zone, where at temperatures above 800 ° C it is treated with superheated steam from a steam-water jacket, while the activity obtained from coke The coal is accumulated in the buffer zone of the working chamber of the reactor, and the resulting vapor-gas mixture of pyrolysis gas residues and unreacted water vapor is transported to another (adjacent or antiphase) reactor, which operates in the direct process phase. It provides for the complete gasification of a layer of activated carbon, which is reversibly moving from its buffer zone, accumulated in the phase of the reversed process, with additional supply to the reaction zone of a vapor-gas mixture coming from an out-of-phase reactor operating in the phase of the reversed process, and with counter filtration through the moving layer of activated carbon the resulting combustible fuel gas, which, as a result, is cleaned and dried out of the reactor.

Moreover, taking into account the long-term interaction of water vapor with carbon and the high reactive and adsorption capacity of activated carbon, it is almost possible to completely eliminate the moisture content in the resulting fuel gas, including both hygroscopic moisture of the feedstock and reaction (chemical) moisture, as well as moisture, in addition introduced during the gasification process at the stage of coal activation.

Reducing heat loss and temperature of the fuel gas is achieved by regenerative water vapor cooling, when the combustible fuel gas discharged from the reactor is cooled before being supplied to the consumer in a water evaporative heat exchanger — a steam generator, where water is supplied externally under pressure, and water resulting from heat exchange is supplied to the steam-water the jacket of an adjacent (out of phase) reactor operating in the phase / reverse process mode, where it overheats, and the cooled combustible fuel gas is supplied with consumer of.

The cooling efficiency of combustible fuel gas can be improved by additional cooling with air, which is then supplied in the required volume by air blast to the reaction zones of both reactors.

In addition, the quality of the gas produced, in particular, the calorific value, can be improved by further reducing the ballast - nitrogen content of the air when air with a high oxygen or pure oxygen content is supplied as a gasification agent.

The invention is illustrated in FIG. 1-9.

In FIG. 1 shows a General view of a cylindrical inclined rotating reactor (in the vertical position of the reactor) with the reverse movement of solid fuel to implement the method of gasification in a dense layer in the phase (mode) of the reversed process.

In FIG. 2 shows a section AA according to FIG. one.

In FIG. 3 shows a section bB according to FIG. one.

In FIG. Figure 4 shows a general view of a reactor with a vapor-gas outlet channel for transporting a gas-vapor mixture in an integrated version (in the intermediate operating position of the reactor in the phase (mode) of the reverse process).

In FIG. 5 shows a section aa according to FIG. four.

In FIG. 6 shows a general view of a cylindrical inclined rotating reactor (in the vertical position of the reactor) for implementing the dense bed gasification method in the phase (mode) of the direct process.

In FIG. 7 shows a General view of the reactor in the working (inclined) position in the phases (modes) of the reversed and direct gasification processes.

In FIG. 8 is a diagram of the operating cycle of the device - a two-reactor gasifier.

In FIG. Figure 9 shows the operation diagram of the reactor in the phase (mode) of the direct gasification process together with a water evaporative heat exchanger - a steam generator and a gas-air heat exchanger.

The method of gasification of solid fuel is carried out by means of a device - two-reactor gasifier (Fig. 1 - 9), which operates as follows.

The initial solid fuel “F” (hereinafter referred to as the fuel) is biofuel obtained directly or through intermediate stages from biomass (primary biomass and solid waste from its processing, the organic part of solid urban (household) waste), and / or solid low-grade fossil carbon-containing raw materials ( peat, brown coals), if necessary previously prepared to ensure gas permeability and flowability (mixing), in particular, crushed (for lumpy raw materials) or compacted (for raw materials with a low bulk density of silt fine materials) and, possibly, with the addition of solid non-combustible material, is loaded into the reactor, which is in the phase of the reversed process (Fig. 1-5, Fig. 7), through the loading device 3, which includes a hopper with a lock chamber and a vertical cylinder, into the working the reactor chamber, where the level of the loaded fuel is kept constant, since during the rotation of the reactor it precipitates from the vertical cylinder

The fuel “F” in the reactor in the form of a dense layer, stirred during rotation of the reactor around its axis, passes sequentially through the heating and drying zone 4, the pyrolysis (coking) zone 5 into the reaction zone (oxidation / reduction zone) 6, where through the gasifying device agent 15 through the blast channel 16 (for example, an annular shape, partitioned to ensure uniform distribution of air supply using longitudinal stiffeners 19) air "A" is supplied. In the reaction zone 6, reactions of incomplete oxidation of the fuel occur with a limited supply of oxygen in the composition of the air blast. During gasification, reactions occur both with the release of heat and with its absorption, therefore, to maintain the process, the condition of autothermality must be ensured, in which the total thermal effect of all reactions will be zero.

Upon receipt of air gas, when air enters the gas generator as blast, the oxidation and reduction reactions occur according to the following scheme:

C + O ₂ → CO ₂ + 97650 kcal

2C + O ₂ → 2CO + 58860 kcal

2CO + O ₂ → 2CO ₂ + 136440 kcal

CO ₂ + C → 2CO - 38790 kcal

The high temperatures achieved in this case are favorable for the completion of carbon dioxide reduction reactions, however, they can exceed the softening temperature and even the liquid-melting state of the ash of a number of solid fuels (the melting point of biomass is usually not lower than 1150 ° C / Reference. "Boilers and power plants using biofuels. Modern technologies for producing thermal and electric energy using various types of biomass. ”Ovsyanko AD, Pechnikov SA, St. Petersburg, Biofuel portal WOOD-PELLETS.COM. 2008, p. 32 /). This leads to disruption of the normal operation of the reactor, since large fused pieces of slag are formed, which impede air access and the gas generation process, the apparatus itself overheats, its performance decreases, its efficiency decreases, and the gas quality decreases. To reduce the temperature of the process, water vapors are introduced into the reactor together with air blasting (mixed generation process - steam-air blasting). Steam blasting produces water gas. Water vapor passing through a layer of hot coke in the reduction zone enters into chemical interaction with carbon by the reactions:

C + H ₂ O = CO + H ₂ - 28380 kcal; С + 2H ₂ O = CO ₂ + 2Н ₂ - 17970 kcal,

those. both reactions are endothermic, with heat absorption, which leads to a local decrease in temperature. Water gas has a higher calorific value than air gas, but the process efficiency is low.

In the reaction zone 6 due to the partial oxidation of carbon fuel, a temperature of 900 ... 1100 ° C is achieved, which is necessary, firstly, for the preparation of fuel in the heating and drying zone 4 and the pyrolysis (coking) zone 5 and, secondly, for the implementation of partial reactions air gasification of fuel and obtaining a layer of hot coke in the activation zone 7, which is located below the reaction zone 6, being essentially its continuation.

Water "W" in the steam-water jacket 13, built into the space inside the double side wall, consisting of the outer wall - the casing 1 and the inner wall of the working chamber of the reactor 2, is supplied externally under pressure through a pipe with a check valve 14. In the steam-water jacket 13 under the influence of thermal stream (radiation) from the working chamber of the reactor, namely from the reaction zone 6 of the inverse gasification process, water vapor is generated,

As a result of heating, the pressure in the steam-water jacket 13 increases, the steam is injected through the perforated along the length of the activation zone 7 section 17 of the inner wall of the working chamber of the reactor, forming there a wall heat-insulating layer in a state superheated due to pressure reduction and entering into endothermic reactions with carbon of hot fuel / coke, as a result of which a "water" combustible gas is formed and the temperature in the parietal layer is reduced (limited) during fuel mixing and distribution eniya vapor at reactor rotates. High temperature in the reaction zone is a prerequisite for ensuring high gas quality; almost complete reduction of CO ₂ in CO is ensured at temperatures of at least 950 ... 1000 ° C / G.G. Tokarev. Gas generating cars. Gos. scientific publishing house lit., M., 1955, p. 23, 31 /.

At high temperatures of hot coke (above 800 ... 850 ° C) endothermic reduction reactions occur with the formation of water gas. Such treatment with superheated steam makes it possible to obtain activated carbon from coke with the necessary properties for its further use in the process as an adsorbent / Kinle X., Bader E. Active carbons and their industrial applications. - M .: Chemistry, 1984. - 216 p. /.

In this case, the activated carbon layer with a corresponding decrease in temperature is accumulated in the lower buffer zone of the reactor 8, which is ensured by lowering the expansion piston 9 supporting this layer by means of the stroke of the rod 10, which is hollow, but in the phase of the reversed process, its input is closed by the gas valve 11. The movement of the rod 10 may be provided with an appropriate gear mechanism from a reactor rotation drive. The stroke speed of the rod must provide the necessary (optimal or close to optimal) operating parameters of the process (temperature in the zones of the working chamber of the reactor, the duration of redox reactions) and can be determined by calculation and experimentation and adjusted depending on the characteristics of a particular type of solid fuel.

The vapor-gas mixture resulting from the treatment of coke with superheated steam, a mixture of combustible fuel gas, residues of undecomposed pyrolysis gases and unreacted water vapor is discharged from the activation zone 7 through the steam and gas outlet channel, namely through the gas and vapor branch pipe 12 through a gas pipeline with a high-temperature gas-blowing reactor 30 to the reaction zone 6 where they implement a direct gasification process (Fig. 6, Fig. 7). A specific structural design of a steam-gas outlet reactor in an integrated embodiment is shown in FIG. 4. At the same time, the outlet to the gas-vapor channel for transporting the gas-vapor mixture to the adjacent (out-of-phase) reactor is carried out through the internal branch pipe of the gas-vapor mixture 22 connecting the activation zone 7 of the working chamber with the gas-vapor collection cavity 20 in the interwall space of the reactor with the outlet through the upper branch pipe of the gas-vapor mixture 23 located at the top of the reactor. To intensify the process of heating solid fuel "F" in the heating and drying zone 4, the pyrolysis (coking) zone 5, the wall of the working chamber 2 of the reactor preferably has a ribbed structure (Fig. 5), and for heating the supplied air, the blast channel is made tubular 21 inside the gas-vapor collection cavity . twenty.

The final position 29 of the expansion piston 9, which determines the completion of the reactor in the phase of the reversed process, can be determined by the set value of the stroke of the rod, or by the time interval of operation, or by other means. In this position, the reactor is transferred to the phase (mode) of the direct gasification process, by rotation in the vertical plane: from the inclined position at an angle α to the horizontal to the inclined position at an angle - β (Fig. 7), at the same time the adjacent reactor is transferred into phase (mode) reversed process by means of a corresponding reverse rotation.

The operation of the reactor in the phase of the direct gasification process is as follows (Fig. 6).

After turning the reactor, the water supply to the steam-water jacket 13 is stopped, for example, by relieving pressure at the inlet of the pipeline with a check valve 14 (see Figs. 1-4). The solid fuel “F” remaining in the working chamber with the help of the lock chamber of the loading device 3 is fixed as a “cushion” supporting the activated carbon layer accumulated in the buffer zone 8. In addition to air blasting, by means of a gasifier supplying agent 15 to the reaction zone 6 through a gas-vapor outlet a gas-vapor mixture begins to come into the channel from the adjacent reactor (through sections specially allocated for this or through tubes of a sectioned 16 or tubular 21 of the blowing channel).

Thus, a direct process of gasification of activated carbon accumulated in the buffer zone 8 is realized in the working chamber, when a gas stream is formed by means of air blasting supplemented by the supply of a gas-vapor mixture, which passes sequentially through cooling zone 24, reaction zone 6, and then in the form of obtained combustible fuel gas "G" is filtered through a layer of activated carbon moved towards it in the buffer zone 8 and then is removed from the upper part of the buffer gas sampling zone 8 of the reactor through the opened (n For example, under its own weight) a gas valve 11 and a hollow stem 10 and further to the consumer. In this case, the expansion piston 9 with the rod 10 is lowered to the level determined by the restrictive retaining ring 18 as the activated carbon layer decreases due to its processing. In the cooling zone 24, the accumulation of solid gasification residues takes place - “R” ash, which pours out through the openings of the discharge device 25 into the interwall space as the reactor rotates and then into the ash hopper 26. The ratio of the openings of the openings, the rotation speed of the reactor, and the flow rate of the oxidizer (air) fed to the reactor provides an ash discharge rate at which the position of the reaction zone 6 in the reactor remains constant.

In the phase of the direct gasification process, the resin residues are almost completely decomposed, the carbon fuel gasification reactions are completed to produce mixed combustible fuel gas, including water vapor and carbon reactions, and the resulting fuel gas is cleaned of impurities (ash particles, unreacted carbon fuel, soot, possible traces of resins) due to adsorption in the activated carbon layer in the buffer zone 8. A high degree of processing and purification of gas “G” is provided due to the length of the buffer zone 8, as well as high reactivity of the fuel - active carbon (preferably based on the source of plant, including wood raw material), its gas permeability and flowability (stirrability).

Since the resulting combustible fuel gas has an excessively high temperature (up to 700 ° C and above), regenerative water-based evaporative cooling is provided for using it as a power gas in the engine (Fig. 9). The combustible fuel gas discharged from the reactor is cooled before being supplied to the consumer in a water evaporative heat exchanger — a steam generator 27, where water is supplied externally under pressure, and the water vapor resulting from heat exchange is fed through a pipeline with a check valve 14 to the steam-water jacket 13 of an adjacent (out-of-phase) reactor operating in the phase / mode of the reverse process, where it overheats, and the cooled combustible fuel gas is supplied to the consumer.

The cooling efficiency of combustible fuel gas (to lower its temperature to the required values) can be increased due to additional air cooling (Fig. 9). To do this, the gas is cooled in a gas-air heat exchanger 28, where air is supplied, which then, in a heated state, enters in the required volume by air blast into the reaction zones 6 of both reactors.

Thus, the duty cycle of the proposed two-reactor gasifier is push-pull (Fig. 8). At the first cycle, reactor I operates in the phase (mode) of the reversed gasification process, and the adjacent (antiphase) reactor II - in the phase (mode) of the direct gasification process. At the second cycle of the operating cycle, reactors synchronously switch to work in opposite phases (modes): reactor I - into the phase (mode) of the direct gasification process, and reactor II - into the phase (mode) of the reversed gasification process.

At the same time, if it is necessary to ensure high productivity, a gasifier circuit in the form of a cluster of more than two reactors can be implemented. At the same time, the polyreactor gasifier device is a cluster of several identical reactors working together, with some of the reactors in the phase / mode of the reverse gasification process, the other part of the reactors in the phase / mode of the direct gasification process, with synchronous or asynchronous phase changes, and such elements as the hopper of the charging device 3, a gas pipeline with a high-temperature gas blower 30 of the vapor-gas channel, a gas pipeline for supplying a consumer with a water evaporative heat exchanger is a steam generator Atomator 27 and a gas-air heat exchanger 28, as well as an ash hopper 26, can be configured as common to all cluster reactors.

To simplify the design of the device, in particular, to reduce the requirements for seals, you can use the pendulum mode of rotation of the reactor with a change in the direction of rotation of the reactor to the opposite after its rotation by a certain angle (for example, 180 °).

Claims (10)

1. The method of gasification of solid fuel in a dense layer moving along the axis of a cylindrical reactor installed at an angle to the horizon in the range from 22 to 65 ° and rotating around its axis, including loading into the reactor a pre-prepared (ground) solid fuel, which is used as solid biofuel and / or solid low-grade fossil carbon-containing raw materials (peat, brown coals), supplying gasification agent to the reactor - air, from the side of the reactor, where the accumulation of solid residues of ha gasification, moving solid fuel loaded along the axis of the reactor, withdrawing solid gasification residues from the reactor, withdrawing combustible fuel gas from the reactor, supplying water to the reactor, while gasification is carried out in a reactor equipped with a steam-water jacket, where water is supplied from the outside through a non-return valve pipe, water is supplied to the working chamber of the reactor by injection of water vapor, superheated due to the heat flow from the working chamber of the reactor, from the steam-water jacket through the perforated inner wall near the working chamber of the reactor, and the resulting combustible fuel gas is filtered through a layer of loaded solid fuel, characterized in that gasification is carried out in a gasifier as a part of two reactors working together, in each of which the gasification process is carried out with a sequential alternation of phases (modes) - phases of the reversed process and phases of the direct process, the reactors simultaneously operating in different phases (out of phase), and the phase change in both reactors is carried out simultaneously (synchronously) by turning the reactor in a vertical plane with a mutual change of position of the upper and lower parts of the reactor and the reverse movement of solid fuel in the reactor, while in the phase of the reversed process, a gasifying agent — air — air blast — is supplied directly to the reaction zone, where it moves through the heating and drying zone and the pyrolysis (coking) zone, solid fuel in the form of coke is partially oxidized (burned) and partially gasified, and its main part moves further (lower) to the activation zone, where and temperature above 800 ° C is subjected to treatment with water vapor, superheated due to the heat flux from the working chamber of the reactor and supplied by injection from a steam-water jacket, while activated carbon obtained from coke is accumulated in the buffer zone of the working chamber of the reactor, and the resulting vapor-gas mixture is transported to another (adjacent) reactor, which operates in a direct process phase, which provides for the gasification of a layer of activated carbon reversibly moving from its buffer zone accumulated at e reversed process, with additional supply to the reaction zone of a vapor-gas mixture coming from an out-of-phase reactor operating in the phase of the reversed process, and with counter filtration through the moving activated carbon layer of the resulting combustible fuel gas, which is removed from the reactor and supplied to the consumer, as well as with the conclusion solid gasification residues - ash. 2. The method of gasification of solid fuel according to claim 1, characterized in that the regenerative water evaporation cooling of the combustible fuel gas is carried out from the reactor in the phase of the direct gasification process, with the supply of water vapor to the steam-water jacket of the adjacent reactor operating in the phase of the reversed gasification process. 3. The method of gasification of solid fuel according to claim 2, characterized in that the combustible fuel gas is further cooled with air before being supplied to the consumer, which is then supplied in the required volume to both reactors as air blast. 4. The method of gasification of solid fuel according to claim 1, characterized in that air with a high oxygen content or oxygen is used as a gasification agent. 5. A device for the gasification of solid fuels in the form of pre-prepared - crushed, compacted - solid biofuel and / or solid low-grade fossilized carbon-containing raw materials (peat, brown coals) in a dense layer, including a loading device installed at an angle to the horizon in the range from 22 to 65 ° cylindrical reactor, made with the possibility of rotation around its axis and equipped with a steam-water jacket, integrated into the space inside the double side wall of the reactor, consisting of an external wall - the ear and the inner wall of the working chamber with a perforated section to ensure the passage of steam from the steam-water jacket into the working chamber of the reactor, a discharge device, a device for supplying a gasifying agent — air — to the lower part of the reactor, a drive for rotating the reactor, and seals ensuring the tightness of the reactor during rotation, characterized in that the device - the gasifier - consists of two identical reactors working together in the push-pull duty cycle of the gasifier, one reactor in phase / reverse mode gasification, another reactor - in the phase / mode of the direct gasification process, with the possibility of synchronous change of the phases of the reactors at each successive gasifier cycle by turning the reactor in a vertical plane with the reverse movement of gasified solid fuel inside the reactor, while for phase / mode operation the reverse gasification process to the activation zone adjacent to the reaction zone from below, into which blow channels (in particular, sectioned rings) are introduced through the upper part of the reactor eva form) for supplying a gasifying agent into it - air, while the working chamber in the activation zone has access to the vapor-gas channel through the branch pipe of the gas-vapor mixture for transporting the gas-vapor mixture to another (out-of-phase) reactor, and below the activation zone has a variable volume determined by the mobile an expansion piston that supports the fuel layer, with a hollow rod, the entrance to which from the side of the buffer zone is closed by a gas valve, and the rod moves the expansion piston down, supporting the fuel layer in the working chamber and forming a buffer zone with an increase in its volume as it is filled (accumulated) with activated carbon coming in / moving from the activation zone, the piston moving speed can be controlled by the reactor rotation speed, and when the buffer zone is full, the reactor is transferred to the phase / direct process mode by turning it in a vertical plane to provide reverse movement from its buffer zone of a layer of activated carbon accumulated in the phase of the reversed gasification process, at the same time, part of the blowing channels that are not connected to the supply device of the gasifying agent — air, is connected to the steam and gas outlet channel of another (out-of-phase) reactor operating in the phase / mode of the reverse process to supply the vapor-gas mixture discharged from it into the reaction zone, at the same time as the reactor is turned there is the possibility of opening a gas valve to withdraw the resulting combustible fuel gas from the reactor through the hollow rod into the gas pipeline for supplying the consumer, as well as the possibility of blocking the inlet pipe oestrus with a check valve for supplying water to the steam-water jacket and parogazootvodnogo channel to another reactor, and to output the gasification solid residues - fly ash - the cooling zone of the discharge device has an outlet in interwalled space of the reactor and through the bottom end of the reactor to the ash hopper. 6. The device for gasification of solid fuel according to claim 5, characterized in that the gas pipeline for supplying combustible fuel gas discharged from the reactor to the consumer includes a water evaporative heat exchanger - a steam generator, which also has an inlet for supplying cooling water from outside from under pressure and an outlet for supplying the resulting water vapor through a pipe with a check valve in the steam-water jacket of the adjacent antiphase reactor. 7. The device for gasification of solid fuel according to claim 6, characterized in that the gas pipeline for supplying the fuel gas withdrawn from the reactor to the consumer further includes an air-gas heat exchanger with an outlet for exhaust heated air to the reactors gasifying agent supply device. 8. The device for gasification of solid fuel according to claim 5, characterized in that the outlet to the vapor-gas removal channel for transporting the gas-vapor mixture to the adjacent (antiphase) reactor is carried out through the internal branch pipe of the gas-vapor mixture withdrawal, which connects the activation zone of the working chamber to the gas-vapor collection chamber in the reactor interwall space connected to the vapor-gas outlet channel through the upper branch pipe of the vapor-gas mixture discharge located in the upper part (in the phase / mode of the inverse process) of the reactor, In order to characterize the process of cooling combustible fuel gas, the inner wall of the working chamber of the reactor preferably has a ribbed structure, and the blast channels are made in the form of tubes passing inside the gas-vapor collection cavity. 9. A device for gasifying solid fuels according to claim 5, characterized in that the device — a polyreactor gasifier — is a cluster of several identical reactors working together, with some of the reactors in the phase / mode of the reversed gasification process, and the other part of the reactors in phase / mode of the direct gasification process, with synchronous or asynchronous change of phases of operation, and such elements as the hopper of the loading device, a gas pipeline with a high-temperature gas blowing of the gas-vapor channel, a gas pipeline for supply a consumer with a water evaporative heat exchanger - a steam generator and a gas-air heat exchanger, as well as an ash hopper can be made as common to all cluster reactors. 10. Device for gasification of solid fuel according to one (any) of paragraphs. 5-9, characterized in that the pendulum mode of rotation of the reactor is used with a change in the direction of rotation of the reactor to the opposite after its rotation by a certain angle (for example, 180 °).

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