RU2485747C1 - Method of saving water and physical properties of soil - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture and land reclamation. The method includes division of sloping areas to at least two levels, performing the preparatory works associated with digging and displacement the soil to create the limited amounts on the areas of different levels. And on the sloping and divided to sections areas the diking is made with the creation of the reservoir for moisture collection located upward the irrigated areas. Then in spring period of thawing of soil to the depth of 0.5-0.8 height of topsoil the water is released from the reservoir into the lower irrigated diked areas with its uniform distribution on the irrigated areas. The moisture collection in the reservoirs located at a higher level is carried out throughout the year with use of underwater channels and trays made in the soil.

EFFECT: method provides long-term conservation of water and physical soil properties when used effectively.

2 cl, 3 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture and forestry, in particular to technologies for improving the water supply of vegetation, as well as to methods for growing sustainable and productive vegetation - trees, shrubs and grasses.

It is known that during the operation of soils, its periodic loosening and irrigation, the soil to a depth of 20-40 cm below the level of plowing is saturated with fine earth (physical clay, physical dust) and often densely clogs soil pores. The soil saturated with fine earth contributes to the formation of an alluvial horizon, limiting the ability to pass oxygen and moisture into the soil. Due to the weakening of the supply of oxygen to the soil to the root system of plants and herbs, and because of the impossibility of moisture infiltration into the lower horizons, the biological activity of soils is disturbed.

A known method of biomelioration of clay and loamy soils, see RF patent No. 2125583, M.cl. C09K 17/40. The method of biomelioration of clay and loamy soils involves the creation of a biologically active water-regulating layer based on clay with montmorillonite additive, plant residues and nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in the arable horizon, while a mixture of the following composition is used as a water-regulating layer, vol.%: Humus - 30-36, montmorillon - 10-4, plant residues - 9.8-9.71, nitrogen-fixing microorganisms - 0.12-0.15, growth stimulants - 0.08-0.14, clay - the rest. As a plant growth stimulator, humate peat oxidate is used.

The disadvantages of this method include the high costs and saturation of the soil layer at the level of 20-40 cm with fine physical dust, which disrupts the biological activity of the soil due to the weakening of oxygen supply to it and the impossibility of moisture infiltration in the lower horizons.

A more advanced reclamation method is known, namely, trenches are formed to a depth of the humus layer in a selected area of sandy soil with deep ground waters, vertical slit-like trenches are made along the bottom of the formed trenches with a depth below the low-water level of groundwater, then inclined slit-like trenches between adjacent vertical trenches, fill the trenches with a clay solution with a density of 1.2-1.3 g / cm ³ and cover them with a humus layer. See RF patent No. 2253225 - prototype, M.cl. А01G 25/00, А01В 79/02. Trenches in the humus layer form one another in parallel. Trenches in the humus layer form at a distance of 0.5-2.0 m. Trenches in the humus layer form with the formation of a square grid. Inclined trenches are performed with an angle between them and vertical trenches of 15-45 °. The width of the vertical and inclined trenches is 10-15 cm.

In the selected area in arid regions with a small amount of annual precipitation on brown and chestnut soils with heavy clay loams, vertical trenches are carried out directly from the terrace surfaces to a depth of 2-3 m and filled with coarse-grained sand with a particle size of 0.5-2 mm.

The disadvantages of this method include the high complexity of the work and the short period of time of productive use of the soil prepared by the proposed method, since the soil layer to a depth of 20-40 cm will also be saturated with fine earth and after 5-10 years of operation, the soil again becomes unsuitable for its effective use in crop production or gardening.

The task of the invention is to eliminate the disadvantages of the prototype, in particular the creation of technology that ensures a long time to preserve the water-physical properties of the soil with its effective use.

The task of the invention is achieved by combining the use of well-known features, such as breaking down inclined areas into at least two levels, carrying out preparatory work related to excavating and moving soil with the creation of limited volumes in areas of different levels and new features consisting in embankment these areas with the creation of at least one reservoir located at a level above the irrigated areas, the collection of moisture in a reservoir performed at a higher level and sk water from the reservoir into the underlying irrigation diked area in the spring thaw the soil to a depth of 0.5-0.8 arable layer height.

Moisture is collected in water bodies located at a higher level during the year using underwater channels and trays made in the soil.

The novelty of the proposed method is the implementation of the landslide with the creation of at least one reservoir located at a level above the irrigated areas, the collection of moisture in the reservoir performed at a higher level and the release of water from the reservoir into the underlying irrigated areas during thawing during the spring period to a depth of 0.5-0.8 height of the arable layer.

Thus, the implementation of reservoirs at a higher level than irrigated areas allows, in a certain period of time, to supply water by gravity from a reservoir and to use it more efficiently for penetration into deeper layers of the soil. When thawing the soil to a depth of 0.5-0.8 of the height of the arable layer, whose height is 10-20 cm in the spring, the soil is in a sluggishly frozen state and passes water to the underlying horizons. At the same time, the frozen and highly porous soil layers underlying the thawed layer act as filters, retaining fine physical dust due to its fixation by the energy of the soil cold, which does not penetrate into the deeper soil layers and when plowing, most of it returns to the upper soil layers.

The sign of moisture collection in water bodies located at a higher level during the year using underwater channels and trays made in the soil is an additional sign that reveals the specific implementation of the main features and is aimed at achieving the objective set by the invention.

The features of the proposed method according to the patent information search are new, have an inventive step and industrial applicability and are aimed at achieving the objectives of the invention.

Figure 1 presents the location of the reservoir and irrigated areas.

Figure 2 in sectional view schematically shows the structure of the soil in the implementation of the proposed method.

A method of preserving the water-physical properties of the soil with reference to graphic materials is as follows.

The reservoir 1, made at a level higher than at least one irrigated area 2, has underwater channels formed by shafts 3. The reservoir 1 is connected to irrigated shafts around the perimeter 4, areas 2 using several channels 5 with gates 6. The surface layer 7, equal to a height of 0.5-0.8 of the height of the arable layer 8, during the release of water from the reservoir, thawed in the spring and in a sluggishly frozen state, passes water to the lower part of the unfrozen arable layer 8 and to the lower soil layers 9. In this case, the thawed arable soil layer 7 performs the function of a filter, in which the fine component of the fine earth is retained. In this case, the soil remains porous and passes water and oxygen to the roots of plants and herbs.

Currently, the authors have carried out specific work on the implementation of the proposed method.

On the areas (OPH "Barnaulskoye") with a slope of 3-7 degrees in 1998, a pond was created in the upper part with dimensions: a width of 50 m and a length of 250 m. Shafts were created on the lateral and lower sides of the reservoir 1 to hold and accumulate moisture 1.5 m high. Underwater channels 3 were made at the corners of the upper part of the reservoir for water supply. Below the reservoir 1 with an embankment to retain moisture, four sections of irrigated areas 2 were formed with the same dimensions on which wheat, buckwheat, and pea were sown and clover. Over the following years, the areas were alternately seeded with the indicated crops. At the beginning of May, when the soil in irrigated areas 2 (plots) thawed to a depth of 0.6 of the height of the arable layer (9-10 cm), each subsequent year, accumulated water was released from channel 1 using channels 4 with a uniform distribution to the irrigated areas below . The surface thawed and sluggishly frozen layer 7, equal to a height of 0.6 of the height of the arable layer 8, during the release of water from the reservoir passed water to the lower part of the thawed arable layer 7 and to the lower soil layers 8. In this case, the thawed arable soil layer 7 served as a filter, in which the fine component of the fine earth was retained. The soil retained its water-physical properties, remaining porous and able to pass water and oxygen to the roots of crops.

The yield of crops grown on irrigated areas per hectare amounted to: wheat 22 kg / ha, buckwheat 31 kg / ha, peas 12 kg / ha, clover 30 kg / ha. It was decided to distribute the proposed method in the farms of the Altai Territory.

The results of preserving the water-physical properties of the soil are positive. Penetration of fine earth into the lower soil layers was not detected. The soil is suitable for further effective use for a long time.

Claims (2)

1. A method of preserving the water-physical properties of the soil, including dividing the inclined areas into at least two levels, carrying out preparatory work related to the excavation and movement of the soil with the creation of limited volumes in areas of different levels, characterized in that on inclined and broken in areas of the areas, an embankment is performed with the creation of a reservoir located above the irrigated areas to collect moisture, after which in the spring thawing of soil to a depth of 0.5-0.8 of the height of the arable layer, water is released from the reservoir in the underlying irrigated areas covered with uniform distribution over the irrigated areas. 2. The method of preserving the water-physical properties of the soil according to claim 1, characterized in that the moisture collection in water bodies located at a higher level is carried out during the year using underwater channels and trays made in the soil.

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