RU2447674C1 - Method for production of biologically complete feed mixture - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: food industry.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of feed mixture production technology. In the process of the method performance the feed stuff ingredient is milled and dispersed in water. One adds mineral raw materials, premixes, microelements, vitamins and calcium-containing raw materials. One performs disintegration by means of the produced mixture cyclical pumping through a closed circuit in cavitation mode at a temperature of 30-100°C. The dispersed medium is produced by means of mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation processing. The mixture is pasteurised and in 20-120 cycles conditioned till homogeneous state with the preset particles size being 1 mcm - 3 mm.

EFFECT: invention allows to simplify production of a biologically complete feed mixture and improve its digestibility for cattle, swine, birds and fish.

20 cl, 43 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and technology for producing liquid and wet feed by grinding, extraction, homogenization, heat treatment and disinfection of feed raw materials, as well as further obtaining on their basis by drying: protein-vitamin mineral additives in feed, grass meal, concentrates, isolates, dry feed for cattle, pigs, poultry and fish.

In the intensification of pork production, great importance is given to biologically complete feeding of pigs. High-quality feeding, based on the satisfaction of animals with the necessary level of nutrients and nutrients, is the key to the quality and profitability of the final product. In this regard, the nutrition of pigs of all age and sex groups should be the subject of special attention so that the biological object of production of the pig can fully demonstrate its genetic potential and its physiological capabilities.

The prior art feed for fattening young pigs, which contains barley, wheat bran, lime flour, tricalcium phosphate, table salt and optionally oats, rye, peas, premix, feed grain product and feed meal with a certain ratio of components, and as a feed grain product it contains wheat waste after grain separation (RU 2097983, 12/10/1997).

A known method of preparing feed from rye to improve livestock appetite (JP 59042852, 03/09/1984), according to which the selected rye is poured into a mixer, where a 0.2% aqueous solution of salt is sprayed, due to which the grain is moistened to 14% moisture. Next, moistened rye is placed in a tank, where it is heated to 40 ° C for approximately 2 hours. After that, rye is placed in a mixer, in which an aqueous 0.05% solution of acetic acid is sprayed, increasing the moisture content of rye grain to 16%. Then rye is placed in the tank for about an hour, where it is heated to 70-80 ° C. At the same time, approximately 30% of rye starch is converted to alpha starch. Then the rye is pressed and cooled.

A known method of producing feed additives from plant materials, in which the plantarized (previously soaked) in a hydrolysis solution for 2-4 hours, the plant materials are subjected to a phased chemical treatment with a hydrolyzing agent (milk whey and / or acidified water with a pH of 4.5-5.5 , an aqueous solution of alkali and / or soda with a pH of 8.5-10.5, an aqueous solution of cellulolytic complex preparations) in rotary-cavitation apparatuses at a rotor speed of 3000-4500 min ^-1 under conditions of mechanoacoustic effect on processed feed mixture with a hydraulic module of 1: 5-15 (for dry phytomass) and 1: 0.5-5 (for fresh phytomass), for 0.5-6 minutes at a temperature of 25-50 ° C at each stage of processing (RU 2168908, 06.20.2001). As rotary pulsation apparatuses, the apparatus described in WO / 1998/016304, 04.23.1998 and called the "S-Emulsifier", and also the apparatus called the vibro-cavitation mill, known from patent RU 8973, 01.16.1999, were used.

The disadvantages of this method are:

- dependence on the quality and dosage of whey, chemicals (acids, alkalis) and enzymes of the cellulase complex (celloviridin and pectofoetidine), which under industrial conditions can lead to large losses of feed processed in this way;

- the high cost of reagents and enzymes;

- multi-stage (complexity) of the process.

A known method of bioconversion of plant materials, where plant materials are mixed with water and / or with a nutrient mineral medium. Activate plant materials by pumping the mixture for at least 1 min through a rotary pulsation or centrifugal hydrodynamic unit that implements the effect of cavitation. Inoculation with microorganisms is performed, cultivation and isolation of the target product (RU 2140449, 10.27.1999).

A hydrodynamic (GDU) installation can be an aggregate along the axis of the housing of which a pre-mixing chamber / additional processing / in the form of a diffuser, an oscillation generator and a centrifugal pump mounted on a shaft coaxially with the oscillation generator are sequentially placed. Thanks to the original design, the hydrodynamic installation allows you to realize various physical effects, in particular cavitation, which contribute to increasing the efficiency of the preparation of emulsions and suspensions.

The disadvantages of this method are:

- dependence on the quality of the bacterial strain Acinetobacter calcoaceticus / ШТ-1 / and the yeast strain Candida scottii / ШТ-2 /;

- long-term cultivation of microorganisms - 48 hours, which greatly complicates the process of preparing the feed and leads to an increase in the cost of the technological chain of obtaining such feed in industrial conditions;

- multi-stage (complexity) of the process;

- the use of bacteria and yeast for bioconversion of feed not typical of microbiota for example pigs, which violates the natural digestion process in the latter.

The food product Osipenko and a method for its production are known, which can be used for the processing of full-fat Soya (natural Soya beans) and for fodder production (RU 2278530, 06.27.2006).

The disadvantages of this method are:

- the impossibility of preparing complete feed using haylage, silage, straw, branches of bushes and trees, grain, Soya beans and other components at the same time, in a single technological cycle, since the “turbulent nozzle”, built on the principle of “Laval nozzle”, gets clogged with large ones, wood and / or cellulose-containing components of the feed due to the design features of a mass-produced apparatus described in the invention according to RU 9572, A23L 3/015, 1999, which operates according to the technological scheme of patent analogue RU 2207449, contains aschem mixer with a lid provided with a closed circulation circuit comprising a pump in the lower part, the discharge conduit of which the inlet to the mixer from the top, mounted tangentially equipped with a turbulence nozzle with hydrodynamic cavitation means;

- low productivity of such equipment, even when preparing monoconcentrates from legumes and grains on an industrial scale;

- high temperature of processing Soya beans (104-115 ° С), which leads to partial protein denaturation, loss of most vitamins, enzymes, isoflavones - the so-called “living” substance of beans, which ultimately leads to a decrease in the nutritional and nutritional value of the suspension .

A known method is that before wetting, the feedstock (rye straw) is crushed into particles of 3-4 cm in size, and hydrolysis is carried out in water by water hammer in a dispersant for 15-20 minutes at 90-100 ° C until a fine suspension is obtained. The resulting, finely divided suspension is used for livestock feed or divided into fractions (RU 2091038, 09/27/1997).

The effect of processing coarse vegetable raw materials is achieved due to heat and mass transfer at the liquid - feed mass interfaces. As a result of shock, turbulence, as well as friction, particles are dispersed and mixed with the liquid. Tests were carried out on the existing Argus installation. However, according to the proposed method, the processing is carried out at very high temperatures, at which a partial loss of biological activity of the resulting feed additives is possible.

This method is unacceptable to obtain biologically complete, complete, moist feeds using herbal mixtures, Soy and Nougat beans, root crops, fruits and berries containing a large number of thermolabile compounds - vitamins, enzymes, carotenoids, etc.

The problem to which the invention is directed is to create a highly efficient technological, energy-saving method for the industrial production of biologically complete, half, wet and liquid feeds and / or dry monoconcentrates from them during further drying - from the maximum possible fodder range of agricultural production, wild plants and algae, animal feed and various wastes, with the preservation of their useful components by optimizing the parameters of the sample work.

The technical result achieved by the implementation of this invention is to obtain pasteurized feed; changing biopolymers of organic substances in the direction of their better absorption by increasing the concentration of proteolytic, lipolytic and amylolytic enzymes, which leads to improved digestibility of protein, fat and assimilation of biologically active substances; activation of the enzyme system of animals and their microbiota; obtaining cheap, wet, biologically complete feed with a high proportion of plant fibers, legumes, fodder grain and rye without preliminary processing of raw materials with probiotic biopreparations and multi-enzyme preparations or with partially prepared for such processing (prepared hay, silage or preliminary cutting for example straw, hay, tree branches, sawdust, corn cobs, etc.); providing a physiologically effective amount of the diet, contributing to the normal peristaltic state of the gastrointestinal tract; improving the penetration of hydrochloric acid and juices into the deep layers of the fodder mass, reducing the acid-absorbing ability of grain and protein additives; preventing intoxication and excretion of products of microbial degradation of bile salts and eliminating the risk of dysbiosis.

The specified technical result is achieved in a method of obtaining a feed mixture, in which at least one ingredient of the feed of absolutely dry matter is crushed and dispersed in water with the addition of mineral raw materials, premixes, trace elements, vitamins and calcium-containing raw materials, with concomitant disintegration through cyclic pumping the resulting mixture in a closed loop in the cavitation mode at a temperature of 30-100 ° C to obtain a dispersion medium by means of mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation about the method in which the grinding of the components of the mixture is partly due to crushing by the cutting edges of the rotor and stator, partly due to primary and secondary hydroshocks, partly due to dissipation, and the mixture is heated and partly crushed due to cavitation, while the mixture is disintegrated, pasteurized and adjusted in 20-120 cycles to a homogeneous state with a given particle size from 1 μm to 3 mm.

Mineral raw materials, premixes, trace elements and vitamins contain the following ratio of components, wt.%: Mineral raw materials - 0,40-0,45; premixes - 0.30-0.35; trace elements - 0.26-0.52; vitamins - 0.04-0.08; water is the rest.

At least one ingredient of absolutely dry matter feed is selected from the group in the following ratio of components, wt.%:

rye grain - 0.1-33.6

cereals - 0.1-33.6

corn - 0.1-33.6

legumes - 0.1-33.6

dry combined feed: SK-1, SK-2, SK-3, SK-4, SK-5, SK-6, SK-7 - 0.1-33.6

silo - 0.1-22.5

hay - 0.1-33.6

straw - 0.1-33.6

haylage - 0.1-22.5

juicy wild grass and succulent fodder grass - 0.1-22.5

herbal flour - 0.1-33.6

vegetables - 0.1-30.0

fruits - 0.1-30.0

berries - 0.1-30.0

agricultural processing waste - 0.1-33.6

food waste - 0.1-33.6

algae - 0.1-20.0

reeds - 0.1-20.0

reed - 0.1-20.0

sow thistle - 0.1-20.0

branches of shrubs and trees - 0.1-20.0

amaranth green mass - 0.1-20.0

hogweed - 0.1-20.0

oak acorns - 0.1-33.6

nuts - 0.1-33.6

sunflower seeds - 0.1-33.6

flax - 0.1-33.6

milk thistle - 0.1-33.6

sesame seeds - 0.1-33.6

pane - 0.1-33.6

fish and waste from its processing - 0.1-30.0

worms - 0.1-30.0

larvae of flies and beetles - 0.1-20.0

mushroom mycelium - 0.1-33.6

animal and poultry processing waste - 0.1-33.6

calcium-containing raw materials - 0.40-0.45.

Cereals are selected from the group: wheat, triticale, barley, oats, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, rice; legumes selected from the group: soybean, chickpea, fodder beans, beans, peas, lentils, chin, mung bean, lupine, wiki; haylage includes legumes. Vegetables are selected from the group: potatoes, beets, Jerusalem artichoke tubers, stachis tubers, and sunflower tubers and can be processed into pasta without adding water to the mixture, previously crushed with grinders (a meat grinder, grater, etc.), allowing to obtain pre-flowing mashed potatoes for further processing for account of mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation effects. Fruits are selected from the group: apples, pears, plums and can be processed into a paste without adding water to the mixture, previously crushed on the grinders (meat grinder, grater, etc.), allowing to obtain pre-flowing mashed potatoes for further processing due to mechanical hydropercussion-cavitation dissipative effects. The berries are selected from the group: tomatoes (tomatoes), pumpkin, watermelon, zucchini, eggplant, fodder bananas and can be processed into paste without adding water to the mixture, pre-crushed on grinders (meat grinder, grater, etc.), allowing to obtain pre-flowing mashed potatoes for further processing due to mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipative effects. Agricultural processing waste was selected from the group: cereal bran, beet pulp, molasses, corn cobs, baskets of sunflower, oilcake, meal, husk of sunflower seeds, husk of cereal, bean shell, vegetable tops, pulp of oil, seeds of olives and olives, cocoa husks; food waste is bard or beer grains; algae are underwater and / or surface; worms are rain and / or dung; animal and poultry processing wastes are selected from the group: meat and bone paste and / or flour, feather paste and / or flour, viscera, internal fat, blood and / or blood meal; waste from fish processing are selected from the group of: spoiled fish, heads, skeletons with fins, entrails, internal fat; premixes are KS-4 or P52-1; vitamins selected from the group: A, B, C, D, E, PP; trace elements are phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, copper, zinc, selenium-containing preparations; mineral raw materials selected from the group: flask, zeolite, tripoli, diatomite, salt; the calcium-containing raw material is chalk, and / or limestone, and / or limestone, and / or tricalcium phosphate, and / or monocalcium phosphate.

The mass-produced technological equipment RID-2 (Rotary chopper disperser - mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipative action), disclosed in patents RU 2321448, 04/10/2008, RU 55637, 08/27/2006, allows the preparation of the entire range of field feed production, as well as various assortment of processing industry waste, food waste.

Preparation of biologically complete, complete ration feed mixtures, including the entire range of components of field feed production - grain, waste from its processing, green mass or canned products from it, succulent, takes place in an environment of high (65-75%) humidity.

Dispersion (finely divided fineness of feed components) is within the physiological standards for animals.

There is a change in the carbohydrate complex. Starch turns into sugar. The conversion process is especially important for components that have large starch grains (Rye).

Processing of the feed components at RID-2 allows using up to 70% of rye in the composition of a full-feed feed mixture, and the rye content is regulated depending on the physiological characteristics of the animals for its most efficient absorption (industrial practice has shown that more than 70% of rye in the feed is ineffective due to a decrease in live weight gain), as well as to produce monoconcentrates from feed components, for example, consisting of 100% rye, or chickpea, or other raw materials for the production of feed.

The walls of plant cells of green fodder and canned products from them are destroyed, revealing biologically complete components - protein, enzymes (amylase), hormones, providing a "living" substance of the cell for unhindered use by animals. The effect of reducing digestibility of feed due to the indigestibility of fiber is eliminated.

During mechano-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation processing of complete feeds, the protein complex changes to oligopeptides, which are absorbed into the blood, bypassing the fermentation stage by proteolytic enzymes.

It is very important that the new technological equipment of RID-2 can significantly reduce the number of protease inhibitors (trypsin and chymotrypsin), as well as oligosaccharides in legumes, without exposing them to high temperature (more than 70 ° C) effects.

The changes in the carbohydrate and protein complex in high humidity environment exclude the formation of new components, for example, melanoids (the connection of the epsilon of the lysine group with sugar, the Maylard reaction).

The mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method of preparing a finely dispersed biologically complete, complete feed mixture allows solving the following problems.

Problem number 1. Production of “wet” (65-75% moisture) feed for pigs and the production of “liquid” (76-97% moisture) feed (swill) for cattle and other animals.

The urgency of the problem lies in the fact that the physical form of the feed has a significant effect on the functional state of the digestive organs of monogastric animals (pigs), the absorption and use of nutrients.

The most acceptable physical form of feed for pigs is wet (66.4-69% humidity).

The advantage of the wet form of the full-feed feed prepared by mechano-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method over other feeds is that due to the cavitation-dissipation effect, the feed is pasteurized and the biopolymers of organic substances change in the direction of their better absorption, by increasing the concentration of proteolytic, lipolytic and amylolytic enzymes increases the digestibility of protein, fat and the absorption of biologically active substances.

The wet form of food from the position of the physiology of digestion of monogastric animals is the most favorable, as it provides optimal conditions for the digestion and assimilation of nutrients. With such humidity, a uniform level of activity of all the main digestive glands (salivary, gastric and pancreas) of the pig is observed.

Thanks to this, nitrogen utilization improves, and animal productivity increases.

Due to the mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation treatment, the inherent form of granulated feed is given the inherent granular qualities of sterilization, the conversion of biopolymers into easily digestible substrates, which activates the enzyme system of animals and their microbiota.

In addition, wet food has the positive qualities of liquid food - homogeneity, which allows delivery of all nutrients in perfect condition (solubility, uniform distribution throughout the feed mass) and contributes to the “bioreactor” of the animal’s gastrointestinal tract, its microbiota to process and absorb nutrients substances.

Problem number 2. Feed production with a high proportion of plant fiber.

The urgency of the problem lies in the fact that the use of feed with a high proportion of plant fiber, for example, in the nutrition of pigs (especially breeding stock) should be the subject of special attention.

Due to such feeds, a normalized level of plant fibers is ensured, which ensures the necessary feed intake for group maintenance, the factor is excluded when aggressive and strong animals consume more feed than weak ones, which makes the former fatten and the latter lean - both states are unnatural.

In addition, the introduction of a high proportion of plant fibers (straw, hay, haylage, silage, succulent grass, branches of shrubs and trees, fibrous waste from agricultural processing (sunflower husks, rice, buckwheat, corn cobs, oilcake, bran, meal, beer pellet, post-alcohol) barda, beet pulp), algae, reeds, etc.):

- provides a physiologically effective amount of the diet, contributing to the normal peristaltic state of the gastrointestinal tract;

- provides better penetration of hydrochloric acid and juices into the deep layers of the fodder mass, reducing the acid-absorbing ability of grain and protein additives;

- prevents intoxication and release of products of microbial degradation of bile salts;

- eliminates the risk of dysbiosis.

Previously, it was impossible to use large quantities of straw of cereal and leguminous crops, succulent grass, hay, hay, silage, meal, cake, bran and other plant materials in large quantities without commercial processing due to the lack of a single-stage technology for efficient (inexpensive) grinding with the effect of the destruction of biopolymers and the activation of their components.

The mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method allows producing cheap feed with a high proportion of plant fibers without preliminary processing of raw materials or with partially prepared for such processing (ready hay, silage or preliminary cutting, for example, straw, hay, wood branches, sawdust, stumps corn, etc.) for circulating pumping all components of the feed in a closed circuit, as well as dry concentrate, additionally drying the finished mixture, the addition of which in the feed allows you to use it in EU ETS and the energy of the protein component of dry feed for animals, birds and fish.

Problem number 3. Processing and disinfection of feed grain.

The urgency of the problem lies in the fact that the main components of the feed of all types of farm animals, especially pigs and poultry, are feed grain and grain products (bran, flour, etc.), which make up 85% of the nutritional value and up to 80% of the cost of rations.

The bulk of the grain is stored, as a rule, in unsuitable barn-type rooms, where it is infected with toxin-forming species of fungi and bacteria. Even when stored on specialized elevators, the risk of such infection is not excluded.

According to experts of the World Organization for Agriculture in all countries, mycotoxins are the main most dangerous pollutants of all plant products, especially grain. It has been established that more than 75% of feed toxicity depends on the degree of toxinogenic fungi infection and the content of mycotoxins produced by them.

The digestibility of unaffected grain is 78%. With an increase in the proportion of grains affected by fungi and / or contaminated with mycotoxins in the grain part of the diet from 5 to 20%, its digestibility decreases by 3 times.

In animals and birds, normal microflora of the gastrointestinal tract are disturbed, which in a short period of time leads to chronic damage to bone tissue, liver, and kidneys, deficiency diseases are exacerbated, and immunity is sharply reduced.

Toxic feed also determines the toxicity of livestock products - meat, eggs, milk, etc.

Recently, a method of combating toxin-forming species of fungi and bacteria by introducing probiotic feed additives into feed has become widespread. Their action is based on the ability of beneficial microorganisms to produce enzymes that destroy mycotoxins.

The use of specially designed and produced for industrial livestock protective biologics probiotics solves several basic problems:

- increases the safety of used low-quality grain feed;

- reduces the risk of foodborne toxicosis to an economically acceptable level and increases productivity;

- normalizes and improves the composition of the microbiocenosis of the gastrointestinal tract;

- improves the environmental situation in industrial premises.

And yet, for all the above relatively positive properties of probiotic biologics, their use leads to an additional increase in the cost of the final livestock production.

The mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method allows producing cheap, wet, polnoratsionny feeds with a high proportion of feed grain and other vegetable raw materials without preliminary processing of the raw materials with biological preparations-probiotics and, if necessary, a dry concentrate from them, additionally drying the finished mixture. The claimed method allows in a single technological process for the preparation of feed at the same time to detoxify the raw materials affected by the toxin-forming species of fungi and bacteria at no additional cost.

Problem number 4. Use in feed mixtures the maximum possible amount of rye.

The urgency of the problem lies in the fact that in areas of Russia and foreign countries with a temperate climate, rye is grown, which compares favorably with other cereals with stable high yields (as a winter crop it is less affected by climatic conditions, a good predecessor for other crops).

In terms of energy concentration (13.3 MJ / kg), winter rye grain approaches grain of winter wheat (13.5 MJ / kg), but exceeds grain of oats (11.3 MJ / kg) and winter barley (12.4 MJ / kg )

In terms of crude protein, rye grain is slightly inferior to the grain of other cereals (only 1-2%), but exceeds their level of lysine.

Nevertheless, the use of rye as a component of animal feed is severely restrained - traditionally up to 5% in animal feed without pre-treatment and up to 30% in pre-treatment with multi-enzyme compositions of enzyme preparations, which in turn is difficult on an industrial scale and leads to a significant increase in the cost of such feed.

Constraining factors for the use of rye in animal nutrition were its biological features and the lack of inexpensive technology for its deep processing.

Rye contains more pentosans (115-120 g / kg) than other cereals, and the content of alkalresorziolene is several dozen times higher (1200-1600 mg / kg).

In connection with the above, attempts are being made throughout the world to develop an industrially applicable inexpensive technology for introducing the maximum possible amount of rye grain into feed, given its useful properties in the formation of high-quality, lean meat.

Previously, feed with the use of rye grain was cooked for a long time or steamed in steamers-autoclaves, which in turn led to a significant increase in the cost of such feed and became impractical in an industrial environment from an economic point of view.

A known method of preparing feed from rye to improve the appetite of livestock (JP patent No. 59042852, 03/09/1984), according to which the selected rye is poured into a mixer, where a 0.2% aqueous salt solution is sprayed, due to which the grain is moistened to 14% humidity. Next, moistened rye is placed in a tank, where it is heated to 40 ° C for approximately 2 hours. After that, rye is placed in a mixer into which an aqueous 0.05% solution of acetic acid is sprayed, increasing the moisture content of rye grain to 16%. Then rye is placed in the tank for about an hour, where it is heated to 70-80 ° C. At the same time, approximately 30% of rye starch is converted to alpha starch. Then the rye is pressed and cooled.

The specified method is multi-stage and costly, requiring special equipment, and the technology in which acetic acid is used is potentially unsafe.

It is known that scientists of the All-Russian Institute of Animal Husbandry have developed a new generation of enzyme preparations - multi-enzyme compositions (IEC-CX) for use in animal feed with different grain bases.

The preparations were developed taking into account the physiological and biochemical principles of the action of enzymes, the properties and composition of polysaccharide and protein complexes of rye, barley, wheat, oats, wheat bran and the targeted action on natural polymers of feed materials, contributing to their destruction and removal of the inhibitory effect on endogenous gastrointestinal enzymes intestinal tract of animals.

The developed multi-enzyme compositions are multicomponent systems of hydrolytic enzymes (IEC-CX-1, IEC-CX-2) or hydrolytic and lipase action (IEC-CX-3).

IEC-CX-1 is intended for use in compound feed with a high content of rye grain, IEC-CX-2 - for compound feeds with a predominant content of barley, IEC-CX-3 - for use in compound feeds with wheat, oats and (or) wheat bran (up to 30%).

IEC-CX-1 is standardized for amylase (AC-900-1200 u / g) and cellulase (CA -180-240 u / g). The preparation also contains β-glucanase, protease, pentosanase, β-amylase.

Studies have been conducted to study the digestibility of dry matter (DM) of rye grain in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro digestibility of CB in the control was found to be 63.9%, and in the experiment using different IEC input standards, from 66.4 to 74.4%; in vivo - 78.2% in the control and from 81 to 83% in the experimental variants.

Multi-enzyme compositions IEC-CX-1, IEC-CX-2 and IEC-CX-3 are registered in the Russian Federation under No. PVR-2-3.9 / 00154; PVR-2-3.9 / 00155 and PVR-2-3.1 / 00732, respectively, their industrial production is certified and certified. The Institute of Biotechnology transferred the right to produce multi-enzyme compositions based on highly productive enzyme-producing strains to Vostok OJSC (1999) and the Berdsky Biological Preparations Plant Federal State Unitary Enterprise (2002). Domestic multi-enzyme compositions have undergone extensive scientific and industrial testing, but are not used in practice due to the lack of their large-scale production.

The mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method allows producing cheap wet, full-feed fodder with a high proportion of rye grain without preliminary processing of raw materials with multi-enzyme preparations and, if necessary, dry rye concentrate (rye content up to 100% for absolutely dry substances), additionally drying the finished rye mixture with water, the addition of which to feed allows you to use it as the only energy component of dry feed for animals, poultry and fish.

Problem number 5. The use of legumes in natural (native) form.

a) Production of feed using soya beans in their native form.

The urgency of the problem lies in the fact that full-fat soy is a recognized potential reserve of any feed production, the combination of the highest amount of protein and fat in soy provides the highest energy saturation of feeds and their digestibility.

Polyunsaturated linoleic acid, lecithin complex, phosphatides are necessary components for the physiological function of the body. The presence of tocopherol (vitamin E) and choline supplement its nutritional value. Sulfur contained in soy is a supplier of hydrosulfite radicals and thereby allows the release of valuable methionine from a feed point of view.

At the same time, the prosthesis inhibitors (trypsin and chymotrypsin), hemmaglutinins (pectins, saponites), glycosides belonging to the isoflavonic group (genistin), protein-phytin-acid complexes, and urease reduce its feed value.

Therefore, if soybean full-fat beans are not subjected to a certain type of preliminary heat treatment in order to destroy the above anti-nutritional substances, their nutritional value is not of interest.

Moreover, raw soybeans fed with raw materials adversely affect the physiological state of monogastric animals (pigs).

In order to inactivate the anti-nutritional substances present in raw soybeans, various technologies were previously developed based on a single principle - temperature + exposure + humidity.

Most of the technology was based on heat treatment of soybeans (roasting, extrusion, expansion, micronization, reactive expansion, granulation) and, to a lesser extent, barothermal (autoclaving). Soybean processing in the first case is accompanied by high temperatures from 135 ° C (extrusion) to 220 ° C (micronization), in the second - at a temperature of 120 ° C and a pressure of 0.35 kg / cm2, protein denaturation occurs in all cases, which leads to a decrease in its digestibility and the loss of a significant amount of vitamins, which ultimately reduces the feed value of full-fat soy.

Pig-breeding enterprises using soybeans, both of their own production and purchased, heat treatment is carried out by extrusion (extruder with accelerator Promeks-03, Sprout-Matador EX 917) and expansion (expander Sprout-Matador FEX 25).

The mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method allows producing cheap, biologically complete, full-ration moist feeds with a high proportion of soybeans without preliminary processing of raw materials, as well as feed concentrates and isolates from it.

The mechano-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method allows destroying the anti-nutritional metabolites of full-fat soy at a temperature not exceeding 70 ° C, which is lower than the "isothermal point" of soy proteins (72 ° C) and does not lead to protein denaturation, preserving most of the vitamins and isoflavones.

In this case, soybean processing is achieved in an environment of high humidity, in which the Maylard reaction is excluded, which in turn leads to the complete preservation of the essential amino acid - lysine.

Mechano-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation processing of full-fat soybean determines the best preservation and availability of sulfur-containing amino acids in it. In proteins with a polypeptide bond, there is a change in the ratio between the nitrogen of monoamino and amino acids in a more favorable direction, which leads to an increase of 16.7% in their use by animals.

In addition, as one of the main protein-replenishing crops used in the formulation of biologically complete, full-feed fodder, full-fat soy is introduced to produce phospholipids, which are an integral part of the cell membranes of all living organisms. Their content in the tissues of the liver is 50%, in the tissues of the brain - 30%, in the tissues of the nervous system - 17%.

If necessary, additionally drying the finished mixture of soybeans with water, we get a dry protein-energy supplement in animal feed, poultry and fish (full-fat, dry Soymilk).

b) Production of feed using chickpea beans in their native form.

By the number of amino acids and trace elements, chickpeas are not inferior to soy.

An insignificant amount of anti-nutrients in chickpeas made it possible to use a gentle regime of its processing at temperatures of 15-60 ° C. The chickpea protein is close to “ideal” in its properties, which means that all amino acids, including the essential amino acids that are used by the body to build cells, are presented to the fullest extent possible in chickpeas. Therefore, such a unique product is primarily necessary for a young growing organism of animals, birds and fish.

Animals (cattle, pigs, sheep, poultry) willingly consume chickpeas, which allowed to significantly increase their weight gain (one kilogram of chickpeas contains 1.22 feed units, 220-300 grams of protein, 14.8 MJ of exchange energy).

The safety of chickens in the diet with chickpeas was 100%. When slaughtering, the output of chickens of the first category in the version with chickpeas was 64% (and without chickpea - 28%), the egg production of laying hens increased to 10%.

When feeding chickpeas with chickpeas, the digestibility of diets is 2-3% higher. The daily weight gain increased by 86 grams, compared with the control group on a normal diet, and, as a result, the carcass slaughter mass increased.

Similar experiments with sheep gave the following results: the increase in live weight increased by 27% (increased digestibility of crude protein, fat, carbohydrates).

In lactating ewes, hair cuts, fiber length and milkiness increased. Lambs in these ewes developed better, had advantages in live weight by 7%, and in length of wool - by 11%.

The diet with chickpeas positively affected the health of sows and their reproductive functions - 20% after farrowing, 75% of sows came to the “hunt”, instead of 25% during normal feeding.

A 98% preservation of piglets was observed.

Feeding piglets with chickpeas at an early age (2 days) allowed them to switch to self-feeding in a shorter time. By 2 months of age, the piglets increased their live weight by 1.2 times more, compared with the control group on a normal diet.

Chickpea grain contains a high percentage of antioxidants, of which selenium is especially valuable (a substance that inhibits oxidation at the intercellular level and eliminates the risk of malignant tumors), a full-fledged “ideal” protein, a whole complex of minerals (such important for the body as calcium, magnesium, iron and etc.) and vitamins: E, A, B, C, etc., and chickpea oil contains iodine and consists mainly of unsaturated (healthy) fats.

Saponins contained in chickpeas have been found to promote enhanced growth of young animals, birds and fish.

These natural growth hormones stored by mechano-hydro-shock-cavitation-dissipation method “work” in the composition of liquid and wet feeds.

Two peptides were found in chickpea seeds - “cicerin” and “arietin” (according to the Latin name of the plant - Cicer Arietinum). These compounds protect chickpeas from pathogenic fungi, which is very important in the production of feed from it. The activity of these peptides in relation to fungi is associated with their ability to regulate cellular processes in the body.

Chickpeas contain chitizans - enzymes that also destroy the cell wall of fungi and some other “hostile” proteins (bacteria, viruses), so feed with chickpeas has antiviral, antimicrobial, antifungal and immunomodulating effects.

Additionally, after drying the prepared mixture of chickpeas with water, we get a dry protein-energy supplement in animal feed, poultry and fish (full-fat, dry Chickpea milk) or later, by degreasing the raw materials, we obtain a chickpea protein base (Chickpeat concentrate and isolate).

Example No. 1 of the preparation of wet food (65% moisture), taking into account the above, for 1000 heads of fattening pigs with a content of absolutely dry substances - rye grain - 70%, soya beans - 10%, chickpea beans - 10%, haylage - 10% .

In a working capacity of 4500 l of a rotary grinder of a disperser of mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation action (RID-2), 3000 liters of water are collected, which circulates in a closed circle in the cavitation mode, then the estimated number of premixes is added to the water - 20.8 kg, micro - and macrocells (zeolite tuff) - 30.85 kg, vitamins (vitamin complexes) - 4.8 kg, mineral raw materials / additives (salt, chalk) - 26.74 kg and feed components, for example: rye grain - 1545, 6 kg, silage - 220.8 kg, legumes: chickpeas - 220.8 kg and soybeans - 220.8 kg, while the forage level the mixture in the tank rises above the level of the outlet pipe leaving the RID into the tank, then the required (calculated) amount of water is added - 429 liters, until the tank’s working volume is completely filled - 4500 liters. This method provides degassing of the feed mixture to prevent oxidation of fats, while maintaining the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids at the level of their content in rye grain, soy beans and chickpeas in this case. Moreover, degassing according to this scheme due to the cavitation-dissipation effect occurs at low temperatures of the feed mixture (from 15 to 60 ° C) and at atmospheric pressure (without sealing the tank).

The specified mixture is crushed, homogenized and due to the effects of cavitation and dissipation for 45 full cycles for 60 minutes heats up to a pasteurization temperature of 60 ° C.

Then pasteurized, finely dispersed, biologically complete, full-rate, moist food (porridge of 65% moisture) is fed to the intermediate tank for cooling and natural fermentation, after which warm food (30-36 ° C) is fed to pigs.

Example No. 2 of the preparation of wet food (65% humidity), taking into account the foregoing, for 1000 heads of fattening pigs with a content of absolutely dry substances - dry combined feed SK-6 - 70%, fava beans - 10%, chickpea beans - 10%, grass flour - 10%.

In a working capacity of 4500 l of a rotary grinder of a disperser of mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation action (RID-2), 3000 liters of water are collected, which circulates in a closed circle in the cavitation mode, then the estimated number of premixes is added to the water - 20.8 kg, micro - and macro elements (zeolite tuff) - 30.85 kg, vitamins (vitamin complexes) - 4.8 kg, mineral raw materials / additives (salt, chalk) - 26.74 kg and feed components, for example: dry combined feed SK- 6 - 1545.6 kg, grass meal - 220.8 kg, legumes: chickpea - 220.8 kg and feed O beans - 220.8 kg, while the level of the feed mixture in the vessel becomes higher than the coming out of Reed-pipe outlet to the tank, then topped required (estimated) quantity of water - 429 liters, to completely fill the working volume of the container - 4500 liters. This method provides degassing of the feed mixture to prevent oxidation of fats, while maintaining the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids at the level of their content in fodder beans and chickpea beans in this case. Moreover, degassing according to this scheme due to the cavitation-dissipation effect occurs at low temperatures of the feed mixture (from 15 to 60 ° C) and at atmospheric pressure (without sealing the tank).

The specified mixture is crushed, homogenized and due to the effects of cavitation and dissipation for 45 full cycles for 60 minutes heats up to a pasteurization temperature of 60 ° C.

Then pasteurized, finely dispersed, biologically complete, full-rate, moist food (porridge of 65% moisture) is fed to the intermediate tank for cooling and natural fermentation, after which warm food (30-36 ° C) is fed to pigs.

Example No. 3 of the preparation of wet food (65% humidity), taking into account the above, for 1000 heads of fattening pigs with a content of absolutely dry substances - barley grain - 20%, triticale grain - 30%, rye grain - 20%, lupine beans - 10% , chickpea beans - 10%, hay - 10%:

In a working capacity of 4500 l of a rotary grinder of a disperser of mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation action (RID-2), 3000 liters of water are collected, which circulates in a closed circle in the cavitation mode, then the estimated number of premixes is added to the water - 20.8 kg, micro - and macrocells (zeolite tuff) - 30.85 kg, vitamins (vitamin complexes) - 4.8 kg, mineral raw materials / additives (salt, chalk) - 26.74 kg and feed components, for example: rye grain - 441, 6 kg, barley grains - 441.6 kg, triticale grains - 662.4 kg, hay - 220.8 kg, legumes: chickpeas - 220.8 kg and lupine - 220.8 kg, while the level of the feed mixture in the tank becomes higher than the level of the discharge pipe leaving the REID into the tank, then the required (calculated) amount of water is added - 429 liters, until the tank’s working volume is completely filled - 4500 l. This method provides degassing of the feed mixture to prevent oxidation of fats, while maintaining the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids at the level of their content in rye grain, soy beans and chickpeas in this case. Moreover, degassing according to this scheme due to the cavitation-dissipation effect occurs at low temperatures of the feed mixture (from 15 to 60 ° C) and at atmospheric pressure (without sealing the tank).

The specified mixture is crushed, homogenized and due to the effects of cavitation and dissipation for 45 full cycles for 60 minutes heats up to a pasteurization temperature of 60 ° C.

Then pasteurized, finely dispersed, biologically complete, full-rate, moist food (porridge of 65% moisture) is fed to the intermediate tank for cooling and natural fermentation, after which warm food (30-36 ° C) is fed to pigs.

The specified method allows you to get and "liquid feed" for pigs (75% or more - humidity), and swill for cattle, respectively increasing their moisture by introducing an additional amount of water.

Example No. 4 for the preparation of liquid feed - a swill for cattle (75% moisture), taking into account the above, for 600 heads of dairy cows with a content of absolutely dry substances - corn - 30%, triticale grains - 20%, rye grains - 20%, beans peas - 10%, sunflower meal - 10%, soybean meal - 10%.

In a working capacity of 7200 l of a rotary grinder of a disperser of mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation action (RID-2), 5000 liters of water are collected, which circulates in a closed circle in the cavitation mode, then the estimated number of premixes - 6.3 kg, micro is introduced into the water - and macronutrients - 9.36 kg, vitamins, vitamin complexes - 1.44 kg, minerals - 8.1 kg, salt - 9 kg, chalk - 8.1 kg and feed components, for example: corn grain - 590, 58 kg, triticale grains - 393.72 kg, rye grains - 393.72 kg, peas - 196.86 kg, sunflower meal - 196.86 kg, soybeans the first meal is 196.86 kg, while the level of the feed mixture in the tank becomes higher than the level of the discharge pipe leaving the REID into the tank, then the required (calculated) amount of water is added - 232 liters, until the tank’s working volume is completely filled - 7200 l. This method provides the degassing of the feed mixture to prevent the oxidation of fats, while maintaining the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids at the level of their content in grain rye, corn, triticale, pea beans, oilcake in this case. Moreover, degassing according to the indicated scheme due to the cavitation-dissipation effect occurs at low temperatures of the feed mixture (from 15 to 70 ° C) and at atmospheric pressure (without sealing the container).

The specified mixture is crushed, homogenized, and due to the effects of cavitation and dissipation for 55 complete cycles for 60 minutes it is heated to a pasteurization temperature of 70 ° C.

Next, pasteurized, finely dispersed, biologically complete, full-rate, liquid feed (75% moisture swill) is fed to the intermediate tank for cooling and natural fermentation, after which a warm swill (36-40 ° C) is fed to the cows.

Example No. 5 of the preparation of a liquid base (75% moisture) - for the production of inactivated dry concentrate from rye with a content of absolutely dry substances - rye grain - 100%.

5000 liters of water are collected in a working capacity of 8000 l of a rotary grinder of a disperser of mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation action (RID-2), which circulates in a closed circle in the cavitation mode, then the estimated amount of rye grain of 12% moisture is introduced into the water - 2240 kg, while the level of the mixture in the tank becomes higher than the level of the discharge pipe leaving the RID into the tank, then the required (calculated) amount of water is added - 760 liters, until the working volume of the tank is completely filled - 8000 liters. This method provides degassing of the mixture to prevent oxidation of fats, while maintaining the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids at the level of their content in rye grain, in this case. Moreover, degassing according to this scheme due to the cavitation-dissipation effect occurs at low temperatures of the mixture (from 15 to 55 ° C) and at atmospheric pressure (without sealing the container).

This mixture is crushed, homogenized and, due to the effects of cavitation and dissipation, is heated for 45 full cycles for 60 minutes to a temperature of 55 ° C, sufficient to dextrinize rye starch and neutralize the pentosans contained in it (115-120 g / kg), as well alkalresorziolene (1200-1600 mg / kg).

Next, a finely dispersed suspension (75% moisture) is fed to a drying unit to obtain an inactivated dry rye concentrate. Dry, inactivated rye concentrate can then be used as a protein-carbohydrate supplement in dry combined feeds, as well as in liquid swill for cattle and in wet feed for pigs.

The cutting edges of the rotor and stator of the chopper of the dispersant RID-2 of mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation action primarily play the role of knives that easily cut large, fibrous components of the feed, which, in turn, as a result of the additional action of the primary (during acceleration of the mixture and impact on the walls stator) and secondary (during impacts of the feed mixture components on the walls of the "cochlea" and between each other in multidirectional (random) flows, the stator and pipelines) water hammer, dissipation (transfer of energy outflow) of the mixture and hydrodynamic cavitation are destroyed to a homogeneous state. In this case, active degassing of feed mixtures occurs due to the collapse of cavitation bubbles at low temperatures (from 15 to 60 ° C) and at atmospheric pressure, which leads to the preservation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in vegetable oil and animal fats unchanged application in feed mixtures).

Wet and liquid feeds obtained by mechanical hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method are also raw materials (semi-finished product) upon receipt of various dry combined feeds, concentrates and isolates, protein-vitamin mineral additives, protein-energy components of combined feeds, grass meal by drying them .

The mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method can significantly increase in combined wet and liquid feeds, as well as in dry combined feeds, concentrates, protein-vitamin mineral supplements, protein-energy components of combined feeds, grass meal from them - the content of various kinds of food and agricultural waste, especially husks of sunflower, rice, buckwheat and other crops, beer pellets, post-alcohol stillage, beet pulp, bran, meal, cake, etc.

Considering that the waste from grain processing, for example, wheat bran, corn bran and oilcake bran, contains a fairly high content of plant fibers (fiber), which reduce the digestibility of protein, as well as pentosans, the proportion of which, for example, in corncake is up to 16%, the introduction of the prescribed amount of waste into the feed composition can be carried out during processing by mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method, which allows you to effectively destroy the walls of plant cells, dig biologically complete components - protein, enzymes (amylase), hormones, providing a "living" substance for unhindered use by animals. The effect of reducing digestibility of feed due to the indigestibility of fiber is eliminated.

With the cavitation-dissipation effect, the protein complex of the waste changes from grain processing to oligopeptides, which are absorbed into the blood, bypassing the fermentation stage by proteolytic enzymes. Fiber is converted to polysaccharides and then to sugars.

The changes in the carbohydrate and protein complex in high humidity environment exclude the formation of indigestible new components, for example, melanoids (compound of the epsilon of the lysine group with sugar, the Maylard reaction), which is observed when extrusion technologies are used in the processing of grain and waste from it.

A biologically complete, full-feed fodder mixture using grain processing waste prepared by mechanical hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method gives compound feeds good olfactory and taste qualities due to changes in the carbohydrate complex and other readily soluble substances, and they are readily consumed by animals.

Tests of feed obtained by the proposed method in a pig-breeding complex were carried out in two stages.

The first stage in 2006 was carried out on the basis of the ITO of the Klenovo-Chegodaevo experimental farm of the All-Russian State Research Institute of Animal Husbandry (Moscow Region, Podolsky District).

In the scientific and production experiment on 124 heads of fattening pigs aged 94-238 days, zootechnical requirements for the new RID-2 equipment system were developed and tested, which performs mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method for preparing biologically complete, complete feed mixtures.

Productive actions and product quality are studied in a comparative aspect with the standard feed: SK-6.

The aim of the research was “To develop and test zootechnical requirements for the new RID-2 system for the preparation of full-feed feed mixtures for pig fattening”.

The research task included:

- develop experimental feed mixtures;

- determine the technological parameters for the preparation of biologically complete, complete feed mixtures (fineness, moisture, consistency, temperature);

- to study the effect of biologically complete, complete feed mixtures on:

a) the dynamics of live weight;

b) feed efficiency;

c) digestibility and use of nutrients;

d) the output of slaughter products and their quality;

e) the physiological state of animals;

e) economic efficiency.

To solve the tasks in the conditions of a pig-breeding complex ONO e / x VIZH "Klenovo-Chegodaevo" Podolsky district of the Moscow region. Zootechnical requirements for the new RID-2 equipment system for the preparation of full-feed feed mixtures for pig fattening were tested and developed.

The experiment was conducted on 124 heads of young pigs of 94 days of age, formed in two groups - control and experimental, 62 animals each (the experimental design is shown in Table 1).

Table 1 GROUPS Number of goals Feeding Features Control 62 Compound feed SK-6, feeding according to the program twice a day. The form of feed is granular, dry. Partial hydration in the feeder. Experienced 62 Biologically complete feed mixtures of experimental recipes. The feeding program complies with the norms of feeding, feed distribution twice a day. The form of the feed mixture is homogeneous wet (72.6%).

Fattening pigs is given until the animals reach a marketable mass of 117-118 kg, which allowed us to determine the influence of the studied factor on the quantity and quality of meat products.

The experiment was combined with the study of biochemical parameters of blood, blood serum, characterizing the functional state of the body.

Chemical-analytical studies to determine the degree of decrease in anti-nutritional substances in full-fat Soy, changes in the carbohydrate complex of feed.

A physiological experiment was carried out to determine the digestibility and use of nutrients.

Biologically complete, full-feed feed mixtures are developed according to the requirements for the development of full-feed compound feeds - the standard of the Russian Federation is GOST: R 51550-2000.

The entire list of indicators is taken into account: energy, protein, fiber, crude fat, linoleic acid, essential amino acids, lysine, methionine + cystine, threonine, tryptophan, Ca, P, NaCl. Nutritives (trace elements, vitamins introduced as part of the premix P-52-1a).

The choice of components for the preparation of biologically complete feed mixtures was carried out on the basis of the functional state of the gastrointestinal tract of fattening pigs and the direction of productivity.

When developing biologically complete fodder mixtures, we adhered to input standards, components provided by methodological recommendations for calculating recipes for feed products of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, VNII KP 2005 - remembering that they should be of good taste, easy to digest, not upset digestion and ensure the planned level of productivity .

Developed 6 recipes biologically complete feed mixtures, are shown in table.2. The cereal group of components is represented by barley and rye. Moreover, the proportion of rye in the experiment increased from 20 to 50% by weight.

table 2 Components Compound feed SK-6 (standard) Feed mixtures one 2 3 four 5 6 Barley 29.65 41.2 36,2 31,2 26.2 21,2 11,2 Barley without film 20.00 - - - - - - Wheat 20.00 - - - - - - Rye - 20,0 25.0 30,0 35.0 40,0 50,0 Full Fat Soya - 5,0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 5,0 Chickpeas - 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 15.0 Wheat bran 11.00 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 Cake sunflower. 10.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5,0 5,0 Meal is sunflower. 9.77 - - - - - - Soybean meal 3.36 - - - - - - Protein feed 3.00 - - - - - - Tricalcium phosphate - 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,5 Limestone flour 1.78 - - - - - - a piece of chalk - 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 Salt 0.49 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Premix KS-4 0.5 - - - - - -         P52-1 - 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 1,0 Oil grows. 0.40 - - - - - - Kemsheim W 0.05 - - - - - - 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

The new RID-2 equipment due to the cavitation-dissipation effect made it possible to use this level of rye.

The bean group included Soya full-fat and Nut.

Qualitative indicators of biologically complete feed mixtures corresponded to the nutrient requirements and nutrients for fattening pigs, are given in table 3.

Table 3 Quality indicators Units rev. Compound feed SK-6 Feed mixtures one 2 3 four 5 6 Exchange energy MJ 12.57 11.91 11.99 12.03 12.08 12,13 12.12 Crude protein % 15.25 14.77 14.67 14.55 14.43 14.31 14.40 Digestible protein % 11.72 11.35 11.28 11.19 11.10 11.02 11.07 Lysine % 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.65 0.66 0.66 0.67 Methionine % 0.26 0.24 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.22 0.23 Methionine + cystine % 0.53 0.49 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.46 Tryptophan % 0.23 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.23 Threonine % 0.59 0.57 0.58 0.56 0.57 0.56 0.56 Crude fat % 2,53 3.41 4.04 4.26 4.25 4.15 3.32 Linoleic acid % 1.18 1.78 1.96 1.95 1.93 1.92 1.65

The green mass of grass in summer, the canned product from it (haylage) in winter is used in a single technological cycle of preparation of feed mixtures. For the RID-2 test period, their share was 3% by dry matter.

As the initial components of the feed mixtures, cereal grains - Barley, Rye, legumes - Full-fat Soya, Nut, waste from oilseeds processing (Sunflower cake), grains - (Wheat bran), macro additives, nutrients as part of the premix were taken.

The feed mixture corresponded to biologically complete feed. The green mass of grass in the composition of the feed mixture was 7% in nutritional value, or 8% in terms of air-dry matter.

Two modes of preparation of biologically complete feed mixtures including the above listed feed components were determined.

The technological parameters of the preparation of feed mixtures are shown in table 4.

The revolutions of the working body in both versions were the same, the temperature of the finished biologically complete, complete ration feed mixture at the outlet in the first embodiment was at 32 ° C, in the second it was raised to 65 ° C.

In both cases, the moisture content of the feed mixture was within the physiological norm - 68.5 in the first, 72.6% in the second embodiment.

The consistency of the feed mixture in the first version was moderately homogeneous, the degree of grinding of the initial components of the feed mixture was 27.8% - 0.6-1.0 mm, 72.2% - 0.3-0.5, with visible surface grain films and its aleuron layer, the wall of plant fibers of lignin nature, size 0.3-0.5 mm

In the second embodiment, the consistency of the feed mixture was homogeneous with the complete destruction of the components. Throughout the homogeneous feed mass, only surface films of grain and its aleuron layer are present, plant fibers of lignin nature in the size range of 0.2-0.3 mm.

The feed mixture had good olfactory and taste qualities due to changes in the carbohydrate complex, mainly starch, to sugars, the proportion of which almost doubled, and was readily eaten by experimental animals.

Productive and functional qualities of pigs in the system of formation of a healthy organism were in a harmonious state, providing a high level of growth intensity and product quality.

Nutrition in this regard has a determining factor as a corrector of the programmatic development of the body and has a broader meaning than feeding in general.

Nutrition as a priority factor should accumulate the whole gamut of indicators (sense of smell, taste, usefulness, form) of the feed, which affects the functional state and productivity of the animal.

The influence of biologically complete feed mixtures developed on the new technological equipment RID-2 on:

- growth rate;

- feed efficiency;

- digestibility and use of nutrients;

- yield of slaughter products and their quality;

- physiological condition of animals;

- economic efficiency.

During the feeding period, animals received feed according to the research scheme for a specific program. Actual feed intake per animal is given in Table 5 - Feed piglet feeding program.

Table 5 Age, days Feed intake per day over a period Compound feed SK-6 dry granule. Full feed, homogeneous wet Compound feed SK-6 dry granule. Full feed, homogeneous wet In terms of natural with a moisture content of 12% 94-100 1.7 5.2 11,2 36,4 11.0 101-107 1.8 5.5 12.6 38.5 11.7 108-114 1.9 5.8 13.3 40.6 12.3 115-121 2.0 6.2 14.0 43,4 13,2 122-135 2.2 6.8 30.8 95.2 28.8 136-149 2,4 7.5 33.6 105.0 32.3 150-163 2.6 8.2 36,4 114.8 35,2 164-177 2,8 8.8 39.2 123,2 37.8 178-191 3.0 9.5 42.0 133.0 40.8 192-205 3.2 10,2 44.8 142.8 43.5 206-219 3.4 10.8 47.6 151.2 46.3 220-238 3.4 10.8 64.6 205.2 63,2 94-238 2.69 8.5 390.1 1229.3 376.3

On average, over the 145-day period of fattening, the average daily feed intake of animals in the control variant was 2.69 kg of dry food, and the experimental one was 8.5 kg of wet feed mixture in homogeneous liquid form or 2.58 kg in terms of dry with a moisture content of 12%.

The variety of components that make up both SK-6 compound feeds and complete feed mixtures provided them with good palatability and palatability. Digestive breakdowns in experimental young animals of both variants due to the feed factor were not noted.

Biologically complete, full-feed feed mixtures prepared using new technological equipment from native (natural) components were not inferior in their productive effect to the standard compound feed SK-6 of industrial production. Moreover, the young experimental version of the first period of feeding, receiving the feed mixture in a homogeneous wet form (the degree of dilution with water 1: 2.2), in terms of average daily weight gain exceeded their peers from the control by 8.7% (Table 6).

Table 6 Dynamics of live weight and growth of fattening pigs Indicators GROUPS control experienced The first period of fattening (age 94-145 days) Live weight kg a) when putting on experience 34.2 32,2 b) at the end of the period 60.5 60.8 c) weight gain over the period, kg 26.3 28.6 g) daily average gain, g 506 550 The second period (age 146-238 days) d) live weight, kg at the end of the period 118.4 116.6 g) weight gain over the period, kg 57.9 55.8 h) daily average gain, g 622 600 For the entire period of fattening (94-238 days) i) weight gain during the fattening period, kg 84.2 84,4 j) daily average gain, g 581 582

The feed preparation technology at RID-2, in which there is a change in the carbohydrate complex, as well as the form of the feed mixture prepared by mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method, most favorably influenced the growth rate of piglets in the first period of feeding.

In the second period of fattening, the productive effect of the feed mixture on the growth rate was somewhat (3.7%) less compared to the standard SK-6 compound feed. In this period, the share of rye in the feed mixture was increased to 50%, which led to a tendency to a decrease in growth intensity. It is known that an increase in the level of rye in the composition of compound feeds for fattening pigs over 30% leads to a decrease in the increase in live weight by 8 g for every 10% in excess of the indicated norm, but at the same time improves the quality of meat of fattened animals.

In general, over the entire period of feeding, the average daily weight gain of fattening pigs was the same and was at the level of 581-582 g.

The animals reached a commodity weight of 116.6-118.4 kg by 238 days of age. The feed intake of the fattening young animals of both groups in the first period of feeding was almost the same at the best growth rate of 8.7% and reduced by 11.1% feed costs for growth in the experimental young.

In the second period of feeding, the amount of feed consumed per day and its cost of growth in both feeding options were identical.

In general, during the fattening period, the young fattening of the experimental variant, in terms of feed costs for growth, exceeded by 3.2% its peers from the control group. The noted difference is due to the best use of feed in the growth phase of the first period, which is consistent with the results of the balance experiment on the use of nitrogen.

Table 7 Payment of feed for fattening young animals Indicators GROUPS control experienced The first period of fattening (age 94-145 days) 1. Weight gain total kg 26.3 28.6 daily average, g 506 550 2. The feed consumed, kg over a period 105.9 100.1 per day 2.04 1.93 3. The cost of feed per 1 kg of growth, kg 3.95 3,51 The second period of fattening (age 146-238 days) 1. Weight gain total kg 57.9 55.8 daily average, g 622 600 2. The feed consumed, kg over a period 284.2 276.2 per day 3.05 2.97 3. The cost of feed per 1 kg of growth, kg 4.90 4.95 For the period of fattening (age 94-238 days) 1. Weight gain total kg 84.2 84,4 daily average, g 581 582 2. The feed consumed, kg over a period 390.1 376.3 per day 2.69 2.60 3. The cost of feed per 1 kg of growth, kg 4.62 4.47

Digestibility and use of nutrients of the tested biologically complete, complete ration mixture prepared on the new technological equipment RID-2 mechanically-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipative method, and compound feed SK-6 was determined in physiological experiment on the fattening young pigs in the growth phase of the first period of feeding. The growth phase is characterized by an intensive metabolism of biological substances and their transformation into an increase in live weight.

Physiological experience was carried out against the background of scientific and economic.

The digestibility of the nutrients of the compound feed - the SK-6 standard and a biologically complete, complete feed mixture is quite high and agrees very well with the data of other authors (Table 8).

Table 8 Digestibility of nutrients Nutrients GROUPS control experienced Dry matter 79.2 ± 0.64 81.5 ± 1.06 Organic matter 81.7 ± 0.61 84.1 ± 1.17 Protein 79.9 ± 0.60 79.4 ± 0.94 Fat 53.2 ± 8.61 59.5 ± 1.35 Cellulose 32.6 ± 2.18 36.3 ± 2.87 Bev 87.9 ± 0.56 90.8 ± 1.53 Starch 91.4 ± 0.38 93.8 ± 0.35 Sugar 95.6 ± 0.33 98.2 ± 0.18

At the same time, the new RID-2 equipment of mechanical hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation action ensured the dextrinization of starch in the feed mixture, which is one of the main criteria for evaluating the technological process. Thus, the proportion of sugars, in comparison with the initial form of the feed mixture, almost doubled. The digestibility of nutrients containing carbohydrates was 2.4-3.7% higher than the control variant.

It is very important that the new RID-2 equipment had a high degree of emulsifying effect, as indicated by an excess of fat digestibility of 6.3%.

The “soft” modes of the feed preparation technological process at RID-2 exclude changes in the protein complex, which is typical for other types of heat treatments.

A change in the protein substances of the feed during heat treatment causes a redistribution of water and salt-soluble protein fractions, a decrease in the number and availability of amino acids.

A deeper damage to the protein molecule during heat treatment occurs when an interaction occurs between the functional groups of the proteins themselves or with reducing feed sugars (Mailard reaction).

The exclusion of this factor in the preparation of biologically complete, complete feed mixtures at RID-2, which carries out a mechanical-hydro-shock-cavitation-dissipation method of preparing such feeds, is confirmed by the digestibility of protein, the value of which was at the level of the control variant.

Preparation of feed mixtures at RID-2 contributed to a better 5.9% absorption of nitrogen from the accepted and 7.9% of the digested (Table 9).

Table 9 The use of N fattening young pigs Indicators GROUPS control experienced Taken with food, g 67.30 52.71 Highlighted in feces, g 13.40 10.82 Overcooked, g 53.91 41.89 Excreted in urine, g 31.16 20.93 Total allocated, g 44.55 31.54 Deposited in the body, g 22.75 ± 0.51 20.94 ± 0.76 % of usage from accepted 33.80 ± 0.76 39.74 ± 1.31 from overcooked 42.13 ± 0.97 50.00 ± 1.76

The best absorption of protein nitrogen is due to two factors. Firstly, the cavitation-dissipation effect of RID-2, most likely, cuts part of the protein substances to di-polypeptides and amino acids, improving their absorption, and secondly, the conversion of starch into sugar, as mentioned above, allowed animals economically spend protein.

The percentage of use of macrocells - calcium and phosphorus was within the physiological norm - calcium 33.30-36.10, phosphorus - 35.70-37.69%. Nevertheless, the new technology for the preparation of wet feed mixtures by mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method led to a better use of Ca by 2.8%, P by 1.99% compared to dry, full-feed compound feed - standard SK-6 (table .10).

Table 10 Use of Ca, P fattening young pigs Indicators GROUPS control experienced Sa R Sa R Taken with food, g 19.58 17.80 20.49 18.08 Highlighted in feces, g 13.88 10.01 12.61 9.62 Excreted in urine, g 0.18 1.43 0.47 1.65 Total allocated, g 13.06 11.44 12.98 11.27 Deposited in the body, g 6.52 ± 0.33 6.36 ± 0.43 7.41 ± 0.54 6.82 ± 0.39 % of usage from accepted 33.30 ± 1.68 35.70 ± 2.40 36.10 ± 2.25 37.69 ± 2.05

The slaughter yield of carcasses of pigs of both variants was the same and was at the level of 67.0-67.2% (Table 11). When calculated on a live weight of 100 kg, it amounted to 66.7-66.9 kg (Table 12).

Table 11 Indicators of control slaughter of experimental pigs Indicators Units rev. GROUPS control experienced Mascara yield: Slaughter mass kg 110.6 ± 2.4 107.2 ± 2.4 Mass of fresh carcass kg 74.4 ± 2.2 71.8 ± 1.5 Carcass exit % 67.2 ± 0.8 67.0 ± 0.8 Half carcass cm 104.6 ± 0.7 104.0 ± 1.1 Mascara composition: Chilled carcass weight kg 73.0 ± 2.1 70.6 ± 1.5 Meat % 57.3 ± 0.2 59.3 ± 0.4 Bacon 31.4 ± 0.4 29.4 ± 1.4 Bones 11.3 ± 0.2 11.3 ± 0.2 Odds: Meat and bone 5,0 5.25 Meat 1.82 2.02 The muscle eye area cm ² 35.8 ± 1.9 36.9 ± 1.9 The thickness of the fat at three measurements (withers, 6-7 rib, lower back) mm 29.4 ± 2.2 26.0 ± 1.4

Table 12 Indicators of the control slaughter of experimental pigs in terms of live weight of 100 kg Indicators Units rev. GROUPS control experienced Mascara Output: Slaughter mass kg 100.0 100.0 Mass of fresh carcass kg 66.7 66.9 Carcass exit % 66.7 66.9 Half carcass cm 101.8 102.6 Bacon thickness mm 26.1 23.9 The muscle eye area cm ² 34.7 36,2

The use of biologically complete, complete, wet feed mixture prepared on RID-2 by mechanohydro-shock-cavitation-dissipation method in pigs feeding contributed to a 2.0% decrease in the proportion of adipose tissue with an increase in adequate muscle tissue.

A biologically complete, complete ration in a homogeneous, wet form feed mixture, including green mass in the summer, canned product from it (haylage) in the autumn, caused a decrease in the thickness of bacon with a slaughter weight of 3.4 mm (13%) when converted to 100 kg of live weight respectively 2.2 mm (9.2%).

A decrease in the grease of carcasses in the experimental group of animals is manifested by an increase of 10.9% in the meat-oil ratio.

There was a tendency to increase by 3.10% in the area of the “muscle eye” with slaughter weight and by 4.0% when converted to 100 kg of live weight.

When assessing the chemical composition of the longest muscle of the back of fattening pigs in both groups, a fairly close protein content was noted, which was at the level of 20.02-20.12% (Table 13).

According to the estimates of domestic and foreign researchers (overview information of TsNIIGEI) in the muscle tissue of all breeds and pedigree combinations of pigs, relative protein content was noted to be constant: it was programmed at 19.50 ± 1.85%.

In the chemical composition of pig meat that has reached marketable weight, fat is a variable. Its content in intermuscular and muscle tissue is significantly affected by selection for “meatiness”. In our case, when using green feed and products from them (haylage) as part of the feed mixture, a decrease of 3.98% in intermuscular adipose tissue was noted. At the same time, the meat of animals of both variants is assigned to the high class according to the rating scale.

Table 13 The chemical composition of meat and bacon Indicators GROUPS control experienced Chem. meat composition,% Moisture 74.12 74.12 Protein 20.02 20.12 Fat 4.96 4.77 Ash 0.84 0.89 Meat quality Moisture-binding ability,% 57.50 58.40 Concentration, hydrogen ions (pH), units 5.88 5.79 Tryptophan, mg /% 350.38 372.36 Oxyproline, mg /% 46.45 46.72 BKP (protein-quality indicator), units 7.54 7.97 Selenium, mg / kg 0,01034 0.01255 Chem. fat composition,% Moisture 12.00 9.95 Fat 86.04 88.22 Speck quality Melting temperature 33.90 36.36

The content of selenium in the meat of experimental animals of both variants was within the background range (0.01-0.02 mg / kg) of its content in the muscles of animals. At the same time, the content of Selenium in the muscle of experimental animals was in its upper border, exceeding the control by 21.4%, which is due to the presence in the feed mixture of Nut, containing the easily digestible form of Selenium. Such meat from the point of view of a healthy diet is more valuable due to the unique properties of Selenium to block the growth of malignant tumors, it is more expensive to implement.

In the fat of animals that received a biologically complete, complete, wet feed mixture prepared by mechano-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method contained 2.05% less water and almost an adequate amount more fat.

The water-retaining ability (or moisture capacity, or hydration ability, or water-binding ability) depends on the holding capacity of the protein molecule, its electric charge. The higher the degree of hydration of muscle proteins, the all-absorbency of meat, the higher its quality.

The amount of bound water is a sign of juiciness and tenderness of meat, its technological properties.

Low water-holding ability gives the meat dryness, rigidity, makes canning difficult.

The water-holding capacity decreases sharply when the pH of the tissue approaches the isoelectric point of muscle proteins (less than 5.4), and such meat is characterized as soft exudative (PSE).

Water-holding ability also affects the yield of finished products. The higher the water binding capacity of the protein molecule, the stronger the meat binds moisture and less lose it during heat treatment. Therefore, the moisture capacity determines the technological orientation of the meat.

The research results (table 12) showed that the water-holding capacity of the meat of experimental pigs of both groups 24 hours after maturation was within the biological norm (57.50-58.40%).

The concentration of hydrogen ions (pH), determined in a solution from an aqueous extract of crushed muscle tissue, characterizes the level of active acidity of meat and depends on the amount of lactic acid that is formed from glycogen after slaughter of the animal. Too high a pH value above normal (5.4-6.0) leads to an increase in the water-holding ability of meat.

A quick decrease in pH immediately after slaughter increases the acidity of the muscles, which leads to protein denaturation, reduces the water-holding ability, and worsens the technological properties of meat.

High-quality meat has a pH of 5.4-6.0 24-48 hours after slaughter of animals and its maturation at t + 4 ° C. A value below these limits indicates that the meat has a set of indicators characteristic for PSE (pale, soft, watery), and higher values are characteristic for meat DFD (dark, dry).

It was found that the pH of pig meat in both groups of the breed Large White - Landras in the 24-hour time period of maturation was within 5.79-5.88% and corresponded to the biological norm, without going beyond the lower (less than 5.4), and the upper (more than 6.2) border.

The biological value of meat is largely determined by the content of complete proteins, the entire gamut of amino acids, and, in particular, their biological marker - tryptophan. The amount of connective tissue (inferior) proteins is represented by oxyproline. The high value of the protein-quality indicator (BPC) - the ratio of tryptophan / oxyproline indicates a good nutritional value of meat. The higher it is, the higher the biological usefulness of meat.

Tryptophan and oxyproline of the longest back muscle and their ratio, indicating BKP of meat of experimental pigs of both groups, was in the range of 7.54-7.97 units. and consistent with the biological norm.

At the same time, in the meat of pigs that received a biologically complete, full-dose, wet fodder mixture prepared by mechano-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method, it was 21.98 mg /% more than tryptophan, a marker of the biological value of meat.

The fat of the experimental animals was of a dense consistency and had a melting point higher by 2.46 ° C. To obtain such indicators by traditional breeding, it would be necessary to spend at least 20 years. A higher, qualitative characteristic of bacon is due to the presence in the feed mixture of Rye, Green mass of grass and the canned product from it - Senage.

According to GOST 9959-91, a product evaluation committee of 7 people tasted prototypes of cooked meat and broth. Evaluation of meat and products carried out on a 5-point system. The total and average scores are presented in table 14.

Table 14 Tasting evaluation of boiled meat and broth Groups SCORE General average boiled meat bouillon boiled meat bouillon Control 25.3 17.0 4.3 4.3 Experienced 26.0 16.5 4.3 4.1

Commission conclusion:

All presented meat and broth samples are rated as average between excellent and good quality. Boiled meat of both variants had good juiciness, and the broth flavor. Meat color is good, signs of PSE and DFD are absent.

The physiological condition of the experimental animals was assessed by biochemical studies of blood and blood serum, the state of the gastrointestinal tract and parenchymal organs, and visual daily assessment.

Table 15 Biochemical parameters of blood and blood serum Indicators Units rev. GROUPS control experienced BLOOD: Common lipids g / l 2.71 2.77 Phospholipids mmol / l 1.47 1.51 Cholesterol mmol / l 2.54 2,58 BLOOD SERUM: Total protein g / l 71.15 74.50 Albumen g / l 31.36 31.62 Globulin g / l 39.78 42.91 Urea mmol / l 7.38 6.25 Creatinine μmol / l 128.19 129.49 Glucose mmol / l 7.39 6.46 Calcium mmol / l 2.77 2,55 Phosphorus mmol / l 3.35 3.16 ALT A piece of chalk 39.45 43.91 ACT A piece of chalk 35.38 30.83 Alkaline phosphatase A piece of chalk 255.79 257.06

Indicators of blood metabolites and blood serum of experimental animals were within the physiological norm.

The state of parenchymal organs and the gastrointestinal tract was studied according to the results of control slaughter.

It was found that parenchymal organs, with the exception of the lungs, were in good physiological condition. The lungs of all experimental animals had an inherent definition of change, caused, most likely, by a transferred disease of bronchopneumonia.

The mass of parenchymal organs and the gastrointestinal tract was characteristic of the live weight and age of the animal on the day of slaughter (Table 16 - Mass of internal organs).

Table 16 Internal organs GROUPS control experienced Parenchymal Heart 0.27 0.32 Lungs with trachea 0.92 1.12 Liver 1.88 1.74 Kidney 0.36 0.35 Spleen 0.17 0.17 Gastrointestinal tract Gastrointestinal tract without contents 5.85 5.86 including thin stomach 0.55 0.63 intestinal division without contents 2.00 1.83 colon of the intestine without contents 3.30 3.40

It was noted that the experimental animals exceeded their peers from the control group by the weight of the stomach by 14.5%, which was caused by a more voluminous diet, including a wet feed mixture.

Daily inspection allowed to conclude that for the entire period of feeding the animals were in good condition. Feed delivery was carried out according to feeding programs. Digestion disruptions caused by both SK-6 compound feed and full-feed, wet feed mixtures were not observed.

The cost of feed and preparing them for feeding in a number of constituent elements of the cost of production occupy one of the leading places, and the rational use of the first and second is one of the reserves to reduce the cost of production and increase its profitability.

In the cost of production of pork a significant (70%) share is occupied by feed. When calculating the cost of 1 ton of feed mixture in terms of a natural dry form with a moisture content of 12%, the general requirements that feed mills adhere to when producing feed are adhered to.

The calculation includes:

- the cost of raw materials, taking into account their delivery to places of storage;

- losses in production, which are 1.0% of the cost of raw materials;

- production costs (cost of production costs), up to 4% of the cost of raw materials with losses;

- the profitability of the preparation of feed mixtures is not less than 5.0%.

The cost of a biologically complete, complete ration, wet feed mixture prepared by mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method on the RID-2 apparatus, taking into account the above-mentioned costly items, was (Table 17).

Table 17 The cost of a biologically complete, full-ration feed mixture (1 t) in terms of the natural dry form, humidity 12% Raw materials The cost of 1 ton, thousand rubles The proportion of the component in the feed mixture % by weight The cost of the component in the mixture, thousand rubles 1. Barley 3,360 4,920 20,0 16,630 2. Rye 2,500 10,500 42.5 26,250 3. Nut chickpeas 3,520 1,500 6.1 5,280 4. Soya full-fat 8,000 2,000 8.1 16,000 5. Wheat bran 1,600 2,272 9.2 3,635 6. Sunflower cake. 3,690 1,745 7.1 6,439 7. Fishmeal 28,500 0,100 0.4 2,850 8. Tricalcium phosphate 7,670 0.360 1,5 2,761 9. Salt 1,560 0,120 0.4 0.187 10. Premix PKK-52-1a 12,430 0.240 1,0 2.98 11. Green mass of grass 0,500 0.570 2,3 0.890 12. Senage 0,800 0.150 0.6 0.192 13. Chalk 0,800 0.192 0.8 0.154 The cost of raw materials: x 24,669 100.0 84,248 a) The cost of raw materials 1 ton of feed mixture of natural dry (12% moisture) 3,415 x x b) Losses in production, up to 1% 0,034 x x c) Production costs, up to 4% 0.138 x x d) Profitability in the development of feed mixtures - 5% 0.173 x x The cost of biologically complete feed mixture 3,760

Based on the cost of a biologically complete, full-feed, wet feed mixture and compound feed - the SK-6 standard, the economic efficiency of pig fattening was calculated (Table 18).

Table 18 Economic efficiency of fattening pigs (per 1 head) Indicators Units rev. GROUPS control experienced Fed animals Goal. 61 55 Fattening period Days 145 145 Live weight when fattening Kg 34.2 32,2 Commercial mass after fattening Kg 118.4 116.6 Weight gain during the fattening period Kg 84.2 84,4 Feed consumed during the feeding period Kg 390.1 376.3 Cost of feed Rub. 2106.54 1414.88 Cost of 1 cent live weight Rub. Total: 3574.04 2549.64 Including stern: 2106.54 1414.88 Costs per 1 kg of growth Rub. 35.74 25,50 Selling price of 1 kg live weight Rub. 4900 5600 Gross income from the sale of live weight per head Rub. 5801.6 6,529.6 Taxable income Rub / kg 13.26 30.50 Profitability % 37% 119%

It has been established that the use of biologically complete, complete, wet feed mixtures from purchased components prepared by mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method on the RID-2 apparatus in pigs allows 28.7% reduction in the cost of live weight gain and, in addition, get 82.00% more profit in addition - due to a higher price for such meat (high quality category enriched with Selenium) and, as a result, increase the profitability of pork production by 82.00%.

In farms that use their own feed in kind, profitability of up to 150% can be achieved.

The studies carried out at the first stage, on the development and testing of zootechnical requirements for the new RID-2 equipment system, which implements mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method for the preparation of complete, biologically complete, wet fodder mixtures for pig fattening, allowed to conclude:

- new equipment RID-2 is a mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation apparatus, which performs the functions of a grinder, dispersant and, at the same time, a heater and a pump;

- the preparation of biologically complete feed mixtures is carried out in an environment of high humidity from natural feed raw materials - cereal grain, legumes, waste from their processing (bran, flour), products from waste from various processing industries (alcohol stillage, brewing grains, oil extraction, meal, meal, starch - corn-gluten feed, etc.). The device allows you to use in a single technological cycle of preparation of the green mass of grass, products from its conservation, juicy. The resulting homogeneous feed mixture can be delivered to places of detention by any means of transport via a mobile pipeline.

The device RID-2 for pig-breeding enterprises excludes the purchase of feed mills, equipment for the preliminary preparation of components - extruders, expanders, peeled, granulators;

- the developed two modes of preparation of biologically complete feed mixtures can be used: the second - t ° at the outlet 65 ° С, humidity - 72.6%, the consistency is homogeneous for young animals of the first, the first - with indicators respectively 32 ° С, humidity - 68.5% and moderately homogeneous consistency for the second period of fattening;

- in terms of the productive effect, a biologically complete, full-time, wet feed mixture is not inferior to the compound feed - standard: SK-6. During the fattening period, the average daily weight gain of the experimental animals was at the level of 581-582 g with a 3.2% reduction in feed payment due to its better use in the growth phase (I period of fattening);

- animals that received biologically complete, complete, moist feed mixtures exceeded their peers from the control group in terms of meat yield by 2.0% and by an adequate amount of reduced bacon and its thickness by 13% for slaughter and 9.2% when converted to 100 kg of live weight;

- with the quality of meat products of all experimental animals corresponding to a high class (rating scale), in the meat of experimental animals was 21.98 mg /% more than the marker of the biological value of meat - tryptophan;

- in the muscle of experimental animals, Selena was more by 21.4% than in the control, which is due to the presence in the feed mixture of Nut, containing the easily digestible form of Selenium. Such meat from the point of view of a healthy diet is more valuable due to the unique properties of Selenium to block the growth of malignant tumors, it is more expensive to implement. That is, including those or other components of the feed, components (if necessary with special features of the content of certain micro and macro elements, other substances) due to the mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method, you can purposefully set the quality characteristics of the resulting meat

The use of biologically complete, complete, moist fodder mixtures in pigs allowed to reduce the cost of 1 kg of gain in live weight by 28.7%, to get 82.0% more profit due to higher meat quality and, as a result, to achieve profitability of pork production by purchased feed - 119%, with a world average of about 50%.

The second stage was held in 2007.

At the 2nd stage, production testing of feed mixtures obtained by mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method was carried out in a pig farm of the collective farm named after Guryanova of the Kaluga Region on animals during the entire productive sow cycle in unproductive rest (single period) → gestation → lactation → young stock → fattening to marketable mass (without the use of rye, for a comparative analysis of the quality of meat and bacon, taking into account previous experience in fattening using Rye up to 50% (first stage).

Two groups of sows of the same structure were formed (farrowing), 50 animals each. The sows of the basic version were fed feed mixtures prepared on the farm using traditional crushing and mixing equipment, the experienced sows were fed wet mixtures produced on RID-2 - mechanically-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method.

Piglet-suckling pigs obtained from experimental sows, and later reared and fattened young animals were fed according to the scheme of testing two types of feed mixtures of the basic version, prepared on farm equipment, the experimental - on RID-2 - mechanically-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method (tab .19).

Recipes of feed mixtures were developed from raw materials available on the farm. It should be noted that the raw material base at the enterprise did not differ in constancy and good availability of protein feed, which did not make it possible to achieve protein and amino acid levels for each sex and age group of pigs in feed recipes. This situation with the feed base is characteristic of many pig farms that produce pork on their own feed.

Nevertheless, when developing feed mixtures, we adhered to the requirements of the RF standard GOST R 51550-2000 and methodological recommendations for calculating recipes for feed products of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation and VNIIMP - 2005, bearing in mind that the components of the feed mixtures should be of good taste and not disturb digestion.

Feed mixtures are enriched with macroelements due to mineral additives, microelements and vitamins due to premixes P 53-1 and KS-4.

6 recipes of feed mixtures for uterus of different phases of the production cycle were developed (Table 20), 4 recipes for farmed piglets (Table 21) and 3 recipes for fattened young animals (Table 22).

Table 20 a) Composition and nutritional value of feed mixtures for sows Components% by weight The physiological status of sows non-producing. rest (single) 1st half of gestation (84 days) second half of gestation (31 days) lactation (50 days) type of feed mixtures KS-1 KS-2 SK6-5-1 SK6-5-2 KS-3 KS-4 one 2 3 four 5 6 7 Barley 74,2 73,2 42.5 42.5 20,0 20,0 Wheat - - 37.5 37.5 51.3 51.3 Oats 15.0 15.0 - - - - Corn Gluten Feed 5,0 5,0 - - 20,0 20,0 Wheat bran - - 11.0 11.0 - - Sunflower meal 3.0 3.0 - - - - Full Fat Soya - 1,0 - - - - Soybean meal - - 3.2 3.2 - - ZOM - - - - 5,0 5,0 protein feed - - 3.0 3.0 - - a piece of chalk 0.8 0.8 - - 1.4 1.4 Limestone flour - - 1.8 1.8 - - Salt 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 monocalcium phosphate 0.5 0.5 - - 0.8 0.8 Premix KS-4 - - 0.5 0.5 - - Premix P-53-1 1,0 1,0 - - 1,0 1,0 Wax-oat haylage, kg per 0.9 kg of the concentrate of the feed mixture 0.350 0.350 0.350 % nutritional value: concentrate part haylage 100.0 90.0 100.0 90.0 100.0 90.0 - 10.0 - 10.0 - 10.0 The cost of 1 kg of feed mixture, rub. 4,56 4.23 7.70 6.93 6.38 5.82

Continuation of Table 20 b) Nutrition of feed mixtures Nutrients and Elements
power supply No. of feed mixtures K-1 K-2 SK-6-5 SK-6-5 K-5 K-6 Exchange energy, MJ 12.09 12.10 12.50 12.45 12.37 12.32 Crude protein, g 118.6 128.0 150.0 154.0 138.7 143.8 Crude Fat, g 24.3 28.8 23.7 21.9 25.9 28.9 Crude fiber, g 68.0 102.8 54.0 100.0 50.8 87.4 Lysine, g 4.1 4.3 5,0 4.6 4.9 4.9 Methionine + cystine, g 4.0 4.2 5.3 5.3 6.0 6.0 Calcium g 5.1 6.2 8.2 8.6 8.7 9.1 Phosphorus, g 4.8 5.2 5.8 5.7 5,6 5.5 Carotene, mg 0.4 23.9 0.5 21.5 0.5 29.2

Table 21 Composition and nutritional value of feed mixtures for reared young animals Components,% by weight Young growth in age, days 15-30 31-50 51-60 61-115 Type of feed mixture KS-P-1 KS-P-2 KS-P-3 KS-P-4 Barley 19.0 28.0 28.0 26.5 Barley without film - 19.0 19.0 18.0 Wheat - 19.0 19.0 18.0 ZOM 9.8 5,0 5,0 - Grain mixture 48.6 - - - Kukur. gluten feed 19.0 - - - Sunflower meal - 9.3 9.3 8.8 Soybean meal - 3.2 3.2 3.0 Wheat bran - 10,4 10.5 10.0 Protein mixture - 2.9 2.9 2.7 Known. flour - 1.7 1.7 1,6 Salt 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 a piece of chalk 1.4 - - - Monocalcium phosphate 0.8 - - - Vegetable oil - 0.5 0.4 0.4 Kemsheim W - 0.05 0.05 0.05 Grass (vetch - oats) - - - 10.0 Premix: KS-4 - 0.45 0.45 0.45 P53-1 1,0 - - - 1 kg of the feed mixture contains, g: Metabolic energy, MJ 12.7 12.9 12.9 11.5 Crude protein 141.8 154.9 154.9 140.7 Crude fat 32.6 32,0 32,0 23.5 Crude fiber 48,4 57.2 57.2 60.0 Lizina 5.5 7.2 7.2 6.1 Methionine + Cystine 6.2 5,0 5,0 4.9 Calcium 8.7 7.9 7.9 7.3 Phosphorus 5.7 5.3 5.3 4.8

Table 22 Composition and nutritional value of feed mixtures for fattened young animals Components,% by weight Type of feed mixtures KS-O-1 KS-O-2 KS-O-3 Barley 60.0 67.5 62.9 Oats 10.0 - - Wheat 27.5 - - Kukur. gluten free. feed - 20,0 15.0 Haylage - 10.0 10.0 Sunflower meal - - 9.0 Lysine - - 0.001 a piece of chalk 1,0 1,0 1,0 Defluorinated phosphate - - 0.6 Salt 0.5 0.5 0.5 Premix P 53-1 1,0 1,0 1,0 1 kg of feed mixture contains: Feed units 1,2 1,0 1,0 Metabolic energy, MJ 12,4 11,4 11.3 Crude protein, g 116 125 148 Perevar. protein, g 89 99 120 Crude Fat, g 23 21 22 Crude fiber, g 44 64 71 Lysine, g 3,7 4.4 6.0 Methionine + cystine, g 3,5 4,5 5,4 Salt, g 5,0 5,0 5,0 Calcium, g 5,4 6.3 8.1 Phosphorus, g 3.6 4.4 6.0 The cost of 1 kg of feed mixture, rub. 4.03 4.14 4.49

Feed mixtures for animals of both the basic and experimental versions were fed according to feeding programs. Sows received food depending on the phases of the production cycle (Table 5).

Piglets-suckers of the control and experimental version from 15 to 30 days. and from 31 to 50 days. the age was fed with feed mixture KS-P-1 and KS-P-2, respectively (Table 23).

Table 23 Sow Feeding Program Periods Duration, days Feed mixture consumed, kg per day over a period type of feed Unproductive period of preparation for mating, mating 42 ^x) 3,1 130.2 first 2/3 gestation (1-84 days) 84 2.6 218.4 last 1/3 of gestation (85-115 days) 31 3.2 99,2 157 604.8 FARROW after farrowing, days one one 0.6 0.6 2 to 4 3 2.6 7.8 from 5 to 8 four 4,5 18.0 from 9 to 11 3 6.0 18.0 from 12 to 35 24 6.7 160.8 from 36 to 48 13 6.5 84.5 from 49 to 50 2 3.2 6.4 fifty 296.1

Table 24 Feeding program for suckling piglets: Age, days Feed intake Type of feed mixture per day, g for the period, kg 15-20 60 0.360 KS-P-1 21-25 136 0.680 26-30 250 1,250 31-35 320 1,600 KS-P-2 36-40 420 2,100 41-45 540 2,700 46-50 650 3,250 15-50 332 11.94

The young of the basic version of the feed mixture was obtained in dry form with moistening with water before feeding, the pigs of the experimental version wet, homogeneous feed mixture prepared on RID-2 - mechanically-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method.

Piglets weaned, on average, in 50 days. age (rhythm tour).

Weaned piglets of the initial phase of rearing (51-60 days) were fed the same feed mixture as suckling young animals in the pre-weaning period (KS-P-2).

From 61 to 115 days. age is excluded from the ZOM feed mixture, green grass is introduced into the experimental - biologically complete, full-ration, wet feed mixture. Piglets of the control variant were given green grass in the form of cutting in the same amount as the young growth of the experimental variant (Table 25)

Table 25 Piglet Feeding Program Age weeks Feed consumption, kg per day during the week 8 (-1) 0.50 4.2 9 0.79 5.5 10 0.86 6.0 eleven 0.93 6.5 12 1,03 7.2 13 1.14 8.0 fourteen 1.31 9.2 fifteen 1.43 10.0 16 1.51 10.6 17 (-4) 1,63 4.9 8-17 1,11 72.1

The physical form of the feed mixtures fed to weaning pigs is adequate for the suction period.

The fattening young growth of the basic version received the feed mixture KS-O-1 during the entire feeding period, the experimental - in the first feeding period KS-O-2, in the second KS-O-3 (Table 26).

Table 26 Feeding program for young animals Age weeks Feed consumption, kg OPTIONS base experienced per day during the week type of feed mixture per day during the week type of feed mixture 17 (-3) 2.20 8.8 KS-O-1 2.10 8.40 KS-O-2 eighteen 2.20 15.4 2.10 14.7 19 2,30 16.1 2.20 15.4 twenty 2,30 16.1 2.20 15.4 21 2.40 16.8 2,30 16.1 22 2.40 16.8 2,30 16.1 23 2,50 17.50 2,38 16.7 24 2,50 17.50 2.40 16.8 25 2.70 18.90 2.60 18.2 26 2.70 18.90 2.60 18.2 KS-O-3 27 2.90 20.30 2.80 19.6 28 2.90 20.30 2.80 19.6 29th 3.10 21.70 3.00 21.0 thirty 3.30 23.10 3.20 22.4 31 3.30 23.10 3.20 22.4 32 3,50 24.50 3.40 23.8 33 (-3) 3,50 24.50 3.40 13.6 17-33 2.78 314.0 2.64 298.4

The physical form of the feed mixture of the basic version is dry, experimental - wet, homogeneous, developed at RID-2 - mechanically-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method.

Feed mixtures prepared using the new RID-2 processing equipment exceeded basic feed mixtures in their productive action.

The use of feed mixtures prepared at RID-2 provided the best reproductive and lactational abilities of the experimental sows, compared with the basic one. So, the multiple pregnancy of sows was 1.4 (15.3%) piglets large in the absence of stillbirths.

The best physiological state of sows allowed the formation of full-fledged nests (10.2 goals), exceeding 1.6 goals. (18.6%) nests of the basic version.

Lactating sows fed with feed mixtures prepared using new equipment had a 10.6 kg (23.2%) increased milk yield compared to the animals of the basic version.

The weight of the weaned piglet of the sows group of the basic variant was 11.7 kg, of the experimental one - 14.2 kg with the safety of young animals, respectively, 89.9 and 93.1% (Table 27).

Table 27 Reproductive and lactational qualities of sows Indicators unit of measurement GROUPS control experienced Number of animals Goal. 45 49 Multiple pregnancy Goal. 8.8 10.15 including living Goal. 8.4 10.13 Large-fruited kg 1.00 1.10 Left piglets in the nest for suction Goal. 8.6 10,2 Milkiness kg 45.66 56.28 The number of piglets for weaning, age 50 days Goal. 7.4 9.0 Nest mass kg 86.58 127.8 The mass of one pig kg 11.7 14.2 Growth for the period common suction kg 10.7 13.1 average daily g 214 262 Feed consumption for suction period kg 11.94 11.94 Feed conversion excluding breast milk kg / kg 1,11 0.91

In the post-weaning (51-60 days) and main (61-115 days) phases of young growth, the experimental group exceeded their peers from the base variant in growth intensity by 22.9 and 6.7%, respectively, with reduced feed costs per growth unit by 17, 4 and 9.1% (Table 28).

Table 28 Growth rate, payment of feed for reared young animals Indicators unit of measurement OPTIONS base experienced Number of animals Goal. 230 420 Live weight kg at the beginning of cultivation 11.7 14.2 in the end 32.8 37.0 Growth common kg 21.1 22.8 average daily g 329 356 Feed consumption kg 72.1 72.1 Feed conversion kg / kg 3.41 3.16

The productive effect of biologically complete, full-ration, wet feed mixtures prepared using the new RID-2 technological equipment on increasing the reproductive and lactational abilities of uterus and the growth rate of reared young animals is due to a number of positive qualities:

- Smell, taste, physical form, temperature of feed mixtures (26-28 ° С in a feeding trough);

- the conversion of the carbohydrate and protein complex of the feed into an easily accessible form - starch in sugar, protein in oligopeptides;

- the possibility of using green feed and canned products from them as part of a homogeneous feed mixture, whose nutrients are freed from acid-detergent elements of plant fibers due to the cavitation-dissipation effect of RID-2.

The feed mixture prepared by mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method, in its own productive effect, exceeded the basic one, the composition of which was based solely on a concentrate basis. In the first period of fattening, the young growth of the experimental variant, which received the feed mixture in a homogeneous wet form, exceeded its peers from the base by 25.5% in average daily weight gain with a 23.5% reduction in feed costs per growth unit (Table 29).

Table 29 The dynamics of the live weight of the growth of fattening young animals, feed conversion: Indicators unit of measurement OPTIONS base experienced The first period of fattening, age 116-176 Number of animals Goal. 40 40 Live weight kg at the beginning of the period 36.5 40.5 at the end of the period 62.7 73.3 Mass gain common kg 26.2 32.8 average daily g 436 547 Feed consumption kg 143.9 137.8 Feed conversion kg / kg 5.49 4.20 The second period of fattening, age 177-228 Live weight kg 95.0 115.0 Mass gain common kg 32.3 41.7 average daily g 621 802 Feed consumption kg 170.1 160.6 Feed conversion kg / kg 5.27 3.85 For the entire period of feeding, age 116-228 Mass gain common kg 58.5 74.5 average daily g 522 665 Feed consumption kg 314.0 298.4 Feed conversion kg / kg 5.36 4.01

In the second period of feeding, knowing the effectiveness of mechano-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method, sunflower meal was included in the feed mixture of the experimental version, which allowed to bring the protein level to normal. It was interesting to track the growth rate of fattening pigs on a balanced feed mixture. The average daily gain of fattening young animals on such feed mixture reached 802 g, surpassing the basic version by 29.1% with reduced feed costs per unit of increase by 27.0%.

In general, during the feeding period, the growth rate of the fattening young growth of the experimental variant was 27.4% higher with the feed costs per kg of growth reduced by 25.2%.

The slaughter yield of the carcass with the skin of pigs of the experimental variant was 5.9% more than the baseline (Table 12) and was due to the greater slaughter mass and feeding system (Table 30).

Table 30 Indicators of control slaughter of experimental pigs Indicators Units rev. OPTIONS base experienced Mascara Output: slaughter mass kg 96.7 115.0 mass of fresh carcass kg 63,4 79.7 carcass exit % 65.5 69.3 half carcass length cm 104 106 Mascara composition: weight of chilled carcass kg 62,2 78,2 meat % 58.1 58.8 bacon 29.0 29.6 bones 11.8 11.6 Odds: meat and bone 4.92 5.07 meat-fat 2.00 1.99 The muscle eye area cm 35,2 36.8 Thickness of bacon in three measurements mm 28 29th (withers, 6-7 rib, lower back)

The use of feed mixtures of different preparation technologies in feeding fattening pigs did not have a significant effect on the morphological composition of carcasses. The yields of meat, bacon and bones were characteristic of the breed (KB) used in the experiment.

The ratios of both meat and bone and meat and bone were the same.

When assessing the composition of the longest muscle of the back of fattening pigs, there was a tendency to increase the protein content in the meat of animals of the experimental version by 0.99% (Table 31).

Table 31 The chemical composition of meat Indicators Options base experienced Meat composition,% moisture 73.37 72.48 protein 21.38 22.37 fat 4.17 4.02 ash 1.12 1.13

According to estimates of domestic and foreign studies in the muscle tissue of all breeds and pedigree combinations of pigs, a relatively constant protein content was noted: it was programmed at 19.50 ± 1.85%.

The composition of the meat of pigs that have reached marketable mass, the variable is fat. Its content in intermuscular and muscle tissue is significantly affected by selection for meatiness. In our case, when using feed mixtures of different preparation technologies in feeding pigs that were fed, a rather close (4.02-4.17%) content of intermuscular adipose tissue was noted. Meat of animals of both variants on a rating scale is assigned to a high class.

The quality of meat is characterized by a number of important indicators, such as: water-holding ability, pH, the content of tryptophan, oxyproline, protein-quality indicator.

Moisture retention capacity (or moisture capacity, or hydration ability, or water binding capacity) depends on the retention capacity of the protein molecule, being a sign of either juiciness and tenderness of meat with good, or dryness and stiffness with low value.

The research results (table 32) showed that the water-holding ability of the meat of experimental pigs of both variants 24 hours after maturation was within the biological norm (55.10-55.90).

Table 32 Qualitative indicators of the longest back muscle Indicators Options base experienced Moisture-binding ability,% 55.10 55.90 PH, units 5.77 5.82 Tryptophan, mg /% 372.40 392.03 Oxyproline, mg /% 50.10 43.00 KBP (protein-quality indicator), units 7.43 9.12 The color intensity, units E × 1000 130.0 132.4 The gain in the cut, kg / cm 2.40 1,50 Losses during heat treatment,% 37.90 37.30

The pH level in quality meat is in the range of 5.4-6.0 units. 24-48 hours after slaughter of animals and its maturation at t + 4 ° C.

A value below these limits indicates that the meat has a set of indicators characteristic for PSE (pale, soft, watery), and higher values are characteristic for meat DFD (dark, dry).

The pH of pig meat from experimental variants of purebred animals in the 24-hour time period of maturation was in the range of 5.77-5.82, which corresponded to the biological norm, without going beyond both the lower (less than 5.4) and upper (more than 6, 2) boundaries.

The content of tryptophan and oxyproline in the longest muscle of the back and their ratio, indicating a protein-quality indicator of meat (BPC) of meat of experimental pigs of the basic and experimental versions, were respectively in the range of 7.43 and 9.12 units. and consistent with the biological norm.

At the same time, the quality indicators of animal meat of the experimental variant, being within the biological norm, exceeded the meat of young fatteners, which are base in the amount of tryptophan amino acid, which is a biological marker of meat value by 5.3%, while hydroxyproline, which is 14.0% less, is less valuable. The gain in the section was 1.6 times lower, which indicates the tenderness of the meat.

Based on the actual costs in the specified farm, which are the cost of the main types of productivity in different phases of the production cycle: born piglet → growth of young animals in different growth phases → commercial mass of fattening pigs, the economic efficiency of using feed mixtures prepared using the new RID-2 equipment is calculated - mechano -shock-cavitation-dissipation method.

The cost of production included all the cost items (feed, energy, salary, depreciation of fixed assets, overhead).

The use of feed mixtures prepared using RID-2 equipment ensured a reduction in the cost of the born piglet by 17.6%, piglet weaning by 17.7%, and a 4% lower total cost of rearing and fattening young animals (Table 33).

Table 33 Economic efficiency of using feed mixtures in pig feed Indicators unit of measurement OPTIONS basic (household) experienced 1. The cost of the born pig rub. 441.9 364.2 2. Piglet at weaning 50 days rub. 498.5 405.3 3. The growth of piglets during cultivation 51-115 days rub. 652.6 658.7 4. The growth of fattening young animals rub. 1807.7 1837.0 5. The total cost of growing fattening young animals rub. 3400.7 3265,2 6. Live weight of pigs when sold kg 95.0 115.0 7. The selling price for 1 kg of live weight rub. 52 52 8. Gross income from sales rub. 4940 5980 9. Taxable income rub. 1539.3 2714.8 10. PROFITABILITY % 45.27 83.14

A higher (by 21.0%) growth rate of animals of the experimental version provided an increase in gross income from sales, profit and, as a result, an increase of 37.87% in the profitability of pork production compared to the baseline.

The second stage of the experiments showed that the use of feed mixtures prepared at RID-2 - mechanically-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method, in feeding pigs of different age and gender groups allows:

- increase the multiplicity of uterus by 1.4 pigs (15.3%) per farrow;

- increase the milk yield of sows by 23.2%;

- increase the growth rate of reared young animals by 22.9% with reduced feed costs per unit of increase, reduced by 17.4%;

- increase the intensity of fattening by 27.4% with a 25.2% reduction in feed costs per unit of increase;

- improve meat quality by increasing the biological marker of tryptophan protein by 5.4% and reduce the valuable amino acid oxyproline by 14.0%, with the same feed composition;

- increase the profitability of pork production by 37.87% compared with the base in the specified (typical) farm.

Comparing the results of the two stages of feed testing, prepared by mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method, it is clear that not only the method of obtaining feeds, but also their composition, which must be selected in such a way as to maximize efficiency, is a significant factor in obtaining the final results use all the factors that affect the digestion of animals, birds and fish.

The components of the feed prepared by mechanical hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method may contain the following ratio (wt.%):

Rye 0.1-33.6 Cereals (wheat, triticale, barley, oats, millet, etc.) 0.1-33.6 Corn 0.1-33.6 Legumes (soy, chickpeas, beans, beans, peas, rank, lentils, etc.) 0.1-33.6 The dry combined feeds SK-1, SK-2, SK-3, SK-4, SK-5, SK-6, SK-7 0.1-33.6 Juicy wild and / or fodder cultivated grass 0.1-33.6 Dry grass (hay, straw) and / or grass meal 0.1-33.6 Products of processing of juicy grass (haylage, silo) 0.1-33.6 Vegetables (potatoes, beets, carrots, etc.) 0.1-33.6 Fruits (apples, pears, etc.) 0.1-33.6 Berries (pumpkin, watermelon, bananas, eggplant, zucchini, etc.) 0.1-33.6 Agricultural processing waste (oilcake, meal, bran, stone, etc.) 0.1-33.6 Food waste (bard, beer pellet, etc.) 01-336 Algae (underwater, surface, reeds, sow thistles, etc.) 0.1-33.6 Premixes 0.30-0.35 Trace elements 0.26-0.52 Vitamins (vitamin complexes and supplements) 0.04-0.08 Mineral raw materials / additives (zeolite, flask, tripoli, diatomite, etc.) 0.40-0.45 Edible salt 0.49-0.50 Calcium-containing raw materials 0.40-0.45 Water (humidity) 65-76

Variants of the wet form of full-feed feeds (65% humidity), prepared by mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method using Rye, cooking temperature - 50-55 ° C, wt.%:

Variants of the wet form of feed (65% humidity) prepared by mechanical hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method using separate components for preparing dry monoconcentrates, additives and / or flour enriched with vitamins, micro- and macroelements on their basis, the cooking temperature is 30 -60 ° C, wt.%:

Variants of the wet form of complete feed (72% moisture) prepared by mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method using Rye, cooking temperature - 60-65 ° C, wt.%:

Variants of the wet form of feed (72% moisture) prepared by mechanical hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method using components separately for preparing dry monoconcentrates, additives and / or flour on their basis, cooking temperature - 60-65 ° C, wt.% :

Table 40 Feed mixture: I II III IV V VI VII VII I IX X Xi XII XIII XIV Rye 26.6 - - - - - - - - - - - - - Other cereals - 26.6 - - - - - - - - - - - - Corn - - 26.6 - - - - - - - - - - - Legumes - - - 26.6 - - - - - - - - - - Juicy grass - - - - 26.6 - - - - - - - - - Hay (straw) - - - - - 26, 6 - - - - - - - - Haylage - - - - - - 26.6 - - - - - - - Vegetables - - - - - - - 26.6 - - - - - - Fruits - - - - - - - - 26.6 - - - - - Berries (pumpkin, watermelon, etc.) - - - - - - - - - 26.6 - - - - Agricultural waste - - - - - - - - - - 26.6 - - - Food waste - - - - - - - - - - - 26.6 - - Seaweed - - - - - - - - - - - - 26.6 - Branches of bushes and trees - - - - - - - - - - - - - 26.6 Premixes 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.3 5 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 Micro and macro elements 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 0.52 Vitamins 0,0 8 0,0 8 0,0 8 0,0 8 0,0 8 0,0 8 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 Mineral supplements 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.4 5 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 Water 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72 72

Variants of the liquid form of full-feed feeds (75% moisture) prepared by mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method using Rye, cooking temperature - 60-100 ° C, wt.%:

Variants of liquid substrates (75% humidity) prepared by mechanically-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method using separate components for preparing dry monoconcentrates, additives and / or flour enriched with vitamins, micro- and macroelements on their basis, the cooking temperature is 15- 100 ° C, wt.%:

Table 42 Feed mixture: I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X Xi XII XIII XIV Rye 24 - - - - - - - - - - - - - Other cereals - 24 - - - - - - - - - - - - Corn - - 24 - - - - - - - - - - - Grain bean
high - - - 24 - - - - - - - - - Juicy grass - - - - 24 - - - - - - - - Hay (straw) - - - - - 24 - - - - - - - - Haylage - - - - - - 24 - - - - - - - Vegetables - - - - - - - 24 - - - - - - Fruits - - - - - - - - 24 - - - - - Berries (pumpkin, watermelon, etc.) - - - - - - - - - 24 - - - - Agricultural waste -
work - - - 24 Food waste - - - - - - - - - - - 24 - Seaweed - - - - - - - - - - - 24 - Branches of bushes and trees - - - - - - - - - - - - - 24 Premixes 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Micro and macro elements 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 Vitamins 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 Mineral
nye additives 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 Water 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75 75

Variants of liquid substrates (75% humidity) prepared by mechanically-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method with the use of components separately for preparing dry monoconcentrates, additives and / or flour on their basis, without the addition of vitamins, micro and macro additives, cooking temperature - 15 -100 ° C, wt.%:

The essential features of the mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method are, in the aggregate, both the parameters of the technological (physical) effect on the processed components of the feed mixtures, and the physical form and properties of the feed ingredients themselves (dry, wet, soft, solid, water-soluble, insoluble in water, etc. .d.). And the totality of all the parameters of the method ultimately determine the qualitative characteristics of wet and liquid feeds obtained in this way, as well as the basis for the further production of dry protein-vitamin mineral supplements, concentrates, isolates and animal feed, poultry and fish.

Salient features of a technological (physical) impact are:

1) Mechanical impact - in the form of cutting edges of the rotor and stator of the grinder of the dispersant of mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation action, primarily acting as knives, easily cutting large, fibrous components of the feed. In addition, intensive grinding of feed components and mixtures occurs in the gaps between the stator and the rotor.

2) Hydroshock impact - as a result of the primary (during inertial acceleration of the feed mixture in the rotor and impact of the ingredients on the stator walls, flattening and integrity) and the secondary (when the feed components hit the walls of the "cochlea" and among themselves in multidirectional (random) flows, stator and piping) water hammer.

3) Cavitation effect - as a result (from Latin Cavitas - emptiness, vacuum) the formation in the liquid of cavities (cavitation bubbles or caverns) filled with gas, steam or a mixture thereof.

Cavitation occurs as a result of a local decrease in pressure in the liquid, which can occur either with an increase in its velocity (hydrodynamic cavitation), or with the passage of a high-intensity acoustic wave during a half-period of rarefaction (acoustic cavitation). Moving with the flow to a region with a higher pressure or a half-compression period, the cavitation bubble closes, radiating a shock wave.

Cavitation differs from ordinary boiling in that, as the flow rate of the liquid relative to the body (barrier) increases in the zones adjacent to the body, the pressure of the stream decreases to the pressure of saturated vapor (vacuum). In this case, the liquid boils, and cavitation vapor-gas bubbles of microscopic sizes are formed.

Further, cavitation bubbles, falling into the high-pressure region, are closed, condensed by cumulative jets into points. At these points, cumulative effects lead to a point increase in pressure to tens of thousands of atmospheres (10 ⁴ kgf / cm ² or more), with the formation of point temperatures of the order of 10 ° C, which, apparently, causes the glow of bubbles during cavitation.

In addition, a sharp (sudden) disappearance of cavitation bubbles leads to the formation of additional hydraulic shocks and, as a result, to the creation of nonlinear-wave compressions and stretches in the fluid with ultrasonic frequency.

The collapse of cavitation bubbles occurs many thousands of times per second during half-periods of compression, creating short-term (about 10 ^-6 sec) pressure pulses, and as a result of point hydraulic shock combined with compressions and stretching with an ultrasonic frequency, with the accompanying temperature action (self-heating) Cavitation destroys highly durable materials.

The combined effect of cumulative streams, hydrodynamic shock, ultrasonic field and elevated temperature generated by cavitation, lead to:

- grinding (disintegration and dispersion) to an ultrafine state of solid particles in a liquid;

- intensification of chemical reactions (hydrolysis, extraction) tens or even thousands of times;

- emulsification of usually immiscible products (water - vegetable oil, animal fats, etc.);

- breaking polymer chains in the plant shell, translating them into a new structural state;

- homogenization of the processed product;

- sterilization of the treated fluid;

- pasteurization of food and feed;

- the degradation of starches into sugars, proteins into peptides, amino acids;

- rupture of the cell membranes of plants and other organisms, and so on.

4) Dissipation effect — the energy of the hydrodynamic flow is sorted into batches, in other words, it is quantized, and the value of the energy dissipation of the flow contributes to the cascade transfer of energy from large-scale components of turbulence to increasingly small-scale ones, which leads to the most efficient homogenization of the mixture, to the maximum possible mixing of extracted substances into the water, while there is an active degassing of feed mixtures at low temperatures (from 0 to 65 ° C) and at atmospheric pressure, which rivodit to preserve unaltered polyunsaturated fatty acids in the oil feedstock and vegetable fats of animal origin (when used in feed mixes).

5) Thermal exposure - as a result of cavitation-dissipation exposure, intense self-heating of the processed mixture occurs. At atmospheric pressure, heating is possible up to 97 ° C, in an airtight circuit more than 100 ° C.

The working temperature of the mixtures in the described method does not exceed 100 ° C.

To implement the above types of technological (physical) effects on the processed substances, the RID-2 apparatus was designed and manufactured - a rotary grinder - disperser, which is a system of hydraulic shock resonators in the form of variable cross-section channels installed around the circumferences of a cylindrical rotor and stator. In this case, the rotor is mounted concentrically inside the stator. The stator design provides cavitation sinuses in the form of expanding holes - confusers.

Hydroshock resonators are oriented along the fluid flow, in which the occurrence of turbulence is achieved by periodically blocking the resonator channel in the zone of an abrupt increase in pressure due to direct (primary) hydraulic shock. In general, this is a complex oscillatory system, where the driving generator is the rotor, which creates a field of velocities and pressures, and the transmission medium is liquid (water).

The pressure impulse of direct hydraulic shock in accordance with the formula of E.I.Zhukovsky is

where ΔP is the pressure increase, N / m ² , ρ is the liquid density, kg / m ³ , V ₀ , V is the average flow velocity before the resonator channels overlap and after them, m / s, α is the shock wave propagation velocity along the resonator channel , m / s, equal to the speed of sound in a liquid with absolutely rigid walls of hydroshock resonators.

Substituting ρ = 1000 kg / m ³ , V ₀ = 100 m / s (determined by the installation parameters), V = 0, α = 1440 m / s, we obtain ΔP = 1.4 · 10 ⁸ N / m ² . This is significantly higher than the discontinuity of the medium.

At the moment of interruption of the hydrodynamic flow - the system of elastic deformation of a viscous liquid (porridge, suspension) - a sharp drop in speed and increase in pressure occur with the simultaneous mixing of all layers of liquid (porridge, suspension) in the entire volume of the channels with the appearance of numerous vortices, which are the birth of turbulence.

Since hydraulic shocks follow continuously with a constant value of pressure pulses, alternating compression-rarefaction zones are formed in the cavities of hydraulic shock resonators, which contribute to the additional mixing of each portion of the liquid (feed).

If the frequencies of the self-oscillations of the liquid, the generator of nonlinear oscillations and the hydroshock resonator are equal, the amplitude of the oscillation pulses in the resonator increases to “stationary” and is kept constant, non-fading, due to feedback made by changing the frequency or speed of the rotating rotor.

The interruption frequency of the flow is set so that in the first half-cycle the resonator channel is open, and in the second and subsequent ones closed. The pulses received in the first half-periods due to resonance take the maximum magnitude of the amplitude and go in the opposite direction. The frequency spectrum becomes discrete, and the resulting turbulence is stable, i.e. managed.

The hydrodynamic flow energy is sorted into portions, quantized, and the flow energy dissipation also corresponds to the described theory in the framework of A. Kolmogorov’s hypotheses regarding the determination of the energy parameter of the ε-cascade energy transfer from large-scale turbulence components to increasingly small-scale ones.

The practical significance of controlled turbulence is, first of all, a wide field of intensification of mass transfer processes in liquid-liquid, liquid-solid systems, which makes it possible to actively introduce the latest technologies based on the RID-2 apparatus.

The essential features of the physical form and properties of the feed ingredients themselves are:

Hard and hard components with abrasive properties:

1) Dry cereal grain: Rye, Wheat, Oats, Barley, Sorghum, Millet, etc.

2) Dry Beans: Soy, Put, Peas, Fod Beans, Chin, Mash, Lentils, etc.

3) Dry grass (hay), straw, branches of bushes and trees, etc.

4) Dry pulp, cake, bran, meal, etc.

5) Minerals and mineral additives: Flask, Diatomite, Chalk, Salt, Zeolites, Defluorinated phosphate, etc.

Dry, pre-ground components:

6) Bone and / or meat and bone meal.

7) Fish meal.

8) Herbal flour.

9) Substandard flour, flour milling.

Soft and moist components:

10) Canned grass, green mass (haylage, silo).

11) Green grass, root crops, green mass of corn, Jerusalem artichoke, etc.

12) Vegetables, fruits and berries.

Liquid components:

13) Oil and oil pulp.

14) Whey and reverse.

15) Vitamin complexes in oil.

16) Molasses, glucose-fructose, sugar and other syrups.

The claimed invention allows in a single technological process for the preparation of feed at the same time to detoxify the raw materials affected by toxin-forming species of fungi and bacteria at no additional cost.

The mechano-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method allows destroying the anti-nutritional metabolites of full-fat soy at a temperature not exceeding 70 ° C, which is lower than the "isothermal point" of soy proteins (72 ° C) and does not lead to protein denaturation, preserving most of the vitamins and isoflavones.

In this case, soybean processing is achieved in an environment of high humidity, in which the Maylard reaction is excluded, which in turn leads to the complete preservation of the essential amino acid - lysine.

Mechano-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation processing of full-fat soybean determines the best preservation and availability of sulfur-containing amino acids in it. In proteins with a polypeptide bond, the relationship between the nitrogen of monoamino and amino acids changes to a more favorable one.

Given the foregoing, each essential feature is necessary, and their combination in a stable relationship is sufficient to achieve a novelty of quality that is not inherent in the signs of disunity, that is, the problem posed in the invention is solved not by the sum of the effects, but by the sum of the attributes.

Claims (20)

1. A method of obtaining a feed mixture, characterized in that at least one ingredient of the feed of absolutely dry matter is crushed and dispersed in water with the addition of mineral raw materials, premixes, trace elements, vitamins and calcium-containing raw materials with concomitant disintegration by cyclic pumping of the resulting mixture on a closed loop in the cavitation mode at a temperature of 30-100 ° C to obtain a dispersion medium by means of mechanical-hydropercussion-cavitation-dissipation method, in which The mixture components are partly due to crushing by the cutting edges of the rotor and stator, partly due to dissipation, and the mixture is heated and partially crushed due to cavitation, while the mixture is disintegrated, pasteurized and brought to a homogeneous state with a given size for 20-120 cycles particles from 1 micron to 3 mm. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the mineral raw materials, premixes, trace elements and vitamins contain the following ratio of components, wt.%:
mineral raw materials 0.40-0.45 premixes 0.30-0.35 trace elements 0.26-0.52 vitamins 0.04-0.08 water rest 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one ingredient of the feed of absolutely dry matter is selected from the group in the following ratio of components, wt.%:
rye grain 0.1-33.6 cereal crops 0.1-33.6 corn 0.1-33.6 legumes 0.1-33.6 dry combined feed: SK-1, SK-2, SK-3, SK-4, SK-5, SK-6, SK-7 0.1-33.6 silage 0.1-22.5 hay 0.1-33.6 straw 0.1-33.6 haylage 0.1-22.5 juicy wild grass and succulent fodder grass 0.1-22.5 grass meal 0.1-33.6 vegetables 0.1-30.0 fruits 0.1-30.0 berries 0.1-30.0 agricultural processing waste 0.1-33.6 food waste 0.1-33.6 seaweed 0.1-20.0 the reeds 0.1-20.0 cane 0.1-20.0 sow thistle 0.1-20.0 branches of bushes and trees 0.1-20.0 green amaranth 0.1-20.0 hogweed 0.1-20.0 oak acorns 0.1-33.6 nuts 0.1-33.6 sunflower seeds 0.1-33.6 linen 0.1-33.6 milk thistle 0.1-33.6 sesame 0.1-33.6 rape 0.1-33.6 fish and waste from its processing 0.1-30.0 the worms 0.1-30.0 larvae of flies and beetles 0.1-20.0 mushroom mycelium 0.1-33.6 animal and poultry processing waste 0.1-33.6 calcium-containing raw materials 0.40-0.45 4. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the cereal crops are selected from the group: wheat, triticale, barley, oats, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, rice. 5. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the leguminous crops are selected from the group: lupine, soy, chickpeas, fodder beans, beans, peas, lentils, chin, mung bean, wiki. 6. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the haylage includes legumes. 7. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the vegetables are selected from the group: potatoes, beets, Jerusalem artichoke tubers, stachis tubers, and sunflower tubers. 8. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the fruits are selected from the group: apples, pears, plums. 9. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the berries are selected from the group: pumpkin, watermelon, zucchini, eggplant, banana feed. 10. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the agricultural processing waste is selected from the group: cereal bran, beet pulp, molasses, corn cobs, baskets of sunflower, oilcake, meal, husk of sunflower seeds, husk of cereals, bean shell, vegetable tops, pulp of oilseeds, seeds of olives and olives, husks of cocoa beans. 11. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the food waste is bard or beer pellet. 12. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the algae are underwater and / or surface. 13. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the worms are rain and / or dung. 14. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that animal and poultry processing wastes are selected from the group: meat and bone paste and / or flour, feather paste and / or flour, viscera, internal fat. 15. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the waste from the processing of fish selected from the group: spoiled fish, heads, skeletons with fins, entrails, internal fat. 16. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the premixes are KS-4 or P 52-1. 17. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the vitamins are selected from the group: A, B, C, D, E, PP. 18. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the trace elements are phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, copper, zinc, selenium-containing preparations. 19. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the mineral raw materials selected from the group: flask, zeolite, tripoli, diatomite, salt. 20. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the calcium-containing raw material is chalk, and / or shell rock, and / or limestone, and / or tricalcium phosphate, and / or monocalcium phosphate.