RU2496292C1 - Method of planting of cereal crops in soil crust under conditions of wind erosion - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular, to soil erosion. The method includes mouldboard processing of complete fallow for accumulation of moisture, nutrients and for weed control, compacting in autumn after rains for formation of a soil crust, destruction of the crust and pre-plant soil loosening under it in the form of bands in spring of next year, with the formation of furrows for seeds in the loosened soil, formation at the bottom of the furrow on virgin soil of compacted bed, sowing seeds and their embedding by loosened soil layer. The destruction of the crust and pre-sowing loosening of the surface layer of the soil is carried out as bands to a depth of not more than 5 cm while maintaining of the crust between rows that protects the soil from wind erosion to complete germination.

EFFECT: method provides protection of soil from wind erosion in the autumn period the fallow year, the spring and early summer periods of sowing and increase of grain yield.

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Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to the technology of tillage and sowing of crops in conditions of wind erosion.

The known technology of presowing cultivation of the soil and a wide-row method of sowing seeds (RF patent No. 2086087, IPC АСС 7/00, publ. 08.10.1997) [1], including pre-treatment of the soil, the formation of a compacted bed in the soil, laying seeds on a compacted bed , the displacement from the sides of the bed of the soil and its indentation together with the seeds into the bottom of the bed, the covering of the bed with soil and compaction of the soil with rollers with the simultaneous displacement of the upper soil layer and the formation of soil ridges.

The main disadvantage of this method is the deep seeding of seeds, which significantly reduces the yield of crops due to the irrational use of energy reserves of seeds and the creation of conditions for seed germination, similar to the conditions of germination of weeds in rows. In addition, the soil is not protected from wind erosion in arid conditions.

A known method of wide-row sowing of seeds (RF patent No. 2143793, IPC AB 79/02, 49/06, AC 7/00, publ. 10.01.2000) [2], including the formation of a comb profile on untouched soil, laying on top of the ridges seeds that are pressed into the tops of the ridges to form a compacted soil layer and mulching the seeds with a thin layer of soil. Moreover, the angle at the top of the ridge is 90-120 degrees.

However, the above method has the following disadvantages. The compacted soil layer (bed) with grains on each ridge has insufficient density to ensure effective moisture supply through the capillary system due to the large width of the packer rollers. In addition, air access sharply decreases to grains pressed into the soil due to the fact that the angle at the top of each ridge is 90-120 degrees. However, this method does not completely eliminate the development of deflation.

A known method of sowing seeds of Ibragimov (RF patent No. 2185045, IPC АСС 7/00, published on July 20, 2002) [3], including the formation of furrows by shifting the soil away from the direction of movement by a distance equal to the distance between the seeds in a row with the formation of a ridge, fertilizing the furrow, laying out the seeds piece by piece into the gap formed in the furrow, soil compaction in the furrow, the ridges shift to the other side from the direction of movement to the previously formed furrow, with the repeating of the formation of furrows and ridges between the previously formed, e fertilizers, seeds layout and seal, after which the soil surface level, by moving half of the volume of soil ridge furrow for planting seeds in the center square area in power compacted bed.

The method has the following disadvantages. Equally favorable conditions are created for a cultivated plant and for weeds located between rows, since a flat compacted bed is formed along the entire width of the rows of crops. With this method of sowing, the seeds are deeply embedded in the soil and their aeration is weak during germination due to the pressing of the rollers into the artificially compacted bed, but the erosion processes are not removed.

A known method of sowing seeds (RF patent No. 2070370, IPC AB 79/02, AC 7/00, publ. 12/20/1996) [4], including the formation of a comb profile on untouched soil, laying on top of the crests of the seeds, which are mulched thin layer, and the depth of the comb profile is equal to the distance between the peaks of adjacent ridges.

The main disadvantage of this method is that when forming a comb profile, at any angles of the crest tops, the untouched soil always breaks down due to the friction force of the coulters against the soil and the grain will fall on the loosened soil, and not on the untouched soil. In addition, the density of untouched soil, especially on the surface where the seeds are laid, is not always densified enough to effectively raise moisture along the capillaries to the surface, since there are always plant debris and a mulching layer on the surface. However, the latter do not provide complete protection of the soil from deflation in arid regions with a tense wind regime.

There is a method of sowing seeds and fertilizing the soil (copyright certificate No. 1119624, class A01C 7/00, 1982) [5], which consists in performing vertical slots in the soil at right angles to one another and embedding fertilizers in them, and through the tops the square cells formed between them are grooved and the seeds sown in them.

The disadvantage of this method is that it is difficult to implement in practice, since with separate application of fertilizers and sowing seeds it is difficult to achieve consistent and accurate seeding in square cells with fertilizers and the soil is not protected from wind erosion.

There is a method of fertilizing and sowing seeds by cutting cracks in the soil (copyright certificate No. 912087, class AB01 49/04, 1980) [6], the distribution of fertilizers in them, followed by termination.

Although this method evenly distributes fertilizers along the entire bottom of the furrow grooves, their rational consumption by the root system of the sown plants and the protection of the soil from the subsequent development of deflationary processes during the sowing season are not fully provided.

A known method of sowing seeds and fertilizing (RF patent No. 2103858, class A01C 7/00, publ. 02/10/1998) [7], including the formation of parallel grooves, laying separately formed flow of seeds and fertilizers in them, followed by their cover a layer of soil. The laying of seeds and fertilizers is carried out in common grooves in alternating order in strips.

The disadvantage of this method is that it is in arid conditions, when at the time of sowing on a clean steam the topsoil is usually dried up, does not protect the soil from wind erosion in spring and early summer.

A known method of pre-sowing tillage and sowing seeds and a device for its implementation (RF patent No. 2284094, 2006.09.27. Publication date 04.03.2007) [8], including pre-sowing loosening of the surface soil layer, the formation of a furrow for seeds in loosened soil, the formation of the bottom of the furrow on the untouched soil of the compacted bed, sowing seeds into the furrow and seeding them with a loosened layer of soil from the aisles.

The disadvantage of this method is that it does not achieve soil protection from wind erosion in the spring and early summer periods.

There is a method of protecting soils from wind erosion in clean fallow by creating soil crust (USSR author's certificate No. 1674699, IPC АВВ 13/16, publ. 07.09.91) [9] by rolling soil in the fall.

However, the presence of this method of protecting soils from wind erosion on clean vapors is not provided by the technical solution of the method of sowing crops on the soil crust.

The closest analogue (prototype) is a method of pre-sowing tillage and sowing of seeds (USSR author's certificate No. 1764544, IPC АСС 7/00, published on 09/30/92) [10], including treatment of the surface soil layer with harrowing, formation of a furrow for seeds by shifting the soil layer into the inter-tape space with simultaneous cutting of the soil layer in the inter-tape space without turning the bed, compaction of the bed, sowing and sowing of the seeds by reverse transfer of the soil displaced into the inter-tape space with the formation of seeds over a soil layer 4-5 cm high, which is then looped and rolled.

The main disadvantage of this prototype method is the deep seeding of seeds, which significantly reduces the yield of crops due to the irrational use of energy reserves of seeds and the creation of unfavorable conditions for seed germination compared to weeds between rows. The threat of the development of soil deflation does not disappear due to the fact that the post-sowing rolling of the upper dried soil layer does not eliminate the ability of the fine earth to move in the presence of wind.

The proposed method allows to create a low-energy seed sowing technology that protects the soil from wind erosion in the autumn-spring and early summer (pre-emergence) periods, improves the quality of work, increases the yield of grain crops by accelerating seed germination and increasing field germination, creating optimal conditions for growth and development of cultivated plants and reduction of weediness of crops.

The purpose of the invention is to protect the soil from wind erosion and increase the yield of crops with low energy consumption by reducing the area and layer of pre-sowing loosening of the soil, accelerating germination and increasing field germination of seeds, creating optimal conditions for the growth and development of cultivated plants and reducing weediness of crops.

The specified technical result is achieved by the method of sowing grain crops on the soil crust under conditions of wind erosion, including dumping clean vapors with the aim of accumulating moisture, nutrients, weed control and rolling in the fall after rains to form the soil crust, crust destruction and pre-sowing loosening of the soil under it in the form of strips in the spring of next year with the formation of furrows for seeds in loosened soil, the formation of a compacted bed on the bottom of the furrow on untouched soil, sowing seeds and their seeding in loosened layer of soil. By spring, soil crusts with a thickness of 2.8 ... 4.4 cm are formed on the rolled fields, which reliably protects the soil from wind erosion, improves water and thermal conditions. According to the invention, pre-sowing loosening of soil in the strip is carried out to a depth of not more than 5 cm. Weeds in the aisles, where the crust is preserved, cannot break through it and, not appearing on the surface, die. The soil under the crust is in a moist state and it becomes possible to plant seeds to a depth of 4 ... 5 cm. The soil temperature in the packed areas is 1 ... 2 ° C higher than in the non-packed areas.

The invention is illustrated by the following graphic materials.

Figure 1 shows the opener and the strip of the destroyed soil crust.

Figure 2, a presents the working body for the destruction of the soil crust in the form of strips (side view).

Figure 2, b shows the working body for the destruction of the soil crust in the form of strips (top view).

The method is as follows.

Pure vapors are processed in a year of fallowing according to the technology with the aim of accumulating moisture, nutrients and weed control, and in the fall, after rainfall, they are rolled with 3KVG-1.4 smooth water-filling rollers or with a leveler. By the spring of next year, soil crust 2.8 ... 4.4 cm thick is formed on the rolled soil. Sowing is carried out without spring treatment, destroying the crust in the form of strips 1 (Fig. 1) with a row spacing of 22.8 cm. The width of the strip is equal to the width of the coulter discs at the level of the surface of the field b ₁ and the additional width 2b _{2 of the} deformable part of the soil of the furrow, i.e. B _n = b ₁ + 2b ₂ . Simultaneously with the destruction of the crust, loosening of the soil in the strip and the formation of a compacted bed for seeds on untouched soil is carried out. In the aisles, the crust is preserved. Loosening of the soil in the furrow is carried out by the working bodies (Fig. 2, a and Fig. 2, b), made in the form of disks 2, on both sides of which curved teeth 3 are attached, having the shape of a trajectory of the end of the tooth. The width of the strip is regulated by changing the number of washers 4 between the disk and the tooth. A coulter walking in a strip spreads the soil, forming a furrow, on the bottom of which seeds and starting doses of fertilizers are laid. After the coulter passes, the soil crumbles, covering the seeds. The soil crust preserved between the rows prevents weeds from appearing on the field surface, improves the water and temperature conditions of the soil, and protects it from wind erosion quite reliably [11, 12, 13]. The temperature of rolled soil is 1 ... 2 ° C higher than that of non-rolled soil, and as a result, seedlings appear 1 ... 2 days earlier. In the proposed method, the seeds lie on a compacted bed, constantly in contact with the moist soil layer, which ensures good development of plants. All of the above factors create favorable conditions for enhancing the activity of soil microorganisms, which also contributes to an increase in the yield of grain crops and an increase in the effective fertility of the soil.

Field experiments on spring wheat confirm the above arguments:

- field germination close to 100% laboratory seed germination;

- seed germination rate was not more than 4 days;

- the seeding rate is reduced by 20% with an increase in productivity of not less than 30%.

To implement the proposed method in terms of sowing seeds, a seeder was used for sowing on the soil crust (RF patent No. 2390986, IPC A01C 7/00, A01B 49/06, publ. 10.06.2010).

The present invention can be used both in large and small farms.

Information sources

1. RF patent No. 2086087, IPC A01C 7/00, publ. 10/08/1997.

2. RF patent No. 2143793, IPC АВВ 79/02, 49/06, А01С 7/00, publ. 01/10/2000.

3. RF patent No. 2185045, IPC A01C 7/00, publ. 07/20/2002.

4. RF patent №2070370, IPC АВВ 79/02, АСС 7/00, publ. 12/20/1996.

5. Copyright certificate No. 1119624, cl. A01C 7/00, 1982.

6. Copyright certificate No. 912087, cl. A01B 49/04, 1980.

7. RF patent No. 2103858, cl. A01C 7/00, publ. 02/10/1998.

8. RF patent No. 2284094, 2006.09.27. Date of publication 04.03.2007.

9. Copyright certificate of the USSR No. 1674699, IPC A01B 13/16, publ. 09/07/91

10. USSR author's certificate No. 1764544, IPC A01C 7/00, publ. 09/30/92.

11. Lee V.V. On the possibility of protecting pure vapors from wind erosion / V.V. Lee, V.V. Tumurkhonov // Transactions of the Buryat Agricultural Institute, section Mechanization, Ulan-Ude, 1992. - P.19 ... 20.

12. Bokhiev V.B. A new approach to the construction of soil-protective agriculture in the basin of Lake Baikal / VB Bokhiev, V.V. Tumurkhonov, V.V. Lee B.V. Bokhiev // Land resources of the Republic of Buryatia, abstracts of reports of the Republican scientific-practical conference May 25-26, 1994, BIB SB RAS, Ulan-Ude, 1994. - P.28 ... 29.

13. Tatarov N.T. Substantiation of sowing technology and the structural-technological scheme of the seeder along the soil crust / N.T. Tatarov, V.V. Lee // Sat. scientific tr GOU VPO VSTU, series: Technology and means of mechanization in the agricultural sector, issue 5, Ulan-Ude, 2009. - P.156 ... 164.

Claims (1)

A method of sowing crops on the soil crust in conditions of wind erosion, including dumping clean vapors to accumulate moisture, nutrients and weed control, rolling in the autumn after rains to form the soil crust, crust destruction and pre-sowing loosening of soil underneath it in the form of strips in the spring of the following years with the formation of furrows for seeds in loosened soil, the formation of a compacted bed on the bottom of the furrow on untouched soil, sowing seeds and their seeding with a loosened soil layer, characterized in that ix cake and pre-loosening of the surface layer of soil strips is performed to a depth of no more than 5 cm between the rows, while maintaining cover that provides protection from wind erosion of the soil before complete emergence.

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