RU2409926C2 - Potato harvesting method and device for its implementation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method involves the tuberiferous stratum undercutting and lifting, its delivery onto a rotating rotor and distribution across the floor surface. Leafy tops are preliminarily removed. The tuberiferous soil stratum is delivered onto the rotating rotor via a spiral line and subjected to impact action by the rotor blade directed tangentially at an angle to its motion trajectory. After distribution of the tuberiferous stratum across a surface levelled and compacted with the help of leveller compactors one performs potatoes separation with the held of a separation grid and formation of a roll therefrom. The device consists of a frame and combined work tools including passive work tools consisting of a ploughshare, a shortened mould-board, a landside plate, a chock and a post, as well as active work tools consisting of lower tier blades, middle tier pins arranged along a multifilar spiral line and upper tier blades. Landside plates of odd passive work tools are designed to be elongated with reflectors and separation grids attached thereto. Attached to posts of even work tools are leveller compactors with scrapers connected with plates arranged on the separation grids and with the potato-digger frame.

EFFECT: increased productivity, reduced energy intensity and tuber loss.

5 cl, 7 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agricultural production, in particular to a method for harvesting potatoes and devices for its implementation.

A known method of digging potatoes with kopachami [Petrov GD Potato harvesting machines. - M .: Engineering, 1984, p.15], the working body of which is usually a two-body building. During operation, the case runs in the middle of the row, revealing it on two sides.

The disadvantage of this method is the high complexity of the selection of tubers after the passage of digging and high, up to 30%, losses in the soil.

The closest in technical essence and the achieved result to the proposed technical solution is the method of digging potatoes with diggers of the throwing type, then throwing [Petrov GD Potato harvesting machines. - M .: Mashinostroenie, 1984, p.15], the technological process of which is carried out as follows: when moving, the ploughshare cuts the soil layer with potatoes, which, after leaving, are destroyed and scattered on the field surface by elements of a rotating rotor, perpendicular to the course of the machine.

A device for rotary potato digger KTN-1A [Karpenko A.N., Zelenova A.A., Khalansky V.M. Agreecultural machines. Agreecultural equipment. - M .: Kolos, 1972, p. 316], which consists of a passive working body (digging share) and an active rotor rotating on a horizontal shaft. The technological process is carried out as follows: when moving, the ploughshare cuts the soil layer with potatoes, which, after leaving the passive working body, are destroyed and scattered on the field surface by elements of a rotating rotor, perpendicular to the course of the machine. After the passage of the thrower, a strip up to 3 meters wide is obtained, on the surface of which the bulk of the tubers is located.

The disadvantages of this device for digging potatoes are: injury to tubers up to 10%; losses up to 25%; increased energy intensity of the undermining of the soil layer with potatoes due to the location of the undermining share that is perpendicular to the direction of movement.

A known potato-digger plow (patent RU No. 2236771 Cl A01B 17/00, A01D 13/00), taken as the closest analogue to the claimed device, which consists of a passive working body (digging body with a blade) and an active working person are sequentially mounted on the frame body (rotor). During the movement of the potato digger plow, the soil layer with the potato digger is cut by a passive organ, partially destroyed, and fed to the rotor rotating on a vertical shaft. Then the active working body, striking the formation, finally destroys it and scatters it to the right along the surface of the field along the machine.

The technical result is an increase in productivity, reducing the energy intensity of the process of digging, injuries and losses of tubers by expanding the universalization of the combined working bodies of the potato digger.

The technical result in terms of the method is achieved by the fact that the method of harvesting potatoes includes digging and raising the tuberous layer, feeding it to the rotating rotor and spreading over the field surface, while the tops are removed beforehand, and the tuberous soil layer is fed to the rotating rotor along a helical line, subjected its impact on the rotor blades tangentially, at an angle to the trajectory of its movement, while after the distribution of the tuberous layer along the leveled and compacted with the help of an equalizer d sealing surface, potato separation is carried out by means of the separating grating and the formation therefrom roll klubnenosnogo distribution formation is carried odd-working plow bodies potato digger.

The technical result in terms of the device is achieved by the fact that the device for implementing the method of harvesting potatoes consists of a frame and combined working bodies, including passive working bodies, consisting of a ploughshare, shortened blade, field board, shoe and rack, as well as active working bodies, consisting of the blades of the lower tier, the fingers of the middle tier, located along a multiple helix, and the blades of the upper tier, and the field boards of the odd passive working bodies are made elongated, attached to them reflectors and separating grids, and equalizer-seals with scrappers connected to plates located on the separating grids and to the frame of the potato-digger plow are attached to the racks of even passive working bodies, and moreover, in even passive working bodies, in the place of attachment of shoes and racks, are made vertical through grooves for adjusting the stroke depth, and the separating gratings are made in the form of a set of rods, the length of which decreases from the base to the top of the separating grate, while to the longest rod a reinforcing headscarf is attached to the base of the separating lattice from the side of the non-working part of the bar, the bars have the shape of an elongated isosceles trapezoid in cross section, while the larger base of the isosceles trapezoid is located on the side of the working surface of the rods.

It is the claimed device that allows to achieve the best results in comparison with analogues. The decrease in the energy intensity of the undermining of the soil layer occurs due to the fact that the ploughshare is installed at an angle to the direction of movement of the machine, the injury is reduced, because the impact of the rotor on the soil layer with potatoes occurs tangentially. The use of a separating lattice allows to reduce the loss of potatoes, as it allows to remove tubers sprinkled with soil on the surface, and a two-row device of the declared potato digger increases its productivity.

As a result of a patent search, the authors did not find a method identical to the claimed one that differs from the known ones in that a dug soil layer with potatoes is subjected to a tangential impact impact at an angle to the path of its movement, which reduces injury to the potato, and a roll for facilitate its subsequent selection and increase productivity due to the possibility of digging potatoes into the "stock".

To implement the method and achieve the claimed positive result in comparison with the known designs, the device contains the following distinctive features: the field boards of the odd passive working bodies are made elongated, reflectors and separating grids of a new design are attached to them, equalizers are attached to the racks of even passive working bodies with a shortened blade -sealers connected to the plates located on the separating grids and the frame of the potato digger plow.

The combination of the claimed features of the method and device with the achievement of a new positive result is not known and does not follow explicitly from the prior art, which allows us to conclude that the claimed technical solutions meet the criteria of "novelty" and "inventive step"

Figure 1 presents the device of the inventive double-row plow-potato digger, created on the basis of four-body plow-rotary plow. It consists of frame 1; support wheel 2 for adjusting the depth of digging; combined working bodies, including a passive working body 3 with a shortened blade and an active working body (rotor) 4; separating lattice 6; right 7 and left 5 scrapers attached respectively to right 9 and left 8 equalizers-seals of the field surface (substrate). Passive working bodies 3 on the frame are installed in compliance with the same distance between them. The shoes 32 of the second and fourth working bodies are connected to the stand 27 (Fig. 6) with the possibility of changing the depth of cutting of the soil with a ploughshare in the direction of reduction, compared with the first and third working bodies to 60 mm. In the new design, a longitudinal groove 31 with a length of 60 mm and a width equal to the diameter of the bolt is made on the rack. Thus, the shoe 32 can be fixed with the stand at different heights, moving from the initial position upwards from 0 to 60 mm. The odd combined working bodies act on the soil in the ridge with tubers, and the even passive working bodies cut the soil in the row-spacing.

The combined working body of the potato digger plow (6) includes passive working bodies consisting of a ploughshare 24, a shortened blade 25, a field board 26, a shoe 32 (7) and a stand 27, as well as active working bodies consisting of lifting blades the lower tier 28, the loosening fingers of the middle tier 29 located along a multi-helix line, and the blades of the upper tier 30. The field boards 26 of the odd passive working bodies are elongated, reflectors are attached to them (not visible in the drawings) and separation lattices 6, and to the uprights h For passive shortened working bodies, equalizer-seals are attached, connected to plates located on the separating grids, and to the frame of the potato digger plow. In even passive working bodies in the place of attachment of the shoes 32 and racks 27 made vertical through grooves 31 (Fig.7) to adjust the depth of travel.

The separating grid 6 is intended for partial separation of the soil from the heap, shifting it to the right, and freeing the strip for scattering the heap by the subsequent working body and laying the remains of the separated heap with the primary content of tubers in the roll.

The separating lattice 6 consists of rods 12 (figure 2) that make up the sieve block. One end of the rods is welded to the lead 16 with gaps between the rods 20-35 mm and to the plate 14 with the same gap. It is possible to compose gratings with different gaps. For example, with a gap of 20, 25, 30 and 35 mm for use in various conditions. If the soil is dry and crumbles well or the potato tubers are small, then the clearance is reduced. The lowest bar 13 has a reinforcing scarf 15 attached to the bar from the rear side from the leash 16 to the end of the bar. The leash 16 has two holes that are used for fastening to the separating grid 6 of the right equalizer-seal 9 (figure 1).

The rods have a thickness of about 15 mm, the length of the uppermost is about 60 mm, the lower rods are about 50 mm longer than the higher ones. This arrangement of the rods allows you to get an extended stack of heaps and a thin layer of soil, which facilitates the exit of tubers to the surface.

The intermediate node for fastening the rods to the lead 16 from the front side is closed by the plate 17. The fastening of the plate to the grating 6 with two brackets 18 allows them to be securely fixed from vertical movement (the width of the staple heel is equal to the width of the gap between the rods) and move the plate along the grate. The plate performs three functions: closes the mount between the leash 16 and the right equalizer-seal 9; allows you to dose the passage of lumps of soil to fill the furrow in the crest trace; to remove plant residues from the leash 16 to avoid their engagement and winding.

It is important that the spreading heap (consisting of soil, tubers and plant debris) is placed on a flat surface. To achieve the aligned surface (substrate) are the left 8 and right 9 equalizer-seals (figure 1).

The left equalizer-seal 8 using brackets 19 and 20 (figure 3) is attached to the stand of the passive housing. The scraper 5 and the left equalizer-seal 8 are interconnected by bolts through the holes made in the scraper and the vertical grooves made in the equalizer-seal 8. This connection allows you to adjust and adjust the installation of scrapers relative to the soil surface as you wear. A similar design and the right equalizer-seal 9, having an adjustment of the scraper 7 in height (figure 4). To increase the structural strength of the left and right equalizer-seals are interconnected by brackets 21 (figure 3). Stretching with a screw mechanism 11 (figure 1) allows you to save the installation angle of the equalizer-seals to the direction of movement in the originally mounted state.

A more rational cross-section of the rods of the separating device is an isosceles trapezoid 23, the larger base of which is located on the side of the working surface of the rods and is in contact with the heap being cleaned, the corners of the larger base are made with rounding (Fig. 5). The advantage of the proposed section (shaded) compared to the round section of the bar is that the force pushing the lower bar (therefore, the entire sieve block) upward when it comes into contact with lumps of soil and surface irregularities is reduced. Instead of an arc surface of 90 °, the buoyancy force is perceived by the arc surface as a three, four times smaller area. And this helps to reduce the vibrations of the separating lattice relative to the field surface. For the same reason, the force pinching small tubers and lumps of soil between the rods and the reverse force wedging the rods decrease. Reducing the force of pinching facilitates the slipping of tubers and lumps along the rods and the passage between the rods of small lumps, which leads to a more intensive separation process.

The claimed method of harvesting potatoes is implemented as follows. When cultivating potatoes with a distance between the ridges of 70 cm, the track of the row tractor is set to a width of 140 cm. By adjusting the length of the chains of the mounted mechanism, the exact direction of the digging working organs along the ridges is achieved. Depending on the depth of the tubers, by adjusting the position of the support wheel 2 of the potato digger, the required digging depth is achieved. Depending on the surface configuration of the row-spacing, passive working bodies 3 are installed with the difference necessary in relation to the depth of digging. In this case, two conditions must be met: to obtain a flat surface in the row-spacing and the same level of the surface of the row-spacing and furrows in the ridge trace after filling it with soil partially offset from the row-spacing and partially separated from the heap.

Cutting the row-spacing soil to a shallower depth allows you to leave the densest part of the soil in place so as not to load the separating grid. For example, with a difference in the depth of the furrow in the ridge trace and in the row spacing of 4 cm and the soil density of 1 g / cm ³ over a length of 1 linear meter. m in one row-spacing remains 14 kg of soil. And the mass of soil excavated from the ridge is approximately 40-50 kg per 1 running. m. A finer adjustment for cleaning the soil surface between the rows and the thickness of the soil poured into the furrow behind the digging working bodies of the soil is achieved by adjusting the leveling seals 8.9.

Setting the separating lattice 6 includes the selection of a block of sieves, the regulation of the position of the sieve block relative to the surface of the field, the choice of the position of the protective plate 17 (figure 2).

The selection of a block of sieves with a different gap between the rods is made depending on the state of the soil, the size of the tubers, the mass of the soil in the ridges, etc. Regulation of the position of the sieve block relative to the surface of the field is done by changing the position of the bracket 10 (Figure 1), moving the mounting bolt along the grooves of the bracket 10 and moving the right equalizer-seal 9 along the groove 22 (figure 4). If the movement of the bracket 10 (Figure 1) contributes to the movement of the left edge of the sieve unit, then the movement of the scraper 7 changes the gap between the surface of the soil. The gap can be in the range from 0 to 2 cm along the length of the block. In case of unsatisfactory leveling of the surface, it is preferable that the gap in the front part is minimal, and in the back part corresponds to the maximum allowable value.

To select the position of the protective plate 17 (figure 2), the clogging of the heap with plant residues is of importance. As a rule, there are few plant residues in row spacing due to row spacings. The maximum number of tops is at the top of the ridge. In the process of digging and impacting the soil layer of the rotary digger, the bulk of the plant debris from the edge of the furrow is removed by a distance of about 30-40 cm. Under conditions when the plant debris falls on the sieve block to the attachment site of the plate 16 (figure 2) with the right 9 equalizer-sealant and wound on the plate, it is necessary to shift the protective plate to the left to ensure the sliding of the plant mass on the sieve block.

Driving a tractor with the inventive potato digger plow is carried out in such a way that passive working bodies pass exactly along the ridges with potatoes. The ploughshare 24 of the passive working body 3 cuts the ridge with potatoes and feeds it to a shortened blade 25, where the movement along the helical line of the soil with potatoes occurs and its partial destruction. Then the soil is fed to the active working body 4, it is finally destroyed by its blades 28, 29, 30 and is scattered to the right side on the field surface leveled after the previous pass by leveling seals 8, 9. The scattered potatoes then fall onto the separating grid 6, where it is separated from the soil and plant debris and, at the end, a potato roll is formed on the field surface.

The application of the proposed method and device will reduce the energy consumption of undermining the soil layer, reduce injury, reduce potato losses, increase the productivity of the device.

The use in agriculture of the inventive method of digging potatoes and devices for its implementation will reduce the cost of production and get additional profit.

Claims (5)

1. A method of harvesting potatoes, including digging and raising the tuberous layer, feeding it to the rotating rotor and spreading over the field surface, characterized in that the tops are removed beforehand, and the tuberous soil layer is fed to the rotating rotor along a helical line, subjected to impact of the blades of the rotor tangentially, at an angle to the trajectory of its movement, while after the distribution of the tuberous layer along the surface leveled and sealed with the help of leveling-seals, the separation of potatoes using a separating lattice and the formation of a roll from it. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the distribution of the tuberous layer is carried out by the odd working bodies of the potato digger. 3. A device for implementing the method of harvesting potatoes, consisting of a frame and combined working bodies, including passive working bodies, consisting of a ploughshare, shortened blade, field board, shoe and rack, as well as active working bodies, consisting of lower tier blades, middle fingers tiers located along a multi-helix line and blades of the upper tier, characterized in that the field boards of the odd passive working bodies are elongated, reflectors and separating gratings are attached to them, and to a hundred Cams even passive working bodies attached equalizers-seals with scrapers connected with the plates arranged on the separating grids, and the frame of the plow-potato digger. 4. The device according to claim 3, characterized in that in the even passive working bodies, in the place of attachment of shoes and racks, vertical through grooves are made to adjust the depth of travel. 5. The device according to claim 3, characterized in that the separating lattice is made in the form of a set of rods, the length of which decreases from the base to the top of the separating lattice, while to the longest bar located at the base of the separating lattice, from the side of the non-working part of the bar, hardening scarf, rods are in cross section the shape of an elongated isosceles trapezoid, with the larger base of the isosceles trapezoid located on the side of the working surface of the rods.

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